Upload
dejp3
View
3.490
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The marvellous world of RADIATES
A Moorhead / Lunatics Anonymous Production
MMVIII
8 Groups of Radiates
1 Radiate busts on Dupondii (27BC – AD 260)
(therefore not radiate denominations)
2 The introduction of the Radiate denomination by Caracalla (AD 211-17)
3 The silver radiate (AD 238-260)
(Reece Period 12)
8 Groups of Radiates contd.
4 The base Radiates, AD 260-75The most common of all (Reece 13)a) Central Empire (Gallienus, Claudius II, Aurelian, etc)b) Gallic Empire (Postumus, Victorinus, the Tetrici, etc.)
5. The reformed (often silver-washed radiate), AD 275-96 (Reece 14)a) Tacitus, Probus, Carus, Diocletian etc.b) Carausius and Allectus in Britain & Gaul
8 Groups of Radiates contd.
6 “Barbarous Radiates”, c. AD 275-85,
(all in Reece 14)
7 Post-Reform (post-296) radiates of Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius and Galerius (do not really reach Britain)
(Reece 15)
8 4th century nummi with radiate busts, AD 317-330 (Reece 16)
1. Dupondii with radiate bustsc. 27 BC – AD 260
• Radiate bust is a representation of Sol the Sun God
• Radiate bust helps to differentiate between the Dupondius and the As
Dupondius of Hadrian, AD 117-138
2. The introduction of the Radiate
• Introduced by Caracalla (211-17 – used to be called the Antoninianus after him)
• Weighed only 1.5 denarii, so was it actually a double denarius?
• Only short-lived, AD 215-222
2. Introduction of the Antoninianus contd.
• Scarce Radiate of Elagabalus (218-22), Mint of Rome:
• VICTOR ANTONINI AVG
• Found in Pocklington area, East Yorks.
(YORYM-476B46)
3 The Silver RadiatesAD 238-60 (Reece Period 12)
Re-introduced by Balbinus and Pupienus (238) – rare!
Balbinus PIETAS MVTVA AVGG, Rome mint
3 The Silver RadiatesAD 238-60 (Reece Period 12)
• Gradually declining silver content, but still silver in appearance
• Generally scarce as site-finds
• Gordian III (238-44) the most common
Silver radiate of Gordian III, AD 238-44,Rome, IOVI STATORI (IOW-ECEC22)
3. Philip I and Philip IIAD 244-9
Base silver radiate of Phillip I, LAET FVNDATA, mint of Rome, 244-7,Stogursey, Somerset (SOM-420972)Note: the Nose and beard!
Base silver radiate of Philip II, asCaesar, PRINCIPI IVVENT, Mint of Rome, 245-6, Twycross, Leics. (LEIC-21A411)Note: more baby-faced!
3. Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip I (244-9)
Silver radiate of Otacilia Severa, Mint of Rome, CONCORDIA AVGG, c. 246-8.Note the crescent moon behind the bust; the female version of the radiate crown(Leics - LEIC-8C9CF7)
3.Trajan Decius and family (249-51)
Silver radiate of Trajan Decius, Rome, VICTORIA AVG;Chesterton, Oxon (Hamp422)
3. Herennia Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius (249-51)
PVDICITIA AVG, Rome mint
3. Herennia Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius (249-51)
Copper alloy plated-radiate contemporary copy of HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA, uncertain reverse, Rome, AD 249-51. Rudston, E. Yorks (YORYM-331DC3)
3. Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian (sons of Trajan Decius)
Herennius Etruscus,PIETAS AVGVSTORVM,Rome Mint
Hostilian,MARTI PROPVGNATORI,Rome Mint
3. Trebonianus Gallus and family (251-3)
LIBERTAS PVBLICA, Rome mint
3 Contd.: Volusian, son of Trebonianus Gallus, 251-3
CONCORDIA AVGG, Rome
3: Aemilian, usurper who defeated Trebonianus Gallus, AD 253
MARTI PROPVGT, Rome
3 Contd.: Valerian I and family, 253-60
ORIENS AVGG, Lyon Mint Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the mostcommonly found in Britain
3: Mariniana, wife of Valerian
CONSECRATIO, Rome
3: Gallienus, Joint Reign, son of Valerian, 253-60
DEO MARTI, Lyon Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the mostcommonly found in Britain
3: Salonina, wife of Gallienus (Joint Reign, 253-60)
FELICITAS PVBLICA, Lyon Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the mostcommonly found in Britain
3: Valerian II, son of Gallienus, 256-8
IOVI CRESCENTI, Rome
3: Saloninus, son of Gallienus, 258-9
PIETAS AVG, Lyon mint Coins from Lyon for Valerian and family are the mostcommonly found in Britain
4: Base Radiates of 260-75 (Reece Period 13) – The most common radiates – Two major groups:
1. Central Empire: Gallienus and Salonina (sole reign), Claudius II, Divus Claudius, Quintillus and Aurelian
2. Gallic Empire: Postumus, Laelian, Marius, Victorinus, Domitian,
Tetricus I & II
Peak of 3rd century Radiate hoards Why?
