Barbarous radiates' : imitations of third-century Roman coins / by Philip V. Hill

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NUMISMATIC NOTES

AND

MONOGRAPHS

No.

I

I

2

BARBAROUS

RADIATES

Imitations

of

Third-Century

Roman

Coins

BY

PHILIP

V. HILL

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

BROADWAY

AT

I5ÖTH

STREET,

NEW YORK

I949

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COPYRIGHT,

949,

BY THE

AMERICANUMISMATIC

OCIETY

THEMERRYMOUNTRESS BOSTONU. S. A.






"Barbarous Radiates

"

Imitations

of

Third-Century

Roman Coins

BY PHILIP V. HILL

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC

SOCIETY

BROADWAY

T

I5ÖTH

STREET

NEW YORK

I949






CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

vii

General Characteristics

i

Classification

of Barbarous Radiates

8

Hoard

Evidence

for

Dating

Barbarous

Copies

13

Map

of Hoards and Site-finds

n

Britain

22

Appendix

A

: British Hoards

25

Appendix

B: British

Site-finds

32

Appendix

C:

Foreign

Hoards

36

List of Abbreviations Used

in

Appendices

39

Key to the Plates 41




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ISH

The

ously

O

British

in

ULD

the

reparation

like

Museum

to

hank

, London,

of

all

this

those

monograph:

for

who

his

have

kindness

The

co-operated

Keeper

in

permitting

of

so

gener-

Coins,

so

ously

n the

reparation

f

this

monograph:

he

Keeper of

Coins,

The BritishMuseum

London,

or

his kindness n

permitting

o

many

asts obe made

or

the

lates

and

forpermission

o llustrate he

thrymsa

rom

Warminster Mr. B. E.

Lynch

of

he

Map

Room

The

British Museum

for

assistance n

preparing

the

map;

Miss G. V.

Barnard The Castle Museum Norwich for permission o illustrate

two coins

rom

the

Redenhall

hoard;

Mrs.

Audrey

Williams

The

Verulamium

Museum St. Albans

(7

coins

rom

V

erulamium

nd

one

from Canterbury);

Mr. W. Bulmer

of

Stocksfield-on-Tyne

9

coins

rom

Corstopitum);

r. H. St.

George

Gray

The Castle Mu-

seum,

Taunton

(a

coin

from

the

Worlebury

Camp

hoard

;

Mr.

M. R.

Hull,

The Castle

Museum,

Colchester

6

coins

romColchester);

and Dr. C. H. V.

Sutherland,

The Ashmolean

Museum

Oxford

(the mitation f Magnia Urbica in the Ashmoleancollection).

Philip V.

Hill

BritishMuseum

London

September

2,

1948




"BARBAROUS

RADIATES"

IMITATIONS OF THIRD-CENTURY

ROMAN COINS

GENERAL

HARACTERISTICS

HOARDS

frequently

to have emanated

and

contain

site-finds

pieces

from

from

which

any

Britain

official

cannot

and

Roman

possibly

the Continent

Imperial

be said

requently

ontain

pieces

which cannot

possibly

be said

to have emanated from

any

officialRoman

Imperial

mint. Of these

copies

some are

very

close

to

their

prototypes,

others only ust recognizable, while others again are of án ex-

treme

barbarity.

Until

comparatively

recent

years

such

pieces,

whenever

they

have turned

up

in

excavations,

have been labelled

simply

"barbarous" and thrown aside as useless for the

puťpose

of

dating

hoards and sites. Careful

study

of

them, however,

has convinced me that

they

can be

put

to a

very

definite

use,

if

only

they

can be classified

correctly

n some sort of

chronological

sequence. Unfortunately

the

task is

made

heavier

by

the

neglect

and lack of nterest hown by excavators in the past, but we may

still

hope

that a close

study

of hoards will throw considerable

light upon

our

researches,

although

it must

be borne

in mind

that

we have

only ust

begun

to touch the

fringe

of the

subject.

A

strikingexample

of the

importance

of

barbarous

imitations

in

dating

a hoard came to

my

notice

only

recently

n the case

of

that

from

Redenhall,

Norfolk.1 The

fact that the

latest

orthodox

coin was an

.¿E4

of Honorius

with

"Victoria

Auggg."

reverse

would at first

ight

date this hoard to the late fourth or

early

fifth

entury, probably

about the time of the Roman "With-

drawal." Nor would

its

barbarous

copies,

with

one

exception,

postulate

a

later

date,

since imitated Theodosian

JEą.

were

completely

absent.

(This,

however,

is not a serious

omission,

as

such

copies

are

very

rare in

Britain,

though

common

enough

on

the

Continent.)

The

exception

is

an

interesting

oin

in

more

ways

than

one

: it is a

minimus,

3

5

inches in

diameter

and in fine on-

1

Although

iscoveredver

ifty

ears

go,

his oard as

nly

ust

een

ublished

n

Num.hroń.,946,p.157-159.




2 Barbarous "Radiates

dition,

copied

from a

fifth-century

oin with Chi-Rho

reverse,

and

with

an

obverse head

the

style

of which

resembles

very

closely

that

of the

early

Saxon sceattas

[Plate

I,

i].

This

fact,

together

with the lateness of its

prototypes,

which is itself

post-

Theodosian,

indicates

that the

copy

is

very

much later still in

date. The

only

conclusion

to which we can

come, therefore,

s

that the hoard must have been buried

at

some time

during

the

latter half of the fifth enturyat least.

By

whom and

why

were barbarous imitations

made? In the

first

lace, they

were

the

products

of unofficial

moneyers,

work-

ing

either

individually

or in

groups

at

irregular

mints scattered

throughout

the

Empire.

It

is indeed

probable

that

the

uthorities,

while

officially rowningupon

such

irregularities,

would be

led

to tolerate

them,

if

only

because

in course of time

they

came to

be in constant and

popular

use

through providing

a

very

neces-

sary supply of small change- a commodity in which the ortho-

dox Roman issues were

usually

sadly

lacking. Secondly, they

were struck both

by

tribes

bordering

on the

Empire

who wanted

coins

for

their own use

and

by

tribes within the

imperial

bound-

aries,

probably

for the

express

purpose

of

supplementing

the

issues of the official

mints,

especially

in times of

political danger

and

economic

insecurity.Lastly,

it

seems

that on

rare

occasions

an

official t

a

regular

mint would

try

his hand at the

business,

since

pieces

exist which are not

quite

orthodox in

style,although

presenting every

detail with somewhat

suspicious

exactitude:

nevertheless,

they

are

betrayed

by

their curious

irregular

etter-

ing

and the

long, pointed

nose

and

staring eye

of

the "semi-

barbarous" or

"slightly irregular" portraiture2

Plate

I,

2].

2

The levation

f

pretender

o he

urple

rovided

n

xceptional

eason

or

he

trik-

ing

f

arbarous

mitations,

ut

f

we

xclude

arausius,

hose

ase s

somewhat

iffer-

ent,

he

nly

xample

o

far

nown

s

that

f

Bonosus,

surper

nRhaetia

. a.D.

280.

There re

lso

ne

r

wo

ery

oubtfuloins

ttributed

o

he

surpers

ureolusnd

Amandus,

ut

hese,

ogether

ith

he

arbarous

old

iece

which as

been

iven

o

Odenathus

Rev.

Num.,

846,

.

278;

Cohen,

nd

d.,VI,

pģ

12),

must

ecessarily

e

treatedith onsiderableeserve.coinwhich,romhe bverseegend,eemsohave

been

opied

rom

piece

fVaballathus

s

n

my

wn ollection:

t

has

Hilaritas

reverse.




General Characteristics 3

The

makers

of barbarous imitations

employed

numerous

methods of

flan

manufacture,

some of them most

ingenious.

Most common of all were the true

or

"prepared"

flans,

which

were

produced

in various

ways:

by

flattening

hot

globules

of

metal

[Plate

I,

3]

;

by

overstriking omplete

coins,

orthodox or

barbarous,

without first

rasing

the

original types

[Plate

I,

4]

;

by

filingaway

the

types

of

regular

coins

(usually

7E3)

[Plate

I, 5] or by cutting them into quarters [Plate I, 6] or roughly

rounded

fragmentsprior

to

restriking

with the new

types

and

by hammering

out and

cutting

up

coins of still

larger

module,

again prior

to

restriking Plate

I,

7].

In connexion with the

ast-

named

process

we shall see later that orichalcum coins of the

Early Empire appear

to have been

subjected

to this treatment n

many

cases,

probably

during

the

period

of metal

scarcity.

Also

in

post-Roman days,

when metal became

increasingly

difficult o

obtain, the method of making a flanby clipping it with shears

from

a

very

thin sheet

of

metal

[Plate

I,

8]

was

frequently

m-

ployed.

Such flanshave

sharp angles

and

edges

and often

possess

a

"tail" where the shears have

gone astray

n the

cutting;

other-

wise

they

are

tolerably

neat. Another method was to cut flans

from drawn-out rods of

metal,

but of course

only

the

very

small

pieces

known as "minimissimi" would have been

produced

in

this

way [Plate

I,

9]. They

are

naturally perfectly

ound,

but

they

often exhibit

signs

of weakness

in the

centre,

the

result

of

the tensile strain which was

placed upon

the rod as itwas

being

drawn

out.

Occasionally

barbarous

copies

were not struck but

cast

[Plate

I,

10]:

such

pieces

can

easily

be

recognized by

the

"tail" which

usually develops

in the

process

or

by

the "bevelled"

appearance

of the

edge,

as well as

by pit-marks

f

they

were cast

in a

sand-mould. Towards

the end of the fourth

century,

when

metal was

beginning

to become

scarce,

a

tendency

arose to re-

use earlier

(mainly

third-century)

oins,

either orthodox or bar-

barous, clipped to R 4 size [Plate I, 11]- the normal module

of the

regular coinage

at this

time

and

the same

tendency

is




4 Barbarous Radiates

noticeable

at

a later date

when

clipped siliquae

passed

current3

[Plate

I,

12].

Although

there are

so

many

varieties of barbarous

copies

and

although

actual die-identities re

very nfrequently

iscovered,

a

study

of

hoards and site-findsreveals

the existence of

regional

"schools

of

art,"

each with

its

own

stylistic peculiarities

and

idiosyncrasies.

It is far more than a

general vague

resemblance

between coins from the same locality: it is a definite ffinityn

the treatment f both obverse

and

reverse,

almost

as if

the coins

came from the same

workshop

or even fromthe same hand.

To

take but two

examples,

fromnorth nd south

Britain

respectively,

Corstopitum

Corbridge,

Northumberland)

has

yielded

no fewer

than seven

such instances of

stylistic affinity

nd Verulamium

(St.

Albans,

Herts.)

has

yielded

at least two.

