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A. What is a LEASE? Rental agreement With series of payments That extends for a year or more B. Parties Involved: a) Lessor (Owner of Asset) b) Lessee (Borrower of Asset) C. Types of Lease: 1. Operational Leases: Short term and Cancelable at the option of the lessee 2. Financial Leases: LongTerm and NonCancelable LongTerm: extends at the economical life of the asset Noncancelable UNLESS Lessor is reimburse for any loss D. Leases Differ in Service: 1. Full Service/Rental/Lease: LESSOR promises to maintain and insure the equipment and to pay property tax due on it 2. Net Lease: LESSEE promises to maintain and insure the equipment and to pay property tax due on it 3. Direct Lease: LESSEE identifies the equipment, arranges for the leasing company to buy it from the manufacturer, and signs a contract with the leasing company. 4. Sale and leaseback Arrangements: The firm sells an asset it already owns and leases it back from the buyer 5. Leveraged Lease: The lessor puts up some of the money required to purchase the asset and borrows the rest from a lender. The lender is given a senior secured interest on the asset and an assignment of the lease and lease payments. The lessee makes payments to the lessor, who makes payments to the lender. E. Sensible Reasons for Leasing: Shortterm leases are convenient Lower Monthly payment Protection against obsolescence Cancellation options are valuable o Some leases that appear expensive really are fairly priced once the option to cancel is recognized. Maintenance is provided o Under a fullservice lease, the user receives maintenance and other services. Standardization leads to low costs o Standardization makes it possible to “lend” small sums of money without incurring large investigative, administrative, or legal costs. Leasing and financial distress o LESSOR may fare better during Bankruptcy i. if asset is deemed “essential” by the court then the court will AFFRIM the lease. The lessee must still continue to pay the lessor and continue to use the asset (1 st scenario) ii. If court REJECTS lease, then the lessor may recover asset (2 nd scenario) iii. If the LESSEE renegotiates with the lessor, lessor might be forced to accept lower lease payments (3 rd scenario) Tax Shield can be used: o Lessor owns asset, and so deducts its depreciation o If lessor can make better use of tax shield than lessee, then lessor should own equipment and pass on some tax benefits to lessee o So direct tax gain to lessor, indirect gain to lessee F. Dubious Reasons for Leasing Leasing avoids capital expenditure controls o Leasing may enable an operating manager to avoid the approval procedures needed to buy an asset Leasing preserves capital If Greymare Bus Lines leases a $100,000 bus rather than buying it, it does conserve $100,000 cash. It could also (1) buy the bus for cash and (2) borrow $100,000, using the bus as security. Its bank balance ends up the same whether it leases or buys and borrows. It has the bus in either case, and it incurs a $100,000 liability in either case. Leases may be off balance sheet financing o In some countries financial leases are off balance sheet financing; that is, a firm can acquire an asset, finance it through a financial lease, and show neither the asset nor the lease contract on its balance sheet. Leasing effects book income o Leasing can make the firm’s balance sheet and income statement look better by increasing book income or decreasing book asset value, or both. o A lease that qualifies as offbalancesheet financing affects book income in only one way: The lease payments are an expense. G. Financial accounting Standard Board(FASB) and Leases The FASB defines capital leases as leases that meet any one of the following requirements: The lease agreement transfers ownership to the lessee before the lease expires. The lessee can purchase the asset for a bargain price when the lease expires. The lease lasts for at least 75% of the asset’s estimated economic life. The present value of the lease payments is at least 90% of the asset’s value.

BASFIN2 Quiz 2 Reviewer

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Page 1: BASFIN2 Quiz 2 Reviewer

A.  What  is  a  LEASE?    

• Rental  agreement  • With  series  of  payments  • That  extends  for  a  year  or  more  

 B.  Parties  Involved:  

a) Lessor  (Owner  of  Asset)  b) Lessee  (Borrower  of  Asset)  

 C.  Types  of  Lease:    

1. Operational  Leases:    • Short  term  and  Cancelable    • at  the  option  of  the  lessee  

2. Financial  Leases:    • Long-­‐Term  and  Non-­‐Cancelable  • Long-­‐Term:  extends  at  the  economical  life  of  the  

asset  • Non-­‐cancelable  UNLESS  Lessor  is  reimburse  for  any  

loss    D.  Leases  Differ  in  Service:  

1. Full  Service/Rental/Lease:    • LESSOR  promises  to  maintain  and  insure  the  

equipment  and  to  pay  property  tax  due  on  it  2. Net  Lease:  

• LESSEE  promises  to  maintain  and  insure  the  equipment  and  to  pay  property  tax  due  on  it  

3. Direct  Lease:  • LESSEE  identifies  the  equipment,  arranges  for  the  

leasing  company  to  buy  it  from  the  manufacturer,  and  signs  a  contract  with  the  leasing  company.  