Cunetio Hoard of over 55,000 3rd century coins: latest coin c. AD275
Largest hoard from Britain
Massive rise in coin loss in period 13 (AD 260-75): did small denominations provide access for all to
the money economy?
Britain All Sites (Reece 1995) Per Mills
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Reece Periods
Per
Mil
ls
Series1
4 Contd.: Central Empire: Gallienus and Salonina (Sole Reign), 260-8
Note: GALLIENVS AVG isthe most common obverselegend for Gallienus
A coin from Gallienus’ Zoo, Mintof Rome: IOVI CONS AVG,Goat left – Delta = 4th Officina orWorkshop
ABVNDANTIA AVG, Rome,B denotes the 2nd Officina orWorkshop
Note: coins of the sole reign ofGallienus and Salonina are muchmore common than coins for the earlier Joint Reign
4: Salonina (sole reign of Gallienus, 260-8)
FECVNDITAS AVG, Rome, Delta = 4th Officina / Workshop
Note how more base the coins of Gallienus and Salonina are after AD 260
4 Contd.: Central Empire:Claudius II Gothicus, AD 268-70
Note: most common obverselegend is IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG or IMP CLAVDIVS AVG
AEQVITAS AVG, Rome
FIDES EXERCI, RomeXI denotes the 11th officina orworkshop
4. Contd.: Central EmpireDivus Claudius, AD 270
(many are Barbarous Radiates, hence go into Period 14)
CONSECRATIO, Altar, MilanT = 3rd officina / workshop
CONSECRATIO, Altar, MilanS = 2nd officina / workshop
4 Contd.: Central Empire: Quintillus, AD 270
(Note: curly hair)
PROVID AVG, Milan T = 3rd officina / workshop
4 Contd. Central Empire: Aurelian and Severina, 270-5
ORIENS AVG, Rome, VI = 6th
Officina / Workshop
IOVI CONSER, Rome, S = 2nd
Officina / Workshop
5. Central Empire: Severina, 270-275
CONCORDIA AVGG, Rome, 6th officina / workshopXXI = c. 5% silver
4. Contd: Gallic Empire:Postumus, 260-69
• These coins are often quite silver – more so than the contemporary issues of Gallienus
5. Gallic Empire: Postumus260-69
PAX AVG, Principal mint in Gaul
4. Gallic Empire: Laelian, 269Very rare as site-finds
VICTORIA AVG, Gaulish Mint
4. Gallic Empire: Laelian, 269
VICTORIA AVG; Bickmarsh, Worcs. WAW-05D402
4 Contd.: Gallic EmpireMarius, 269 – very scarce
CONCORDIA MILITVM,Gaul Mint 1
VICTORIA AVG, Gaul Mint 2
4 Contd.: Gallic Empire:Victorinus, 269-71: Mint 1
(note the nose and beard)
INVICTVS, Sol, Gaul Mint 1 – Common type
4. Gallic Empire: Victorinus, 269-71: Mint I contd common types
FIDES MILITVM, Fides hdg 2 standards SALVS AVG, Salus stg. l. at altar,feeding snake
PAX AVG, Pax stg l., hdg TRANSVERSEsceptre
VIRTVS AVG, Virtus stg. r., hdg.shield and spear
4. Gallic Empire: Victorinus, 269-71: Mint II common types
AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas hdg scalesand cornucopiae
