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CLIMATE PARLIAMENT

LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR BALANGIR DISTRICT OF ODISHA

Final Report 6 June 2015

ENGINEERING | CONSULTANCY | TRAINING | PUBLICATION

Low Carbon Development Plan for Balangir District of Odisha

Final Report

Ref. GSES/2014-15/CP/ 09 6 June 2015

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Climate Parliament

Client contract No. Grant agreement dated 12th February 2015

GSES India Ref: GSES/2014-15/CP/09

Draft Report 6 June 2015

Submitted by: GSES India Sustainable Energy Pvt. Ltd.

A-96 (LG Floor), C R Park,

New Delhi – 110019, INDIA

Telephone: +91–11-40587622

Mobile: +91 95605-50075

E-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.gses.in

Document control

File path & name GSES/2014-15/CP/09

Author Dwipen Boruah, Priyam Tewari, Jeet Banerjee, Partha Pratim Konwar,

Lucky Aggarwal

Project Manager Dwipen Boruah

Date 6 June 2015

Distribution level Draft – not for distribution / Public Domain

Template: GSES India Report Form 001

Issue: 01; Date: 30/06/2012


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TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 4!Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 6!1! Balangir District Profile ............................................................................................................... 10!

1.1! Location and Geography ........................................................................................... 10!1.2! Administrative & Institutional Infrastructure ........................................................... 10!1.3! Demography .............................................................................................................. 11!1.4! Education & Employment ......................................................................................... 12!1.5! Economy ................................................................................................................... 13!1.6! Preparation of Low Carbon Development Plan ........................................................ 14!

2! Sector wise Energy Demand ........................................................................................................ 17!2.1! Residential Sector ..................................................................................................... 19!2.2! Agricultural Sector .................................................................................................... 21!2.3! Commercial and Institutional Sector ........................................................................ 23!2.4! Industrial Sector ........................................................................................................ 23!2.5! Government & Municipal Sector .............................................................................. 24!

3! Renewable Energy Resource Assessment .................................................................................... 26!3.1! Solar Energy .............................................................................................................. 26!3.2! Wind Energy ............................................................................................................. 28!3.3! Biomass Potential ...................................................................................................... 29!3.4! Biogas Potential ........................................................................................................ 30!3.5! Micro Hydro Potential .............................................................................................. 31!3.6! Waste to Energy ........................................................................................................ 31!

4! Renewable Energy Technology Options ...................................................................................... 33!4.1! Technology Options for Residential Sector .............................................................. 33!4.2! Technology Options for Commercial & Institutional Sector ................................... 33!4.3! Technology Options for Industrial sector ................................................................. 33!4.4! Technology Options for Government & Municipality Sector .................................. 33!4.5! Technology Options for Independent Power Producer ............................................. 33!

5! Renewable Energy Intervention ................................................................................................... 34!5.1! Residential Sector ..................................................................................................... 34!5.2! Government and Municipal Sector ........................................................................... 38!5.3! Commercial and Institutional Sector ........................................................................ 40!5.4! Industrial Sector ........................................................................................................ 41!5.5! Private Sector Independent Power Producer ............................................................. 42!5.6! Physical Target .......................................................................................................... 43!5.7! Budget ....................................................................................................................... 44!5.8! Action Plan and Timeline ......................................................................................... 47!

6! Implementation Strategy .............................................................................................................. 49!6.1! Business Models ....................................................................................................... 49!

6.1.1! Different Business Models ........................................................................... 49!


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6.1.2! Private Sector Model – Market Mode .......................................................... 50!6.1.3! Private Sector Model – Subsidy Mode ......................................................... 51!6.1.4! Net Metering Model ..................................................................................... 51!6.1.5! ESCO (Energy Service Company) Model .................................................... 52!6.1.6! BOOT (Build Own Operate Transfer) Model .............................................. 53!6.1.7! Business Model for Implementing Solar Pumps .......................................... 53!6.1.8! Business Model for Large Solar Projects: .................................................... 54!6.1.9! Business model for Biomass/ Bagasse Cogeneration projects ..................... 55!6.1.10! Micro Enterprise Based Business Model ..................................................... 55!6.1.11! Business Models & Project Implementation Matrix .................................... 55!

6.2! Resource Centre to Facilitate Implementation .......................................................... 57!6.3! Publicity and Capacity Building ............................................................................... 57!6.4! Update and Enforce Local Rules & Regulations ...................................................... 58!6.5! Renewable Energy Pilot Projects .............................................................................. 59!

7! Socio-economic and Environmental Benefits .............................................................................. 61!7.1! Socio-economic Benefit ............................................................................................ 61!7.2! Environmental Benefit .............................................................................................. 62!

8! Risk Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 63!8.1! Economic and Financial Risk ................................................................................... 63!8.2! Technology Risks ...................................................................................................... 63!8.3! Manpower Risks ....................................................................................................... 64!8.4! Policy and Regulation Risks ..................................................................................... 64!8.5! Summary of potential risks and mitigation measures ............................................... 65!

Annex 1:Brief Description and Economics of RE Technology Options ............................................. 66!1! Solar Photovoltaic Technologies .................................................................................................. 66!

1.1! Rooftop PV System ................................................................................................... 66!1.2! Solar Home Systems ................................................................................................. 67!1.3! Solar Micro Grid ....................................................................................................... 68!1.4! Solar Pump for Micro Irrigation & Drinking Water Supply ..................................... 69!1.5! Solar PV Systems for Outdoor Lighting ................................................................... 71!1.6! Large Grid Connected PV System ............................................................................ 71!

2! Solar Thermal Technologies ........................................................................................................ 72!2.1! Solar Water Heating Systems ................................................................................... 72!2.2! Solar Cooker ............................................................................................................. 73!2.3! Solar Thermal Systems for Food Processing ............................................................ 74!

3! Bio-Energy Technologies ............................................................................................................. 75!3.1! Bio-Gas ..................................................................................................................... 75!3.2! Clean and Efficient Cookstoves ................................................................................ 75!3.3! Waste to Energy from Municipal Solid Waste ......................................................... 76!3.4! Biomass for Co-Generation ...................................................................................... 77!

Annex 2: Renewable Energy Pilot Projects for Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana ................................. 79!1! Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 81!


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2! Profile of Sarasmal & Budabahal Village .................................................................................... 82!3! Village Development Plan under SAGY ...................................................................................... 87!4! Renewable Energy Intervention ................................................................................................... 90!5! Budget and Sharing of Fund ......................................................................................................... 93!6! Implementation Strategy .............................................................................................................. 95!7! Clean Energy Generation and greenhouse gas emission reduction .............................................. 99!


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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AD Accelerated Depreciation CFA Central Financial Assistance CFL Compact Fluorescent Light CHP Combined Heat and Power CST Concentrating Solar Thermal CO2 Carbon Dioxide CSP Concentrating Solar Power DG Sets Diesel Generator Sets DSM Demand Side Management eCO2 Equivalent Carbon Dioxide EE Energy Efficiency ESCO Energy Service Company FTL Fluorescent Tube Light GHG Green House Gases GSDP Gross State Domestic Product HH House Hold HPSV High Pressure Sodium Vapour Hrs/day Hours per Day IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Kg Kilogram kL Kilo Litre kT/yr Kilo Tonnes per Year kW kilo Watt kWe Kilo Watt Equivalent kWh kilo watt-hour kWp Kilo Watt Peak L Litre LED Light Emitting Diode LPD Litres per day LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas m/s Metres per Second M Metre MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MSW Municipal Solid Waste MT Metric Tonnes MU Million Units MW Mega Watt MWe Mega Watt Equivalent MWh Mega Watt-hour MWp Mega Watt Peak NASA National Aeronautical Space Administration NDDP Net District Domestic Product NGO Non-governmental Organization


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OERC Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission OREDA Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency O&M Operations and Maintenance PHED Public Health Engineering Department PPP Public-Private Partnership R&D Research and Development RE Renewable Energy REC Renewable Energy Certificate RET Renewable Energy Technology RDD Rural Development Department RWD Rural Works Division RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission Sft. Square Feet SNA State Nodal Agency SPV Solar Photo Voltaic Sqm Square Metre SWH Solar Water Heater SWM Solid Waste Management T/yr Tonnes per Year T Tonne TeCO2 Tonnes of Equivalent Carbon Dioxide W Watt WESCO Western Electricity Supply Company of Odisha Wh Watt-hour


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Energy is a vital input for production and economic growth of any nation. The pace of growth and development in India has pushed the demand for energy and resources in parallel. Climate change in India has significant relevance to the hard social and economic realities of its people. The report on “Low Carbon Development Plan for Balangir District of Odisha” has been prepared based on primary data collected during the visit to the district, focus group discussion with different stakeholders, visit to selected villages, interaction with the villagers, local government officials and secondary data collected from authentic sources such as census report etc.

With a geographical area of 6790sqkm the district is constituted with 14 Tehsils, 14 Panchayat Samitis, 4 Nagar Palika (Municipality & NAC), 285 Gram Panchayats and 1794 Revenue villages. While telecommunication infrastructure in the district is considered adequate with one mobile phone per nine persons, the public health facility is found to be poor with one health facility per 5,089 people. Total population of the district is 1,648,997 of which 88% live in rural villages. The district has a literacy rate of 65% supported by one primary school against 783 people. The District Education Office of Balangir has set up a target to build secondary schools within 5 km of every habitation and provide access to secondary education for all disadvantageous groups of children. Employment situation in the district is very low with 24.39% of population in regular jobs and 19.31% population engaged as marginal workers. Most of the jobs are linked to agricultural activities and employment in industrial sector is very low with a share of 4% of total workers. Information on energy demand and consumption pattern in residential, agriculture, commercial and institutional, industrial sector and government and municipality sector has been presented in the report. Management and coverage of electricity distribution system in the district is extremely poor. Although about 70% villages in the district are connected by grid electricity, only 22.71% of rural households have access to grid electricity (Census 2011). Unreliable supply of electricity with regular power cut of 6-8 hours per day is another concern in the district. Aggregate technical and commercial loss of the electricity distribution system is about 75%, which is primarily due to poor billing and revenue collection and outdated distribution infrastructure. As per RGGVY report 1764 villages are to be covered under this scheme. As per the report 1212 villages have been covered under RGGVY scheme and the number of remaining villages to be electrified is 552. Development activities and government welfare schemes are not being able to meet the objectives due to lack of access to electricity for majority of the population and inadequate and unreliable power supply in the entire district. This ultimately triggers low agricultural production, low employment and very poor industrial activities. This report intends to develop a plan to use different renewable energy technologies that are relevant and techno economically feasible to support developmental activities in the district. The report provides analysis of availability and intensity of renewable energy resources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, biogas and waste in the district and subsequently it delineates the viable renewable energy technology interventions for the district. Different technology options have been presented based on economic assessment and financial viability to meet required demand in different sectors.


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Renewable energy interventions have been presented for residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, government and private sector. Each proposed intervention indicates technology options, potential for the district, target capacity, total estimated cost, estimated energy generation/ savings and greenhouse gas emission reduction from each strategy. Sector wise Renewable Energy Technology Interventions:

Sector wise Renewable Energy Systems/ Projects Unit of Target

Capacity

Target Capacity

Energy Generation/

Savings (MU)

Residential Sector (Urban and Rural)

Solar Rooftop System KWp 910 1.36

Solar water Heaters Nos. 3638 5.73

Solar Cooker Nos. 18664 11.40

Solar Lantern Nos. 45118 10.89

Solar Home System Nos. 45118 43.55

Solar micro grid system KWp 828 1.24

Solar Drinking Water Supply KWp 1632 2.61

Improved Cookstoves Nos. 29542 123.69

Biogas System CuM 14771 25.77

Commercial & Institutional Sector

Solar Steam Cooker for Cooking for mid day meal Sqm 8672 5.64

Solar Water Heaters for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals LPD 411650 6.17

Solar PV Power Plant for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals KWp 576 0.86

Biogas for Hotels and Restaurants CuM 250 0.53

RE Strategy for Industrial sector

Solar Steam generating system Sqm 27180 17.67

Solar Water Heaters LPD 2518200 37.77

Solar PV Power Plant KWp 4748 7.12

Biogas CuM 1409 2.99

Government and Municipality Sector

High Efficient LED outdoor lighting systems Nos. 3514 0.69

Rooftop PV System for Government Buildings KWp 1578 2.37

Demonstration of PV Plant for bus stand, Park, Market KWp 30 0.05

Production of RDF from MSW Tonnes/year 3227 3.75

Private Sector Independent Power Producer

Large Solar Power Plants MWp 54 81.04

Bagasse Based Co-generation for sugar mills MW 16 72.15

Total Renewable energy generation/ fossil fuel based energy savings 464.00MU


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Based on the current market and government policy, the report presents a budget for implementation of complete low carbon development plan for Balangir district, which is estimated at Rs.763.25crore. The amount will be invested over the 5 years of implementation period. The total budget will be shared by the private sector investment as follows: independent power producer (59%), private users (25%), state government (6%), MNRE (5%) and other sources/ CSR (5%). Sharing of Budget by Source of Fund

Source of Fund Unit Total Period of Implementation

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Central Financial Assistance Lakh INR 3740 374 561 748 935 1122

Private/ users Share Lakh INR 18886 1889 2833 3777 4721 5666

Govt. of Odisha Lakh INR 4888 489 733 978 1222 1466

Other Sources Lakh INR 3464 346 520 693 866 1039

Independent Power Producer Lakh INR 45348 4535 6802 9070 11337 13604

Total Budget Lakh INR 76326 7633 11449 15265 19082 22898

The total budget will be shared by five different implementation sectors viz. residential sector (17%),

commercial and institutional sector (4%), industrial sector (18%), government and municipality sector

(2%) and large solar and bagasse based project by IPP (59%).

The report also presents different business models applicable and suitable to implement renewable energy projects in different sectors. A matrix has been presented indicating implementing entity, applicable business models, and source of fund for different renewable energy projects proposed for the low carbon development plan.

17%

4%

18%

2%

59%

RE Systems for Residential Sector


RE Systems for Industrial sector

Government & Municipality Sector

Large RE projects by IPP


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A five-year implementation roadmap for the low carbon development plan has been prepared and presented. The report emphasizes requirement of strengthening local resources on know-how of the technologies, project management, execution, monitoring and evaluation, finance etc. and suggest establishment of a dedicated resource centre to achieve this goal. The report analyses and quantifies socio-economic and environmental benefits from the proposed plan describing how the low carbon development plant will contribute towards socio economic development in the district through reliable energy supply and employment generation and how it will help in mitigating climate change by reducing green house gas emission. The Risk Analysis has been carried out in section 8. This section describes the risks involved in developing renewable energy projects in the Indian context and suggests mitigation methods for the cities. A generic approach has been taken to provide the preventive measures however risks are region specific and requires intrinsic detailing for individual projects. A separate document has been prepared for implementation of renewable energy pilot projects under Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana. This is placed at the end of the main report in annexure 2. Project proposal has been developed to meet the objective of the model village as per guidelines of SAGY village development plan. The report includes profile of proposed model village namely Sarasmal & Budabahal, renewable energy intervention under SAGY village development plan, budget and sharing of fund, implementation Strategy and contribution towards clean energy generation and greenhouse gas emission reduction.


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1 BALANGIR DISTRICT PROFILE The name Balangir also known as Bolangir is said to have been derived from Balaramgarh, a fort built here in the 16th Century by Balram Deo, the 19th Raja of Balangir and founder of Sambalpur kingdom. Balangir is said to be the first planned town of Orissa which is visible through the planning of Balangir town and its well laidout roads. Balangir is one of the three “KBK” (Koraput, Balangir, Kalahandi) districts of Orissa where the majority of population consists of the tribes of Kutia, Khonds, Binjhals & Gands. Named after the headquarter town of Balangir, this district was formed on 1st November 1949.

1.1 LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY

Balangir district is located between latitude of 20009’ to 21005’ (North) and longitude of 82041’ to 830 42’ (East). The District covers an area of 6575 sq.km surrounded by Subarnapur district in east, Nuapada District in the west, Kalahandi District in the south and Bargarh District in the north. Minimum temperature measured in the District is 16.6oC and maximum is 48.7oC. Average annual rainfall is 1215.6mm. The economy of the Balangir District is basically agrarian. The tourism industry of Balangir District also contributes to its economy. The predominant soil groups found in the Balangir District are red, mixed red, black and alluvial soils. The present cultivable area in the District is 3,45,650ha. Many hilly streams traverse the district. The western part of the district is an undulating plain, rocky and isolated with hill ranges running in various directions. The Gandhamardan hill borders the northwestern side of the district. Forest coverage of the district is reported to be 21.98% of the total land area. The principal river of the district is Mahanadi, which flows through the central part of Sonepur subdivision from north to south. The other major rivers flowing in the district are Tel and its tributaries, Ang and Jira. The district is famous for its rich variety of ores and minerals such as graphite, manganese, bauxite and the precious gemstones.

1.2 ADMINISTRATIVE & INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Balangir District has 3 subdivisions, 14 Tehsils, 14 Blocks, 1 Municipality, 3 NACs, 14 Police

stations and 285 Gram panchayats.

Table 1 : Administrative Divisions in Balangir District

S. No. Particular Unit Statistics

1 Tehsils Nos. 14

2 Panchayat Samitis (CD Block) Nos. 14

3 Nagar Palika (Municipality & NAC) Nos. 4

4 Gram Panchayats Nos. 285

5 Revenue villages Nos. 1794

6 Police Stations Nos. 16

7 Fire Stations Nos. 5


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Details of other infrastructures like telecommunication, post office, public health, and banking are shown in the table below.

Table 2 : Institutional Infrastructure in Balangir District

1 Communication

Telephone connections 2011-12 Nos. 22460

Post offices 2011-12 Nos. 287

Mobile 2010-11 Nos. 177416

2 Publibc Health

Allopathic Hospital 2010-11 Nos. 5

Ayurvedic Hospital 2010-11 Nos. 34

Community health centers 2010-11 Nos. 15

Primary health centers 2010-11 Nos. 42

Sub health centers 2010-11 Nos. 226

Private hospitals 2010-11 Nos. 2

3 Banking

Commercial Bank 2010-11 Nos. 53

Rural Bank Branches 2010-11 Nos. 42

Co-Operative bank Branches 2010-11 Nos. 14

Source: Balangir District Information

1.3 DEMOGRAPHY

As per census 2011, total population of the Balangir District is 1,648,997, out of which total male

population is 830,097 and female population is 818,900. The total urban population of the District is

197,381 (12%) and rural population is 1,451,616 (88%).