More

general

re-

semblances

are also

apparent

in coins from the same district.

n

the north,especially Corstopitum, thé tendencyseems to be to-

wards "lined-in"

figures

without relief

[Plate

I,

13],

while

southern sites

produce

coins with bolder

and

more "solid"

figures

n

high

relief

Plate

I,

14].

From the north

also we

very

often find

examples

of a

herring-bone

pattern

decorating

the

re-

verse

figures,

while both obverse

and reverse

designs

are in

a

circle

composed

of one thin line crossed

by

short lines

at

right

angles

to it

ininii) [Plate

1,

1

5]

or of a thin ine

with the shorter

lines

on one side

only mmim).

The

exergual

line,

f there s

one,

is decorated in the same

way.

M. Blanchet has also noticed the

existence of

regional

"schools

of art" on

the Continent.4 Their

presence,

both

in this

country

and

abroad,

suggests

an ordered

discipline

in the manufacture

of imitations rather

than

hap-

hazard

attempts, although

of course

this

does

not

necessarily

mean that

private

workshops

could not

have

been

set

up

by

in-

dividuals as well.

3

s

the

lippediliqua

he

denarius"

f

which

ildas

peaks

n

his

e Excidio

ritan-

nica 546A.D.)?

*■

ev.Num

1940,

p.

79-80.





The evidence for these

unofficialmints is so

plentiful

that we

may accept

their

existence as

fairly

ertain. Die-identities from

various

sites in this

country

nd abroad are the surest

indications

of an unofficial

mint

and,

moreover,

of one which

is

in

the

vicinity

of the site

where the coins were found. We

might

also

suppose,

with some

reason,

that the existence of the

regional

styles

of

"art" noted above could

suggest

the existence of ir-

regular mints,as could also the evidence of individual coins. A

few

examples may

be

given

to illustrate

our

point.

The first s a

barbarous

"Fel.Temp."

from

Lydney

Park,

Glos.,

with

the mint-

mark

COL*,

and Mr.

J.

W. E.

Pearce has

suggested

that

t

may

have emanated

from the

nearby

colonia

of Glevum

(Gloucester),

which,

therefore,

may

have

been

the site of

an

unofficial

mint.

A

similar

piece

with PLN

in

the

exergue (provenance:

Maiden

Castle,

Dorset)

seems

to have been struck at

London, but,

since

the London mint had been closed for over twentyyears before

the introduction of the "Fel.

Temp."

series,

the

only possible

explanation

of this

extraordinary

mintmark s that there

was

an

unofficial

mint

striking

barbarous

pieces

at

London. Another

"Fel.

Temp.,"

this time in

my

own

collection,

also

appears

to

bear the mark of London

(*PLN-) [Plate

II,

1].

The

presence

in

hoards

and site-finds f thin blanks

flans

of earlier coins care-

fully

fileddown

ready

for

restriking may

indicate with

greater

certainty nearby place

of

production

of barbarous

copies.

Site-

finds from

Corbridge

and Colchester have

yielded

such

pieces

and the ten

blanks

(six clipped

from thin sheet-metal

and

four

cut from

a

rod)

in the

Kiddington,

Oxon., hoard,

which was

buried c.

420-430,

a

decade or

two after the

"Withdrawal,"

may

tend to the same conclusion. The

most

definite

evidence,

however,

has come

from

the

continent,

where at Autun and

Éprave

the actual

workshops

themselves

have

been unearthed.

These

will, however,

be discussed in

a

later context.

Legends on barbarous imitationsrange fromcorrect and in-

telligent copies

to a

hopeless

jumble

of

meaningless

letters

or





even

mere

lines

and dots. Minimi

(small

pieces

of

between

.50

and

.10

inches in

diameter)

are

usually anepigraphic,

doubtless

owing

to the

extremely

small size

of

the dies

employed.

Inter-

esting

varieties of

legends

often occur. There are those

which,

although

accurate or

reasonably

so,

bear no relation whatever to

the

types

which

they purport

to

describe.

A

barbarous

Tetricus I

-of

a

fine,

virile

style,certainly

better

han that of

any

orthodox

piece

of the

reign

in

my

collection has the reverse

egend

HER

DEY

SI

(from

the "Here. Deusoniensi" coins of Postu-

mus with Hercules

reverse)

combined with the

type

of Sol

[Plate

II,

2].

The

figure

of Fortuna

may

be found with the

legend

of Salus

[Plate

II,

3], Spes

with thatof

Pietas or

a

Genius

described as Virtus. From time to time we come across

pieces

which

are of

apparently) perfectly

rthodox

style

but which

have

hopelessly

blundered reverse

legends.

The

reason

for this is

quite obscure, unless they were the products of workmen at-

tached to officialmints who

intentionally

blundered the reverse

legends

[Plate

II,

4],

for t is inconceivable that

any

die-sinker

who

was

intelligent

enough

to master the intricacies of

both

obverse

legend

and reverse

type

and to

engrave

an excellent

por-

trait should

have failed so

completely

to

produce

an

intelligible

reverse

legend.

Anyone

who studies barbarous imitations at all

closely

is

struckbyone veryremarkablefactwhich is especially noticeable

in the more

degraded

and illiterate

specimens.

It is a

tendency

towards

emphasis

upon

one

particular

attribute or

part

of

the

design,

often to the

complete

exclusion of others.

In

the case of

Claudian

copies

it

is

usually

the shield of the Minerva

reverse

which receives this

emphasis [Plate

II,

5].

With

barbarous

radiates

it

is

the

radiate

crown

on the obverse

(which

always

re-

mains even after the rest of the

type

has

entirelydisintegrated,

cf.

Plate

II,

6)

or a

part

of

the reverse

figure

the left

arm

of

Pax

encircling

the

sceptre,

the skirt-folds f

Spes

or her

body





which often

develops

into

a

fiddleshape,

the

left arm and

whip

of

Sol,

the double

curve of the arms of Pietas or the

palm

of

Hilaritas

[Plate

II,

6,

rev.].

In

fourth-century opies

the em-

phasis

is

placed upon

such

parts

of the

design

as the

top

of the

standard in the "Gloria Exercitus"

type,

the horse

[Plate

II,

7],

the

legionary

or the

spear

of the "Fel.

Temp. Reparatio,"

the

wreath

of

Victory

n the "Victoria

Auggg." type

and the

captive

in the "Salus Reipublicae" type. Similarly,one particular etter,

such as the X

in

PAX,

the V in

FORTVNA

or

AVG,

or the

E

in FELICITAS

[Plate

II,

8],

may

be

large

and

pronounced

or even survive after the remainder

of the

legend

has sunk into

the

depths

of

barbarity

r has

disappeared

entirely.

The

only

ex-

planation

of these

phenomena

is that those letters nd attributes

which were

emphasized

were the ones which

especially

struck

the

engraver's imagination

and which seemed to

him

the most

important parts of the composition.

Another

characteristic- one which seems

to be confined to

"barbarous

radiates"

-

is the

absorption

of one

type

nto another.

The most common

instance of this is the

assumption

of

the

sceptre

of Pax

by

a

type

which

normally

does not

possess

this

attribute.

This confusion of

types

is

especially

frequent

in

coins

of

extremely

degraded style

and

may

be

explained

by

the facts

that the

engraver

had in mind the attribute of

another,

more

common, type (such

as

Pax)

while

he was

working

on his

die.

Indeed it is to be noted that the

types

whose attributeshave been

absorbed

into other

types

are

usually

those,

like

Pax,

Spes,

Pietas

and

Sol

[Plate

II,

9],

which are the

most common in

imitation.

So

much,

then,

for

the

general

characteristics

of

barbarous

copies.

The

subject

of our

present

study

is, however,

but one

section,

although

a

large

and

important

one,

of

a far more vast

and intricate field.

It

is

that class of

copies

which bear

a radiate

head on the obverse and a figure usually a dietyor a personifica-





tion of

an

abstract

idea)

on the reverse and which are

placed

under

the

generic heading

of

"barbarous radiates."

Their

pro-

totypes

were the debased antoniniani of the late third

century,

those struck

by

the Gallic

Emperors (259-273) being

most

commonly

mitated.

Heading

the

frequency-list

f mitations

re

those

taken

from

the

coins of the Tetrici

(270-273) [Plate

II,

10,

11]

with,

second,

those from the

posthumous

issues of

Claudius II

(270) [Plate

II,

i

2], usually

withtheAltar

reverse,

and,

third,

those from

the coins of Victorinus

268-270) [Plate

11,

13].

Imitations

of

Postumus

[Plate

II,

14]

are uncommon

and those ofGallienus

[Plate

II,

i

5],

Quintillus

[Plate

II,

16]

and

Probus

[Plate

II,

17]

are

rare,

while

only

a few odd exam-

ples

exist of Aurelian

[Plate

II,-

1

8],

Tacitus

[Plate

II,

19]

and

Numerian. There

is

also

only

one recorded instance

of

a female

head on a barbarous

third-century

oin its

provenance

was Cais-

ter St. Edmund, Norfolk.5 Nevertheless, there is a coin (prove-

nance

unknown)

in

the Ashmolean

Museum, Oxford,

which

undoubtedly

shows a female head on

the obverse.

It has:

obv.

M

V,

bust of

Empress (Magnia

Urbica?),

draped,

r. rev.

legend

uncertain

female

figure standing

1.,

JE

.35

[Plate

II,

20].

CLASSIFICATION F

BARBAROUS ADIATES

To find a suitable method forthe classificationof barbarous

radiates is

not

easy.

We

cannot divide

them,

according

to their

prototypes,

nto

moneyers

or

reigns,

as is

possible

with the

cop-

ies of

Republican

denarii or of

Imperial

coins of the

preceding

three

centuries,

owing

to the vast

quantities

of

unassignable

coins,

which

are either

anepigraphic

or

whose obverse

legend

bears no

resemblance

to

an

emperor's

name

and

titles.

The usual

method,

that of

classification

by

reverse

types,

s,

if

ess

scientific,

at least

more

utilitarian.

A

natural

starting-point

s the division

of the

types

into animate and inanimate the former

may

further

s

Sutherland:

oinage

nd

Currency

nRoman

ritain

p.

126;

l.

V,

6.




Classification of Barbarous "Radiates 9

be

subdivided into male

figures,

female

figures,

birds,

animals

and the

inevitable

miscellanea;

the latter into

altars,

sacrificial

implements,

abstract

designs,

dismembered

types

and miscel-

lanea. It

goes

without

saying

that

numerous unclassified

incerta

must be

added

to both subdivisions.

The male

types

so far noticed

are:

Aesculapius,

Cabirus

(?),

Caesar,

Emperor,

Genius,

Hercules,

Jupiter,

Mars

and

Sol. Of

these the Sol type is undoubtedly the commonest, probably on

account

of

its

virility

nd

action,

which made it

popular

among

the semi-Romanized communities who struck

these

pieces

'cf.