SALVS AVG, Salus feeding snakeheld in arms
PIETAS AVG, Pietas stg left at altar
PROVIDENTIA AVG, Providentia l.,hdg baton over globe, and cornucopiae
4. Gallic Empire: Domitianus, 271 from the Chalgrove Hoard (Oxon)
CONCORDIA MILITVM
4. Gallic Empire:Tetricus I, 271-4, Mint I common types
SPES PVBLICA, Spes adv l, hdgflower and lifting skirt
VICTORIA AVG, Victory l, hdg wreathand palm
COMES AVG, Victory l, hdg wreath andpalm
PAX AVG, Pax stg l., hdg VERTICALSceptre and branch
4. Contd.: Gallic Empire:Tetricus I, 271-4, Mint I contd.
VIRTVS AVGG, Virtus stg. l, hdg shieldand spear
HILARITAS AVG, Hilaritas stg l, holding palmand cornucopiae
SALVS AVGG, Salus stg l, holdingrudder and feeding snake entwinedaround altar
5. Gallic Empire: Tetricus I, 271-4Mint II common types
FIDES MILITVM, Fides hdg two standards
LAETITIA AVGG, Laetitia stg l, hdgpurse and anchor
LAETITIA AVGN, Laetitia stg l, hdgpurse and anchor
4 Contd.: Gallic Empire:Tetricus II (271-4) – no beard
Mint I: PRINC IVVENT, Prince stg l,hdg branch and spear
Mint I: SPES AVGG, Spes adv l,hdg flower and skirt
Mint II: PIETAS AVGG, Sacrificalimplements
Mint II: PIETAS AVGVSTOR,Sacrificial implements
Group 5: Silver-Washed Radiates, AD 275-96 (Reece Period 14)
(generally larger, rounder flans than Gallic Empire coins)
Two main groups:
1. Central Empire: Tacitus, Florian, Probus, Carus, Numerian, Carinus, Magnia Urbica, Diocletian and Maximian
** All the above generally much scarcer than Reece Period 13 coins (Gallienus, Claudius II, Victorinus & Tetrici)
2. British Empire: Carausius and Allectus
5: Central Empire: Tacitus, 275-6Note the beard under chin
PAX AVGVSTI, Siscia Mint
PAX PVBLICA, Lyon Mint
5: Central Empire: Florian, 276
VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Lyon Mint
5: Central Empire: Probus, 276-82
TEMPOR FELICI, Lyon Mint
5. Central Empire: Probus, 282-6
ADVENTVS AVG, Rome mint
SOLI INVICTO, Rome
5: Central Empire: Carus, 282-3
PAX AVGG, Lugdunum Mint
5: Central Empire: Numerian, 283-4
PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Ticinum -//VIXXI
5. Central Empire: Carinus, 283-5
SAECVLI FELICITAS, Lugdunum
6. Central Empire: Magnia Urbica (wife of Carinus), 283-5
VENVS GENETRIX, Lugdunum mint
5: Central Empire: pre-reform radiate of Diocletian, 284-96
IOVI AVGG, Lugdunum mint
5. Central Empire: Diocletian
CONCORDIA MILITVM, Cyzicus
5. Central Empire: pre-reform radiate of Maximian, 286-96
HERCVLI PACIFERO, Lyon
5. British Empire: Carausius, 286-93
LAETITIA, London mint - F O//ML
5. British Empire: Carausius, 286-93
PAX AVG (the most common type for Carausius), C Mint S P//C
5. British Empire: Carausius for Diocletian, 286-93
Hinton on the Green, Worcestershire, WAW 747B03
PAX AVGGG, MLXXI
5. British Empire: Carausius in the name of Maximian
PAX AVGGG, London Mint - note: MLXXI
5. British Empire: Allectus, 293-6
PAX AVG, London
5. British Empire: Allectus, Q Radiates of London and C Mint
VIRTVS AVG, Galley, London
VIRTVS AVG, Galley, C Mint
Note this type also LAETITIAAVG and Galley at both mints
6. Barbarous Radiates, c. 275-85(Reece Period 14)
• We generally date them all to c. 275-85
• Enter under ruler dropdown: ‘Radiate, Barbarous’, but include details of prototype in Description Box:
e.g. Copper alloy contemporary copy of a radiate (‘barbarous radiate’, copying a coin of Tetricus I (271-4), Pax reverse, struck c. 275-85. Cun. c.f. 2985
6. Barbarous radiate of Gallienus
Copy of an AETERNITAS AVG coin ofGallienusWallington, Herts. BH-EE4582
6. Barbarous Radiate: Divus Claudius
Barbarous DIVVS CLAVDIVS, Altar Issue
from Ashwell, Herts BH-0AB7B7
6. Barbarous Radiates, c. 275-85: to make up for shortage of coins after reforms of
Aurelian, 270-5, and fall of Tetricus, AD 274
Very base copy of a coin of
Postumus. Shropshire
HESH-8317C5An official base silver radiate of
Postumus, 260-269
Paulerspury, Northants
NARC-393C97
6. Official coin and copy of Victorinus
6. Barbarous Radiates, c. 275-85: to make up for shortage of coins after reforms of
Aurelian, 270-5, and fall of Tetricus, AD 274.
Barbarous radiate, copying
coin of Tetricus II (271-4)
Wallington, Herts. BH-EC16B8
Barbarous radiate, probably copying
Victorinus or Tetricus I
Clothall, Herts. BH-DD5B78
6. Barbarous Radiates
Barbarous radiate, Breedon on the Hill,
Leics. DENO-D97B14
Pierced Barbarous radiate,
prob copying Tetricus I,
Victory or Spes type, Ashwell,
Herts BH-8A4913
Roman or Anglo-Saxon re-use
6. Probable copy of Allectus
7. Post-Reform Radiates of Diocletian and Tetrarchs, post-296
• I know of none found in Britain
• Most common in
Italy and North
Africa
VOT XX, Rome (296-7)
8. Radiate busts on Nummi of the period 317-30 (House of Constantine)
(Reece Period 16)
Constantine II, VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, London, 320-1
Ruler Dropdowns for uncertain and barbarous radiate coins
• 1. Barbarous Radiates come under Ruler Dropdown, ‘Radiate barbarous’ (Reece 14)
• 2. Smaller or Gallic base radiates which are uncertain come under ‘Uncertain Ruler, 260-75’ (Reece 13)
• 3. Larger radiates which are uncertain come under ‘Uncertain Ruler, 275-96’ (Reece 14)