Table 3 : Demographic layout of Balangir

No of

Households Total Population

Person Total Population

Male Total Population

Female

Total 414,749 1,648,997 830,097 818,900

Rural 369,273 1,451,616 728,770 722,846

Urban 45,476 197,381 101,327 96,054

Source: Census 2011 (Balangir District)


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1.4 EDUCATION & EMPLOYMENT

As per Census 2011, the literacy rate of Balangir district of Odisha is 65.50% out of which 77.08%

are males and 53.77% are females. The District Education Office of Balangir has set up a target to

build secondary schools within 5 km of every habitation and provide access to secondary education

for all disadvantageous groups of children.

Table 4 : Educational institutions and literacy rate in Balangir district

Sl. No. Particulars Unit Data

1 Primary school Nos. 2104

2 Middle schools Nos. 1096 3 Secondary & senior secondary schools Nos. 342 4 Colleges Nos. 26 5 Technical University Nos. 1

6 Ayurvedic College (Medical Education) Nos. 1

7 Industrial Training Institute Nos. 3

8 Literacy rate % 64.72

9 Males % 75.85

10 Females % 53.5

As per census report 2011, only 24.39% of population is employed and 19.31% population engaged

as marginal workers. Proportion of non-workers to total population is 56.3%. Proportion of cultivators

to total workers is 23.10% and proportion of agricultural labours to total workers is 45.30%.

Employment in industrial sector is very low with a share of 4% of total workers.

Table 5 : Balangir district working population as per census 2011

Particulars Statistics % of total population Total employed persons 4,02,227 24.39% Cultivators 1,33,145 8.07% Agricultural labourers 1,07,920 6.54% Household industry workers 16,721 1.01% Other workers 1,44,441 8.76% Marginal workers (Part time workers) 3,18,374 19.31%


Orissa State Employment Mission Society was launched during April 2005. The society has taken up

multiple activities and programmes for skill development in the state. During 2012-13 a total of 7950

persons have been trained under skill development training programme in different development

blocks of Balangir district.


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Table 6 : Sector wise trained person under skill development training programme in 2012-13

Skill Sector Trained Persons (2012-13)

Apparel/ textile 2000

Construction 2000

Mining 150

Manufacturing 500

Hospitality 500

IT/ ITES 300

Driving 1000

Security guard 500

Retail 500

Misc/ Banking 500

1.5 ECONOMY

The economy of the Balangir District is basically agrarian. Over 70% of the population depends on

agriculture. The tourism industry of Balangir District also contributes to its economy. Odisha's

economy has grown at a modest rate of 5.60% at 2004-05 prices in 2013-14, which is slightly better

than the all India anticipated growth rate of 4.9%. Odisha economy experienced severe drought which

caused negative growth of agriculture and allied sectors during 2011-12. But the sector recovered

strongly with a higher growth rate of 8.09% in 2012-13. However the severe cyclone “Phailin”

followed by heavy floods very adversely impacted coastal Odisha during 2013-14. This in turn caused

heavy damage to agricultural crops and very adversely impacted the Agricultural sector during 2013-

14.

Source Economic Survey Odisha 2013-14

Figure 1: Per Capita NDDP (Net District Domestic Product) at Current Prices !

!37,531!!

- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

Balangir

Odisha

India

Per Capita Income in Rupees (2011-12)


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The Agriculture sector in Balangir district includes agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and

forestry subsectors. The share of this sector in the State's GSDP has been declining over the years.

This Sector still provides employment and sustenance, directly or indirectly, to more than 60 percent

of the population.

Table 7 : Production of Autumn Winter and Summer Paddy 2012-13

Autumn Winter Summer Area (000' ha)

Production (000' MT) Area (000' ha)

Production (000' MT) Area (000' ha)

Production (000' MT)

Paddy Rice Paddy Rice Paddy Rice

Balangir 64 201 133 130 742 490 4 15 10

Odisha 561 1471 971 3188 11603 7658 274 1315 868

Source: Economic Survey Odisha 2013-14

Table 8 : Milk and Egg Production in district 2012-13

Target of Production Achievement

Milk (000' MT) Egg (Mn. Nos.) Milk (000'MT) Egg (Mn. Nos.)

Balangir 76.3 193.73 39.18 184

Odisha 2000 2600 1784 2323

Source: Economic Survey Odisha 2013-14

1.6 PREPARATION OF LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The low carbon development plan for Balangir district has been prepared adopting seven steps of

assessment/ activities as mentioned in the chart below.

Figure 2: Steps to prepare low carbon development plan for Balangir district

•  Sector wise Energy Demand Assessment STEP 1

•  Renewable Energy Resource Assessment STEP 2

•  Identification of Viable Renewable Energy Options STEP 3

•  Identification of Appropriate Policy and Business Models STEP 4

•  Implementation Roadmap and Budget STEP 5

•  Pilot Projects and Plan for Scaling up STEP 6

•  Assessment of Social and Environmental Benefit STEP 7


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Sector wise Energy Demand Assessment:

Sector wise energy demand assessment has been conducted by collecting secondary information and primary data through site visit and sample survey. Energy consumers have been divided into five different sectors as below:

− Residential Sector

− Commercial and Institutional Sector

− Agricultural Sector

− Industrial Sector

− Government and Municipal Sector

Renewable Energy Resource Assessment:

We have identified available renewable energy resources in Balangir district and carried out preliminary assessment for techno-economic feasibility of different renewable energy options for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, government department and municipal sector and shortlisted the suitable options. Preliminary resource assessment has been conducted for solar radiation, wind power density, biomass resources, micro hydro and municipal wastes. Identification of Viable Technology Options:

We have identified techno-economically viable renewable energy and energy efficiency options for different sectors and presented the same in the section 4 of this report. Suggestions have been made based on basic economic assessment to check financial viability of identified projects considering available financial incentives and benefits under existing renewable energy policies.

Identification of Appropriate Policy & Business Model:

Based on the existing policies financial and business models have been identified for different

technology options. A matrix has been developed to correlate different business models and policy

instruments to match with the proposed projects and implementing agencies.

Implementation Strategy and Budget:

We have prepared a strategy for implementation of the roadmap and developed an action plan to be taken up on priority basis. This includes guidelines for establishment of a dedicated resource centre at local level represented by administrative departments and other relevant departments, awareness, publicity and capacity building activities. Pilot Projects and Plan for Scaling up

Sector wise renewable energy projects have been identified for implementation as pilot projects at the first phase of implementation. The pilot projects have been identified such that they are scalable and could be replicated in the other parts of the district and the state for sustainable supply of clean energy and employment generation through energy business. Appropriate mechanisms have been indicated to establish linkage with Entrepreneurs, Financiers and Manufacturers through a commercially viable business plan to implement the pilot projects.


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Assessment of Social and Environmental Benefits

Social and environmental benefits from the interventions of low carbon development plan have been

estimated for both short term and long term. Estimation has been done on direct and indirect

employment generation, improvement in productivity due to access to reliable energy, contribution

towards livelihood generation, improvement in health and education, reduction in GHG emissions,

reduction of indoor air pollution etc.

Risk Analysis

Risks are interrelated and vary from project to project. The implementation of solar and other renewable energy projects requires enabling government policies, municipal leadership and the involvement and support of a wide variety of factors from both the public and the private sectors. We have analysed risks associated with economical, institutional, financial and environmental issues and suggested indicative mitigation measures.


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2 SECTOR WISE ENERGY DEMAND

Based on secondary and primary data collected from different stakeholders in the district we have assessed energy demand and nature of electrical and thermal loads in different sectors and users in Balangir district. The transport sector is not included in this study. Western Electricity Supply Company of Odisha (WESCO), an Odisha government owned distribution company supplies electricity to the district. Commercial details WESCO has been provided in table 9 below. Table 9 : Western Electricity Supply Company of Odisha

Commercial Data Rural/ Urban

Value Unit Annual Average Growth

Expected in (2021-22)

Unit

Energy Input (33 kV & Below)

Rural 155.2 MU 15 421 MU Urban 144 MU 15 383.04 MU

Energy Sales Rural 54 MU 8 92.35 MU

Urban 50.2 MU 11 103.914 MU

Total Revenue Collected

Rural 1312.19 Rs. Lac 5 2219 Rs. Lac Urban 1513 Rs. Lac 9 2753.66 Rs. Lac

Total Revenue Billed Rural 2366.65 Rs. Lac 8 4788 Rs. Lac Urban 2184.6 Rs. Lac 10 4259.97 Rs. Lac

Billing Efficiency Rural 34 % -2 22 % Urban 34.86 % 1 27.13 %

Collection Efficiency Rural 56 % - 53 % Urban 69.26 % 2 64.64 %

AT&C Losses (Assessed)

Rural 81 % - 88.34 % Urban 75.86 % 3 82.46 %

Source: WESCO baseline data 2014-15


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Table 10 : Summary of electrical load in 2013-14 and anticipated growth until 2021-22

Source: WESCO baseline data 2014-15

Total connected load in Balangir district in 2013-14 was 56 MW, which is projected to be 193.7MW in 2021-22 with an average annual growth of 6.32%. The table below shows electricity connectivity with total connected loads in different sector for both urban and rural consumers. In the district 12% of the population live in urban areas and 88% live in rural areas. Figure below gives a breakup of electricity consumption for different sectors. Residential sector consumes highest 78% of electricity. While industrial and commercial sector accounts for 12% and 6% of the total electricity consumption respectively, agricultural sector consumes 2% of electricity.

Figure 3: Sector wise electricity consumption in Balangir district (Source: WESCO)

Residential / Domestic

78%

Commercial 6%

Industrial 12%

Agriculture 2%

Others 2%

Sector Connected Load in 2013-14 (MW)

Annual Average Growth

Anticipated connected load

in 2021-22 (MW)

Residential/Domestic Urban 18.72 4.4 62

Rural 18 6.5 89

Commercial Urban 3.01 0.4 10.87

Rural 0.6 0.06 0.3

Industrial Urban 1.2 0.32 5.36

Rural 6.9 0.9 18.4

Agriculture Urban 0.072 - 0.162

Rural 7.5 - 3

Other Urban - - -

Rural 3 - 4

Total Urban 23 5.12 79

Rural 36 7.51 114.7

Urban and Rural combined 56 6.32 193.7


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19

2.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

Total number of households in the district is 432,081. The district has 4 towns, and 1794 revenue villages. As per Census Report 2011, 29.5% of houses are permanent, 47.7% semi permanent and 22.7% are temporary. As per RGGVY report 1764 villages are to be covered under this scheme. As per the report 1212 villages have been covered under RGGVY scheme and the remaining villages to be electrified is 552. Although about 70% villages in the district are connected by grid electricity, access to electricity at household level is very poor and as per census report only 22.71% of rural households have access to grid electricity. Unreliable supply of electricity is also another concern in the district. There is about 6-8 hours power cut per day as reported by the government officials and villagers.

Lighting Source As per the Census 2011, only 28.57% of households in Balangir district use electricity as a source of

light. Kerosene is used in 75.5% of the rural households and is the major lighting source in the rural

residential sector. Only 22.7% rural households are electrified and only 0.39% households use solar

energy as lighting source. Based on the available data, monthly-allocated quota to kerosene wholesale

dealers, distributing kerosene in Balangir, is 1464kL. Most of the kerosene is consumed in lighting of

the households in villages.

Table 11 : Households by source of lighting

Sector Number of households

Electricity Kerosene Solar

energy Other oil Any other No lighting

Rural 3,87,345 87,948 2,92,681 1,504 351 261 4,600

Urban 44,736 35,498 8,108 117 120 53 840

Total 4,32,081 1,23,446 3,00,789 1,621 471 314 5,440


Figure 4: Lighting Sources for rural residential sector (Source: Census 2011)

Electricity 22.71% Solar energy

0.39%

Other oil 0.09% Kerosene

75.56%

No lighting 1.19%

Any other 0.07%


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20

In urban residential sector, 79.35% households use electricity and 18.12% of the households still

use kerosene as a lighting source while 0.26% of urban households uses solar energy for lighting.

Figure 5: Lighting source for urban residential sector (source: census 2011)

Cooking Fuel About 94% of households in Balangir district use biomass as a cooking fuel. Mostly firewood

(89.3%) is used followed by cow dung cake (3.1%) and crop residue (1.5%). Fossil fuels are used by

5% with 4.9% LPG and 0.1% coal/lignite. In rural areas 98% of households use biomass (wood

93.2%, cow dung 3.3% and crop residue 1.5%). Firewood is occupies majority of share (56.1%) as

cooking fuel even in the urban areas.

Table 12 : Types of fuel used for cooking

Type of Fuel used for Cooking

Fire-wood

Crop residue

Cow-dung cake

Coal, Lignite, Charcoal

Kerosene LPG/ PNG

Electricity Biogas Any other

No cooking

Total 89.3% 1.5% 3.1% 0.1% 0.2% 4.9% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2%

Rural 93.2% 1.5% 3.3% 0% 0.1% 1.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2%

Urban 56.1% 1.4% 0.9% 0.2% 1.4% 38.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6%


Drinking Water Supply

Drinking water is supplied by Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) in urban local bodies

and Rural Water Supply & Sanitation (RWSS) division of Rural Development Department in rural

areas supply drinking water. The tables below show water demand and supply in urban local bodies

and drinking water supply schemes in rural areas.

Electricity 79.35%

Solar energy 0.26%

Other oil 0.27%

Kerosene 18.12%

No lighting 1.88%

Any other 0.12%


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Table 13 : Drinking water supply in urban areas

S. No.

Name of Urban Local Body (ULB)

Population (2011)

Total Water Demand in

MLD

Total Daily Supply in

MLD

Power Requirement

(Connected load )

1 Balangir Municipality 98,214 13.73 9.76 1375 kVA

2 Patnagarh NAC 21,629 2.1 1.4

372.77 kVA 3 Kantabanji NAC 23,276 3.14 2

4 Titilagarh NAC 33,008 4.46 3.2

Source: RWSS Water Supply Status, WESCO

Table 14 : Rural Drinking Water Supply Scheme in Bolangir District

S. No.

Name of Block Water supply

scheme through pipe network (Nos.)

Water supply scheme through tube well with hand pumps

(Nos.)

Water supply through tube well with Solar pumps

(Nos.) 1 Agalpur 35 992 - 2 Balangir 39 1421 - 3 Bangomunda 35 1279 4 4 Belpada 29 1209 2 5 Deogaon 43 1381 - 6 Gudvela 32 986 2 7 Khaprakhol 43 1365 7 8 Loisingha 30 1316 - 9 Muribahal 39 1375 1

10 Patnagarh 32 1508 3 11 Puintala 22 1371 - 12 Saintala 57 1369 4 13 Titilagarh 39 1241 2 14 Tureikela 36 1315 2 Total 511 18128 27

Source: RWSS

2.2 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

Based on physiographic and irrigation availability, Balangir District is divided into four Agro–

ecological situations (AES) as below:

− Plain land irrigated

− Plain land Rain fed

− Undulating plain Drought Prone

− Undulating sub– mountainous tract Rain fed


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Figure 6: Utilization of land area in Balangir district

The normal annual rainfall of the district was 1440mm. (1901 to 1950), which has gone down to the average of 1289.8mm, when calculating the average from1901 to 1990. The average rainy days from 1901 to 1950 was 67 days whereas the average rainy days from 1901 to 1990 is 59.6 days. The above shows the reduction of rainfall during 1951 to 1990, which should be critically observed and suitable steps should be taken to improve the environmental features (http://www.ordistricts.nic.in). About 30% of cultivable area in the district is covered under irrigation schemes. The rest is dependent on rainfall. The district has no perennial irrigation system except Hirakud Command area, which covers very negligible areas. All the irrigation projects exist in the district are functional if there is good rainfall during monsoon. The district has only 10.9 % and 4.6 % of total cultivated area covered by irrigation system during Kharif and Rabi crop respectively which is considered to be negligible as compared to the state average. The net irrigated area of the district is 19.94 % of the total cultivated area i.e. 68793Ha, which includes the life saving irrigation systems like Dug wells, Kata, Nalas and Water Harvesting Structure (WHS).

Table 15 : Source of irrigation and area of irrigated land in Balangir District

Sources of irrigation Irrigated Land (Hectors)

Kharif Rabi Major Irrigation Projects 677 350 Medium Irrigation Projects 6557 707 Minor Irrigation Projects 17138 1810 Lift Irrigation Projects 13215 13100 Total 37587 (10.9%) 15967 (4.6%) Dugwells 20758 11606 Others 10448 7657 Grand Total 68793 (19.94 %) 35230 (10.2%)

51%$

23%$

8%$

7%$

3%$0%$

3%$3%$

2%$ Cul-vable$area$

Forest$area$

Land$under$non:agricultural$use$Permanent$pastures$(grazing)$Cul-vable$wasteland$

Land$under$Misc.$tree$crops$and$groves$$Barren$and$uncul-vable$land$Current$fallows$

Other$fallows$


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Ref. GSES/2014-15/CP/ 09 6 June 2015

23

2.3 COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SECTOR

There are 6 large-scale electricity consumers and 50 medium and small-scale consumer in commercial

sector in Balangir circle. Tables below show connected loads and nature of services of the consumers.

Table 16 : Large-scale electricity consumers in commercial sector (Balangir Circle)

S. No. Nature of Services Connected Load/ unit

Number of consumers

Aggregate Connected Load (KVA)

1 Hospitals 99KVA 1 99

2 Telecom Services 120KVA 1 120

3 Railways 120-150KVA 2 267

4 Private Companies 130 – 170KVA 2 298

Total 6 784

Source: WESCO

Table 17 : Medium and small-scale electricity consumers in commercial sector (Balangir Circle)

Sl. No.

Unit Connected Load/ unit

Number of consumers

Aggregate Connected load (kW)

1 Hotels 20 – 70KW 5 173

2 Talkies (Cinema Halls) 40 – 50KW 2 63.5

3 Banks 30- 60KW 4 236

4 Railways 1 – 40kW 7 161.38

5 Educational Institutes 2 - 25kW 26 168.4

6 Telecom 25 – 90kW 2 113

7 Automobile Servicing 91kW 1 91

8 Construction company 50 – 100KW 3 199

Total 50 1205.28

Source: WESCO

2.4 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Industrial sector is developing at a very fast rate and already hold many small, medium and large

enterprises in the district. Total connected load in the industrial sector of Balangir is 24.37MW. There

are 17 large scale electricity consumers which constitutes of rice mills, sugar mills, food processing

units, hospitals, telecom services etc. is 3702KVA.There are total 57 medium scale electricity

consumers in the Balangir circle with a total connected load of 3642.13KW.