Plate

II,

2].

Among

the

imitations,

as

among

the

official

ssues,

female

types

are far more numerous than

male.

They

are:

Abundantia,

Aequitas,

Annona,

Concordia,

Dacia,

Diana

(?),

Felicitas,

Fer-

tilitas,

Fides,

Fortuna, Hilaritas,

Indulgentia,

Juno, Justitia,

Laetitia, Liberalitas, Libertas, Minerva, Moneta, Nemesis, No-

bilitas, Pax, Pietas, Providentia,

Roma, Salus, Securitas,

Spes,

Tutela, Uberitas, Venus,

Victory

nd

Virtus.

Pax

is the common-

est

of these

types,

followed

closely by Spes [Plate

II,

9].

Fides,

Fortuna,

Hilaritas,

Salus and Virtus are

by

no means

scarce,

but

the remainder varies from scarce to

extremely

rare. Not

all

the

varieties

of the same reverse

type

are of the same

frequency,

however. For

example,

Pax

holding

a transverse

ceptre

is

rare;

Pax

holding

a

cornucopiae

is

very

rare;

while

Pax

holding

a

vertical

sceptre

is

extremely

common. The

frequency

depends

largely upon

two factors

the

availability

of the

prototype

for

copying

and the

ability

of the

engraver

to render the

design

reasonably

accurately.

In

the

example quoted

above,

the

cornu-

copiae

and transverse

ceptre

of the

two scarcer varieties of Pax

would often be rendered so

badly

in

imitation

[Plate

III,

1],

owing

to their

being

"weaker"

attributes than the vertical

sceptre,

with a

consequent difficulty

n their

interpretation,

hat

the whole typewould soon cease altogetherto be copied.

Apart

fromthese

reverses,

which can

definitely

e traced to a




io Barbarous Radiates

Roman

original,

there are

very many

others,

with

both

male

and

female

figures,

whose attribution

s

quite

uncertain,

either

be-

cause an essential

part

of the

design

is

off

he

flan,

or

because the

type

has become so barbarized

as

to make

it

unrecognizable

[Plate

III,

2],

or because the die sinker has used his

imagina-

tion to such an extent as to create an

entirely

new

type.

Of the

remaining

reversesthe sole

representative

f the

"bird"

section s theeagle of theposthumous issues of Claudius II, which,

however,

was

fairly

frequently copied.

The next

subdivision,

that of

animals,

is rare: its

examples

are

mainly

taken from the

legionary

series of

Gallienus,

Postumus and

Victorinus and

con-

sist of a

centaur,

a

doe,

a

goat,

a

griffin, Pegasus,

a

stag

and a

wolf.

There are also certain horse and

dog

types,

which were

probably

native

in

origin,

as no

prototype

an

be

found

for

them

in the officialRoman series

in

fact,

very good

case for

he

der-

ivation of the horse type from Ancient British coins has re-

cently

been stated.6

Among

the miscellanea are:

an

uncertain

standing

figure of

which numerous

examples

exist)

and certain

rare

types

with two

(or three)

figures,

seated

figure,

n

eques-

trian

figure Plate

III,

3]

and a radiate head

repeated

on the

re-

verse

[Plate

III,

4].

The commonest

inanimate

type

is

undoubtedly

that of the

Altar from the

posthumous

issues of Claudius

II,

although

the

Sacrificial

mplements type,mainly

of Tetricus

II,

was also

very

popular, perhaps

owing

to its

adaptability

to

stylization.

The

miscellanea are:

a

winged

caduceus,

crossed

cornucopiae,

a

galley, clasped

hands,

letters,

temple,

a

trophy

nd

captives

and

coins with

merely

a

blank reverse. Abstract

designs occasionally

occur,

but these were

solely

the

products

of the

engraver's

im-

agination

and

could

not

possibly

have

been

derived from

ny

Ro-

man

prototype.

The

large

class of coins

with dismembered

re-

verses must have owed its

origin

to

the imitation of worn or

*

By

my

riend,

r.Gilbert

skew,

.S.A.

to

whomam ndebtedor

many

seful

suggestions

n

connexion

ith arbarous

opies),

n

Num.

hron

943,

p.

104-105.




Classification of Barbarous Radiates 1 1

badly

struck

originals

some

of

these bear indications of

having

been

copied

from nimate

figures, lthough

on

most of

them the

type

has so

completely disintegrated

as to be

composed

of

little

more than a few lines

and dots

[Plate

III,

5].

As with other

imitations,

barbarous radiates

may

be

divided

stylistically

nto

three

grades,7

the order of

degradation being

determined

by

a

study

of the closeness to the

original

of the

ob-

verse portrait nd the attributes nd postureofthe reversefigure.

One

finds hat

eventuallypersistent

nd

successive

copying

of the

same

type

eads to

complete stylization

of the

reverse,

ome

types,

such as

Sol,

Spes

and the Sacrificial

Implements, lending

them-

selves to

stylization

more

readily

than

others.

Grade

I

is

accurate,

or

reasonably

so,

with a fair ikeness in the

obverse

portrait

nd a correct

representation

f the details

of

the

reverse

figure

legends

are

usually ntelligible

with

good lettering,

and coins of this grade are obviously the work of competent

craftsmen with

a

knowledge

of Latin

as well as of their craft

[Plate

III, "6,

7].

In

Grade

II

the standard of

workmanship

has

fallen

off

quite

considerably [Plate

III, 8,

9].

The head or bust

on the

obverse

is no

longer

a

portrait,

one at least of the attri-

butes

of

the reverse

figure

is

missing (sometimes

both have

disappeared)

and the

posture

of the

figure

becomes

stiff nd

unnatural.

Legends

tend to

become

more

and more blundered

until

they

are almost

unintelligible

some

large-size copies

are

even

anepigraphic.8

Grade III reaches the lowest

stage

of bar-

barity

Plate

III, 10,

1

1].

Often

its coins have

types

which,

on

both obverse and

reverse,

are

breaking up

or have

completely

disintegrated:

if

not,

stylization

s the rule.

Legends (if

present

at

all)

are

totally

blundered

with, sometimes,

"letters" which

7

See

Num. otes

Möns

No.

65

for

utherland's

rading

f

Claudian

opies.

adiates

may

e

graded

n

much he ame

ines,

xcept

hat

e re

mitting

is ourth

rade

coins ith bverse

nd/or

everse

ype

eversedsince he esults

ould

ot

ustify

he

worknvolved.

8

Minimi

xist

n ll

hree

rades

nd,

wing

o

he mallness

f

he

lans,

any

inimi

of

ven rade have ne rboth

egends issing.




1 2 Barbarous Radiates

can have

existed

in no

conceivable

alphabet

but

only

in the

mind of

the

engraver.

The

most

degraded

specimens

of this

grade

are those coins with

merely suggestion

of a

radiate crown

on the obverse and a

succession of lines and

dots to do

duty

as a

reverse

type

[cf.

Plate

III,

5].

Appendices

to this

monograph give

lists

of

A)

British

hoards,

(2?)

British

sites and

(

C

foreign

hoards

which have

yielded

radi-

ate copies. Although Appendices (A) and (B) are by no means

exhaustive,

they

will at least

be

sufficiently epresentative

to

present

a

general

picture

of

the distribution in this

country

of

such

imitations. Two facts

emerge: firstly,

hat

they

circulated

very widely

and,

secondly,

that

they

were in use

from the third

to the fifth

enturies,

and even

later.

We

shall see

presently

hat

this

continuity

f circulation

mplies

a

continuity

f

manufacture,

which vitiates the natural

assumption

that

radiate

copies

were

contemporarywith their prototypesand can all be classed to-

gether

in

the third

century.

A further

division of barbarous

radiates,

this time on a

basis

of

module,

may

be made.

Needless to

say,

no definite ine

can

be

drawn between the

larger copies

and the

minimi,

but it will

be

convenient to take it

to be

.50

inches

or

12.5

mm.,

all

coins of

this diameter and less

being

classed as minimi. At the

bottom of

the scale are the

tiny

pieces ranging

from

30

to . 10 inches

which

are now

universally (though ungrammatically )

known as

"minimissimi." These

ridiculously

small

coins,

of the smallest

of which it takes as

many

as

fifty

o cover an

English

halfpenny,

can

only

have

been

struck

and

passed

current

n

days

of

extreme

poverty

after the whole

economic structure of

the

country

had

collapsed.

Such

a

state of affairs

must have

applied during

the

period

of metal

scarcity

c.

a.D.

450-550?) long

after he Roman

"Withdrawal" and indeed the

extreme

barbarity

of

these

mini-

missimi

certainly

suggests

a

Britain which had

"gone

native."




Hoard Evidence for Dating Barbarous Copies 13

HOARD EVIDENCEFOR DATINGBARBAROUS OPIES

It is

obvious

that a close

study

of

hoards will

provide

evidence

for

dating

barbarous

copies.

Certain

hoards,9

which must have

been buried

in the

early

seventies of the third

century,probably

during

the

economic crisis

precipitated by

the

unpopular

reform

of

Aurelian,

prove beyond question

that barbarous radiates were

circulatingside byside withtheirprototypes.From the contents

of

these hoards it

may

be stated that all Grade

I

copies

of

good

module,

together

with

many

of Grade

II,

were

contemporary

imitations. The burial

of other

hoards,10

containing

large-size

radiate

copies

interspersed

with

regular

coins

to Carausius or

Allectus,

may

be

dated to the last decade of the third

century

(some, perhaps,

having

been buried

during

the

troubles

accom-

panying

the fall of Allectus

in

296),

thus

indicating

that

bar-

barous radiates

of this size were

circulating

and

probably being

manufactured,

down to c.

300.

Others11show that

they

werecur-

rent,

albeit in diminished

numbers,

if not

actually

being

struck,

well

into the fourth nd

fifth

enturies.

We

may

be

fairly

ertain,therefore,

hat

all

Grade

I and

some

Grade II

copies

are

contemporary,

r

nearly

so,

with their

proto-

types

and even certain

large-size

Grade

III imitations

give

the

impression

of

being early

in

date,

having

been taken from worn

or

badly

struck

originals

or

representing perhaps

the

work of

illiteratecraftsmen.Radiate minimi,on the otherhand, present

a

problem

which is at once difficult nd

fascinating:

yet

here

again

a

study

of hoards

will at least

simplify

t

even

if t does not

solve

it

completely.

The

Brougham,

Great Chesters

and

Segontium

II

and III

9

Allington,

lackmoor

I,

Caistert.

Edmund,

mneth

and

I,

Great

hesterford,

Ham

Hill, inwood,

ong

Wittenham,

etley

bbey,

oole,

pton,

erulamiumII

and

Wimblington.