4. Sale  and  lease-­‐back  Arrangements:    • The  firm  sells  an  asset  it  already  owns  and  leases  it  

back  from  the  buyer  5. Leveraged  Lease:  

• The  lessor  puts  up  some  of  the  money  required  to  purchase  the  asset  and  borrows  the  rest  from  a  lender.    

• The  lender  is  given  a  senior  secured  interest  on  the  asset  and  an  assignment  of  the  lease  and  lease  payments.  The  lessee  makes  payments  to  the  lessor,  who  makes  payments  to  the  lender.  

E.  Sensible  Reasons  for  Leasing:  

• Short-­‐term  leases  are  convenient    

•  Lower  Monthly  payment    

•  Protection  against  obsolescence    

•  Cancellation  options  are  valuable  o Some  leases  that  appear  expensive  really  are  

fairly  priced  once  the  option  to  cancel  is  recognized.  

•  Maintenance  is  provided  o Under  a  full-­‐service  lease,  the  user  receives  

maintenance  and  other  services.  •  Standardization  leads  to  low  costs  

o Standardization  makes  it  possible  to  “lend”  small  sums  of  money  without  incurring  large  investigative,  administrative,  or  legal  costs.  

 •  Leasing  and  financial  distress  

o LESSOR  may  fare  better  during  Bankruptcy  i.  if  asset  is  deemed  “essential”  by  the  court  

then  the  court  will  AFFRIM  the  lease.  The  lessee  must  still  continue  to  pay  the  lessor  and  continue  to  use  the  asset  (1st  scenario)  

ii. If  court  REJECTS  lease,  then  the  lessor  may  recover  asset  (2nd  scenario)  

iii. If  the  LESSEE  renegotiates  with  the  lessor,  lessor  might  be  forced  to  accept  lower  lease  payments  (3rd  scenario)  

• Tax  Shield  can  be  used:  o Lessor  owns  asset,  and  so  deducts  its  

depreciation  o If  lessor  can  make  better  use  of  tax  shield  than  

lessee,  then  lessor  should  own  equipment  and  pass  on  some  tax  benefits  to  lessee  

o So  direct  tax  gain  to  lessor,  indirect  gain  to  lessee  

F.  Dubious  Reasons  for  Leasing  

• Leasing  avoids  capital  expenditure  controls  o Leasing  may  enable  an  operating  manager  to  avoid  

the  approval  procedures  needed  to  buy  an  asset  •  Leasing  preserves  capital  

If   Greymare   Bus   Lines   leases   a   $100,000   bus  rather  than  buying  it,  it  does  conserve  $100,000  cash.   It   could  also   (1)  buy   the  bus   for   cash  and  (2)  borrow  $100,000,  using   the  bus  as   security.  Its   bank   balance   ends   up   the   same   whether   it  leases   or   buys   and   borrows.   It   has   the   bus   in  either   case,  and   it   incurs  a  $100,000   liability   in  either  case.  

 •  Leases  may  be  off  balance  sheet  financing  

o In  some  countries  financial  leases  are  off-­‐  balance-­‐sheet  financing;  that  is,  a  firm  can  acquire  an  asset,  finance  it  through  a  financial  lease,  and  show  neither  the  asset  nor  the  lease  contract  on  its  balance  sheet.  

•  Leasing  effects  book  income  o Leasing  can  make  the  firm’s  balance  sheet  and  

income  statement  look  better  by  increasing  book  income  or  decreasing  book  asset  value,  or  both.  

o A  lease  that  qualifies  as  off-­‐balance-­‐sheet  financing  affects  book  income  in  only  one  way:  The  lease  payments  are  an  expense.  

G.  Financial  accounting  Standard  Board(FASB)  and  Leases  

The  FASB  defines  capital  leases  as  leases  that  meet  any  one  of  the  following  requirements:  

•  The  lease  agreement  transfers  ownership  to  the  lessee  before  the  lease  expires.  

•  The  lessee  can  purchase  the  asset  for  a  bargain  price  when  the  lease  expires.  

•  The  lease  lasts  for  at  least  75%  of  the  asset’s  estimated  economic  life.  

•  The  present  value  of  the  lease  payments  is  at  least  90%  of  the  asset’s  value.  

 

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H.  International  Financial  Reporting  Standards  (IFRS)  and  Lease  

A  lease  is  classified  as  a  finance  lease  if  it  transfers  substantially  all  the  risks  and  rewards  incident  to  ownership.  All  other  leases  are  classified  as  operating  leases.  Classification  is  made  at  the  inception  of  the  lease.  