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Table 18 : Large-scale electricity consumers in industry sector (Balangir Circle)

S. No. Nature of Industries/

Services Connected Load/ unit

Number of consumers

Aggregate Connected Load (KVA)

1 Rice Mills 100 - 550KVA 8 1250

2 Sugar Mills 200KVA 1 200

3 Food Processing Units 100 - 550KVA 4 967

4 Plastics & Allied 145 – 560KVA 4 1285

Total 17 3702

Source: WESCO

Table 19 : Medium and small-scale electricity consumers in industrial sector (Balangir Circle)

S. No. Nature of Industries/

Services Connected Load/ unit

Number of consumers

Aggregate Connected Load (KW)

1 Rice Mills 50 - 100KW 10 846.48

2 Oil Mills 76.83KW 1 76.83

3 Food Processing Units 50 - 100KW 10 814.5

4 Metal Industries 60 – 80KW 2 150

5 Stone Crushers 50 – 100KW 10 701.6

6 Pharmaceuticals 20 - 50KW 2 72.5

7 Granite 40 – 50KW 2 90

8 Bricks manufacturing 25KW 1 25

9 Others 20 – 100KW 19 865.22

Total 57 3642.13

Source: WESCO

2.5 GOVERNMENT & MUNICIPAL SECTOR

There are 304 government consumers with connected load from 1KW to 80KW and total connected

load is 2143KW.

Table 20 : Government consumers and its connected loads

S. No. Name of the department Connected Load/ unit

Number of consumers

Aggregate Connected Load (KW)

1 RWSS 1 – 5KW 120 325.97

2 RWSS 6 – 10KW 34 250.4

3 RWSS 11 – 20KW 16 250.44


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4 Municipality 5 – 20KW 31 276.2

5 Administration 1 – 20KW 18 119.46

6 Rural Development 2 – 4KW 11 29.5

7 Gram Panchayat 1 – 5KW 5 12.5

8 Public Health 1 – 80KW 14 269.85

9 Transport Department 5 – 10KW 3 55.88

10 Revenue Department 5 – 10KW 9 63.90

11 Agriculture Department 2 – 15KW 14 107.45

12 Telecom 2 – 18KW 3 45.39

13 Forest Department 5 – 10KW 2 14.71

14 DRDA 15 – 38KW 2 56

15 Mining Department 5 – 25KW 2 33

15 Watershed 2 – 15KW 3 26.5

16 Science & Technology 5 – 10KW 2 13.33

17 Social Welfare 5 – 30KW 4 67

18 Place of worship 5 – 10KW 3 20.5

19 Others 1 – 25KW 8 105.11

Total 304 2143.09

The following Street Light points have been provided in the Municipality, area of the Balangir

municipality. The details of the lighting type and wattage are given below:

Table 21 : Details of Balangir Municipality outdoor lighting systems

Light Type Numbers Wattage/ Fitting Total Load (kW)

Sodium Vapour lamp 2047 250W 511.75

Sodium Vapour lamo 73 70W 5.11

T-5 Fitting 539 28W 15.092

CFL Fitting 53 20W 1.06

Bar Fitting 474 120W 56.88

Bulb Fitting 230 100W 23

T-5 High Mast Fitting 21 250W 5.25

Mini High Mast Fitting 67 750W 50.25

Highmast Fitting 10 1500- 2000W 20

Total 3514 - 688.4kW


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26

3 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

Feasibility of Renewable Energy projects depends on the availability of such resources and harnessing them in a techno economically feasible way. We have identified available renewable energy resources in Balangir district and carried out techno-economic feasibility of different renewable energy options for residential, commercial, industrial and municipal sector and making a priority listing of the options.

3.1 SOLAR ENERGY

Balangir (83.48° E and 20.72° N) receives good amount of solar radiation with an annual average of 4.97 kWh/m2/day. Solar Radiation data for the site has been derived from NASA website http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse. The NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) data set is a continuous and consistent 22-year global climatology of insolation and meteorology data on a 1° by 1° grid system. Although the SSE data within a particular grid cell are not necessarily representative of a particular microclimate, or point, within the cell, the data are considered to be the average over the entire area of the cell compared with the NASA data. The mean annual average of global horizontal solar insolation in the district is 4.97 kWh/m2/day. For calculating thermal energy generation through concentrating dish, direct normal radiation is considered. The Monthly Averaged Daily Direct normal radiation at the given site is 5.14 kWh/m2/day. The figure table and figure below shows monthly average global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal radiation (DNI).

Figure 7: Global Horizontal Irradiance in Balangir District

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

MNRE NASA

kWh/

m2 /

day


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Figure 8: Direct Normal Irradiance in Balangir District

Table 22 : Monthly Average Solar Radiation in a Horizontal Surface (kWh/m2/day)

Months MNRE (GHI) (kWh/m2/day)

NASA (22-years average Satellite data for GHI)

(kWh/m2/day)

NASA (22-years average Satellite data for DNI)

(kWh/m2/day)

January 4.89 4.75 6.77

February 5.73 5.5 7.06

March 6.30 6.07 6.77

April 6.95 6.58 6.76

May 7.19 6.37 5.95

June 5.57 4.62 3.09

July 4.82 3.74 1.98

August 4.26 3.66 2.00

September 5.23 4.36 3.32

October 5.39 4.88 5.2

November 5.12 4.68 6.19

December 4.78 4.54 6.74

Annual 5.52 4.97 5.14

Balangir receives highest solar radiation within Odisha both in terms of global horizontal and direct normal irradiance. Global solar radiation (GHI) available in Balangir district is suitable for any kind of solar photovoltaic technologies and low heat solar thermal technologies. Direct normal irradiance (DNI) available in the district may be considered to be good for concentrating solar technologies used for medium heat applications such as process heating, steam cooking, drying etc. However, the available DNI may not be economically attractive for power generation through concentrating solar technologies and further detailed assessment is required for specific locations.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


DNI$kW

h/m

2/da

y


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Figure 9: Comparison of Balangir solar data with other locations in Odisha and Rajasthan

3.2 WIND ENERGY

Wind resource data for Balangir has been taken from the NASA Surface meteorology data source at a height of 50m above the Earth’s surface and extrapolated to a height of 80m considering a wind shear exponent of 0.3 for uneven topography and vegetation. Table 23 : Wind velocity and wind density at Balangir

Months Average wind speed

at 50m above Earth’s surface (m/s)

Wind Density 50m (W/m2)

Extrapolated wind speed at 80m above

Earth’s surface (m/s)

Wind Density 80m (W/m2)

Jan 3.18 19.78 3.66 30.19 Feb 3.39 23.96 3.90 36.57 Mar 3.79 33.48 4.36 51.11 Apr 3.98 38.77 4.58 59.19 May 3.66 30.15 4.21 46.03 Jun 3.69 30.90 4.25 47.17 Jul 3.74 32.17 4.31 49.11

Aug 3.64 29.66 4.19 45.28 Sep 2.83 13.94 3.26 21.28 Oct 2.97 16.11 3.42 24.60 Nov 3.4 24.17 3.91 36.90 Dec 3.25 21.11 3.74 32.23

Average 3.46 25.47 3.98 38.89

Average annual wind speed of at least 4.0-4.5 m/s and corresponding wind density of 40 - 60W/m2 is required for techno commercially viable wind energy generation. From the available wind data it is

0!1!2!3!4!5!6!7!

kWh/

m2/

day


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noted that wind density of 45-59W/m2 is available only during the period of March-August and therefore energy generation from wind may not be a viable option for Balangir. Location specific detailed wind resource assessment may be required for a conclusive recommendation.

Figure 10: Wind power density profile for Balangir district

3.3 BIOMASS POTENTIAL

Biomass resource data for Balangir can be accessed from Biomass Resource Atlas of India. The following tables show Taluka wise biomass generation, biomass surplus and power generation potential from agriculture and forest residues. Table 24 : Taluka wise Agro biomass potential in Balangir

Taluka Area (kha) Crop Production

(kT/Yr)

Biomass Generation

(kT/Yr)

Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)

Power Potential (MWe)

Belpara 44.6 103.0 175.2 31.9 3.67

Patnagarh 45.5 100.8 171.2 31.3 3.60

Turekela 46.3 81.4 141.6 25.4 2.95

Khapraknol 47.5 51.2 146.6 19.6 2.47

Titlagarh 26.9 62.0 105.5 19.2 2.21

Tentulikhunti 20.2 46.5 79.0 14.4 1.65

Balangir 27.1 23.6 44.2 9.1 1.10

Puintala 24.5 27.0 49.0 7.8 0.93

Agalpur 22.6 8.4 18.5 6.2 0.79

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Win

d D

ensi

ty (

W/m

2 )

Wind Power Density 80m (W/m2)


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Saintala 31.9 16.8 24.8 4.09 0.49

Loisinga 10.6 10.3 17.2 3.24 0.38

Deogaon 8.5 7.3 11.5 2.02 0.24

Muribahal 2.49 3.52 7.0 1.30 0.16

Bangdmurda NA NA NA NA NA

Total 358.5 542.0 991.3 175.6 20.6

Table 25 : Taluka wise Forest biomass potential at Balangir

Taluka Area (kHa) Biomass Generation

(kT/Yr) Biomass Surplus

(kT/Yr) Power Potential

(MWe)

Saintala 29.0 60.1 39.0 5.5

Khapraknol 32.2 49.7 32.3 4.52

Deogaon 21.9 48.6 31.5 4.42

Muribahal 18.5 40.2 26.1 3.66

Turekela 16.9 36.5 23.7 3.32

Patnagarh 17.2 34.3 22.3 3.12

Loisinga 7.6 16.7 10.9 1.52

Balangir 16.7 15.8 10.2 1.43

Tentulikhunti 3.87 8.3 5.4 0.75

Titlagarh 7.0 5.9 3.81 0.53

Belpara 6.8 4.84 3.14 0.44

Agalpur 0.52 0.64 0.42 0.058

Bangdmurda 0.34 0.43 0.28 0.039

Puintala 0.21 0.17 0.11 0.015

Total 178.6 322.0 209.1 29.3

3.4 BIOGAS POTENTIAL

Biogas is considered to be one of the most potential renewable energy sources in Balangir district. As

per information provided by Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA), 9063

numbers of domestic biogas plants have been constructed during the period 1984 - 2014. Based on the

available reports on livestock & poultry in Balangir district, potential for biogas production is

estimated to be 940MWh per day.


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Table 26 : Biogas potential in Balangir district

S. No.

Livestock & Poultry

Lives (Nos.)

Fresh dung

per life (kg)

Total fresh dung

produced /day

Bio Gas production per kg of dung (m3)

Biogas Production

per day (m3)

Biogas Production in MWh*

1 Cows 454389 8 3635112 0.03 109053 633 2 Buffaloes 119841 8 958728 0.03 28762 167 3 Goats 299176 2 598352 0.04 23934 139 4 Pigs 2608 2 5216 0.05 261 2

Total 5197408 0.15 162010 940

*Assuming calorific value of biogas: 5000kcal/m3

Livestock & Poultry data source: MSME (Brief Industrial profile of Balangir district)

3.5 MICRO HYDRO POTENTIAL

Micro Hydro potential for Orissa is 156.76 MW as stated by Orissa Renewable Energy Development

Agency. There is no data available on potential for mini or micro hydropower generation in the

Balangir district.

3.6 WASTE TO ENERGY

Balangir town generates 29.47 tonnes of solid waste per day of waste and Titlagarh the second largest

urban settlement in the district generates 9.38 tonnes of solid waste. There is no segregation of

municipality solid waste at present and entire waste is disposed for landfilling at a 10-acre land at

Bijakhaman. The Municipality was allotted 17 acres of land near Bishnumunda village for disposal of

solid waste in a properly constructed landfill site.

There are different steps and methods to covert solid waste into fuel / energy/ resource/ recycle and

there are number of projects successfully being operated in many cities around the world. However, it

is essential to segregate the MSW into different categories before converting them into different

useful constituents. The flow chart below portrays various steps and processes to convert MSW into

different useful elements.

The quantity of MSW generated in Balangir and other towns in the district is not adequate to generate

electricity with economic feasibility. The suggested option to convert the waste in to resource is to

adopt appropriate aggregation process of municipal solid waste and convert it to reduced derived fuel

(RDF), which has high calorific value and can be sold/ utilised as a substitute of coal or other solid

fuel for any thermal applications.


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Figure 11: Steps and processes of converting MSW into resource

Anaerobic Digestion

Biogas Slurry

Fertilizer

Incineration

Ash

Construction Material

High Moisture biodegradables (kitchen wastes etc.)

Low Moisture organics (Polythene, rubber tyres, etc.)

Organics (Hydro-carbon materials)

Waste segregation

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Inert (Sand, stone etc.)

Landfill Brocken glass

containers etc.

Ceramics, concrete

aggregates

Ferrous & non-ferrous, plastics

Cans, tins, pipes etc.

Recyclables

Pyrolysis

RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)


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4 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

We have carried out basic economic assessment to check financial viability for different renewable energy options to meet required demand in different sectors. A brief description of identified renewable energy options, its potential application and benefits, availability, indicative cost, policy support and a basic economic assessment has been presented at annexure 1. The table below shows summary of technology options proposed for different sector.

4.1 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SECTOR (i) Solar Rooftop System for urban households

(ii) Solar water Heaters for urban households

(iii) Solar Cooker for urban and rural households

(iv) Solar Lantern to replace kerosene lamps

(v) Solar Home System to replace kerosene lamps

(vi) Solar micro grid system for rural village and hamlets

(vii) Solar Drinking Water Supply for rural villages

(viii) Improved Cookstoves for households using firewood for cooking

(ix) Biogas System for cooking

4.2 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL SECTOR (i) Solar Steam Cooker for Cooking for mid day meal in school

(ii) Solar Water Heaters for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals

(iii) Solar PV Power Plant for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals

(iv) Biogas for Hotels and Restaurants (Kitchen waste based)

4.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL SECTOR (i) Solar Steam generating system (Medium temp. process heat)

(ii) Solar Water Heaters (Low temp. process heat)

(iii) Solar PV Power Plant (Electrical load)

(iv) Biogas for food processing Industries (Food waste)

4.4 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR GOVERNMENT & MUNICIPALITY SECTOR (i) High Efficient LED outdoor lighting systems (Municipality area)

(ii) Rooftop PV System for Government Buildings

(iii) Demonstration of PV Plant for bus stand, Park, Market

(iv) Production of RDF from Municipal Solid Waste

4.5 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER (i) Large Solar Power Plants

(ii) Bagasse Based Co-generation for sugar mills


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5 RENEWABLE ENERGY INTERVENTION

Different renewable energy technology interventions have been proposed for each sector identifying most techno economically viable renewable energy options considering the need of reliable energy

access for development and wide range of potential consumers in the particular sector.

5.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

For the residential sector, potential for introducing the following renewable energy devices has been

worked out based on present energy use pattern of the residents, economic level, availability of such products and economic feasibility.

(i) Rooftop Solar PV system for urban households (ii) Solar Water Heaters for urban households (iii) Solar Cookers for both urban and rural households (iv) Solar Lanterns for kerosene lamp replacement (v) Solar Home Systems for kerosene lamp replacement (vi) Solar PV micro grid system for village (vii) Biogas system for cooking (viii) Improved and clean cookstoves for rural households

Rooftop PV power plants can be intoduced in the household sector to generate electricity and save

carbon emissions arising due to use of conventional energy. A 1kWp rooftop PV system can generate about 1500 kWh of electricity on an annual basis. The below mentioned table presents the analysis of

introducing Solar PV to 10% of the households in the urban areas. Rooftop PV systems will directly benefit the urban households saving energy bill and providing reliable power supply.

Table 27 : Rooftop PV System for urban households

Particulars Value Unit

Capacity of solar PV system 1 kWp Indicative cost of Rooftop PV System 0.90 Lakh Total Urban Residential household 45476 Nos. Residential household for rooftop PV systems 10%

Target to introduce rooftop solar plant 10%

Number of rooftop PV systems to be installed 455 Nos. Total PV capacity installed 455 kWp Total Energy generated by PV arrays per year 727616 kWh/year Electricity tariff in Balangir for consumers 400kWh and above 5.4 INR/kWh Cost of electricity saved 39 Lakh/year Indicative cost of Rooftop systems 409 Lakh MNRE subsidy @15% 61 Lakh Payback period 8.85 years Total Emissions reduction per year 618 Tonnes/year


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35

Solar Water Heaters (SWHs) is a highly suitable option for domestic sector which directly benefits the residential usres by reducing electricity or cooking gas consumption. We have calculated the economics of implementing solar water heaters (SWH) in one household while replacing it with an electronic geyser. Assuming 10% of the urban households are using electrical geyser and we have proposed 80% of them to replace it with solar water heaters (SWHs) which will result in a saving of 5.7MU of electricity and 4641 tonnes of GHG emissions.

Table 28 : Solar Water Heating Systems for urban households


Total Urban Residential Household 45476 Nos. Residential household using geysers 10% Target to replace electric geyser by SWH in 5 years 80% Average size of domestic SWH (2 sqm collector area) 100/125 LPD Number of SWH to be installed 3638 Nos. Total collector area in sqm 7276 Sqm Total energy saved 5.7 MU Indicative cost of installation 727.62 Lakh Cost of energy savings 200.55 Lakh Payback period 4 years Emission reduction per year 4641 Tonnes

Solar cookers are also a very good option for the household sector to save conventional energy. Below mentioned is the analysis to calculate the savings achieved after introducing solar cookers in residential household. Assuming that 30% of the household have the facility to implement solar cookers in the residential sector. A solar cooker can save atleast 3 numbers of domestic cylinders over a period of one year. Introduction of solar cookers to the identified households would result in a saving of 783876 kgs of LPG or equivalent other cooking fuel which when translated into electricity equivalence would amount to 11.4 MU of electricity and reduction of 489.92 tonnes of GHG. Table 29 : Solar Cooker for urban and rural households


Total Residential household 414749 Nos. Household having facility to install a solar cooker 30% Target for introducting of solar cooker in 5 years 15% Number of Solar Cooker to be installed in 5 years plan 18664 Nos. Estimated savings of LPG domestic cylinder per year per solar cooker 3 Nos. Total LPG saved per year 783876 kg Total energy saved per year 11.40 MU Indicative cost of installation (75% box type & 25% dish type) 489.92 Lakh Estimated cost of energy savings 195.97 Lakh Simple Payback period 2.50 years Emission reduction per years 2735 Tonnes


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80% of households in Balangir district use kerosene for lighting purpose. Solar lantern and solar

home systems are very useful for ligting and operating low power electronic devices. Benefit from

solar lanterns and solar home systems is mentioned in the tables below.

Table 30 : Solar Lanterns for rural households


Total Residential household in Bolangir district 414749 Nos. Residential household use kerosene lamps 73% Target to replace kerosene lamp in 5 years 15% Number of SL to be installed in 5 years plan 45118 Nos. Total kerosene lamp replaced 45118 Nos. Indicative cost of installation 676.78 Lakh Kerosene saved 1082840 Litres Savings in terms of Electricity 10.89 MU Estimated cost of kerosene savings 216.57 Lakh Payback period 3.1 years Emission reduction per year 2750 Tonnes

Table 31 : Solar Home Systems for rural households


Total Residential household 414749 Nos. Residential household use kerosene lamps 73% Target to replace kerosene lamp in 5 years 15% Number of SHS to be installed in 5 years plan 45118 Nos. Total kerosene lamp replaced 180473 Nos. Indicative cost of installation 4511.84 Lakh Kerosene saved 4331 KL Savings in terms of Electricity 44 MU Estimated cost of kerosene savings 866 Lakh Payback period 5.2 years Emission reduction in five years 11002 Tonnes

Similarly, biogas for cooking could be a viable option for those families who keep domestic animals

and poultry. As per census 2011, 0.3% households use biogas as cooking fuel and this technology is

being successfully implemented in the district since 1984. Based on past trends and available

resources, 2% households can easily be targeted for construction of domestic biogas plants for

cooking.