10

lackmoor

,

Clapton-in-Gordano,

oleford

Park

nd),

verton

nd

Verulamium

and I.

"

Bermondsey,

olchester,

ranfield,

cklingham

V, Redenhall,

iveliscombe

I,

Woodbridge,

oodeaton

nd

Worlebury

amp.





hoards all must have

been

buried

towards

the end of

the third

century.

n them

regular

coins,

mainly

of the Gallic

Empire,

but

also sometimes of the British

Empire

of

Carausius

and

Allectus

(287-296),

were

found associated with

radiate minimi. Decisive

for

date, however,

was the Verulamium

Theatre hoard which

was

composed entirely

of radiate minimi. This is such an

im-

portant

hoard for our

purposes

that it will

repay

us

to examine

it more closely.

The

hoard,

which came to

light

in

1934

and

which has been

published

in full n

the NumismaticChronicle or

1937,

was com-

posed

of the

following pieces, grouped according

to size:

g

f

arge-size

arbarous adiates

at east), ndoubtedly

ontemporary

'with

their

rototypes.

86

ranging

rom to 8 mm.

n

diameter.

486

ranging

rom to

7

mm.

n

diameter.

44

ranging

rom

.5

to

5

mm. n

diameter.

696 total.

In addition there were numerous

fragmentary

oins and

scraps,

making

a

total of about

eight

hundred

pieces,

all

barbarous imi-

tations.

The

find-spot

was

9

inches

below the theatre

stage,

al-

most

exactly

on its central

line,

and 18 inches from

the inner

wall of

the curtain-slot.

ncontrovertible

rchaeological

evidence

showed

that

the

reconstructionof the

theatre,

which

included

the

building

of a new

stage,

could not

have taken

place

after

c.

300

a.D. The cement of which this new

stage

had been con-

structed

was

completely

intact,

without even a

crack,

so that it

formed

an effective eal between the

layer

of

third

century

ma-

terial

below

it

and the

ayer

of fourth

entury

material bove. The

latter

contained numerous coins

of fourth

century

date which

were

completely lacking

in the

former.

f the

hoard had

been

deposited

later

than

c.

300,

it

could not

possibly

have

found its

way

to the

below-stage layer:

such a

possibility

is

immediately

negatived bytheperfect onditionof the cement. It must,there-

fore,

have been buried before

the reconstruction of the

theatre




Hoard ī/oidencefor Dating Barbarous Copies 15

in

c.

300.

Moreover,

in the orchestra of the theatre there were

found

minimi of

hoard-type

associated with

coins of

Carausius

:

thus the evidence for

the hoard's late

third-century

ate

is

com-

plete.

It would

appear

fairly

ertain, then,

that

radiate

minimi

were

being produced

before

the end of the

third

century,

ontrary

o

the formerbeliefs

of British numismatists who

were inclined

although quite logically to assign all minimi to a date after

the

Roman "Withdrawal."

The Verulamium Theatre hoard is

definite

proof

of the

fallaciousness of such a

theory

nd

since

its

discovery

we have had

to

reorientour ideas

very

radically.

This

is not to

say

that

radiate minimi were

not

produced

later: as we

shall

see,

we have

convincing

evidence that

they

were

struck

contemporaneously

with the

tinypieces

derived fromthe fourth-

century

"Fel.

Temp."

reverse which

may very

definitely

e as-

signed to the period of copper scarcity.Nevertheless, there are

certain

strong

stylistic

ifferences etween

the

early

and the late

minimi

[cf.

Plate

III,

7

and 1

1].

The former re

usually

of

good,

neat

style

and excellent

technique,

although

struck on

flans

which

are in most cases too small

for the dies :

the obverse

head,

though

no

portrait,

s

generally

well

engraved

and

carefully

xe-

cuted,

and the reverse

figure

s accurate both as

regards

attributes

and

posture.

Late

minimi,

on the other

hand,

are

usually

ex-

tremely

crude

attempts

at

portraiture

nd

design,

which

is

often

breaking

up

and

quite

unassignable

to

any

recognized

proto-

type.

Hoards

indicate that radiate

minimi

first

appeared

on

the

economic scene towards

the end of

the third

century say,

290

or thereabouts.

The next

question

to be decided is the reason for

their

production.

Their

re-appearance

in later

days

was,

of

course,

the result

of the metal

shortage,

but in the third

century

no such

conditions

prevailed.

In

fact,

the

precise opposite

seems to have

been the case, forthe base Gallic antoniniani,which had flooded

the markets of

Britain and the west

only

a

couple

of decades





previously,

were still n circulation n vast

quantities,

and hoards

even

suggest

that

both

they

and

their imitations were current

well into the fourth nd fifth enturies. The

key

to

the solution

of the

problem may

well

be

in the

great re-coinage

carried out

by

Carausius,

the British

Emperor,

in

c.

290,

in a

laudable

attempt

to

place

the

economy

of Britain

upon

a

more stable

footing.

He

replaced

the base

pieces

of

the Central and Gallic

Empires (al-

ready virtually demonetized by Aurelian s reform) by a new

well-silvered antoninianus of

good weight, reducing

the

former

merely

to a nominal

value.

To

remedy

the

shortage

of small

change consequent upon

the

demonetization and

(presumably)

withdrawal from irculation of the

former

urrency,private

per-

sons and unofficialmints

would

strike

these

minimi,

the

circula-

tion of which would

be

purely regional.

The continuance

of the use of radiate minimi in

Constantinian

days, ust beforetheywere superseded in popularity by minimi

with

fourth-century ypes,

is

evidenced

by

two

hoards,

from

Filton

and

Hove,

both of which were

buried c.

320.

Later

still

(c.

400)

another series of hoards12

indicates not

only

the

persist-

ence in circulation of radiate minimi

a

century

r

more after

heir

first

ppearance,

but also the

comparatively early

manufacture

of diademed

minimi,

mostly

with "Fel.

Temp." types,

for the

purposes

of small

change.

But still

another

factor,

which un-

doubtedly

had much to do with

the causes of the

production

of

barbarous

minimi,

was

starting

to affect the economic life of

the

Empire

at

this time.

The metal

scarcity

which became

acute

some

fifty ears

later

was

already beginning

to make

itselffelt n

the last

years

of the

fourth

entury,

as

is shown

only

too

clearly

by

the closure

of mints and the

reduction of the

regular

bronze

coinage

to

JE4

module.

Although

they

had failed to

compete

in

popularity

with the

"Fel.

Temp."

imitations,

barbarous

radiates had not

been

com-

pletely superseded. As we have seen, both large-size copies and

12

E.g.,

Dustonnd

Richborough

II.





minimi were still

circulating

towards

the end of

the fourth en-

tury,

ndhoards1

3

how that even in

post-Roman days,

during

the

fifth nd sixth

centuries,

radiate minimi were

again being

manu-

factured,

though

of a

very degraded style

and

fabric. For more

than a

century

and a half after the

"Withdrawal,"

the

copper

scarcitynaturallyprecluded

the manufactureof

any pieces

above

minim module until well into the sixth

century,

when

(if

we can

draw any conclusions from the solitaryhoard at our disposal-

the

Richborough

IV

hoard)

the size of the current

money

seems

to have

undergone

a

considerable

increase.

In

the

absence of

other hoards to which such

a

late date can with

any

certainty

be

given,

however,

it

is neither

possible

nor wise to

attribute more

than a local

significance

to this

phenomenon

and to

assert that

copper

was

in

better

upply throughout

the

country

t this time.

Richborough,

and in fact all

Kent,

was then in the

hands

of the

Jutish nvaders,and ithas been suggested14thatsome, at least, of

the

coins of the

radiate hoard were struck not

by

the Romano-

Britons but

by

their Teutonic

conquerors

who,

having

attained

a more settled

way

of

iving,

were

now

beginning

to feel the need

of a

coinage

of their own.

It

may

well

be,

in

fact,

that

some of

these

pieces

represent

the

earliest

attempts

at a native

"Saxon"

coinage,

while

others

in

the

hoard,

more

closely

akin to

the

Romano-British

styles

of

imitations,

seem to indicate

that

the

conquerors

made use also

of

barbarous

coins which

they

had ob-

tained

by plunder

or as "treasuretrove."

Consequently,

we

may

surmise

that

copper

was not so

scarce

among

the

invaders as

13

E.g.,

erran-ar-worthal

late

th

entury),ayle,

ere

nd

Whitchurch

all

fiftho

sixth

enturies)

nd

he

Richborough

adiate oard

Richborough

V] (r.600).

14

H.

Mattingly

W. P. D.

Stebbingin

um. otes

ř

Monographs,

o.

80,

p.

13.

For

a

very

ound

rgument

or

he

ate

ixth-century

ate f he oard ased n

tylistic

affinities

f

ertain

f ts

oins ith

axon

ceatta

whichppearedrobably

bout

alf

a

century

ater),

eeDerek

llen,

n n

ppendix

o

he

Monograph

1

bid

,

.

117).

he

lateness

f he oard

s lso

uggested

y

he

resence

f

few

ybrids

ith

adiateb-

versesnd eversesopiedromourth-centuryFel. emp."nd Gloria omanorum"

types.

hedatef

roduction

f hese

ieces

ust e

placedonsiderably

ater

200-300

years?)

han he

ate f heir

rototypes.





among

the

nvaded,

and that this was the reason forthe

apparent

improvement

in the

metal

position,

which seems therefore to

have

been

purely

local.

We have seen from hoard evidence that radiate imitations

were

in

fairly

ontinuous

use from

the third to

the fifth

enturies

and even later. From

this

continuity

of circulation we

may

as-

sume

a

continuity

of

manufacture,

so that it is not difficult o

imagine the persistent, if sporadic, striking of these pieces

throughout

the fourth

century.

The

evidence

of

overstrikes

un-

derlines

very strongly

that of the

hoards.

Admittedly, examples

are

by

no means

common,

but we

may quote

two here which

sup-

port

our

hypothesis.

One,

in

my

own collection from

Yorkshire

(PMethley),

is a Grade III

barbarous radiate with Altar reverse

overstruck

on

a

hammered-out Constantinian "Vota" coin

issued

probably

c.

333

a.D.) [Plate

III,

12];

the

other,

from Corsto-

pitum, s a radiate with a disintegratedobverse and reverseover-

struck on

a

"Victoriae Dd.

Auggq.

Nn." of Constantius II or

Constans

(issued

c.

340

a.D.) [Plate

III,

13].

That barbarous radiates underwent

a

revival in

popularity

in

post-Roman

times is not to be

doubted,

although

the reason for

this is not

easy

to

discover.

Since,

during

the

period

of metal

scarcity,

no further

upplies

of coin

were

being imported,

the

Romano-Britons

had to

rely

upon

very

crude

home-produced

pieces

to

supplement

the

worn late Theodosian

bronze which

were the last coins to have been received fromthe official m-

perial

mints.