 

I.  Situations  that  would  normally  lead  to  a  lease  being  classified  as  a  finance  lease  include  the  following:  

i.  the  lease  transfers  ownership  of  the  asset  to  the  lessee  by  the  end  of  the  lease  term    

ii.  the  lessee  has  the  option  to  purchase  the  asset  at  a  price  which  is  expected  to  be  sufficiently  lower  than  fair  value  at  the  date  the  option  becomes  exercisable  that,  at  the  inception  of  the  lease,  it  is  reasonably  certain  that  the  option  will  be  exercised    

iii.  the  lease  term  is  for  the  major  part  of  the  economic  life  of  the  asset,  even  if  title  is  not  transferred    

iv.  at  the  inception  of  the  lease,  the  present  value  of  the  minimum  lease  payments  amounts  to  at  least  substantially  all  of  the  fair  value  of  the  leased  asset    

v.  the  lease  assets  are  of  a  specialized  nature  such  that  only  the  lessee  can  use  them  without  major  modifications  being  made    

J.  Other  situations  that  might  also  lead  to  classification  as  a  finance  lease  are:  

i.  if  the  lessee  is  entitled  to  cancel  the  lease,  the  lessor's  losses  associated  with  the  cancellation  are  borne  by  the  lessee    

ii.  gains  or  losses  from  fluctuations  in  the  fair  value  of  the  residual  fall  to  the  lessee  (for  example,  by  means  of  a  rebate  of  lease  payments)    

iii.  the  lessee  has  the  ability  to  continue  to  lease  for  a  secondary  period  at  a  rent  that  is  substantially  lower  than  market  rent    

K.  Evaluation  of  Leases  

◆ Lease  rentals  

– Allowable  deduction  for  lessee  

– taxable  income  for  lessor  

◆ Depreciation  

– Allowable  deduction  for  lessor  

– Not  allowed  for  lessee  

◆ Tax  payable  on  gain  from  sale  of    underlying  asset  

– Payable  by  lessor  

– Avoided  by  lessee  

 

L.  Evaluation  of  LESSEE  

• Add  cost  of  asset  • Subtract  lease  payments  •  Add  tax  shield  from  lease  payments  •  Subtract  depreciation  tax  shield  •  Subtract  residual  value  of  asset  •  Add/  subtract  tax  gain/loss  on  sale  of  asset  

M.  Evaluation  of  LESSOR  

• Subtract  Cost  of  asset  •  Add  lease  payments  •  Subtract  tax  shield  from  lease  payments  •  Add  depreciation  tax  shield  •  Add  residual  value  of  asset  •  Subtract/  Add  tax  loss/gain  on  sale  of  asset  

   

EVALUATION  

  LESSEE   LESSOR  

COST  OF  ASSET   +   -­‐  

LEASE  PAYMENT   -­‐   +  

TAX  SHIELD  FROM  LEASE  PAYMENT  

+   -­‐  

DEPRICIATION  TAX  SHIELD  

-­‐   +  

RESIDUAL  VALUE  OF  ASSET  

-­‐   +  

LOSS  ON  SALES  OF  ASSET  

+   -­‐  

GAIN  ON  SALE  OF  ASSET  

-­‐   +  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 3: BASFIN2 Quiz 2 Reviewer

v  Acme  has  branched  out  to  rentals  of  office  furniture  to  start  up  companies.  Consider  a  $3000  desk.  Desks  last  for  six  years  and  can  be  depreciated  on  a  five-­‐  year  MACRS  schedule.  What  is  the  break-­‐even  operating  lease  rate    for  a  new  desk?  Assume  that  lease  rates  for  old  and  new  desks  are  the  same  and  that  Acme’s  pre-­‐tax  administrative  costs  are  $400  per  desk  per  year.  The  cost  of  capital  is  9%  and  the  tax  rate  is  35%.  Lease  payments  are  made  inn  advance,  that  is,  at  the  start  of  each  year.  The  inflation  rate  is  zero.  The  table  below  provides  the  depreciation  schedule:  

 

Given:  

• Initial  Cost:  $3000  • Pre  Tax  Admin  Cost=  $400  • Cost  of  Capital/  Discount  Rate:  9%  • Tax  Rate:  35%  

 CASH  FLOWS  

-­‐3260   -­‐50   +76   -­‐58.40   -­‐139.04   -­‐139.04   +60.48  

 

Break  Even  Lease  Rate =𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘  𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛  𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒  𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟  𝑡𝑎𝑥  (𝐶)

(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)  

Present  Value = C !!− !

!(!!!)1 + 𝑟    

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡  𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐶! +𝐶!

(1 + 𝑟)!+

𝐶!(1 + 𝑟)!

+⋯+  𝐶!