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Table 32 : Biogas for Cooking for rural villages


Total Rural Residential household 369273 Nos. Target for introducing of biogas 2% Number of biogas to be installed in 5 years plan 7385 Nos. Estimated savings of fuel wood per year per family 2000 Kg/year Total fuel wood saved per year 14771 Tonnes/year Total energy saved per year 51.54 MU Indicative cost of biogas installation 1181.67 Lakh Estimated cost of energy savings 88.63 Lakh Government subsidy @50% 590.84 Lakh Simple Payback period 6.67 Years Emission reduction per years 12369 Tonnes

98% of rural population in Balangir district use firewood (93.2%), crop residue (1.5%) or cow dung

cake (3.1%) as cooking fuel. Even 56.1% urban population use firewood as cooking fuel. Types of

cookstoves used in the district are inefficient and emits high level of smoke and soot causing indoor

air pollution. Since most of the rural households have kitchen attached to the living room, the

pollution from cookstoves directly affect the occupants causing chronic health issues to women and

children. Introduction of improved cookstoves which are efficient and smoke free is a must and it

should be taken up urgently. This will not only save cooking fuel by replacing inefficient stoves with

efficient ones but also facilitate healthy living condition and save time for firewood collection. Basic

economics and energy saving calculations for improved cookstoves is presented in the table below.

Table 33 : Improved Cookstoves for rural and urban household using firewood as cooking fuel

Particulars Value Unit Total Rural Residential household 369273 Nos.

Household using fuelwood as cooking fuel 80% Target for introducting improved cookstoves in 5 years 20%

Number of improved cookstoves to be installed in 5 years plan 59084 Nos.

Average consumption of fuelwood per household per year 3000 kg Average savings of Fuelwood per year (minimum 40% savings) 1200 kg

Total energy saved per years 247 MU

Indicative cost of improved cookstove 591 Lakh

Cost of fuelwood 3 INR per kg Estimated cost of fuelwood savings 2127 Lakh

Payback period 0.28 years

Emission reduction per years 59369 Tonnes


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The below mentioned table presents the summary of renewable energy strategies for residential sector. The action plan prepared for residential sector will result in a saving of approximately 350 MU

of energy and 91116 tonnes of carbon emissions. Table 34 : Summary of Renewable Energy Intervention for the Benefit of Residential Sector

Renewable Energy Technologies P

oten

tial

U

sers

Tar

get

Use

rs

Tar

get

Cap

acit

y

Uni

ts o

f T

arge

t

Inve

stm

ent

(Lak

h)

Supp

ort

fund

(L

akh)

Ben

efic

iary

's

cont

ribu

tion

(L

akh)

Ene

rgy

Save

d (M

U)

GH

G

Red

ucti

ons

(Ton

nes)

Rooftop PV 45476 455 910 kWp 819 123 696 1.36 1160

SWH System 4548 3638 3638 Nos. 728 0 728 5.73 4641

Solar Cooker 414749 18664 18664 Nos. 490 0 490 11.40 2735

Solar Lantern 300789 45118 45118 Nos. 677 440 237 10.89 2750

SHL System 300789 45118 45118 Nos. 4512 2933 1579 43.55 11002

PV Micro-grid 552 55 828 kWp 1656 1325 331 1.24 1056

Solar Pumps 18128 1813 1632 kWp 2774 2219 555 2.61 2219

Cookstoves 369273 59084 59084 Nos. 591 443 148 247.37 59369

Biogas 369273 7385 14771 CuM 1182 591 591 25.77 6184

Total 13427 8073 5354 350 91116

5.2 GOVERNMENT AND MUNICIPAL SECTOR Government & Municipal Sector is divided into three categories and options for appropriate renewable energy technologies have been recommended based on the assessment made on each

category of the sector.

(i) Government and Municipal Office Buildings (ii) Outdoor lighting for public places like parks, bus shelters, monuments etc. (iii) Outdoor lighting Road safety - Streetlight, road blinkers, road studs etc.

Government establishment in Balangir has total plinth area of 141,993sqm. Most of the buildings have a flat roof. If 25% roof areas of these buildings are utilized for installation of PV system, an estimated 1.578MW solar rooftop PV systems can be installed. Installation of solar rooftop systems in the government buildings will directly benefit the respective users saving grid electricity and providing reliable electricity. Since the Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission has already passed orders allowing net metering for government and public sector building, the government departments can avail the benefit of the regulation and encourage other private users to invest on rooftop solar systems. Based on the data provided by the district administration, total estimated solar array capacity in the government buildings is 1578kWp, which will generate about 2.37 MU of electricity annually.


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Table 35 : Rooftop PV System for Government Office Buildings

S. No.

Name of Department. Location No. of Units

Total plinth area in

Sqm

Assuming 25% area available for installation

of PV array

Estimated Capacity of Solar Array

(kWp)

1 Works (Civil ) Balangir 38 4144 1036 46 Sonepur 15 1577 394 18

2 Revenue & Excise Balangir 42 8887 2222 99

Sonepur 31 4470 1118 50

3 Health Balangir 67 11327 2832 126

Sonepur 13 7152 1788 79

4 Agriculture Balangir 48 14441 3610 160 Sonepur 7 889 222 10

5 Animal Husbandary & Vetenary

Balangir 43 4838 1210 54

Sonepur 3 345 86 4

6 Home (Police) Balangir 63 9650 2413 107

Sonepur 8 2134 534 24

7 Home (Jail) Balangir 28 3388 847 38

Sonepur 4 976 244 11

8 Finance Balangir 13 2370 593 26

Sonepur 3 622 156 7

9 Industries Balangir 7 4367 1092 49 Sonepur 2 754 189 8

10 Labour & Employment Balangir 3 508 127 6

Sonepur 1 47 12 1 11 Mining & Geology Balangir 6 1709 427 19

12 Commerce & Transport Balangir 11 1837 459 20

13 Planning & Co-ordination Balangir 3 593 148 7 Sonepur 2 351 88 4

14 Soil conservation Balangir 7 520 130 6

15 Inform. & Public Relation Balangir 2 622 156 7

16 Fisheries Balangir 6 596 149 7 Sonepur 2 131 33 1

17 Judicial Balangir 22 4297 1074 48

Sonepur 5 1494 374 17

18 Education Balangir 81 37506 9377 417

Sonepur 27 8014 2004 89

19 Sports & Youth Services Balangir 2 1220 305 14 20 Civil Aviation Balangir 2 217 54 2

Grand Total 607 141993 35498 1578


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Balangir Municipality has 3514 outdoor light fittings of different type and capacity as shown in the

table 22 of chapter 2. We have recommended using high efficient LED lighting system by which

Balangir Municipality can save Rs.35.41 lac per year.

Basic economic assessment for replacing existing lights with LED lights: Estimated total Energy Consumption at present/day 8261 kWh/day

Estimated total energy consumption using equivalent LED lights 4663 kWh/day

Estimated total energy savings using equivalent LED lights 1891 kWh/day

Estimated annual savings using equivalent LED lights 6,90,341 kWh/year

Estimated total savings in energy bills @Rs.4.50 / kWh 34,51,703 INR/year

Estimated investment required for retrofit LED lights 77,34,800 INR

Simple payback 2.24 Years

5.3 COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SECTOR

Commercial and Institutional Sector has been divided in to four broad categories as below and these categories are again sub divided into further categories based on their capacity and functional differences. Case studies have been carried out visiting each of these sub categories to identify present energy demand, energy and fuel used, load shedding occurs, standby power supply provision, space available for installation of solar arrays and collectors etc. Based on the site visit and energy demand assessment, preliminary design/sizing of appropriate renewable energy devices have been worked out for each category establishment. An indicative budgetary financial implication, energy savings, payback period, and GHG emission reduction has been estimated for each renewable energy option that has been suggested. Based on the energy utilization pattern, the following renewable energy systems have been recommended followed by energy efficiency measures in this sector.

(i) Solar Water Heaters for all hotels, hospitals, restaurants & residential institutes (ii) Solar Steam cooking for hostels and restaurants (iii) Rooftop Solar PV system for captive use and peak load reduction (iv) Biogas system from food waste

Balangir district have the following commercial and institutional establishment:

Educational Institutes Nos. Primary Schools 1622 Higher Secondary Schools 355 Colleges (Arts, Science, Engineering) 45 Agregate 2022


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Hospitals Nos. Sub Health Centres 226 Primary Health Centres 42 Community Health Centers 15 Private Hospitals 2 Agregate 285 Hotels & Resturants Nos. No of 3 star hotels with more than 20 rooms 15 Budget hotels 17 Agregate 32

Solar Steam Cooker can be suitably used for Cooking in Schools, Hostels, Hotels, and Restaurant. Similarly, Solar Water Heaters is best suited for Hotels, Restaurants, and Hospitals. Solar rooftop PV Power Plant will be the ideal solution for Hotels, Restaurants, and Hospitals. Bio waste from Hotels and Restaurants can be used for production of biogas through anaerobic digester.

Table 36 : Renewable Energy Intervention for Commercial and Institutional sector

Renewable Energy

Technology Units

Target Capacity

Total Investment (Lac INR)

Subsidy (Lac INR)

Beneficiary's contribution

Energy Generated

(MU)

Emissions Reductions

(Tonnes)

CST system sqm 8672 1300.80 0.00 1300.80 5.64 4791.28

SWH System

LPD 411650 823.30 0.00 823.30 6.17 5248.54

Rooftop PV kWp 576 517.95 77.69 440.26 0.86 733.76

Biogas CuM 250 40.03 36.83 3.20 0.53 451.39

Total 2682.08 114.52 2567.56 13.21 11224.97

5.4 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

The following renewable energy systems have been proposed for the industrial sector based on industrial process and type and quantum of energy demand for these industries.

(i) Solar Water Heaters for process heat and boiler feed water preheating (ii) Solar Steam generating system for process heating (iii) Solar PV system for captive use and peak load reduction (iv) Biogas system for food processing industries

Balangir district has 4772 large, medium and small industries producing varieties of products as

indicated in the table below.


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Table 37 : Industries in Balangir District

S. No. Industries Units

1 Agro Based 1344

2 Textile based 473 3 Wood/wooden based furniture 221

4 Paper & Paper Products 95

5 Leather Based 25 6 Chemical/Chemical Based 108

7 Rubber, Plastic & petro based 65

8 Mineral Based (G&C) 229 9 Metal Based (Steel Fab.) & engineering Units 400

10 Electrical Machinery and Electronics 15

11 Repairing and Servicing 1581

12 Others 216 Total units 4772

Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) systems can be used for food processing industries for medium temperature 150-200oC. Similarly, Solar Water Heaters is best suited for industries require low heat energy. Solar rooftop PV Power Plant will be the ideal solution for any type of industry having large roof and require electrical energy during daytime. Bio waste from food processing industries can be used for production of biogas through anaerobic digester.

Table 38 : Renewable Energy Intervention for Industrial Sector

Renewable Energy

Technology Units

Target Capacity

Total Investment (Lac INR)

Subsidy

(Lac INR)

Beneficiary's contribution

Energy Generated

(MU)


(Tonnes)

CST system Sqm 27180 4077.00 0.00 4077.00 17.67 15016.95

SWH System LPD 2518200 5036.40 0.00 5036.40 37.77 32107.05

Rooftop PV KWp 4748 4272.75 640.91 3631.84 7.12 6053.06

Biogas CuM 1409 211.35 195.50 15.85 2.99 2541.98

Total 13597.50 836.41 12761.09 65.55 55719.04

5.5 PRIVATE SECTOR INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER

Balangir district has 540sqkm of wasteland, which is about 8% of total geographical area of the district. Appropriate wasteland can be utilised for large solar power generation. Two large solar power projects of 15MW aggregate capacity have already been installed successfully in the district. Assuming 20% of wasteland could be utilised for solar power plant, atleast 54MW aggregate capacity of solar power plant could be installed in the district.


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43

Similarly, Balangir district produces about 1.85 million tonnes of sugarcane every year. These sugarcanes are supplied to the sugar mills in the district or other sugar mills in the neighbouring districts. Bagasse produced from sugar mills can be used for co-generation; producing electricity and thermal power that can be consumed by the sugar mills themselves or supply to the grid at preferential tariff fixed by the government. The potential of power generation from bagasse based co-generation plant is estimated at 16MW. The estimated total energy generation from large solar power plants and bagasse-based power plants is almost equal to total energy input (155MU) to the WESCO Balangir circle. This indicates that Balangir district can be energy surplus district if adequately planned for power generation from renewables.

Table 39 : Renewable Energy Options for Private Sector Indepenedent Power Producer

5.6 PHYSICAL TARGET

Table 40 below presents sector wise renewable energy systems / projects planned in the district under this low carbon development plan. Cumulative target capacity under this plan for solar photovoltaic projects is 82.83MWp. Similarly, target for generation of power from bagasse is 16MW, installation of solar thermal collector is 0.12 million sqm, biogas 16,430CuM, improved cookstoves 29,542 and production of RDF is 3227 tonnes per year. Total estimated energy generation from targeted renewable energy projects is 464MU, which consists of 172MU electricity and 292MU of thermal energy production. The estimated electricity production (172MU) from renewables is much higher than total energy sale (104MU) in the Balangir circle of WESCO, which means that Balangir district can be energy surplus district if adequately planned and produced energy from renewable resources.

Table 40 : Sector wise Renewable Energy Systems/ Projects

Sector wise Renewable Energy Systems/ Projects Unit of Target

Capacity

Target Capacity

Energy Generation/

Savings (MU)

Residential Sector (Urban and Rural)

Solar Rooftop System KWp 910 1.36 Solar water Heaters Nos. 3638 5.73

Solar Cooker Nos. 18664 11.40

Solar Lantern Nos. 45118 10.89 Solar Home System Nos. 45118 43.55

Power Generation from Target

Capacity Investment (Lakh INR)

Energy Generated (MU/year)


(Tonnes)

Large scale Solar Power Plants 54MWp 37820 81 65644

Bagasse Based Co-generation plants 16MW 7528 72 58438

Total 45347 153 124082


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Solar micro grid system KWp 828 1.24

Solar Drinking Water Supply KWp 1632 2.61 Improved Cookstoves Nos. 29542 123.69

Biogas System CuM 14771 25.77


Solar Steam Cooker for Cooking for mid day meal Sqm 8672 5.64

Solar Water Heaters for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals LPD 411650 6.17

Solar PV Power Plant for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals KWp 576 0.86

Biogas for Hotels and Restaurants CuM 250 0.53


Solar Steam generating system Sqm 27180 17.67

Solar Water Heaters LPD 2518200 37.77

Solar PV Power Plant KWp 4748 7.12 Biogas CuM 1409 2.99

Government and Municipality Sector

High Efficient LED outdoor lighting systems Nos. 3514 0.69 Rooftop PV System for Government Buildings KWp 1578 2.37

Demonstration of PV Plant for bus stand, Park, Market KWp 30 0.05

Production of RDF from MSW Tonnes/year 3227 3.75

Private Sector Independent Power Producer

Large Solar Power Plants MWp 54 81.04

Bagasse Based Co-generation for sugar mills MW 16 72.15

Total Renewable energy generation/ fossil fuel based energy savings 464.00MU

5.7 BUDGET

The total budget for implementation of complete low carbon development plan for Balangir district is estimated at Rs.763.25crore, which will be invested over the 5 years of implementation period. The total budget will be shared by the private sector investment as independent power producer (59%), private users (25%), state government (6%), MNRE (5%) and other sources/ CSR (5%).

Table 41 : Sharing of Budget by Source of Fund

Source of Fund Unit Total Period of Implementation


Central Financial Assistance Lakh INR 3740 374 561 748 935 1122

Private/ users Share Lakh INR 18886 1889 2833 3777 4721 5666

Govt. of Odisha Lakh INR 4888 489 733 978 1222 1466

Other Sources Lakh INR 3464 346 520 693 866 1039

Independent Power Producer Lakh INR 45348 4535 6802 9070 11337 13604



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The total budget will be shared by five different implementation sector viz. residential sector (17%), commercial and institutional sector (4%), industrial sector (18%), government and municipality sector (2%) and large solar and bagasse based project by IPP (59%).

Table 42 : Sharing of Budget by Implementation Sector

Implementation Sector Unit Total Period of Implementation


RE Systems for Residential Sector Lakh INR 13131 1313 1970 2626 3283 3939

Commercial & Institutional Sector Lakh INR 2682 268 402 536 671 805

RE Systems for Industrial sector Lakh INR 13598 1360 2040 2720 3399 4079

Government & Municipality Sector Lakh INR 1567 157 235 313 392 470

Large RE projects by IPP Lakh INR 45347 4535 6802 9069 11337 13604


5%

25%

6%

5%

59%

Central Financial Assistance Private/ users Share

Govt. of Odisha

Other Sources

Private Investment for large projects

17%

4%

18%

2%

59%

RE Systems for Residential Sector


RE Systems for Industrial sector

Government & Municipality Sector

Large RE projects by IPP


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5.8 ACTION PLAN AND TIMELINE

It is proposed to implement the low carbon development plan within a period of 5 years. Target in the initial years is kept lower to invest more effort

in publicity, awareness and attracting investors for the renewable energy projects. The table 43 below presents year wise target for different

renewable energy projects in each sector.

Table 43 : Action Plan and Timeline for Implenetation of Low Carbon Development Plan of Balangir District.

