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7/23/2019 Basic Chemistry Revised
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7/23/2019 Basic Chemistry Revised
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Matter anything that occupiesspace and has mass (weight)
Energy the ability to do work
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Elements
Fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from 4 elements Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Atoms Building blocks of elements
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Nucleus
Protons (p+)
Neutrons (n0)
Outside ofnucleus
Electrons (e-)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.1
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Atomic number
Equal to the numberof protons that the
atoms contain
Atomic massnumber
Sum of the protonsand neutrons
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Isotopes Have the same
number of protons
Vary in number of
neutrons
Atomic weight
Close to mass number
of most abundantisotope
Atomic weight reflectsnatural isotope
variationCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7/23/2019 Basic Chemistry Revised
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Radioisotope
Heavy isotope
Tends to be unstable
Decomposes to more stable isotope
Radioactivity Process of spontaneous atomic decay
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Molecule two or more atomscombined chemically
O2, H2O, CaCl2, CH4
Compound two or more differentatoms combined chemically
H2O, CaCl2, CH4
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Atoms are united by chemical bonds
Atoms dissociate from other atoms whenchemical bonds are broken
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Electrons occupy energy levels called
electron shells
Electrons closest to the nucleus are moststrongly attracted
Each shell has distinct properties
Number of electrons has an upper limit
Shells closest to nucleus fill first
Bonding involves interactions betweenelectrons in the outer shell (valence shell)
Full valence shells do not form bondsCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Have complete valence shells and arestable
Rule of 8s
Shell 1 has 2electrons
Shell 2 has 8electrons
10 = 2 + 8 Shell 3 has 18 electrons
18 = 2 + 8 + 8
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Valence shells arenot full and areunstable
Tend to gain, lose,or share electrons
Allows for bond
formation, whichproduces stable
valence.
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.4b
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Ionic Bonds Form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another
Ions Charged particles
Anions are negative
Cations are positive Either donate or accept electrons
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Covalent Bonds Atoms become stable through shared electrons
Single covalent bonds share one electron
Double covalent bonds share two electrons
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.6c
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Covalent bonded
molecules Some are
non-polar
Electrically neutralas a molecule
Some arepolar
Have a positive andnegative side
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.7
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Hydrogen bonds
Weak chemical bonds
Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion ofpolar molecule
Provides attraction between molecules
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Synthesis reaction (A+B=AB)
Atoms or molecules combine
Energy is absorbed for bond formation
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Decomposition reaction (AB=A+B)
Molecule is broken down
Chemical energy is released
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Exchange reaction (AB + C = AC + B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions
Switch is made between molecule parts anddifferent molecules are made
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7/23/2019 Basic Chemistry Revised
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Slide 2.21Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic compounds Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
E.g. C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
E.g. H2O (water)
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Slide 2.22Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Water Most abundant inorganic
compounds
Vital properties High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning
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Slide 2.23Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the
presence of water Vital to many body functions
Include electrolytes which conductelectrical currents
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Slide 2.24Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Acids
Can release detectable hydrogenions
Bases
Proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form waterand a salt
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Slide 2.25Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.11
Measures relativeconcentration ofhydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers
Chemicals that canregulate pH change
potenz Hydrogen -
power of Hydrogen
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Slide 2.26Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
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Monosaccharides simple sugars
glucose, fructose, ribose
Disaccharides two simple sugars joinedby dehydration synthesis
Maltose = glucose + glucose Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides long branching chainsof linked simple sugars
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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Slide 2.29Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Insoluble in water
E.g. neutral fats (stearic acid, oleic acid-palmoil, palmitic acid palm oil/lard)
Waxes (beeswax, lanolin oil used inointments, cosmetics & drugs)
Phosphoglycerides, Sphingolipids
sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, prostaglandin,steroids)
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Slide 2.33aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Insulin,Glucagon, Antibodies
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Slide 2.34Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.16
Enzymes
Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
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Slide 2.35Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleic Acids
Provide blueprint of life
Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil Make DNA and RNA
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Slide 2.36Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.17c
Deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA)
Organized bycomplimentary
bases to form doublehelix
Replicates beforecell division
Provides instructionfor every protein inthe body
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Slide 2.37Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high
energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of foodfuels
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