Moreover,

since the difficult

onditions which

pre-

vailed at the time

owing

to the Saxon

invasions must

have ren-

dered

mpossible

the

working

of

theBritish

mines,

the

only

source

of

supply

for the flans of

these small and

degenerate

pieces

would be the coins of former

centuries

dug up

from

the earth

of those of more recent times

which still

remained

in

circulation.

Occasionally

one comes across

barbarous radiates of a

"brassy"

appearance. These pieces are usually of very crude workman-

ship

and struck on flans

of

varying shapes,

not

very

often

nicely





rounded.

It has been

suggested15

that

they

were made fromori-

chalcum coins

(sestertii

nd

dupondii)

of

the

Early Empire,

ham-

mered out

to the

required

thickness,

roughly

chisel-cut into

small

pieces

and

stamped

with the new dies

[cf.

Plate

I,

7].

In-

deed,

the makeshift

way

of

manufacturing

he flans

nd

of

strik-

ing

the coins

indicates

neither

a

very

stable

economy

nor a

very

settled

political

situation,

and some of the cruder

specimens

may

even suggest a post-Roman date.

If,

then,

as seems

likely,

the Britons of the fifth

nd sixth cen-

turies were forced to

rely upon

obsolete

money

for the

produc-

tion

of their

coins,

why

should

they

not

have

relied

upon

obso-

lete

money

for the

types?

We know

that

orthodox

pieces

of

the

third

century

as well as their imitations were current as

late as

the end of the

fourth

entury

and there is

certainly

no reason to

suppose

that

they passed

out of

currency

n

post-Roman

days;

moreover, many hoards which had been buried at the time of

Aurelian

s reformmust have been

dug up by

the

hard-pressed

and

poverty-stricken

ritons of the later fifth

entury

nd we

can

imagine

that their

contents

would have been

eagerly

seized

upon

both

for

he

metal

which

they

contained

and for

heir

possibilities

as

prototypes.

Constantinian and other

fourth-century

oards

would suffer like fate hence the

apparent segregation

of

radi-

ate

and

diademed

minimi

which,

although

circulating

contem-

poraneously,

are but

rarely

found

associated in the same

hoard.

The evidence of

foreign

hoards has now to be considered. A

selection of these is

given

in

Appendix

C

and,

in

spite

of con-

siderable differences

n

the

history

and economic

conditions of

Britain

and

the

Continent,

they

corroborate n a

singular

manner

the evidence of British hoards as

regards

the

date and

circulation

of our

copies.

I am lso

ndebtedoMr.

Askew

or

his

uggestion,

he

ossibility

f

which

adnot

previously

ccurred

o

me. n

view

f

the tatement

t

the nd

f

this

aragraph,

t

must ot e upposedhat ll coinstrucknorichalcumlansre atendate; here

also

xist

pecimens

f

definitelycontemporary"

tyle,

nd

we

may

magine

hat

his

method

f

mprovising

lans

as

n

use t

east

rom

he atteralf f

he hird

entury.





The factthat

barbarous

radiates were

contemporary,

r

nearly

so,

with their

prototypes

s indicated

by

certain hoards of which

those

from

Ahrweiler,

La

Blanchardière, Cattenes,

Evreux

and

the Mazeau Marsh

are sufficient

roof.

Of hoards

containing

radiate

minimi,

that from

Jublains

is

undoubtedly

the most

im-

portant.

It seems reasonable

to

conclude

that this hoard was

put

into

the earth at about the

time

of

Aurelian

(270-275)

-

whose

reform, ncidentally,was just as unpopular in Gaul as it was

in

Britain,

so that

it

must have been the cause of

the

burial

of

hoards

of the old

money

in

both

provinces.

From this hoard

we

may

be

right

n

supposing

that

radiate

minimi were

being

struck

in Gaul some

years

before

their first

ppearance

in

this

country

-

a conclusion which

is

amply supported by

the evidence of

other

hoards.16

Indeed,

the "Gallic"

air

of

many early

minimi in

this

country

seems to

point

to their

mportation

from

Gaul,

and

the late Mrs. Wheeler, in herreporton the Verulamium Theatre

hoard,17

uggested

that

they

were

notof

British

manufacture."18

This,

of

course,

is a reasonable

enough

conclusion

if,

as seems

likely,

the

production

of radiate

minimi

on

the

Continent

pre-

ceded their

production

in Britain

by

some

twentyyears.

That both

large-size copies

and minimi were

still

circulating

on the

Continent,

as in

Britain,

at the end of the third or

begin-

ning

of the fourth

entury,

s

shown

by

such hoards

as

those

from

Niedderrentgen,

Ëtival-lès-Le

Mans and

Venèra,

while the

Han-

sur-Lesse and the Ettelbruck II hoards indicate the continued

circulationof

arge-size

barbarous radiates

during

the

earlyyears

of

the fourth

entury.

The

Lavoye

hoard,

of

1,760

copies rang-

ing

from

14

mm. down to 6 mm. in

diameter,

would seem to be-

long

to the seventies

of the third

century,

s obverses based on

coins

of

Gallienus,

Claudius II and the Tetrici have been

noted,

but

the

factthat t was contained in a

fourth-century

ase

postu-

16

Duisburg,etz(?), ontdidier,isseau-le-Petit,ezou,

he

aône,

te.

onorine-des-

Pertes,trasbourg,oucy, erdesnd he osges.

*7

Num

Chroń.,

937,

p.

211-228.

18

bid.,

.

225.




Hoard Evidence for Dating Barbarous Copies 2 1

lates a somewhat later date for

ts

burial. Of

all the Continental

finds,however,

that fromAutun is

probably

the most

nteresting.

In a

layer

of carbon and ash there

were found some broken cruci-

bles,

one still

containing

bronze;

in one corner were

numerous

worn

radiate

minimi,

obviously

destined for the

melting pot,

while

close

by

was a

large quantity

of minimi with Constantinian

types

(6-8

mm.

in

diameter),

all

in mint state. There is little

doubt that we have here definite vidence of an unofficialwork-

shop

and

proof

not

only

that radiate minimi were

still

circulating

in

Gaul

during

the firsthalf of

the fourth

century

but also

that,

towards the

middle of the

century,they

were

being superseded,

like

their British

counterparts, by

minimi

copied

from contem-

porary

coins.

The revival of

radiate imitations seems to have

taken

place

on

the

Continent

ratherearlier

than in

Britain,

s is

probably

shown

by the Wancennes hoard, which contained radiate minimi in

association with two

orthodox coins

of

Valentinian

II,

so that it

may

be dated

to

c.

390,

and the

Surcy

hoard,

which contained one

orthodox Tetricus

I,

four barbarous

Tetricus

I and coins of the

fourth

entury

o

Eugenius

(392-394).

The survival of

radiates,

both of

large

module

and of minim

size,

at the end of the fourth

century

is indicated

by

both these

hoards,

as

well

as

by

the

Éprave

hoard

(c.

a.D.

400).

Here,

as at

Autun,

an

irregular

work-

shop

was

discovered,

with

several thousand

radiate minimi

3

mm.

in

diameter,

heap

of

slag

and an iron crucible

containing opper

waste

and

grains

of bronze.

Finally,

a

hoard

of

2,197

pieces

from

Dalmatia,

buried c. a.D.

465-470, during

the

reign

of the

Byzantine Emperor

Leo,

sug-

gests

a late

fifth-century

ate

forthe manufacture

nd circulation

of radiate

copies

in view of the fine

condition of its four barba-

rous

radiates,

one

AE3

(small)

and three minimi.

It

may

now be

possible

for us to make a

rough chronological

sketch of barbarous radiates from the evidence which we have

outlined in the

preceding pages.

About 260 or

a little

ater

arge-




BARBAROUS RADIATES-.

HOARDS AND

SITE-

FINDS

v.

IN BRITAIN




Key to

Map

1.

Abingdon

2.

Alchester

3. Allington

4.

Alwalton

5.

Ami

weh

6.

Ancaster

7.

Asthall

8. Atworth

9.

Baldock

10.

Beckley

1

1

Bermondsey

12. Bitterne

13.

Blackmoor

14.

Bloxham

15.

Bourton-on-the-

Water

16.

Brading

17. Bristol18.

Brougham

19. Brough-on-the

Humber

20.

Bury

St.

Edmunds

21.

Caerhun

22.

Caerleon

(Segontium)

23.

Caernarvon

24.

Caerwent

25.

Caister

t.

Edmund

26.

Cambridge

27.

Canterbury

28.

Chapelfield

29.

Cheddar

30.

Chedworth

31.

Chester

32.

Chesters

33.

Chesterton

34.

Cirencester

35.

Clapton-in-

Gordano

36.

Colchester

37.

Coleford

38. Corbridge

(Corstopitum)

39.

Cranfield

40. Din Lligwy

41.

Din

Sulwy

42.

Ditchley

43.

Dorchester

44.

Dorn

45.

Duston

46.

Emneth

47.

Everton

48.

Filton

49.

Fletton

50. Frilford

5

1 Gt. Chesterford

52.

Gt.

Wymondley

53.

Ham

Hill

i

54.

Hayle

55.

Hengistbury

ead

56.

Higham

Ferrers

57.

Hove

58.

Hovingham

59. Icklingham

60.

Kenchester

61. Kiddington

62.

Kings

Sutton

(Astrop)

63.

Latton

64.

Leicester

65.

Lincoln

66.

London

Bridge

67.

Long

Wittenham

68.

Lydney

69.

Maiden

Castle

70.

Maltón

71.

Manchester

72.

March

(Linwood

Farm)

73.

Mere

74.

Methley

75.

Netley

76. Newbury

77.

Nobottle

78.

Otford

79.

Patcham

80.

Perran-ar-

worthal

81.

Peterborough

82.

Poole

83.

Redenhall

84.

Richborough

85. St.

Albans

(Verulamium)

86.

Silchester

87.

Southwark

88.

South

Witham

89.

Stone

90.

Tackley

91.

Uddingston

92.

Upton

93. Wanborough

94.

Weymouth

ay

95. Whitchurch

96. Wimblington

97.

Wiveliscombe

98. Woodbridge

99.

Woodeaton

100.

Wookey

Hole

1

01.

Wootton

102.

Worlebury

amp

103.

Wroxeter





size

imitations were

first

produced [Plate

IV,

i], very

shortly

afterwards to

be

followed

(between

270

and

280

on the Con-

tinentand

c.

290

in

Britain) by

minimi

[Plate

IV,

2]. Copies

in

both sizes were struck

[Plate

IV,

3,

4]

until c.

330,

when

they

gradually

came to be

replaced by

Constantinian

and, later,

"Fel.

Temp."

imitations.