Sector wise Activities/ Projects/ Systems Unit Capacity Targeted (100%)

Period of Implementation


Capacity Targeted

(10%)

Capacity Targeted

(15%)

Capacity Targeted

(20%)

Capacity Targeted

(25%)

Capacity Targeted

(30%)

RE Strategy for Residential Sector

Solar Rooftop System (2KWp rooftop systems for urban HH) KWp 910 91 136 182 227 273

Solar water Heaters (100/125LPD system for urban HH) Nos. 3638 364 546 728 910 1091

Solar Cooker (Box type solar cooker for urban and rural HH) Nos. 18664 1866 2800 3733 4666 5599

Solar Lantern (5Wp system with 1LED) Nos. 45118 4512 6768 9024 11280 13536

Solar Home System (40Wp system with 4LED) Nos. 45118 4512 6768 9024 11280 13536

Solar micro grid system (Considering 15KWp system per 50HH) KWp 828 83 124 166 207 248

Solar Drinking Water Supply (2KWp system per 50HH) KWp 1632 163 245 326 408 489

Improved Cookstoves (For 10% HH using firewood for cooking) Nos. 29542 2954 4431 5908 7385 8863

Biogas System (Assuming 2CuM biogas for 2% HH) CuM 14771 1477 2216 2954 3693 4431

RE Strategy for Commercial & Institutional Sector

Solar Steam Cooker for Cooking for mid day meal in school Sqm 8672 867 1301 1734 2168 2602

Solar Water Heaters for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals LPD 411650 41165 61748 82330 102913 123495

Solar PV Power Plant for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals KWp 576 58 86 115 144 173


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Biogas for Hotels and Restaurants (Kitchen waste based) CuM 250 25 38 50 63 75


Solar Steam generating system (Medium temp. process heat) Sqm 27180 2718 4077 5436 6795 8154

Solar Water Heaters (Low temp. process heat) LPD 2518200 251820 377730 503640 629550 755460

Solar PV Power Plant (Electrical load) KWp 4748 475 712 950 1187 1424

Biogas for food processing Industries (Food waste) CuM 1409 141 211 282 352 423

RE Strategy for Government and Municipality Sector

High Efficient LED outdoor lighting systems (Municipality area) Nos. 3514 351 527 703 879 1054

Rooftop PV System for Government Buildings KWp 1578 158 237 316 394 473

Demonstration of PV Plant for bus stand, Park, Market KWp 30 3 5 6 8 9

Production of RDF from Municipal Solid Waste T/year 3227 0 0 3227 0 0

RE Strategy for Independent Power Producer

Large Solar Power Plants MWp 54 5 8 11 14 16

Bagasse Based Co-generation for sugar mills MW 16 0 4 4 4 4

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000


Lak

h IN

R

Central Financial Assistance

Private/ users Share

Govt. of Odisha

Other Sources

Private Investment for large projects


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6 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

6.1 BUSINESS MODELS

Feasibility and success of renewable energy projects depends on adoption of appropriate policy

mechanism and business models. The following section describes different business models, potential

stakeholders and sources of funding for implementation of renewable energy projects in Balangir

district.

6.1.1 DIFFERENT BUSINESS MODELS Classification of models:

Financer

Implementer Government Private

Government GG model PG model

Private GP model PP model

GG Models

A Government-Government Model is one in which government agencies work both as a financer and

as a project implementer. This model can be further categorized into several types:

Entity Type I Type II Type III

Financing Ministry of Urban

Development IREDA/ NABARD

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

Implementing Urban Local Body OREDA/ Channel Partners OREDA

PG/GP Models

In a Private-Government model, a corporate, a technology supplier or financial institution or an

NGO joins hands with government to implement the project.


Financing Commercial Bank IREDA/ Commercial Bank ESCO

Implementing Urban Local Body Independent Power Producer

PP Models

A Private-Private Model is one in which private entity work both as a financer and as a project

implementer. This model can be further categorized into several types:


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Financing Commercial Bank

ESCOs

Beneficiary

Implementing Technology Provider Technology

Provider/ESCO

Based on different government policies and economics of current renewable energy market in India

there are several business models adopted successfully for different renewable energy technologies.

We have discussed below few business models, which are practices successfully in Odisha and other

parts of the country.

6.1.2 PRIVATE SECTOR MODEL – MARKET MODE An individual, institution or a corporate directly buy and install renewable energy systems from

manufacturers or their dealers. There are many renewable energy systems, which are economical,

save electricity and provide benefits of clean and reliable energy. For, example, payback period of

solar water heating system or solar cooker is around 2 years both can substantially save electricity and

LPG and proven to be reliable technology. Similarly, installing a rooftop PV system can reduce

electricity consumption and provide reliable electricity.

Manufacturers

Dealers/Service Provider

Individual /Institutions/Corporates

Sold at market rate

Save electricity, get benefit of clean and reliable energy !


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6.1.3 PRIVATE SECTOR MODEL – SUBSIDY MODE An individual, institution or a corporate directly buy and install renewable energy systems from

authorized MNRE channel partners and avail government subsidy or other financial benefits as per

government policy. In this case, the channel partner will install the system at subsidized price and it

will claim the subsidy directly from the government agencies. However, government subsidy is

limited to its allocated budget and there is no guarantee that subsidy will be approved/ released within

expected time. Government department, public sector undertaking or national level autonomous

institute can directly send proposal through state nodal agency (OREDA) seeking central financial

assistance for a proposed project of minimum required capacity.

6.1.4 NET METERING MODEL Net metering model is generally applicable for grid-connected rooftop PV system. The captive load

within the rooftop owner’s premises first uses the electricity generated by the PV system and the

excess electricity is fed into the grid through a net-meter/ bi-directional meter. This net-generation is

then credited to the owner’s account and adjusted subsequently against imports from the grid.

This model can be implemented on residential, government / PSU, commercial and industrial

buildings subject to implementation of such policy in the state or local government. The Odisha

Electricity Regulatory Commission (OERC) has passed an order in November 2014 allowing net

metering facility for Government and PSU buildings. Odisha government should take necessary

initiative to allow other private consumer to avail net metering facility to promote use solar energy in

the state.

Manufacturers/Channel Partners

Dealers/ESCO/Service Provider

Individual /Institutions/Corporates

Government agencies

Subsidy Claim

Sold at subsidized rate Subsidy/Soft Loan/ 80% Accelerated Depreciation


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6.1.5 ESCO (ENERGY SERVICE COMPANY) MODEL Under an ESCO model, a company invests into renewable energy projects and sells energy to consumers. There is no investment required from the consumer. Under this model, the investor (ESCO) and the consumer agree on a tariff and timeline of a power purchase agreement (typically between 15-25 years). The ESCO will install, operate and maintain the system and collect energy tariff from the consumer. In general the consumer facilitate to install the system in their premise and the ESCO is the absolute owner of the system. Industrial and commercial consumers can adopt ESCO model for Solar PV rooftop project. ESCO

model is also viable for residential consumers when implemented for bundled or group of residential

consumers.

Manufacturers

Service Provider/Installers

Institutions/ Corporates

Government agencies

Subsidy Claim/ Accelerated Depreciation

Bulk order purchase

Build, Own and Operate

Monthly/Annual Expenses

Net Meter Agreement between

Consumer and DISCOM

Solar Rooftop PV

Energy generation

(Electricity Consumer)

Bi-Directional

Meter

DISCOM

Injection before Utility

Meter


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6.1.6 BOOT (BUILD OWN OPERATE TRANSFER) MODEL Under this model, a company will install, own and operate the system for a certain period before it

transfers the system to the customer. The company will install, operate and maintain the renewable

energy system and the customer pays the energy charges as mutually agreed.

6.1.7 BUSINESS MODEL FOR IMPLEMENTING SOLAR PUMPS The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides central financial assistance for solar pumping

system for micro irrigation and drinking water supply. MNRE has approved 750 solar pump projects

during 2014-15 for the state of Odisha. In addition to CFA, Odisha government also provides capital

subsidy for installation of Solar Pumps.

Manufacturers

Service Provider/Installers

Institutions/ Corporates

Government agencies

Subsidy Claim/ Accelerated Depreciation

Bulk order purchase

Build, Own and Operate and Transfer

Monthly/Annual Expenses

Manufacturers/ Channel Partners

Dealers/ESCO/Servic

e Provider

Farmers

Government agencies

Capital Subsidy/Soft Loan

Sold at subsidized rate

Subsidy Claim


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6.1.8 BUSINESS MODEL FOR LARGE SOLAR PROJECTS: Orissa Solar power policy 2013 promotes large on-grid solar PV projects in many ways:

• Projects set up through tariff based bidding for supplying power to GRIDCO/DISCOMs.

• Projects set up under REC mechanism.

• Projects set up for supply/sale of power outside the state using Open Access.

• Independent Power Producers (IPPs) for selling Solar Power to other obligated entities

through mutual tariff agreements, or to any other entity.

• Captive Power Producers (CPPs) for meeting obligation by the obligated entities or for

normal consumptions

Table 44 : Foreberanace and floor price of Renewable Energy Certificate

REC Price For non-solar RE projects

up to FY 2016-17 (INR/MWh)

For solar projects up to FY 2016-17

(INR/MWh)

Forbearance Price 3,300 5,800

Floor Price 1,500 3,500

Renewable Energy

Generator (IPP)

Sale in REC framework

Sale at Preferential tariff

Obligated Entities

(Discom)

Renewable Component

(REC)

Electricity Component

Obligated Entities (Sale through power

exchanges)

Sale through power exchanges

Third party sale on mutually agreed price

Distribution Utility at a price not more than

APPC

Captive Use

FiT by OERC

REC by CERC

Bank/ Financial

Institutions


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6.1.9 BUSINESS MODEL FOR BIOMASS/ BAGASSE COGENERATION PROJECTS For development of a Biomass/ Bagasse Cogeneration project, MNRE provides capital subsidy. Odisha government provides a Feed-in-Tariff of Rs.4.4/kWh (without Accelerated Depreciation) and Rs.4.2/kWh (with Accelerated Depreciation) for Biomass/ Bagasse Cogeneration power projects.

6.1.10 MICRO ENTERPRISE BASED BUSINESS MODEL Solar lanterns, solar home lighting systems can be implemented through this business model with the help of financing institutions and funding agencies. In this model, local micro enterprises/ self-help group are supported by an NGO/ umbrella organisation and connect them to micro finance organisation and manufacturers for doing business on solar lantern and solar home systems.

6.1.11 BUSINESS MODELS & PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX The table 44 presents a matrix of implementing entity, business models, source of fund and existing

policy support for implementation of the low carbon development plan of Balangir district.

Developer /

IPP

To Grid Other users/ Captive users

MNRE

Financial

Institutions

Capital subsidy

FiT by OERC Mutually agreed

Rental/ Sold at

Installment

Soft

Micro Entrepreneu

rs

Funding/Financial Institutions

Villagers

NGO/

Umbrella

Organisation

Manufacturers / suppliers


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Table 45 : Business Models and Project Implementation Matrix

Project Implementing

Entity Business Model

Source of Fund

Policy Support

Solar Rooftop systems for residential buildings

MNRE Channel Partners Other suppliers

Private - Private

Users

15% CFA

Solar Rooftop systems for commercial and institutional buildings


Private - Private

Users

15% CFA AD benefit

Solar Rooftop systems for Government Buildings


Govt. - Private Net Metering

User Departments

15% CFA

Solar water heating systems for residential households

Manufacturers/ suppliers

Private - Private

Users ULB/ WESCO can provide tax incentive /tariff rebate for DSM

Solar thermal systems for commercial and industrial use


Private –Private ESCO

Users WESCO can provide tariff rebate for DSM

Solar water heating systems for Government establishments


Govt. - Private

User Departments

WESCO can provide tariff rebate for DSM

Solar cookers Manufacturers/ suppliers

Private - Private Users

Solar lanterns and solar home lighting system

Micro Enterprises/ Manufacturers/ Suppliers/ SHG

Govt. – Private ESCO

Micro finance ESCO/ CSR Users

CFA/ CSR State subsidy

Solar micro grid power supply system

ESCO/ SHG/Village Panchayat/ Govt.


CSR/ ESCO/ Govt./ Users


Solar drinking water supply system

Village Panchayat/ Government/ SHG

Govt. - Private Govt./ CSR/ Users


Improved cookstoves Self Employed Workers/ SHG

Govt. - Private Micro finance Users /CSR

SEW/SHG skill development

Biogas for residential households

Trained Mason/ Government

Govt. - Private Users 50% CFA

Biogas from food waste Technology Provider

Private - Private Users 50% CFA

Solar PV systems for public amenities

Manufacturer/ suppliers

Govt. - Private ULB/ Govt. 15% CFA

LED lighting for municipality area

Manufacturer/ suppliers


ULB/ Govt.

Production of RDF from MSW

Technology Provider/ Supplier

Govt. - Private ULB/ Govt./ Private

Large PV Power Plant Technology Provider/ Supplier

Private - Private Private IPP FiT/ REC

Bagasse based co-generation for sugar mills

Technology Provider/ Supplier

Private - Private Private IPP CFA/ FiT/ REC


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6.2 RESOURCE CENTRE TO FACILITATE IMPLEMENTATION

The Resource Centre should be a very integral component for implementing a district’s “low carbon development plan”. The basic purpose of establishing a resource centre is to ensure the parallel set up of a local site for exchange and collection of relevant data for sustenance, promotion and awareness generation of renewable energy and energy efficiency at the local level. The resource centre will be the focal point and critical player for implementation of the “green strategy” implementation. The resource centre may be established and administered by the district authority in association with Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA). The resource centre will provide technical guidance, expertise and financial analysis of projects for potential investors- individual or companies. It will also help for customer outreach. It will act as a platform where all relevant stakeholders (citizens/manufacturers /banks/institutions etc.) can meet and exchange information on renewable energy and energy efficiency. Location of Resource Centre: The potential site for a resource centre should be selected in such a way that it is easily accessible by general public and end users alike. The location is of vital importance as it will be a means to easier and quicker dissemination of knowledge and information to a wider scale of audience. Hence areas like an Energy parks, huge public gathering areas or the Municipal Corporations are apt locations. Technical Assistance, Service Delivery and Information Dissemination:

The resource centre should be manned with competent personnel who should be able to deliver quick and efficient technical assistance for the better understanding of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, scientific concepts and equipment handling and usage. The technical assistance could be in the form of technical documents, vocal discourse, brochures, pamphlets etc. All technological options available under renewable energy and energy efficiency should be displayed in the resource centre. It is a resource base of information and physical exhibition of models related to renewable energy and energy efficiency techniques. The information should include:

− Available RE/EE techniques in the region − Feasibility analysis of each technique − Technology suitable for a particular client considering his/her requirements, budget − Required capital − Sources of funding − List of manufacturers of RE/EE equipments in that region − List of consultants in that region

6.3 PUBLICITY AND CAPACITY BUILDING

Awareness and publicity programme should be taken up to create awareness among mass and target sectors in the district about benefits and financial incentive for targeted renewable energy systems & devices. Under these programmes, information on technological developments, financial benefits and cost savings from renewable energy system and energy efficiency measures, government


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initiatives and incentives for such devices/ measures, availability, price etc. should be disseminated through various media. The resource centre as discussed above may primarily take up these programmes. Financial assistance may be sought from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) through Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency for such activities. Training and Education Programs: The key areas of training should be prioritized like technical, management or general. Crucial aspects, which should be addressed primarily at this stage to hold training programmes addressing the points below:

− User-needs and resource assessments, and feasibility studies. − Renewable energy project design including the economical and financial aspects; − Renewable energy project management; − Operation, maintenance and monitoring of Renewable Energy systems

Creating a Web Portal: A separate web portals or a web page within the Balangir district web portal could be created to provide citizen access to renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, and activities happening in the city towards this end. Instant access to technological options available to end-users, their capital cost, returns on investment and other necessary information at a click away is always an easier mode of generating awareness and creating a environment conscious crowd. Creating an interactive E-Commerce website exclusively for “low carbon development plan” for awareness campaigns, information sharing and support to the users for submission of online application for incentives etc. will be a useful tool.

6.4 UPDATE AND ENFORCE LOCAL RULES & REGULATIONS

Changes to local rules and regulations in favour of renewable energy are already beginning to take place in several local government bodies around the world. Worldwide, Barcelona was one of the pioneers in this field, mandating the use of solar hot water heaters in the 1980s. This same mandate is now to be seen in several cities in other countries. In India several cities such as Bangalore, Nagpur and New Delhi have adopted similar regulation. Rockdale Local Council in Sydney, Australia, has incorporated passive design guidelines into their building codes. Several cities in Europe and America have mandated the use of net metering, which allows monitoring the flow of electricity both to and from the consumer, thereby allowing the customer to be paid for energy they are supplying to the grid. Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission (OERC) has already passed an order in November 2014 on net metering or bi-directional metering and their connectivity with respect to rooftop solar PV projects on the rooftop of Government or PSU owned buildings in Odisha. The city of Freiburg in Germany has laws governing the leasing out of available roof space to renewable energy power generators. Similar models have been successfully implemented in Gandhinagar, Gujarat for implementation of 5MW rooftop PV power projects. In the state of Odisha, Green Energy Development Corporation limited (GEDCOL) is in the process of implementing twin city rooftop projects in Bhubaneswar and Cuttack. Balangir district administration may to take the following initiatives to promote renewable energy in the different sectors.


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− Amend building byelaws for making the use of solar water heating systems mandatory in certain category of buildings.

− Provide rebate in property tax through Municipal Corporations/ Municipalities & in electricity tariff though Utilities/ Electricity Boards to the users of solar water heaters especially in domestic sector.

− Issue government orders as regards to construction of energy efficient solar buildings at least in Govt. /Public sectors in accordance with energy conservation building code and follow up its implementation rigorously.

− Notify rules to set up projects of suitable capacity for generating energy from the waste collected from the city/town.

6.5 RENEWABLE ENERGY PILOT PROJECTS

The technical feasibility and economic viability of renewable energy technology can be addressed by implementing a number of demonstration projects, e.g. pilot or demonstration projects such as rooftop solar hot water heating system for hospitals, hotels and catering services should be implemented. Others include solar industrial process heat in the drying, food and textile industries. Dissemination activities can be carried out using information materials such as leaflets, posters, and videos and media advertisements. These projects will further provide a wider level of acceptance and better understanding of the technology and its benefits. The demonstration projects will also pave the way for providing first hand experiences for improvements in the training and skills of the stakeholders as well as increased efforts in R&D activities. Financial assistance may be sought from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for implementation of pilot projects. Pilot projects in different RE technologies should be proposed in different sectors to demonstrate the technology and benefit from such projects. The pilot projects should be executed in the first year of implementation of the development plan. Some of the potential pilot projects may be implemented in different sectors are: Pilot Projects in Residential Sector

− Rooftop PV system − Solar water heating system for urban households − Solar cooker − Solar lanterns and solar home systems to replace kerosene lamps − Solar PV micro grid system for village electrification

Pilot Projects in Commercial and Institutional Sector

− Community Solar Cooker for mid day meal in schools − Solar water heaters for hospitals, hotels, restaurants and hostels − Food waste based biogas system for hotels and restaurants − Rooftop PV system for educational institutes

Pilot Projects in Industrial Sector

− Biogas system for food processing industries − Solar thermal systems for Food processing industries


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− Rooftop PV system − Bagasse based co-generation

Pilot Projects in Government and Municipal Sector

− Solar PV power plant for government department buildings − Solar Streetlights/ traffic lights/ blinkers − Solar PV system for community places like markets, crematorium, bust stand etc. − Outdoor PV systems for Municipal parks − Solar Hoardings


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7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

7.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFIT

Reliable Energy Supply: A major challenge to all developmental activities in Balangir district is lack of access to energy to more than 75% of its households and unreliable erratic power supply to the consumers who are connected to grid. As per data provided by WESCO, the Balangir circle purchase about 300MU electricity and sales about 104MU. The distribution company shows AT&C loss as 75.86%. To reduce this enormous loss in energy and business the distribution companies must be Successful implementation of low carbon development plan will provide access to energy to the rural areas and ensure reliable power supply from the grid. Particularly, large solar power plants and bagasse based power generation can substantially eliminate situation of grid power outage. Growth of Economic Activities: Due to lack of electricity and shortage of supply, growth of economic activities including agricultural activities, industrial and commercial activities are considered to be slow and investment to the district is not attractive. Implementation of low carbon development plan will provide reliable power supply to both urban and rural areas, which will certainly help in growth of economic activities, increase agriculture production, attract investment in industrial and commercial sectors and generate employment in the district. Human and Social Development: Standard of living, housing and sanitation is extremely poor in the rural villages of Balangir district. Poverty and livelihood challenges restrict children to go for higher education. Majority of rural population is deprived of access to clean energy, proper housing, potable water supply and hygienic sanitation. Implementation of low carbon development plan will provide access to energy to rural households, clean cooking facility and clean drinking water supply. These facilities ultimately improve living condition, eliminate indoor air pollution, facilitate hygienic sanitation, better lighting for study and work, better communication, social security and safety.