(1 + 𝑟)!  

Solution:  

𝑃𝑉 = −3260 −50

1 + 0.09 ! +76

1 + 0.09 ! −58.40

1 + 0.09 !

−139.04

(1 + 0.09)!−

139.04(1 + 0.09)!

+  60.48

(1 + 0.09)!  

 PV=  3,439.80  

3,439.80 = C1

0.09−

10.09 1 + 0.09

1 + 0.09  

3,439.804.889651263

= C  

C  =  703.49  

Break  Even  Lease  Rate =703.49

(1 + 0.35)  

Break  Even  Lease  Rate  =  1,082.29  

 

 

 

v If  a  firm  can  borrow  at  9%  ,  what  discount  rate  should  the  firm  use  to  discount  lease  cash  flows?  (The  marginal  tax  rate  for  the  firm  is  35%)      Tax  Shield=  0.09(1-­‐0.35)  Tax  Shield  =5.85%    

v Nodhead  College  needs  a  new  computer.  It  can  either  buy  it  for  $250,000  or  lease  it  from  Compulease.  The  lease  terms  requires  Nodhead  to  make  six  annual  payments  (prepaid)  of  $62,000.  Nodhead  pays  no  tax.  Compulease  pays  tax  at  35%.  Compulease  can  depreciate  the  computer  for  tax  purposes  over  five  years.  The  computer  will  have  no  residual  value  at  the  end  of  year  5.  The  interest  rate  is  8%.  

a.  What  is  the  NPV  of  the  lease  for  Nodhead  College?  

Given:    

𝑃𝑉 =62,000

(1 + 0.08)!

!

!!!

 

NPV  cash  flow  of  Nodhead  is:    

250,000  –  value  of  PV  =  -­‐59,500  

b.  What  is  the  NPV  for  Compulease?  

- Adjusted  discount  rate=  rD(1  -­‐  Tc)  - The  after  tax  interest  rate  is:    

(1 − 0.35)×  0.08 = 0.052 = 5.2%  - The  NPV  cash  flow  of  Compulease  is  40.0  or  

$40,000  

c.  What  is  the  overall  gain(loss)  from  leasing?  

40,000 − 59,500 = −19,500  

v Suppose  that  National  Waferonics  has  before  it  a  proposal  for  a  four-­‐year  financial  lease.  The  table  below  summarizes  the  lease  cash  flows  of  the  proposal:  

 

These  flows  reflect  the  cost  of  machine,  depreciation  tax  shields,  and  the  after-­‐tax  lease  payments.  Ignore  salvage  value.  Assume  the  firm  could  borrow  at  10%  and  faces  a  35%  marginal  tax  rate.  

a.  What  is  the  value  of  the  equivalent  loan?  

– Adjusted  discount  rate=  rD(1  -­‐  Tc)  

– 0.10  ×  (1  –  0.35)  =  0.065  =  6.5%  

– The  value  of  the  equivalent  loan  is  the  present  value  of  the  cash  flows  for  years  1,  2  and  3:  $59,307.30  

 

Page 4: BASFIN2 Quiz 2 Reviewer

b.  What  is  the  value  of  the  lease?  

- The  value  of  the  lease  is:    $62,000  –  $59,307.30  =  $2,692.70  

c.  Suppose  the  machine’s  NPV  under  normal  financing  is  

($5,000).  Should  Thor  Inc.  invest?  

- National  Waferonics  should  not  invest.    The  lease’s  value  of  +$2,692.70  does  not  offset  the  machine’s  negative  NPV.    On  the  other  hand,  the  company  would  be  happy  to  sign  the  same  lease  on  a  more  attractive  asset.  

 

EQUATIONS:    

Break  Even  Lease  Rate =𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘  𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛  𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒  𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟  𝑡𝑎𝑥  (𝐶)

(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)  

Present  Value = C1𝑟−

1𝑟(1 + 𝑟)

1 + 𝑟  

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡  𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐶! +𝐶!

(1 + 𝑟)!+

𝐶!(1 + 𝑟)!

+⋯+  𝐶!

(1 + 𝑟)!  

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑  𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡  𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑟!"#$%&'((1 − 𝑇!"#$"#%&'"()  

𝑇𝑎𝑥  𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑  𝑜𝑓  𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒  𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙  𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒  𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡  ×  𝑇𝑎𝑥  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒  

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  𝑇𝑎𝑥  𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑=   𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒  𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒  

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡  ×  𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒  

𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟  𝑇𝑎𝑥  𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒  𝑇𝑎𝑥  𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡   1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒  

𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒  𝑇𝑎𝑥  𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟      𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)  

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙  𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ  𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑝  𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑+ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟  𝑡𝑎𝑥  𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