They

were manufactured

only sporadically

for the

next

century

or

so

[Plate

IV,

5, 6],

until,

at

about the

middle of the fifth entury,radiate minimi were again produced

[Plate

IV,

7]

and,

as the

shortage

of metal became more

acute,

the modules fell to "minimissimi"

size.

Towards the end of

the

sixth

century,

n

this

country,

radiate

copies

of somewhat

larger

module were

made,

but

of these the

only examples

which we

possess

are those of the

Richborough

Radiate

hoard and

a

few

isolated

examples, mostly

of uncertain

provenance [Plate

IV,

8-13;

cf.

IV,

14-18].

Later

still,

in the seventh

century,

the

Teutonic settlers,when theyfeltthe need fora regular coinage,

employed

radiate

models for

some of

their

thrymsas

and sceat-

tas: thus the

third-century

adiates came into their own

again

as

prototypes

for n

entirely

new series which is

quite

as

interesting,

though

also

as

puzzling,

as that which we have been

considering

in

these

pages.




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31




APPENDIX B: BRITISH SITE-FINDS

Anglesey:

PDinLligwy.

AAST,

1929,

p.

26.

Din

Sulwy.

AAST

1929,

p.

26.

Berkshire:

Abingdon.

CCRB,

p.

181.

Frilford,

r.

Abingdon.

Arch.,

868,

pp.

417-485.

Rept.,

.

42.

Newbury.

CCRB,

p.

182.

Buckinghamshire:

tone.

CCRB,

p.

181.

Carnarvonshire: Caerhun. ACb,1925,pp.322-341.

Segontium

Carnarvon).

ACb,

1922,

pp.

313-315.

Cheshire:

Chester.

CAS

J, 1939,pp.

44-45.

CCRB,

p.

183.

Denbighshire:

Castle

yons.

TC,

1930,

pp. 87-97.

Essex:

Colchester.

(Personalxamination.)

GreatChesterford.

NC,

1934,pp.

225-227.

Gloucestershire:

Bourton-on-the-Water.

GAST,

1934,

p.

121-128.

NC,

i935>PP-

275-281.

Chedworthilla.

NC,

1865,

pp. 175-179.

Chesters

illa,

Woolastonģ

Cb,

1938,

p.

114.


Cirencester.

NC,

1936,pp.

261-263.

Lydney.

Rep

.,

pp.

104-131.

Hampshire:

Bitterne.

NC,

1934,pp.

223-224.

Hengistbury

ead.

Rept.,

p.

65-71.

Neetham.

CCRB,

p.

181.

Silchester.

NC,

1929,

pp.

328-332.

CCRB,

pp.

1

80-181.

(Personal

xamination.)

Herefordshire:

Kenchester.

WCT,

191 /1

,

pp.

188-210.

Rept

I,

pp.

32-64;

II,

pp.

48-59.

Hertfordshire:

Baidock.

JBAA,

1933,

p.

235-246.

EHAST,

1942, p.

154-161.

Great

Wymondley.

VCH.

Herts.,

V,

p.

171.

Verulamium

St.

Albans).

NC,

1859,pp.

101-141.

NC,

1932,pp. 239-242.

Arch.,

934,

pp.

213-247

passim

NC,

1937,pp.

212-214

passim

CCRB,

pp.

178-182.

Rept.,p.223-239.EHAST, 1942, p.154-161.




Appendix B: British Site-finds 33

NC,

1945,pp. 159-163.

(Personal

xamination.)

Huntingdonshire:

Alwalton.

(Personal

xamination.)

Chesterton.

(Personal

xamination.)

Isle

of Wight:

Brading

illa.

(Personal

xamination.)

Kent:

Canterbury. (Personal

xamination.)

Otford.

Rep

.,

pp.

6,

8.

Richborough.

Rept.

,

pp.

106-173;

I,

pp.

106-231;

III,

pp.

187-

235-

CCRB,

pp.

179,

182.

NC,

1939,

p.

112-1

19

passim.

NC,

1943,

p.

72.

Lancashire:

Chapelfield.

Rept.

,

p.

80.

Manchester.

Rept.

Appx.

f

Coins.)

Leicestershire:

Leicester.

NC,

1940,

pp.

24-31.

Lincolnshire:

Ancaster.

JAABI,

1932,

pp.

16-17.

Lincoln.

JAABI, 1932,

pp.

16-17.

South

Witham,nr.Grantham. (Personalxamination.)

London:

London

ridge.

NC,

1841

=1842),

pp.

187-

194.

Monmouthshire:

Caerleon.

BBCS,

1924,

pp.

98-100.

Caerwent.

BBCS,

1924, pp.

95-98;

1927/9, p.

99-100.

Norfolk:

Caister

t.

Edmund.

CCRB,

pp.

178-181,

83.

Northamptonshire:

igham

errers.

(Personal

xamination.)

Duston.

NC,

1934,pp.

221-222.

King's

utton.

CCRB,

p.

178.

Peterborough. (Personalxamination.)

Northumberland:

Corstopitum

Corbridge).

CRB,

pp.

178-182.

(Personal

xamination.)

Oxfordshire:

Alchester.

Ant

,

1932,pp.

62-63.

CCRB,

p.

182.

Asthall.

(Personal

xamination.)

Beckley.

CCRB,

p.

182.

Bloxham.

Oxon.,

938,p.

53.

Ditchley

illa.

Oxon.,

936/7,

p.

65-67.

Dorchester.

Oxon.,

936/7,

p.

68-69.

Tackley.

Oxon.,

936/7, p. 93-100.

Woodeaton. CCRB,pp.181-182.


Wootton.

CCRB,

p.

183.





Shropshire: Wroxeter.

Rept.

,

pp. 81-96;

II,

pp.

54-83;

II,

pp.

67-112.

Somerset:

Cheddar.


Wookey

ole.


Suffolk:

Icklingham.

(Personal

xamination.)

Sussex: Patcham.

FCH.9

Sussex

II,

p.

51.

Wiltshire: Atworthilla.

W

M,

1940/2, p,

76-87.

Latton,

r.

Cricklade.

NC,

1864,

pp.

216-223.

Wanborough,

windon.

NC,

1939,

pp.

291-292.

Worcestershire: Dorn. VCH ,WaresI, p. 221.

Yorkshire:

Brough-on-the-Humber.

altón

ept

V,

pp.

54-55.

Hovingham.

Maltón

ept

V,

pp. 90-92.

Maltón.

Rept

II,

pp.

84-1

1

5.

Methley.

(Personal

xamination.)




APPENDIX

C: FOREIGN HOARDS




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38




LIST

OF

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN APPENDICES

AAel:

Archaeologia

eliana.

AAST:

Transactions

f

the

Anglesey

rchaeological

ociety.

ACb:

Archaeologia

ambrensis.

ACt:

Archaeologia

antiana.

AJ:

Archaeological

ournal.

AntJ:

ntiquaries

ournal.

ARALM:Atti ellaRealeAccademiae' LinceiMemorie).

Arch.:

rchaeologia.

ASAN:

Annales e

a

Société

rchéologique

e

Namur.

BBCS:

Bulletin

f

he

Board

fCeltic tudies.

BGAST:

Transactions

f

heBristolndGloucestershire

rchaeological

ociety.

BIAL:

Bulletin

e

'Institut

rchéologique

iégeois.

BJ:

Bonner

ahrbücher.

BNJ:

British

umismatic

ournal.

BSAF:

Bulletine

a Société

es

Antiquaires

e

France.

BSSM:

Bulletine

a Société

'agriculture,

cience

tarts

u

Mans.

CASJ: ournalf heChesterndNorthWalesArchitectural,rchaeologicalnd

Historical

ociety.

CCRB:

Sutherland:

oinage

nd

Currency

n

Roman ritain

Oxford,

937).

CWAST:

Transactions

f the Cumberland

nd

Westmorland

rchaeological

Society.

D: diademed.

DAST:

Transactions

f heDorset

rchaeological

ociety.

EHAST:

Transactions

f

heEast

Hertfordshire

rchaeological

ociety.

JAABI:

ournal

f

the

Antiquarian

ssociation

ftheBritishsles.

JBAA:

ournal

f he

British

rchaeological

ssociation.

JRS:JournalfRoman tudies.

MGE:

Mittheilungen

er

Geschichte

ür

rhaltung

er

gesch.

enkmälerm

Elsass.

M

SE:

Mémoires

e

a Société duenne.

NA:

Norfolk

rchaeology.

NC: Numismatic

hronicle.

NNM:

Numismatic

otes

nd

Monographs.

Oxon.:

Oxoniensia.

PIL:

Publications

e

a

Section

istorique

e

'Institut

oyal

rand-ducal

e

Lux-

embourg.

PSA:Proceedingsf he ocietyfAntiquariesfLondon.

PSAS:

Proceedings

f he

ociety

f

Antiquaries

fScotland.





P-VCIN:

Procès-verbaux

u

Congrès

nternationale

numismatique.

R:

radiate.

RBN:

Revue

elge

e

numismatique.

RCHM:

Royal

ommissionorHistorical

onuments.

Rept.:

Report.

RHAM:

Revue

istorique

t

archéologique

u Maine.

RN:

Revue

umismatique.

RSN:

Revue

uisse e

numismatique.

SNQ: Sussex otes ndQueries.

TMR:

Blanchet:

es Trésors

e

monnaies

omaines

Paris,

900).

YARJ:

Jahrbücher

esVereins

on

Alterthumsfreundem

Rheinlande.

VCH:

Victoria

ounty istory.

WAM:

Wiltshire

rchaeologicalagazine.

WZGK:

Westdeutsches

eitschrift

ür

Geschichte

ndKunst.

YC:

Y

Cymmrodor.

ZfN:

Zeitschrift

ür umismatik.

The

following

xcavation

eports

ave

lsobeen sed.

Reportsf heResearchommitteef he ocietyfAntiquaries:

Nos.

, 2,

4.

J.

P. Bushe-Fox:

roxeter>, Oxford,

91

;

II, Oxford,

914;

III,

Oxford,

916.

No.

3.

J.

P. Bushe-Fox:

engistbury

ead

Oxford,

91

.

Nos.

6,

7,

10.

J.

P. Bushe-Fox: ie

borough,

, Oxford,

926;

I,

Oxford,

1928;

II,

Oxford,

932.

No.

9.

R.

M.

&

T. V. Wheeler:

ydney

Oxford,

932.

No.

il.

R. M.

& T.

V.

Wheeler:

erulamium

Oxford,

936.

Leeds

& Harden:

he

Anglo-Saxon

emetery

t

Abingdon,

erks., xford,

930.

(For

site-finds

rom

rilford.)

G.

H.

Jack

A. G.

K.

Hayter:

xcavations

n

he ite

of

he

Romano-British

TownfMagnaKeneester,erefordshire191 -13,1,Hereford,916; I

(

1

24-2

5),

Hereford,

926. Vol.

I alsoforWroxeter

hoard.)