Employment Generation: Implementation of low carbon development plan will create direct and

indirect employments in the district. It is estimated that the proposed low carbon development plan

will generate about 2232 direct employment and 5050 indirect employments in the district. However,

adequate skill development and capacity building programmes have to be integrated to the project

development process so that educated youths from the district have the opportunity to get trained and

employed.

Table 46 : Direct and Indirect Employment from Balangir Low Carbon Development Plan

Renewable Energy Systems/ Projects

Total Capacity/ Nos. of systems/

projects

No. of families directly

benefitted

Direct Employment

Indirect Employment

Rooftop Solar PV Power Plants 7810 kWp 455 156 234

Solar PV offgrid/ micro grid systems 4490 kWp 174573 135 269

Large grid connected solar projects 54 MWp - 1081 1621


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Solar water heating system 65873 sqm 22302 66 790

Concentrating Solar Thermal system 54516 sqm - 55 654

Biogas systems 16430 CuM 36927 386 772

Improved Cookstoves 29542 Nos. 29542 98 197

Bagasse Based co-generation plants 16 MW - 247 494

RDF from Municipal Soild Waste 3227 T/yr - 9 18

Total 263798 2232 5050

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

In addition to economic and social benefits, the low carbon development plan for Balangir district

will also substantially contribute towards reduction of greenhouse gas emission. It is estimated that

there will be a reduction of 130,986 tonnes of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emission from the

“Balangir district low carbon development plan” once implemented. Table 47 presents sector wise

contribution to reduction of greenhouse gas emission.

Table 47 : Greenhouse gas Emission Reduction

Activities

Fossil Fuel based Energy Savings/

Use of Renewable Energy (MU)

GHG Emission Reduction

(CO2 equvalent tonnes/year)

Installation of RE systems in Residential Sector 224.87 60272

RE systems in Commercial & Institutional Sector 13.21 11,225

Installation of RE systems in Industrial Sector 65.55 55,719

Installation of RE systems in Govt. & Municipality Sector 6.85 3,770

Large Power Plants by Independent Power Producer 153.19 124,082

Total Energy Savings and GHG reduction 464.00 130,986


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8 RISK ANALYSIS

Successful implementation of renewable energy projects very much depends on the management of risks to achieve financial closure of the projects. Risks are interrelated and vary from project to project. The implementation of solar and other renewable energy projects requires enabling government policies, local political & administrative leadership and the involvement and support of a wide variety of actors from the both the public and the private sectors. Some of the main issues causing barriers to the large-scale implementation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) can be classified under the following heads - Economical, institutional, financial and environmental.

8.1 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL RISK

The high upfront investment costs for renewable energy systems and unavailability/ difficulties of

getting fund from commercial financial institutions are considered to be one of the major barriers to

promote Renewable Energy technology (RET) in developing countries. Due to the small scale of the

market and lack of familiarity with RET, banks tend to overprice the risk of operating in this sector or

do not lend at all. Companies find borrowing costs prohibitive and instead finance growth out of cash

flow that is usually meager. As a result, financial linkages remain undeveloped and consumer credit is

generally unavailable.

As a result, renewable energy technologies are not capable of competing with conventional power

technologies. Financial barriers like high interest rates, high-perceived risk by investors and absence

of specific financing schemes designed to support the development of renewable energy are

considered to be the major risks to execute the development of solar city programme in to reality. The

time taking administrative procedure to avail limited financial and fiscal incentives from government

is one of the major reason that keeps away the individual users and project developers from investing

on renewable energy projects.

To overcome this barrier, the government and local administration must work together to simplify the

process to avail incentives and ensure that users get the benefit without any hassle. A single window

clearance for all kind of incentives/ benefits should be facilitates the citizens and project developers.

Availing benefits from renewable purchase obligation (RPO) and renewable energy certificate (REC)

will be a key way of making investment on renewable energy projects more attractive and reduce

economic risks. Financial risks can also be mitigated by Insurance. Insurance can lower the cost of

capital and increase liquidity by reducing the financial impact of risk events. Insurance covers can be

offered to prevent losses from delays or damage during the fabrication, transport, construction, and

operational stages of an RE project.

8.2 TECHNOLOGY RISKS

Renewable energy systems earned bad name from the public due to poor project design, poor system design and installation, poor quality of components and poor after sales service. The absence of efficient technologies and the requisite support of skilled manpower and spare parts come as one of


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the prime technical barriers. Improper functioning of existing RE systems has provided a negative reinforcement of the effectiveness of RE installations. Many RE systems failed due to substandard quality of materials and RE system components, improper design and sizing, poor quality of installation and lack of maintenance. Requirement of large spaces for installation of renewable energy systems could be a restricting factor in an urban area where space is scarce and expensive. In such cases, selecting an appropriate system, which will occupy less space for installation and can be integrated with the existing building or other existing structure, would be a critical issue. An expert should always be consulted for better utilization of resource, selection of appropriate technology and integration of system for its best performance. Unavailability of data on resources and energy consumption at city level could be another risk to the large-scale developers for feasibility assessment of large projects.

8.3 MANPOWER RISKS

Inadequate technical skills and local competence for installation and maintenance of RE systems, inadequate knowledge of system developers and end users about RE market conditions and availability of RE systems, poor availability of spare parts for operation and maintenance of renewable energy systems are considered to be one of the major risks for successful implementation of RE projects under the solar city programme.

8.4 POLICY AND REGULATION RISKS

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) will provide financial support for different projects to be implemented under solar city programme. The incentives will be provided under the ongoing schemes of the ministry and it will give priority to the cities being developed as solar city. However, all projects / systems which mostly suitable for a particular city may not be covered under the existing MNRE schemes. In that case, the ministry may not be able to provide immediate financial assistance for such kind of projects or may take longer time for administrative approval for such projects. In that case, the city may not be able to achieve the target for 10% energy savings goal or implementation of the programme may be delayed. City level byelaws and regulation are extremely helpful in implementing RE and EE projects. For example, the building byelaws for making the use of solar water heating systems mandatory in certain category of buildings will be an instrumental for successful implementation the solar city programme. Similarly, to provide rebate in property tax through Municipal Corporations/ Municipalities & in electricity tariff though Utilities/ Electricity Boards to the users of solar water heaters/ energy efficient devices etc. and issue G.O as regards to construction of energy efficient solar buildings at least in Govt. /Public sectors in accordance with ECBC: 2006 considered to be most important regulatory instruments for implementation of solar city programme. The cities, which have not yet adopted these regulations, might face difficulties to achieve the target for reducing energy consumption by 10% as set by the solar city programme.


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8.5 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL RISKS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Table 48 : Risk Summary and suggested mitigation measures

Areas of Risks Potential Risk Factors Suggested Mitigation Measures

Economic & Financial

− High upfront costs of RE & EE devices

− Delay in receipt of government incentives

− Complex administrative to avail incentives

− Segmented / small systems

− Release government incentive/ subsidy in a time bound period

− Simplify administrative process to avail incentives/ subsidy

− Bundle projects to increase volume − Avail Renewable Energy Certificate benefit − Provide easy and concessional finance for

smaller investment/ individual − Micro finance for residential RE systems − Develop a business model where financier can

provide a central finance and users can avail individual finance

− Insurance

Technology

− Poor project inception & feasibility

− Poor design and installation

− Poor quality and standard

− Unavailability of space for installation

− Unavailability/ insufficient data

− Engage experienced professional for feasibility − Build capacity within the city council − Take support from experienced professional for

design and installation − Build Capacity within the city council − Ensure international / national quality standard/

certification during procurement and installation.

− Ensure performance guarantee. − Sign Annual Maintenance Contract for longer

period. − Engage professional for design and installation

of building integrated system − Select appropriate system

Manpower

− Unavailability of manpower for installation

− Unavailability of manpower for maintenance and repair

− Hire quality manpower for installation − Train local technicians/ engineer for

installation, commission, repair and maintenance

Policy & Regulation

− Unavailability/ Delay in MNRE incentive

− No building byelaws to support RE installation

− No tax incentive on RE/EE installation

− Design/ incept projects in consultation with MNRE which are not part of existing MNRE schemes

− Implement building byelaws for mandatory installation of solar water heater/ other RE/EE system

− Provide tax rebate/ incentive on use of RE/EE system


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ANNEX 1:BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND ECONOMICS OF RE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

We have carried out basic economic assessment to check financial viability for different renewable energy options to meet required demand in different sectors. This annexure provides brief description of identified renewable energy options, its potential application and benefits, availability, indicative cost, policy support and a basic economic assessment.

1 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

1.1 ROOFTOP PV SYSTEM

A rooftop PV system could be with or without grid interaction. In grid interaction system, the DC power generated from PV panels is converted to AC power using power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid either of 220V single phase or 440V three phase line or even 11KV high voltage line depending on the system installed at institution/commercial establishment or residential complex. They generate power during the daytime, which is utilized fully by powering the captive loads and feeding excess power to the grid as long as grid is available. The grid- interactive rooftop PV systems thus work on net or gross metering basis wherein the beneficiary pays to the utility on net meter reading basis only. Solar generators or solar power packs can also be used to charge batteries of home inverters for supplementing grid electricity. It is also possible to use Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) integrating photovoltaic (PV) into the building replacing conventional building envelope materials. Benefits and Potential Application: Residential, commercial, institutional and industrial building rooftops. In order to utilize the existing roof space of buildings, the rooftop SPV systems on buildings will reduce the energy consumption from grid and can minimize the use of diesel generator or adopting eco-friendly sources of electricity. Availability: Rooftop SPV systems are assembled as per requirement of the building type and can be of various sizes and capacity. Indicative cost: Rs.0.90 – Rs.1.20 lakh per kWp

Policy Support: 13 Indian states have their solar rooftop

policies. Some states also have net metering policy. The Ministry

of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) provides 15% subsidy

for installation rooftop systems up to 500kWp capacity. Odisha

Electricity Regulatory Commission has declared net metering

policy for government and public sector buildings during 2014.

!

!

!


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Basic Economic Assessment: for typical 20kWp rooftop PV system

Capacity of Rooftop solar PV system 20 kWp Indicative cost of Rooftop PV System 1800000 INR Total Energy genereted by PV arrays per year 32000 kWh/year Electricity tariff for LT industrial consumer 5.4 INR/kWh Cost of electricity saved 172800 INR/year MNRE subsidy @15% 270000 INR Payback period 8.85 years Total Emissions reduction per year 27 Tonnes/year

1.2 SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS

A standalone solar home lighting system comprises a LED or compact fluorescent lamp, battery, PV module(s), control electronics, inter-connecting wires/cables, module mounting hardware, battery box, operation, instruction and maintenance manual. A simple system of this type consists of 2-4 lights, a solar module and battery storage to use the electricity for evening and nighttime. The luminaries used in these systems comprise of LED or CFL of suitable lumen output. Depending upon the capacity of the solar module and battery the system can be used for mobile charging, DC fan, lED TV etc.

Benefits and Potential Application:

Solar home lighting system provides better illumination and kerosene-smoke-free indoor environment, enhance productivity and quality of village artisans, cottage industries, schools, facilitate education of their children and improve lifestyle. Solar Lanterns (SL) and Solar Home System (SHS) are considered to be the most viable option to provide basic electricity need for lighting, mobile charging and entertainment etc. Indicative Cost: Cost of a solar home lighting system varies from Rs.8,000 to Rs.12,000 depending upon the models and capacity.

!

Solar Home Lighting System

Policy Support: MNRE provides 30% - 40% subsidy under different schemes.

Basic Economic Assessment for a typical solar home lighting system:

Capacity of residential Solar Home System 40 Wp Number lights per Solar Home System 4 Nos. Number of Kerosene lamp replaced by SHS 4 Nos. Consumption of kerosene per household/month 8 Litres Cost of kerosene per litre in the market 20 INR Cost of kerosene per year per household 1920 INR Indicative cost of installing a SHS 10000 INR


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Payback period when replacing the kerosene lamps 5.2 years Emission reduction per year 243.8 kg/year

1.3 SOLAR MICRO GRID

Unelectrified villages and hamlets in Balangir district can be provided with basic electrical energy requirement through solar PV based micro-grid power plant. A solar PV micro-grid is a solar PV plant with a localized distribution network to a single village, or a cluster of villages, providing alternating current (AC) electric supply. The requirement and size of a micro grid is calculated by adding the power needs of individual homes in the village that will be connected together. Generally micro grids operate at or below 11KV. For a typical village in Balangir district with 50 households to and to supply 1 units of electricity per day per household, a micro grid system of 15kWp capacity will be required. This estimation is based on thumb rules and a detailed system design has to be developed for actual sizing of any such system.

Solar Micro-grid for village electrification

Benefits and Potential Application: Micro grids support a flexible and efficient electric grid, enabling the integration of renewable and distributed energy resources such as wind and solar energy, combined heat and power, energy storage, and demand response. Micro grids reduce power outages, increasing reliability, efficiency, and safety of the grid. With Reduction in carbon footprint and minimizing fossil fuel consumption, micro grid also provides better autonomy to customers to manage their electricity needs. Availability & Indicative cost: Solar micro grid systems are designed and installed at site as per requirement and site conditions. Indicative cost for such system is Rs.1.50 - 2.50 lakh per kWp


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Policy Support: Financial support in the form of 30% capital subsidy was available from MNRE until 2014-15. MNRE has recently invited application for empanelment of rural energy service providers for own and operate micro grid system. However, there is no clarity on type of financial support the government will provide to qualified service providers.

1.4 SOLAR PUMP FOR MICRO IRRIGATION & DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Solar Water Pumping is an ideal solution for micro irrigation and drinking water supply. Water

pumping is a fast growing and wonderful application for photovoltaic power systems. There is a

natural match between the availability of sunlight and the need for water. A low maintenance

photovoltaic powered water system can bring health and prosperity to remote villages, without the

burdens of paying for maintenance, spare parts, or fuel.

Benefits and Potential Applications:

− No fuel required

− Little maintenance

− Environmentally benign

− Panel life is 20-30 years

− Cost effective for small power demand

− Ideal for micro irrigation and village drinking water supply

Indicative Costs: PV pumping systems are most economically viable for small power demands typically below 5kWp. Cost of solar pump depends of its type and may vary between Rs.1.50 lakh to 2.50 lakh per kWp array capacity. Availability: There are nineteen MNRE empanelled manufacturers and 53 empanelled suppliers for solar pumps in India. There are 5 suppliers empaneled for implement solar pump programme the state of Odisha.

Basic economic assessment for a typical micro grid system:

Capacity of solar micro grid PV system 15 kWp Indicative cost of solar micro grid PV System 3000000 INR Total energy genereted by PV arrays per year 22500 kWh/year Number of households connected 50 Nos. Energy cost per day per house (equivalent to cost of kerosene) 12 INR/day Revenue generated from tarrif 182500 INR/year Assuming 30% financial support/ subsidy 900000 INR Payback period 9.59 years Total Emissions reduction per year 19 Tonnes/year

Source: www.pumpkart.com


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Policy Support: MNRE has set a target of 1,00,000 solar pumps throughout the country out of which 50,000 solar pumps for irrigation and 20,000 solar pumps for drinking water supply are to be implemented through state nodal agencies. MNRE provides 30% capital subsidy of the product cost.

Basic economic assessment for solar pumping system comparing with diesel pump:

Assumptions Value Unit Pump Size 2 HP PV array capacity 1800 Wp

Head 9 m

Daily Water Discharge 138 m3/day Annual Water Discharge 52120 m3/year

Solar Pumpset Price 250000 INR

% cost of PV Panel in total System 72% Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost 1500 INR

Life of Solar Pumpset 20 Years

Per Year Calculations Value Unit Capital Cost 12500 INR Per Year Operation and Maintenance Cost 1500.00 INR Per Year

Interest on Capital Cost 10% INR Per Year

Total Cost of Operation 39000.00 INR Per Year Operating cost per m3 water delivered 0.75 INR Per m3

Assumptions Value Unit Pump Size 5 HP

Head 9 m

Water Discharge 60 m3/hr Specific Diesel Consumption 0.3 l/HP/hr

Fuel consumption 170 g/HP/hr

Density of diesel 820 kg/m3

Diesel Price 40 INR/Litre Diesel Pumpset Price 32000 INR

Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost 10% of Capital cost

Interest Rate 10% Annual hours of Operation 1000 hours/year

Life of Diesel Pumpset 20000 hours

Per Hour Calculations Value Unit Capital Cost 1.6 INR/hr

Operation and Maintenance Cost 3.20 INR/hr

Interest 3.20 INR Per Year Diesel Cost 60.00 INR/hr

Total Cost of Operation 68.00 INR/hr

Operating cost per m3 water delivered 1.13 INR Per m3


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1.5 SOLAR PV SYSTEMS FOR OUTDOOR LIGHTING

Outdoor lighting such as streetlights, traffic lights, hoardings etc. consumes a lot of power in the nighttime. Solar streetlights similar to solar hoardings use solar photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight to electrical energy that is stored in a battery box before being used at night to illuminate the streets. Solar blinkers and solar road stud are equally popular and may reduce outdoor lighting load significantly. For added benefit, these hoardings and streetlights can be fitted with ultra-efficient LED lights and automatic timers for dusk to dawn operation. Indicative Costs: Solar Hoardings: Rs.1 Lakh and above Solar Street Lights: Rs.20,000 to 30,000 in India depending upon the configuration. Solar Traffic Light: Rs.0.50 lakh - to Rs.5 lakh in India depending of capacity of the system. Solar Blinkers: Approximate range Rs.6000 to Rs.8000 Solar Road Studs: Available in the range of Rs.500 to Rs.1500 in India. Benefits and Potential Application:

Using solar energy to power hoardings, traffic

lights, street lights, road studs, blinkers etc.

would enable great energy savings, and also

ensure greater availability of power during

times of load shedding.

− Energy savings, − Reduced trench wiring, hence reduced

costs − No meter required − Saves electricity bills − Ease of installation − Automated operation − Safety on roads

!

!

!

1.6 LARGE GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

Grid connected MW scale PV power plants are generally installed over ground but can also be installed over large industrial/commercial rooftops, stadium etc. Private developers/ investors may be allowed/ encouraged to install grid connected MW scale PV power plants in large industrial/ commercial roofs and stadium etc. available in the city.

Solar Road Studs Solar Blinkers


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− Could be a profitable business investment for independent power producer

− Good solar radiation in Balangir district − Two power plants of 5MW and 20MW

capacity successfully installed in the district

− Central and state government has favourable policy for MW scale solar power projects

Indicative Investment: Indicative investment for setting up a solar power plant will vary depending on the location and size of the power plant. Investment may vary from Rs.6.5 crore to 8.0crore

5MW Grid connected system in Rajasthan

!Charanka Solar Park, Gujarat

2 SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

A solar water heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to

store hot water. The solar energy incident on the absorber panel coated with selected coating transfers

the hat to the riser pipes underneath the absorber panel. The water passing through the risers get

heated up and are delivered the storage tank. The re-circulation of the same water through absorber

panel in the collector raises the temperature to 80oC (Maximum) in a good sunny day. The total

system with solar collector, storage tank and pipelines is called solar hot water system.

Based on operational principle, the solar water heating systems are of two categories - closed loop

system and open loop system and based on the collector system, solar water heaters can be of three

types - Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) based Solar Water Heaters, Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC)

based Solar Water Heaters and concentrated collector type.


A 100LPD capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser

for residential use and saves 1500 units of electricity

annually. The use of 1000 SWHs of 100LPD capacity

each can contribute to a peak load shaving of 1 MW. A

SWH of 100LPD capacity can prevent emission of 1.5

tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. The payback period of

a solar water heater system is 3-4 years when electricity is

replaced, 4-5 years when furnace oil is replaced and 5-6 200 LPD Solar Water Heating System


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years when coal is replaced.

Residential Application: Solar water heaters (SWHs) of

100-300 litres capacity are suited for domestic

application

Commercial Application: Most applicable for hotels,

hospitals, hostels, canteens, restaurants, etc. that require

hot water for cooking and cleaning.

Industrial Application: Some of the important

segments are: Textile, Dairy, Drug and pharmaceuticals,

Pulp and paper, Food processing, Electroplating,

Fertilizer, Leather, etc.

Solar Water heating system at Taj Residency,

Vishakhapatnam

Indicative Costs: Indicative cost of 2sqm solar water heating system in the range of Rs.13000-

Rs.20,000.

Basic economic assessment for domestic solar water heating system:

Average size of solar water heater collector 2 sqm Total energy saved per year 1575 kWh Indicative cost of installation for a domestic SWH 20000 INR Cost of energy savings 5513 INR Simple payback period 4 years

2.2 SOLAR COOKER

Solar cooker is a device that utilizes solar thermal energy for cooking purposes. The cooker takes 1

to 2 hours to cook items such as rice, lentils and vegetables. It is an ideal device for cooking during

most of the year, except for the monsoon season and cloudy days. Depending on the capacity,

application and requirement there are mainly three types of solar cookers: Box type \ solar cooker,

Dish type solar cooker and Scheffler cookers.


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− No fuel cost involved

− Payback is less due to savings on

conventional fuel.

− Saves time.

− No fear of scorching the food.

− Provides better and more nutritious

food due to slow cooking.

− Durable and simple to operate.

− It does not pollute the environment

Demonstrating the use of a box type solar cooker

Indicative Costs: Box Type Solar Cooker: Rs.3500 – 6000 for a family cooker

Dish Type Cooker: Rs.6,500/ to Rs.8,000/- depending on the material of the dish used.

Scheffler Cooker: Its unit cost may be in the range of Rs.15,000 to 20,000/- depending up on the type

of reflectors used & features provided by the manufacturers.

2.3 SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS FOR FOOD PROCESSING

Solar drying systems /air heating systems are used in many food processing industries. FPC based solar air heating systems have been found to be very useful especially in the agricultural and food industries. Solar concentrators are also used sometimes in dairy farms for providing process heat. Solar thermal systems have wide applications in food processing industries. Benefits and Potential Application: − A typical solar air heating system of 100 sq.m. of flat

plate collector area can save around 90,000 litres of diesel in 15 years of its estimated life which means a saving of around Rs.36 lakhs @ Rs.40 per litre of diesel.

− These industries generally require hot air at low temperature (50-800°C) as process heat for drying of various products such as tea leaves/ coffee beans and also for processing of fruits, spices, cereals, mushroom, papad, vegetables, fish, seafood etc.

− Hot air is also required in industries such as leather, textile, chemicals, rubber, paper, pharmaceuticals etc.

!

Indicative cost: Cost of FPC based solar air heating system is about Rs.5000.00 per sqm of collector area.

Solar Dryer for Tea drying in Golden Hills Tea Estate, Coonoor.


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3 BIO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 BIO-GAS

Biogas system is a device that produces methane gas by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Different biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops can be used for production of biogas through anaerobic digestion or fermentation. Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture.

Benefits of biogas:

Cases studies and experience in the field shows the benefits of an average biogas plant serving six people as below (http://www.snvworld.org):

− Reduction of workload 2.5 hours / day

− Saving firewood 1800 kg / year

− Saving agricultural waste 600 kg / year

− Saving dried dung 250 kg / year

− Saving of kerosene 45 l / year

− Reduction CO2 4.5 ton / year

− Increase agricultural productivity up to 40%

− No indoor pollution

− Improved sanitation (toilet connection)

− Better health conditions

− Subsidy from Government

3.2 CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKSTOVES

An improved cook stove is an efficient cook stove that consumes less firewood/biomass to cook the same amount of food than a traditional one and consequently produces less smoke than a traditional stove. Improved cook stoves saves about 50% to 60% of the firewood in comparison to traditional cook stove. The traditional method of burning fuel for cooking in the villages of Balangir district is very inefficient and only 5-10% of the potential energy in the fuel is used in the cooking process. This process of inefficient burning also has adverse effect on health of the persons of household, especially the women who handle the cooking and their minor children are exposed constantly to emission of smoke and

soot. Burns and scalds can also results from spark, from burning logs or from unstable cooking pot.

Improved Cook stove in use


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According to the World Health Organisation indoor air pollution causes the death of about 1.5 million people every year.

Economic Benefit:

Reducing firewood consumption with fuel-efficient stoves would simultaneously improve health, reduce deforestation and reduce costs for marginal communities.

− Cost of construction of Improved Cook stove: Rs.750.00

− Cost savings per year from firewood savings @50% : Rs.400/- to Rs.500/-

− Payback period: Less than 2 years

Traditioanl cookstoves being used in a village in

Balangir district

3.3 WASTE TO ENERGY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into useable heat,

electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolization,

anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy

(WTE). Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy.

Converting non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat generates a renewable energy

source and reduces carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources and

reduces methane generation from landfill. Bio-methanation is a biological process where biogas-

containing methane is extracted from decomposition of organic waste and incineration in a thermal

process involving heat generated from combustion of organic waste. Different technologies are used

in a waste to energy plant namely such as direct combustion mass burn and refuse direct fuel (RDF),

pyrolysis, conventional gasification, plasma arc gasification etc.


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The major advantages of setting up of waste to

energy projects are:

− The majority of waste that would

normally go into landfill sites can be

re-used.

− The fuel is obtainable cheaply. There

will always be a reliable source of fuel

as people will always have waste

− Current landfill sites can be mined out

and the landfill material used as fuel.

− There is net reduction in

environmental pollution.

− Apart from generating power from the

waste, the slurry produced from

biomethanation technology acts as a

good fertilizer. !!

Indicative cost: Approximate cost of Municipal Solid Waste to Energy project is Rs.5-7 crore per

MWe depending upon the capacity and technology adopted.

!MNRE schemes/ subsidies: Financial assistance of Rs.2.0 crore per MW provided for projects

based on power generation from MSW through high rate biomethanation technology. Financial

assistance @ 50% of project cost subject to upper limit of Rs.3.0 crore /MW is available for setting

up projects based on biomethanation technology for power generation from cattle dung, vegetable

market and slaughterhouse wastes generated in the urban areas. For cattle dung based projects,

eligible project capacity would be 250kW and above. In case of projects for generation of only

biogas for thermal application, the financial assistance will be limited to Rs.1.0 crore /MWeq (i.e.

biogas production of 12000 cum / day).

3.4 BIOMASS FOR CO-GENERATION

There are plenty of opportunities in sugar industries for cogeneration. Sugar industry has been traditionally practicing cogeneration by using bagasse as a fuel. With the advancement in the technology for generation and utilization of steam at high temperature and pressure, sugar industry can produce electricity and steam for their own requirements. It can also produce significant surplus electricity for sale to the grid using same quantity of bagasse. For example, if steam generation temperature/pressure is raised from 400oC/33 bar to 485oC/66 bar, more than 80 KWh of additional electricity can be produced for each ton of cane crushed. The sale of surplus power generated through optimum cogeneration would help a sugar mill to improve its viability, apart from adding to the power generation capacity of the country.


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Benefits and Potential Application: The current

availability of biomass in India is estimated at about

500 millions metric tones per year. Studies

sponsored by the Ministry has estimated surplus

biomass availability at about 120 – 150 million

metric tones per annum covering agricultural and

forestry residues corresponding to a potential of

about 16,000 MW. This apart, about 5,000 MW

additional power could be generated through bagasse

based cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar mills,

if these sugar mills were to adopt technically and

economically optimal levels of cogeneration for

extracting power from the bagasse produced by them.

6 MW Biomass Power project, Andhra Pradesh

Indicative cost: Approximate cost of Municipal Solid Waste to Energy project is Rs.5-6 crore per

MW depending upon the capacity and technology adopted.

MNRE Scheme: MNRE provides a Central financial assistance to sugar mills using co-generation. The amount of Central Financial Assistance would be calculated for biomass combustion power projects based on installed capacity and for bagasse cogeneration project in sugar mills based on surplus power exported to grid.

Case study of Bagasse base co-generation Project:

Courtesy Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC)

Project Cost and O&M

Land + Plant & Machinery + Erection Cost (Rs. Lakh/MW) 457

Evacuation Infrastructure Cost (Rs. Lakh/MW) nil

Total Project Cost (Rs. Lakh/MW) 457

Normative O&M Cost for First Year (Rs. Lakh/MW) 3% of project cost

Escalation in O&M (per annum from 2nd year) 5.72%

Performance Parameters

CUF 60%

Auxilliary Consumption 8.50% Project Life in Years 20

Station Heat Rate kCal/kWh 3600

Gross Calorific Value of Fule kCal/kg 2250

Cost of Fuel Rs. 1804 per MT for bagasse and

Rs. 2912 per MT for coal

Fuel Cost Escalation 5%

Financial Parameters


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Debt-Equity Ratio 70:30:00

Term of Loan in Years 10

Interest on Term Loan 12.86% Interest on Working Capital 12.86%

Depreciation 6% ( up to 10 years) 3% ( 11 to 20 years)

Minimum Alternate Tax 20.01%

Corporate Income Tax 32.45%

Return on Equity 14%

Tariff

Tariff without AD benefit: Levelised fixed component of tariff - Rs. 1.86 /kWh for 20 years And *variable component of tariff for FY 2013-14 - Rs.3.15/kWh, FY 2014-15 - Rs. 3.31/kWh,FY 2015-16 - Rs. 3.48/kWh Tariff with AD benefit: Levelised fixed component of tariff - Rs. 1.54/kWh for 20 years And *variable component of tariff for FY 2013-14 - Rs.3.15/ kWh, FY 2014-15 - Rs. 3.31/kWh, FY 2015-16 - Rs. 3.48/kWh

ANNEX 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY PILOT PROJECTS FOR SANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA

In this annexure we have prepared a separate report for implementation of Renewable Energy pilot projects under Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana. The project proposal has been developed to meet the objective of the model village as per guidelines of SAGY village development plan. The report includes profile of proposed model village namely Sarasmal & Budabahal, renewable energy intervention under SAGY village development plan, budget and sharing of fund, implementation Strategy and contribution towards clean energy generation and greenhouse gas emission reduction.


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Renewable Energy Projects

For


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1 INTRODUCTION The Government of India is implementing a scheme “Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)” to develop model villages in each parliamentary constituency of India. The government has set a target to adopt one village by year 2016 and two more by 2019. Thereafter, five such Adarsh Grams (one per year) will be selected and developed by 2024. Department of Rural Development has formulated guidelines of the scheme. The Scheme envisages integrated development of the selected village across multiple areas such as agriculture, health, education, sanitation, environment, livelihoods, etc. The main objectives of SAGY are:

i. To trigger processes which lead to holistic development of the identified Gram Panchayats ii. To substantially improve the standard of living and quality of life of all sections of the

population through –

a) Improved basic amenities b) Higher productivity c) Enhanced human development d) Better livelihood opportunities

e) Reduced disparities f) Access to rights and entitlements g) Wider social mobilization h) Enriched social capital

iii. To generate models of local level development and effective local governance which can

motivate and inspire neighbouring Gram Panchayats to learn and adapt iv. To nurture the identified Adarsh Grams as schools of local development to train other Gram

Panchayats

Holistic development through SAGY

Two villages in Balangir district viz. Sarasmal and Budabahal have been selected to develop as model village under SAGY scheme. Different renewable energy projects have been planned for these two villages in line with the SAGY village development plan guidelines based on site visit and interaction with the villagers, block development officers and panchayat heads.


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2 PROFILE OF SARASMAL & BUDABAHAL VILLAGE SARASMAL Sarasmal village with 276 households is located in Deogaon Development Block of Balangir district. The village has population of 975 of which 476 are males while 499 are females as per Population Census 2011. Literacy rate of Sarasmal village as per Census 2011 was 60.52 % which is lower than the state’s average literacy rate of 72.87%. The main earning source of the village is agricultural activities, which is primarily dependent on rainwater. There are 75 cultivators (owner or co-owner) and 126 Agricultural labourers. About 60% of the working population is engaged more than six months a year and rest of the working population are either jobless or engaged as marginal workers.

Google earth map of Sarasmal village BUDABAHAL Budabahal is small village located in Saintala Block of Balangir district, with 56 families. The village has population of 246 of which 134 are males while 112 are females as per Population Census 2011. Literacy rate of Budabahal village in 2011 was 70.14 % with male literacy rate of 84.87 % and female literacy rate 52.94 %. The main earning source of the village is agricultural activities, which is primarily dependent on rainwater. There are 3 cultivators (owner or co-owner) and 46 Agricultural labourers in the village.


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Google earth map of Budabahal village Both the villages are well connected by roads constructed under different government schemes. Residential houses, panchayat office and water sources are well connected by all weather road network. There is one primary school in Budabahal village and one primary and one high school in Sarasmal village. There is one health sub centre in Budabahal, and the nearest health centre to Sarasmal village is about seven kilometer.

Road to Sarasmal village Primary school in Budabahal

Residential houses in both the villages are in pitiable condition and undoubtedly adversary for healthy living condition. Irrespective of whether it is a permanent house or temporary one, the houses are very small without having proper ventilation and day lighting. In most of the cases, kitchen is within the living room and use of traditional cookstoves creates severe indoor air pollution.


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Sanitation and sewerage system in both the villages is extremely poor and unhygienic. Not a single household in Budabahal is having latrine facility within the premises and there is no public toilet to use. Similarly only 8.3% households have toilets in their premise in the Sarasmal village.

Typical houses in Sarasmal & Budabahal village

Traditional cookstoves used for cooking causes severe indoor air pollution

Main source of lighting used in Sarasmal and Budabahal is kerosene (>90%) followed by electricity. Though the villages are connected to grid, only 11% household in Sarasmal and 68% households in Budabahal are connected. Supply of electricity is also erratic and there is 6-8 hours of power outage every day.


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Incandescent bulbs are used for lighting Kerosene lanterns and wick are used for lighting

There is shortage of water supply for drinking and domestic use in the both villages. Sarasmal village

has 3 ponds and 12 tube wells out of which only 4 tube wells are functioning. Water from the tube

wells is used for drinking and bathing purpose and at present only 4 such tube wells are serving 276

households in Sarasmal village. Similarly Budabahal has 3 tube wells but only one is working during

time of visit to the village. Water from the ponds is used for human, livestock and limited manual

irrigation of crops. Water in the ponds is limited and they remain dry for 2-3 months in the dry season

(April – June).

Source of water for drinking and domestic use


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Table 1: Summary Profile of Sarasmal and Budabahal Village

Particulars Sarasmal Budabahal

Total households 276 56

BPL households 101 22

Population 975 246

Literacy 61% 70%

Electrified Households 30 (11%) 38 (68%)

Total Workers 417 58

Source of water for drinking/ domestic use

3 Ponds 12 Tube wells (4 working)

1 Pond 3 Tube wells (1 working)

Location of drinking water source 2.2% Within premises 12.6% Near premises 85.3% Away

1.9% Within premises 0% Near premises 98.1% Away

Source water for Irrigation Rainwater/ River Open well

Rainwater Open well

Prime source of Income Agriculture Agriculture

Type of Housing

38.1 % Permanent 32.7 % Semi-Permanent 29.2% Temporary

58.5 % Permanent 39.6 % Semi-Permanent 1.9% Temporary

Sanitation

8.3% households have latrine within the premises 91.7% HH not having latrine within the premises

0.0% households have latrine within the premises 100% HH not having latrine within the premises

Cooking Fuel 93.9% Fire wood 5.4% Crop residue 0.7% Cow dung cake

100% Fire wood

Source of Lighting 13.7% Electricity 85.6% Kerosene 0.7% Solar

5.7% Electricity 94.3% Kerosene

Kerosene Consumption 3- 5 litres/ month 3-5 litres/ month

School 1 Primary & 1 High School 1 Primary School

Mobile Phone Network 9% people have mobile phones

32% people have mobile phones

Skilled Person (Other than Agriculture)

1 Electrician 1 Carpenter 1 Mason

1 Electrician 2 Carpenters 2 Masons 4 Blacksmiths

Power Cuts 6 - 8 Hours Daily 6 - 8 Hours Daily


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3 VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN UNDER SAGY

As per SAGY scheme guidelines, a Village Development Plan (VDP) will be prepared for each model

village. The VDP will be a comprehensive, realistic, and practical blueprint for development of the

village into a model village in a set time frame. This would include economic development,

infrastructure development and other aspects of human development i.e., education, health, drinking

water supply, etc. Based on primary and secondary information collected during the visit to the

villages and interaction with the villagers and officials from panchayat and block development

offices, we have identified potential renewable energy interventions complying with SAGY

guidelines to develop sustainable and low carbon village development plan for Sarasmal and

Budabahal village in Balangir district. The same is presented in the table 2 below.