Roman

Maltón

nd

District

eports:

No.

2.

P. Corder:

he

Defences

f

he

Roman

ort t Maltón

Leeds,

930.

No.

5.

M. K.

Clark:

Gaxetteer

f

Roman

emains

n East

Yorkshire

Leeds,

1935.

For

Norton

oard nd

ite-finds

rom

rough,hapelfield

nd

Ho-

vingham.)

F.

A.

Bru on:

The

Roman

ort

t Manchester

Manchester,

909.

B. W.

Pearce:

eport

f

he

xcavation

ommittee

f

he

evenoaks

ociety

n he

Roman

ite

t

Otford,

1

Dec

IĢ28,

ondon,

929.




KEY TO THE PLATES

Plate

I

1.

Minimus

opying

th

century

ypes:

ev.Chi-Rho.

Redenhall

oard

Norwich

Museum.

2. Semi-barbarous

triking

t

official(?)

mint:

Constantine

I,

rev.

Romae

Aeternae. Own

collection.

Examples f lanmanufacture:

3.

Flattened

lobule:

rev.Sol.

Own

collection.

4.

Overstrike:

ev. Fel.

Temp. Reparatio

legionary

horseman)

n

Fel.

Temp. Reparatio

phoenix).

Own

collection.

Cp.

rev.

egends

CONST

ANTIVS,

etc.)

of

"Carausius

I"

coins.

5.

Old

coin

filed

own:

rev.

Fides.

Own

collection.

6.

Old

coin

cut

into

quarters

nd restruck:

ev. Altar.

Verulamium

Verulamium

Museum.

7.

Old

coin hammered

ut and

cut

up:

rev. Pax.

Colchester.

ColchesterMuseum.

8.

Clipped

from

heetmetal:rev.

Jupiter.

Own

collection.

9.

Cut

from od: rev.

Fel.

Temp.

Reparatio

legionary

horseman).

Colchester

Colchester

Museum.

10. Cast

copy:

rev.

Sacrificial

mplements.

edenhall

oard.

Norwich

Museum.

11.

Clipped

nd rounded

ragment: agnentius,

ev.

Chi-Rho.Worle-

bury amp

hoard.

Taunton

Museum.

12.

Clipped

iliqua:

Jovian,

ev.Vot. V.

Mult.

X.

Own

collection.

Stylistic

arieties:

13.

Lined-in

figure:

ev.

Pax.

Corstopitum.

Corstopitum

useum.

14.

Solid

figure:

ev.

Mars.

Verulamium.

Verulamium

Museum.

15.

Decorated

ircle

urrounding

ype:

rev.

male

figure.

Corstopitum

useum.

Plate

II

1.

Fel.

Temp,

with

PLN

mint-mark. Own

collection.

Varietiesf egend:

2.

Sol

with

HER.DEV[SONIEN]SI legend.

Own

collection.





3.

Fortuna

with

SALVS

legend.

V rrulamtum.

Own

collection.

4.

Good

obv.

egend

ut

blundered

ev.

egend:

rev.

Spes.

Own

collection.

Varieties

f

type:

5.

Claudian

opy:

rev.

Minerva

exaggeratedhield).

Obv.

die-identity

with

oin from incoln

Own

collection.

6.

Disintegrated

bv.

crown urviving):

ev.Palm of

Hilaritas?

omer-

set ¿Cheddar). Own collection.

7.

Fel.

Temp,

emphasis

n

horseman).

olchester

Colchester

Museum.

8.

Survival

f letter

in

FELICITAS: rev.

Felicitas.

Verulamium

Verulamium

Museum.

9.

Spes

holding

whip

of

Sol.

Own

collection.

Note: VIRTVS

AVG

legend.

Portraiture:

10.

Tetricus

: rev.

Salus.

Corstopitum. Corstopitum

useum.

11.

Tetricus

I: rev. Pax.

Corstopitum

Corstopitum

useum.

12. Claudius

I,

Divus: rev.

Pax

(hybrid).

erulamium

VerulamiumMuseum.

13.

Victorinus:

ev.

Salus.

Yorks

Methley

.

Own

collection.

14.

Postumus:

ev.

Mars

(base

JR).

Own

collection.

15.

Gallienus:

rev.Nobilitas.

Own collection.

16.

Quintillus:

ev.

Victory.

Own collection.

17.

Probus:rev.

Spes.

Own collection.

18. Aurelian:rev.Victory. Own collection.

19.

Tacitus:

rev.

Altar

hybrid).

Own

collection.

20.

Magnia

Urbica.

Ashmolean

Museum.

Reverse

ypes:

Plate

III

1.

Weakened

ype:

rev.

Pax with

ransverse

ceptre.

Own

collection.

2. Unattributed

ype:

ev.

Male

figure.

olchester

ColchesterMuseum.

3.

Equestrian

igure.

olchester ColchesterMuseum.

4. Double obverse: etricus /TetricusI. Own collection.

5.

Dismembered everse.

erulamium

Own collection.




Key to the Plates 43

Grades

of

opies:

6.

Grade

I,

large:

rev.Salus.

Corstopitum.

Corstopitum

useum.

7.

Grade

I,

minimus: ev.

Victory.

Obv.

die-identity

ith coin

from

Colchester Own collection.

8. Grade

II,

large:

rev.

Salus.

Corstopitum

Corstopitum

useum.

9.

Grade

II,

minimus: ev.

Female

figure.

erulamium.

Verulamium

Museum.

10. Grade III, large:rev.Male figure olding rident. orstopitum

Corstopitum

useum.

11.

Grade

III,

minimus: ev.Altar.

Verulamium

VerulamiumMuseum.

Overstrikes:

12.

Radiate

rev.

Altar)

n

ConstantinianVota"

coin.

Yorks

fMethley.

Own

collection.

13.

Radiate

(rev.

Dismembered)

n

"Victoriae

DD.

Auggq.

NN."

(c. 340). Corstopitum. Corstopitum useum.

Suggestedhronological

equence:

Plate

IV

1.

Contemporary

triking:

ev.

Laetitia.

Canterbury

Verulamium

Museum.

2.

Early

minimus:

ev.Female

figure.

olchester

Colchester

Museum.

3.

Late

3rd

or

early

th

century

triking?:

ev.

Pax,

radiate.

Own collection.

Note: the

radiate ax

is

exclusively

Carausian

ype.

4. Late 3rdor early thcenturyminimus: ev.Sol. Peterborough

Own

collection.

Note:

the

Carausian"

portrait

n the

obv.

and

the

Carausianmint-

mark

C)

on

the

rev.

5.

4th

century

triking?:

ev.

Pax,

radiate.

Own collection.

6.

Late

4th

or

early

5th

century

triking?:

ev.

Laetitia.Colchester

ColchesterMuseum.

Cp.

style

f ate

4th

century

E

.

7.

Late

minimus:

ev.

Man in

tunic.

Own collection.

8. "Sceatta-like"mitation: ev.Sol. Own collection.

Cp.

obv. of Pl.

IV.

14.





9.

"Sceatta-like"

mitation: ev. Hilaritas.

Own

collection.

Cp.

obv.

of Pl.

IV.

15.

10.

"Sceatta-like"

mitation:

ev.

Salus?

Verulamium

Verulamium

Museum.

Cp.

Pl.

IV.

16

for

nner

ircle n

obv.

and

rev.

11.

"Sceatta-like"

mitation: ev.

Eagle.

Own

collection.

Cp.

obv.

of Pl.

IV.

17.

12.

"Sceatta-like"

mitation: ev. Man with

spear.

Obv.

and

rev.

die-

identities ith oin from

Richborough

oard. Own collection.

Cp.

obv.

of Pl.

IV.

18.

13.

"Un-

Roman" imitation:

ev.

Three

figures.

verstruck

n uncer-

tain

coin.

Own

collection.

Cp.

similar

ieces

rom

ichborough

adiatehoard.

Anglo-Saxon

oins:

14.

Sceatta Men

with

rosses Wolf-whorl.

Own collection.

Cp.

rev.

of Pl.

IV.

8.

15. Thrymsa Head/Cross.WarminsterWilts. BritishMuseum.

Cp.

obv. of Pl.

IV.

9.

1

6. Sceatta

Facing

head

/

Dragon.

Own

collection.

Cp.

circles

urrounding

ypes

n

Pl.

IV. 10.

17.

Sceatta

Degraded

head

/

Degraded

tandard.

Own

collection.

Cp.

rev.

of

Pl.

IV.

11.

18.

Sceatta

Radiatehead

/

Degraded

tandard.

Own

collection.

Cp.

obv.

of

Pl.

IV.

1

2.




PLATE

ARBAROUS

ADIATES

MINIMUS FROM REDENHALL HOARD: 1. SEMI-BARBAROUS:2.

EXAMPLES

OF FLAN

MANUFACTURE: 3-12.

STYLISTIC

VARIETIES: 13-15,




PLATE,

I

ARBAROUS

ADIATES

UNOFFICIAL MINT AT LONDON: 1. VARIETIES OF

LEGENDS: 2-4.

VARIETIES

OF TYPES: 5-9.

PORTRAITURE:

10-20.




PLATE

IIARBAROUS

ADIATES

REVERSE TYPES: 1-5. GRADES OF , OPIES: 6-11.

OVERSTRIKES

12-13.




PLATE V

ARBAROUS ADIATES

SUGGESTED CHRONOLOGICALSEQUENCE: 1-13.

ANGLO-SAXON:14-18.




PUBLICATIONSF

THE AMERICAN

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ood.The exican

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ork

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Gilbert. Perez. heMint

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Howland

ood.

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ollars

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W.

ndia.

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M. P. Vlasto.

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A

Contribution

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umismatics).

922.

34

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Howland

ood. ommemorative

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of

print.

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Agnes

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Howland

ood.

egucigalpa

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823

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Newell.

lexander

oards-I.

Demanhur

oard.

923.

62

p.

8

pls.$2.50.

20.

Harrold

.

Gillingham.

talian rders

f

hivalry

ndMedals

f

Honor.

923.

46

pp.

34

pls.

Out

f

print.




21.Edward . Newell.lexanderoards-II.Andritaetta.924. 9pp. pls. 1.00.

22.

C. T. Seltman.

Hoard

rom

ide.

924.

0

pp.

3

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print.

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R.

B.

Seager.

Cretanoin

oard.

924.

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Samuel . Milbank.he

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925.

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25.

Sydney

.

Noe.

A

Bibliography

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Greekoin

oards.

925.

75

pp.

$2.50.

26.

Edward

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Newell.

ithradates

f

arthia

nd

Hyspaosines

f

Characene.

925.

8

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pls.

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27.

Sydney

.

Noe.