Table 2: Potential Renewable Energy Intervention into Village Development Plan

S. No.

SAGY VDP Components

Current Status Potential Renewable Energy

Intervention

1 Infrastructure

1.1 Roads

• The village is well connected by all weather road and residence, schools, Panchayat office, tube wells are connected by roads

• Centrally operated solar LED streetlights can be used to illuminate the roadsides near residence, tube wells, schools and panchayat office.

1.2 Telecom and Information Technology

• Mobile phone network is available

• Diesel generators are used to operate the BTS during power cut

• Solar PV system can be used economically to reduce the runtime of diesel sets

1.3 Irrigation

• Primarily dependent rainwater

• Manual irrigation is used for limited crops

• Limited crops are cultivated due to lack of irrigation

• Solar PV pumps can be used for micro irrigation

• Rainwater harvesting and watershed management may be useful

1.4 Electricity

• Both the villages are connected to grid but only 13.7% houses in Sarasmal and 5.7%houses in Budabahal are connected to grid

• Grid is unreliable and there is 6-8 hours power cut per day

• Grid voltage level is very low during evening hours

• All households use kerosene either as only source or as standby source during grid outage

• Grid connectivity to all the households should be provided with a facility to pay connection charge in installment basis

• People should be educated how to get an electricity connection

• Efficient LED lights which give good illumination even at low voltage should be provided

• Solar home lighting system or solar lanterns should be provided/


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• People are using inefficient incandescent lights which does not give proper illumination during evening when voltage is low

• Many households are complaining about disproportionate energy bill

promoted as alternative reliable source of lighting during load shedding hours.

• Solar electricity can also be used to provide reliable electricity for the weavers and artisan to enhance their working hours and production

1.4 Cooking Energy

• Cooking energy is met from firewood, crop residue and cow dung cake

• Use of efficient traditional cookstoves causes extensive indoor air pollution which threatens health of women and children in particular

• There is scarcity of firewood due to fast depletion of forest and collection of free firewood is difficult tasks

• Cost of firewood is Rs.2 - Rs.3/kg which is 2-3 times expensive than domestic LGP when burnt in traditional cookstoves

• Efficient smokeless cookstoves must be introduced in all the households.

• Based on the cooking habit of the villagers, fixed type cookstoves with chimney will be appropriate.

• Fixed cookstoves have longer life, cheaper and can be constructed with locally available materials.

• Village youths can be trained as craftsman for construction and maintenance of those cookstoves which will generate livelihood

• Biogas could be another convenient option for households who has 2-3 cows and other livestock

2 Civic Amenities

2.1

Household amenities – Housing, Drinking water, Sanitation

• Poor design of houses is definitely a cause for unhealthy living condition of the villagers.

• Both permanent houses and temporary houses are very small without having proper ventilation and daylight.

• In most of the cases, kitchen is within the living room and use of traditional cookstoves creates severe indoor air pollution.

• Only few households have drinking water in their premises

• Only 8.3% households in Sarasmal none in Budabahal have latrines in their premises

• Houses in the village must be redesigned and constructed with locally available/ alternative materials for proper ventilation and daylight

• Kitchens need to be properly designed with sufficient ventilation and daylight access

• Smokeless cookstoves to be introduced

• Every household should have their own toilet

• Community toilet with pipe water supply could be another option

• Solar water pumping system with purifier for drinking water supply

2.2 Public Amenities - Street lighting,

• There is acute shortage of water supply in the dry months and

• Solar water pumps can be used for drinking water supply as well as sanitation need.


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Community hall

available water is not sufficient for human need and livestock rearing

• Tube wells in the villages does not cater the minimum need of water supply to the villagers

• No defecation facilities in the village for disposal of both human and livestock waste

• No street lights in the roadside and community places

• Public toilet can be provided with pipe water supply powered by solar pumps. This will keep the public toilets clean and usable

• Centrally operated solar LED street lighting systems managed by Panchayat / community will provide outdoor lighting and security to the villagers

3 Human and Social Development

• About 40% people in the villages are living below poverty line

• Housing condition of almost all the villagers are poor with unhealthy living condition and without sanitation and appropriate kitchen

• Majority of workforce is unemployed and they work as agricultural labour either in their own village or migrate to other places

• Lack of irrigation facility is one of the main reasons that the villagers cannot cultivate more than one crop in a year.

• Lack of reliable electricity supply and non-connectivity to the grid deprives the villagers from basic modern amenities

• The schools in the villages need to be developed as smart schools with IT enabled classrooms, e-libraries, web based teaching and will make all students e-literate required for providing quality education. To run these facilities smoothly, schools will require reliable power supply, which can be supplied from a solar system

• Solar pumping system for micro irrigation will facilitate the farmers to grow multiple crops which will increase employment and productivity

• Reliable and efficient energy supply will facilitate villagers for uninterrupted productive work, education and communication

4 Economic Development

• Main economic activity in the villages is agriculture

• The other economic activities are livestock farming, grocery shops, car rental business and other contractual jobs

• There are very few skilled workers to serve as electrician, carpenter, blacksmith and mason

• Access and adequate supply of energy and water will improve agricultural activities, livestock farming, activities of cottage industries and artisans and other business activities

• Creation of facilities for energy supply and services will also create business opportunity and local employment

5 Ecology & Environment

• The poor housing and use of firewood based traditional cookstoves is severely polluting indoor air on each household

• Lack of basic sanitation, sewerage

• Construction of improved smokeless cookstoves in each household will reduce the indoor air pollution

• Supply of clean water and


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and unorganized waste disposal practices is creating unhealthy environment in the village

facilitating public or private toilet with water supply will reduce possibility of contamination of waterborne and airborne disease

6 Governance

• Panchayat offices in both the villages are well constructed and facilitated with all modern office equipments.

• The main problem is the unreliable power supply

• Solar power system can be installed for supply of reliable power to these offices

4 RENEWABLE ENERGY INTERVENTION

The following renewable energy systems and projects may be incorporated in SAGY village development plan to ensure sustainable and low carbon development of the model villages.

(1) Solar water pumping system for micro irrigation (2) Solar Water Pumping System for providing purified drinking water and facilitate water to

community toilet (10000 litres storage) (3) Improved smokeless cookstoves for domestic cooking (4) Improved smokeless cookstoves for community cooking (mid day meal for school,

temple) (5) Biogas for domestic cooking (6) Centrally operated solar street lighting system (7) Solar Power Pack for Panchayat Office and community centre (8) Portable Solar Lanterns (9) Solar Home Lighting Systems (10) Integrated Solar system to facilitate hygienic mid-day meals in the primary schools (11) Solar PV system for E-Learning Centres in the schools

Technical specification, capacity, number of systems proposed and expected benefits from the

proposed systems are presented in the table 3 below.


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Table 3: Proposed Renewable Energy projects, technical specification/ capacity, quantity and expected benefits

S. No.

Proposed Renewable Energy Projects

Technical Specification/ Capacity

Quantity/ Number of systems Expected Benefits

Sarasmal Budabahal

1 Solar water pumping system for micro irrigation

Solar array, control and mounting structure to operate typical 5HP water pump for irrigation (To be designed based on volume of water, source, pipe length and level of ground /surface water)

4 2

• Growth of agriculture production,

• Employement generation, Economic development

2

Solar Water Pumping System for providing purified drinking water and facilitate water to community toilet (10000 litre storage)

Solar array, control and mounting structure to operate typical 1-2HP water pump for lifting water from bore well (To be designed based on ground water level) along with solar powered drinking water purification system

5 2

• Basic minimum clean drinking water supply,

• Improvement in sanitation,

• Improvement of health

3 Improved smokeless cookstoves for domestic cooking

Two pot fixed improved cookstoves with chimney for domestic use (Bhagyalaxmi/ Sukhad/ Arawali or equivalent model)

276 56

• Eliminate indoor air pollution,

• Save firewood and collection / cooking time

4 Improved smokeless cookstoves for community cooking (mid day meal for school, temple)

Two pot fixed improved cookstoves with chimney for community use (TNAU/ ANERT model or equivalent)

2 2

• Eliminate of indoor air pollution,

• Save firewood and cooking time

5 Biogas for domestic cooking Deenbandhu or KVIC model of 2CuM capacity

15 5

• Clean fuel for cooking, • Produce better quality

manures


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6 Centrally operated solar street lighting system

500Wp solar module, 400Ah, 24V LMLA Storage Battery, 3KVA inverter, 20 nos. 10W LED pole mounted street lights with 120-140lm/w light efficacy

5 2 • Outdoor illumination, • Social security and safety

7 Solar Power Pack for Panchayat Office and community centre

1000Wp solar module, 400Ah, 24V LMLA Storage Battery, 5KVA inverter connected to selected essential load for lighting and computer

1 1 • Reliable power supply for uniterrupted activities

8 Portable Solar Lanterns 5W Solar LED lanterns with 6V, 7AH battery with mobile charging facility

150 30 • Eliminate unhealthy and unsafe kerosene lamps,

• Save money, • Better lighting and mobile

charging facility 9 Solar Home Lighting Systems

40W Solar Home lighting system with 3-4 LED indoor lights and mobile charging facility

100 20

10 Integrated Solar system to facilitate heygenic mid-day meals in the primary schools

(1) 200W, 3000LPD solar DC pump with overhead water storage facility for drinking water, solar water heater and toilets (2) 200LPD solar water heating system to preheat water for cooking

1 1

• Safe and healthy mid-day meal preparation for children,

• Save firewood, • Heygenic sanitation • Clean drinking water

11 Solar PV system for E-Learning Centres in the schools

2000Wp solar module, 600Ah, 24V LMLA Storage Battery, 7.5KVA inverter connected to selected essential load for computers, internet connection and lighting

2 1 • Reliable power supply for e-learning facility


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5 BUDGET AND SHARING OF FUND

The total budget for renewable energy intervention for reliable supply of energy to ensure

productivity and overall growth of the selected model villages is estimated at Rs.1.40 crore. The

estimated budget for renewable energy projects in Sarasmal village is Rs.97.90 lakh and that for the

Budabahal village is Rs.42.40 lakh. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and

Odisha government have several ongoing schemes and programmes under which fund could be

allocated for most of the projects on priority basis. Since Central Financial Assistance from MNRE is

limited and poor villagers will not be able to meet the balance amount, alternate source of funding

may be sought from Odisha government, available MPLAD fund and contribution from large mining

companies operating in Odisha as a part of their CSR activity. A minimum contribution from the

users is necessary to create a sense of ownership and make them responsible for up keeping of the

systems. Table 4 presents summary of source of fund and sharing of budget and table 5 provides

details of budget and cost breakup.

Table 4: Indicative source of fund and sharing of budget

Source of Fund Sharing of Budget

(INR Lakh) % of Share

Central Financial Asistance from existing schemes 34.05 24%

Govt. of Odisha/ MPLAD 77.32 55%

Funding from CSR/ Other source 22.25 16%

Users contribution 6.68 5%

Total 140.30 100%

24%

55%

16%

5%

CFA

GoO/ MPLAD CSR/ Other

Users


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Table 5: Details of Budget and Cost Breakup

S. No.

Proposed Renewable Energy Projects Estimated Cost

per system (INR)

Total Cost (Lakh INR) Sharing of Cost

Sarasmal Budabahal Total CFA GoO/

MPLAD CSR/ Other

Users

1 Solar water pumping system for micro irrigation 8,00,000.00 32.00 16.00 48.00 14.40 28.80 - 4.80

2 Solar Water Pumping System for providing purified drinking water and facilitate water to community toilet

5,00,000.00 25.00 10.00 35.00 10.50 14.00 10.50 -

3 Improved smokeless cookstoves for domestic cooking 1,000.00 2.76 0.56 3.32 - 1.66 1.33 0.33


12,000.00 0.24 0.24 0.48 - 0.48 - -

5 Biogas for domestic cooking 16,000.00 2.40 0.80 3.20 1.60 1.28 - 0.32

6 Centrally operated solar street lighting system 3,00,000.00 15.00 6.00 21.00 3.15 10.50 7.35 -


2,50,000.00 2.50 2.50 5.00 0.75 4.25 - -

8 Portable Solar Lanterns 1,500.00 2.25 0.45 2.70 0.41 1.35 0.68 0.27

9 Solar Home Lighting Systems 8,000.00 8.00 1.60 9.60 1.44 4.80 2.40 0.96


75,000.00 0.75 0.75 1.50 0.23 1.28 - -

11 Solar PV system for E-Learning Centres in the schools 3,50,000.00 7.00 3.50 10.50 1.58 8.93 - -

Total 97.90 42.40 140.30 34.05 77.32 22.25 6.68


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6 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

The objective of Village Development Plan (VDP) is to develop the model villages in an integrated manner including development of economy, infrastructure, education, health, drinking water supply, etc. The SAGY guidelines indicates seven areas of development namely infrastructure, civic amenities, human development, social development, economic development, ecology and environment and governance. Therefore, a holistic approach and joint effort from all relevant government departments is required to successfully meet the objective. Since all these developmental activities require access to reliable energy supply, renewable energy projects can play a critical role in success of these programmes.

The renewable energy projects proposed to be implemented, as a part of model village development plan requires integration of these projects to other developmental activities. Success of renewable energy projects is considered as crucial for success of any developmental activities that requires clean and reliable energy input.

There are different schemes for rural area development being implemented in collaboration with central and state government. For example, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation division of Rural Development Department is implementing the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP).


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Similarly, Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA) is also implanting solar pump drinking water supply scheme partially funded by MNRE. In this case, both the implementing agencies deliver together to achieve a common goal. For successful implementation of SAGY model village programme, a tangible coordination will be required among all the relevant government department and implementing agencies. Table 6 presents a layout of implementation strategy for the proposed renewable energy projects indicating implementing agencies, source of fund, business model/ implementation mechanism and existing government schemes under which the respective projects can be funded or implemented. Village level committees should be formed and made fully functional to mobilize community participation, community contribution and ownership of O & M responsibilities of all relevant projects. Educated youths from the village should be adequately trained for day-to-day operation, maintenance and upkeep of the systems. Appropriate revenue models to be devised and implemented to make the project sustainable and the users accountable for the benefits.


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Table 6: Implementation Strategy of Renewable Energy Projects under SAGY

S. No.


Implemention Arrangment

Implementing Agency

Source of Fund Business Model/ Implementation

mechanism Existing Government

Schemes

1 Solar water pumping system for micro irrigation

OREDA/ Department of Water resource/ Rural Development Department

MNRE through OREDA/ NABARD Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD/ Users

Govt. - Private/ ESCOs: Private users/ ESCOs/ village committee to be supported by Government

• MNRE/ NABARD scheme for solar pumps

• KBK Plan of GoO • Odisha Solar Policy

2

Solar Water Pumping System for providing purified drinking water and facilitate water to community toilet (10000LPD)

OREDA/ RWSS/ Rural Development Department

MNRE through OREDA Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD

Govt. - Govt.: Funded and implemented by Government, operated and maintained by village committee/ GP

• MNRE scheme for solar pumps

• RWSS - NRDWP scheme

3 Improved smokeless cookstoves for domestic cooking

BDO/ GP/ SHG/ OREDA

Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD CSR support Users

Govt. - Private: Government supported project to be implemented by local BDO/ GP with the help local SEW/ SHG and technical support from OREDA

• Biju KBK scheme • MNRE National

Biomass Cookstove Initiative (NBCI)


BDO/ GP/ SHG/ OREDA

Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD

Govt. - Govt.: Government supported project to be implemented by local BDO/ GP with the help local SEW/ SHG and technical support from OREDA

• Biju KBK scheme • MNRE National

Biomass Cookstove Initiative (NBCI)

5 Biogas for domestic cooking BDO/GP/OREDA

CFA through OREDA, Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD Users

Govt. - Private: Government supported project to be implemented by local BDO/ GP with the help local trained masons and technical support from OREDA

• MNRE - National Biogas and Manure Management Prog. (NBMMP)

• Biju KBK scheme


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6 Centrally operated solar street lighting system

OREDA/BDO/ GP/ Rural Development Department

CFA from MNRE, Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD, CSR Fund

Govt. - Govt.: Government supported project to be implemented by BDO/ GP with the technical support from OREDA

• MNRE - JNNSM • Biju KBK scheme


OREDA/BDO/ GP/ Rural Development Department

CFA from MNRE, Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD,


• MNRE - JNNSM • Biju KBK scheme

8 Portable Solar Lanterns BDO/ GP/ SHG/ OREDA

MNRE/ Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD/CSR/Users

Govt. - Private: Government supported project to be implemented by local BDO with the help local micro enterprises/ SHG and technical support from OREDA

• MNRE - JNNSM • OREDA scheme

9 Solar Home Lighting Systems BDO/ GP/ SHG/ OREDA

MNRE/ Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD/CSR/Users

Govt. - Private: Government supported project to be implemented by local BDO with the help local micro enterprises/ SHG and technical support from OREDA

• MNRE - JNNSM • OREDA scheme


BDO/ GP/ Rural Development Department/ OREDA

CFA from MNRE, Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD


• MNRE - JNNSM

11 Solar PV system for E-Learning Centres in the schools

BDO/ GP/ Rural Development Department/ OREDA

CFA from MNRE, Govt. Odisha/ MPLAD


• MNRE - JNNSM


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7 CLEAN ENERGY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION

Table 7 below presents estimated renewable energy generation and fuel savings from the proposed projects and contribution towards greenhouse gas

emission reduction per year.

Table 7: Estimated Renewable Energy Generation, Fuel saving and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction

S. No.


Quantity/ Number of systems Total

Capacity Unit

Energy Generation/

Savings (kWh/year)

GHG Reduction

(kg CO2/year) Sarasmal Budabahal

1 Solar water pumping system for micro irrigation 4 2 33 KWp 49,500 40,095

2 Solar pump for providing purified drinking water and facilitate water to community toilet

5 2 14 KWp 21,000 17,010

3 Improved smokeless cookstoves for domestic cooking 276 56 332 Nos. 13,90,018 3,33,604

4 Improved smokeless cookstoves for community cooking 2 2 4 Nos. 16,747 4,019

5 Biogas for domestic cooking 15 5 40 CuM 69,780 16,747

6 Centrally operated solar street lighting system 5 2 3.5 KWp 5,250 4,253

7 Solar Power Pack for GP Office/ community centre 1 1 2 KWp 3,000 2,430

8 Portable Solar Lanterns 150 30 0.9 KWp 1,350 1,094

9 Solar Home Lighting Systems 100 20 4.8 KWp 7,200 5,832


1 1 2 Nos. 4,100 3,321

11 Solar PV system for E-Learning Centres in the schools 2 1 6 KWp 9,000 7,290

Total 15,76,945 4,35,695

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