TheMende

Kaliandra)

oard.

926.

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pp.

10

pls.

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28.

Agnes

aldwin.

ourMedallions

rom

he rras

oard.

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pp.

4

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$1.50.

29.

H. Alexanderarsons.he arliestoins

f

Norway.

926.

1

pp.

1

pl.

50^.

30.

Edward

.

Newell.

ome

npublished

oins

f

astern

ynasts.

92

.

21

pp.

2

pls.

5°¿31.Harrold. Gillingham.panishrdersf hivalryndDecorationsfHonor.92.

16

pp.

40

pls.

3.00.

32.

Sydney

.

Noe.The

Coinage

f

Metapontum.

Part

).

1927.

34

p.

23

pls.

3.00.

33.

Edward

.

Newell.

woRecent

gyptian

oards-

elta ndKeneh.

927.

4

pp.

3

pls.

1.00.

34.

Edward

ogers.

he

econd

ndThird

eleucid

oinage

f

yre.

927.

3

pp. pls.

$1.50.

35.

Alfred .

Bellinger.

he

Anonymous

yxantine

ronxe

oinage.

928.

7

pp.

4

pls.

$1.50.

36.

Harrold.

Gillingham.

otesn he ecorationsndMedals

f

he rencholonies

and

Protectorates.

928.

2

pp.

31

pls.

2.00.

37.

Oscar

avel.

he

Co/fr

f

Ambracia.

928.

80

p.

19

pls.

$3.00.

38.Howland ood.T^Coinagef heMexicanevolutionists.928.3pp. 5 ls. 2.50.

39.

Edward

.

Newell.

lexander

oards-V.

Olympia.

929.

1

pp.

9

pls.

1.50.

40.

Allen . West.

ifth

nd

Fourth

entury

old oins

rom

he

hracian

oast.

929.

183

p.

16

pls.

3.00.

41.

Gilbert

.

Perez. he

eper

olony

urrency

f

Culion.

929.

0

pp.

3

pls.

0^.

42.

Alfred

.

Bellinger.

wo

Hoards

f

Attic ronz*

oins.

930.

4

pp.

4

pls. 0^.

43.

D. H. Cox.The

CapareUi

oard.

930.

4

pp.

2

pls. 0^.

44.

Geo.

. Hill.On

he oins

f

Narbonensisith

berian

nscriptions.

930. 9

pp. pls.

$1.00.

45.

Bauman. Beiden.

Mint

n

NewYork.

930.

0

pp.

4

pls.

0^.

46.

Edward

.

Newell.

he

Küchük

öhneoard.

931.

3

pp.

4

plsģ

1.00.

47.Sydney. Noe.TheCoinagefMetapontum.art I. 193 .134 p.43pls. 3.00.

48.

D. W.

Valentine.

he

Unitedtates

alf

Dimes.

93

.

79

pp.

47

pls.

5.00.

49.

Alfred

.

Bellinger.

wo

Romanoards

rom

ura-Europos.

93

.

66

pp.

17

pls.

$1.50.

50.

Geo.F.

Hill.Notes

n

heAncient

oinage

f

Hispania

iterior.

93

.

196

pp.

36

double

ls.

4.00.

51.

AlanW.

Hazelton.he

Russian

mperial

rders.

932.

02

p.

20

pls.

3.00.

52.

O. Ravel.

orinthian

oards

Corinth

nd

Arta). 932.

7

pp.

4

pls.

1.00.

53.Jean

. Cammann.he

ymbols

n taters

f

orinthian

ype

.

A

Catalogue).

932.

0

pp.

14

double

ls.

3.00.

54.

Shirley

. Weber.

n

gyptian

oard

f

he econd

entury

.

D.

1932.

1

pp. pls.

$1.50.

55.Alfred.Bellinger.he hirdnd ourthuraHoards.932. 5pp.20pls. 1.50.

56.

Harrold

.

Gillingham.

outhmerican

ecorations

nd

War

Medals.

932.

78

p.

35

pls.

3.00.

57.

Wm.

ampbell.

reek

ndRomanlated oins.

933.

26

pp. 190+pls.

3.50.




58.E. T. Newell.he ifthuraHoard. 933. 4pp.2pls. 1.00.

59.

Dģ

H.

Cox.

The

ripolis

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933.

1

pp.

8

pls.

maps.

1.50.

60.

E.

T.

Newell.

wo

Hoards

rom

intumo.

933.

8

pp.

5

pls.

1.00.

61.

Howland

ood. he

Gampola

arin oard.

934.

4

pp.

10

double

ls.

3.00.

62.

J.

G. Milne.

heMelos oard

f

907.

934. 9

pp.

1

pl.

$1.00.

<63.

. F.

Pradeau.heMexican

ints

f

Alamos

nd

Hermosilla.

934.

3

pp.

llus.

pls.

1.50.

64.

E.

T. Newell.

Hoard

rom

iphnos.

934.

7

pp.

1

pl.

50^.

65.

C. H.

V.

Sutherland.

omano-Britishmitations

f

ronze

oins

f

Claudius.

1935.

35

pp.

8 double

ls.

2.00.

66. Harrold.

Gillingham.

phemeral

ecorations.

935.

0

pp.

11

pls.

2.00.

67.Sawyer

cA.Mosser.

Bibliographyf yzantine

oin oards.

935.

6

pp. 1.50.68.Edward. Newell.'ve reekronzeoin oards.

935.

7

pp.

double

ls.

2.00.

69.

Alfred.

Bellinger.

he ixthSeventh

nd

Tenth

ura

Hoards.

935.

5

pp.

5

pls.

$1.00.

70.

Frederick.

Waage.

reekronze

oins

rom

Well

t

Megara.

935.

2

pp.

3

pls.

$1.00.

71.

Sydney

.

Noe.

The huriani-Staters.

935.

8

pp.

11double

ls.

2.00.

72.

John

Walker.

he

Coinage

f

he econd

affarid

ynasty

n

Sistan.

936.

6

pp.

4

double

ls.

1.00.

73.

Edward

.

Newell.

he

eleucid

oinage

f

Tyre.

936.

4

pp.

5 pls.

1.00.

74.

Margaret

rosby

nd

mily

race.

nAchaean

eague

oard.

936.

4

pp.

4

pls.

$1.50.

75.Agnesaldwin

rett.

ictory

ssues

f yracusefter13

B. C.

1936.pp. pls. 0^.

76.

Edward . Newell.he

ergamene

int nder hiletaerus.

936.

4

pp.

10

pls.

$2.50.

77.

Charles.

Torrey.

ramaic

raffiti

n oins

f

emanhur.

937.

3

pp.

2

pls.

1.00.

78.

Sydney

.

Noe.

A

Bibliography

f

Greek

oin

oards.

Second

dition).

937.

62

p.

$4.°°.

79.

Naphtali

ewis.

Hoard

f

olles

rom

eltz

Alsace).

937.

1

pp.

5

pls.

2.00.

So. Harold

Mattingly

ndW. P. D.

Stebbing.

he

Richborough

oard

f

Radiates*

193I'

1938.

18

p.

15

pls.

2.50.

81.Alfred

.

Bellinger.

oins

rom

erash.

928-1934.

938.

41

p.

9

pls.

2.50.

£2.Edward

.

Newell.

iscellanea

umismatica

Cyrene

o ndia.

938.

01

p.

6

pls.

$2.00.

53.DavidM. Bullowa.

he

Commemorativeoinagef

he

United

tates

892-1938.1938. 92

p.

10

pls.

2.50.

54.

Edward

.

Newell.

ate

eleucid

ints

nAke-Ptolemais

nd

Damascus.

939.

07

pp.

17

pls.

2.00.

55.

Alfred .

Bellinger.

he

ighth

nd

Ninth

ura

Hoards.

939.

2

pp.

13

pls.

2.00.

86.

Harrold.

Gillingham.

ounterfeiting

nColonial

ennsylvania

1939.

2

pp.

2

pls.

$1.00.

87.

George

.

Miles.

Byzantine

eight

alidated

y

l-

Walid.

939.

1

pp.

1

pl.

50^.

S8.

Jaime

onzalez.

Puerto

ican

ounterstamp

1940.

1

pp.

2

pls.

1.00.

$9.

Harrold.

Gillingham.

exican

ecorations

f

Honour.

940.

3

pp.

17

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90.

Donald

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91.

Eunice

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Herbert. Ives.

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94.

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95»Arthur. Mcllvaine.he ilver ollarsf he nitedtatesfAmerica1941. 6

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1941.

13

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101.H. F.

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943.

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102.

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105.

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945.

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106.

James

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1945.

24

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107.

luma

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945.

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1946.

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109.

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Boyce.

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1947.

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947.

3

pp.

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iii.

George

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Miles.

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rab

lass

Weights

nd

tamps.

948.

68

p.

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ls.

5.00.

MUSEUM NOTES

The American umismatic

ociety

useum

otes

s

a

publication

onsisting

principally

fbrief

otes

nd

papers

n temsn the

Society's

ollections.

I

1946.

106

p.

23

pls.

II

-

1947.

118

p.

19

pls.

$1.50

ach

III

-

-1948.

154

p.

26

pls.

$5.00.

NUMISMATIC

STUDIES

This series ccommodatesorks ffull

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ength,

%

X

10

%

inchesn

size.

1.

Edward

.

Newell.

he

oinage

f

he astern

eleucid ints

rom

eleucus

to

Anti

ochusII.

1938.

07

p.

56

pls.

6.00.

2.

George

.

Miles. heNumismatic

istory

f

Rayy.

40

pp.

6

pls.

$4.00.

3.

Alfred.

Bellinger,

he

yrian

etradrachms

f

Caracalla

nd

Macrinus.

940.

16

pp.26pls. 5.00.

4.

Edward

.

Newell.

he

oinage

f

heWesterneleucid ints

rom

eleucus

toAnti-

ochus

II.

1941. 50

pp.

86

pls.

10.00.

5.

Jocelyn

. C.

Toynbee.

oman edallions.

944.

68

p.

49

pls.

Out

f

print.

NUMISMATIC

LITERATURE

A

quarterly

isting

f

current umismatic

ublications

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bstracts

f their

content.

ubscriptionrice

o

non-members

s

$1.00

per

year ostpaid.

ingle

current

ssues,

.3

5

each.

George

.

Clapp

nd

Howard

.

Newcomb.

heUnitedtatesents

f

he

ears

793,

17969

797

nd

1800.

947.

4

pp.

4

photographicls.

Boundn

cloth.

10.00.

Edward

.

Newell.

he

Coinages

f

Demetrius

oliorcetes.

ondon.

xford

niversity

Press.

927.

74

p.

18

pls.

5.00.






/';-=09 )(8*

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Documents

Barbarous radiates' : imitations of third-century Roman coins / by Philip V. Hill