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II. Classifying Prokaryotes- all prokaryotes were once in Kingdom Monera; now divided into 2 kingdoms
A. Kingdom Eubacteria1. Largest group2. Can live almost anywhere, even in your intestines (ex. E.-coli)3. Have cell walls4. Unicellular
B. Kingdom Archaeabacteria1. Live in extreme environments (ex. Methanogens
and Halophiles) 2. Have cell walls3. Unicellular
III. Identifying Prokaryotes- use shape, cell wall chemical structure, movement method of obtaining energy and releasing energy, and growth and reproduction.
A. Shape- 3 types
1. Bacilli-rod shaped 2. Cocci- sphere shaped 3. Spirilla- corkscrew shaped
B. Cell wall structure- 2 types, identified by Gram staining (used for prescribing antibiotics)
1. Cell wall containing mainly peptidoglycan appear purple =
Gram Positive.
2. Cell wall with extra outer layer of lipids appear red = Gram Negative
D. Obtaining Energy
1. Producers-(Autotrophs) make their own food a. Examples: Cyanobacteria – carry out photosynthesis
2.Consumers- (Heterotrophs) most prokaryotes consume food.
E. Releasing energy- 3 ways to release energy from food.
1. Aerobes- use cellular respiration, need oxygen
2. Anaerobes- use fermentation, poisoned by oxygen
3. Facultative anaerobes- use fermentation or cellular respiration (can live anywhere)
F. Growth and Reproduction
1. Binary fission- asexual reproduction, produces two identical daughters cells, most bacteria do this
2. To survive harsh conditions like drought or freezing temperatures many bacteria produce thick protective covering around DNA called an Endospore
III. E.Q. What role do bacteria play in nature?
A. Producers- capture sun’s energy through photosynthesis, food source for consumers and produce oxygen
B. Decomposers- bacteria help recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organisms; they break down complex compounds into simpler ones.
C. Nitrogen Fixers- bacteria are the only known organisms that can convert nitrogen into a form that plants are able to use.
1. Some plants (legumes) even have a symbiotic relationship in which bacteria live on their roots and help them absorb nitrogen.
Disease causers- (pathogens)
1. Bacterial Pathogens cause disease 2 ways.
a. Heterotrophic Bacteria can break down body tissue-Tuberculosis
b. Bacteria can release toxins (poisons). Streptococcus- toxins cause rash called scarlet fever.
IV. Prevention and Treatment
A. Prevent bacterial diseases with vaccines, made from another form of the bacteria, stimulates immune system.
B. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, substances that stop bacterial reproduction.
C. Controlling bacteria- sterilization destroys bacteria by using great heat or chemicals.
Ribosome
Section 19-1
The Structure of a Eubacterium
Go to Section:
Cell wall
Cell Membrane
PilliDNAFlagellum
Peptidoglycan
I. What is a virus? A. Virus comes from the Latin word for
poison.B. Viruses can only be seen with Electron
MicroscopeC. Non-cellular particle made up of genetic
material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat. Not considered to be living things!
D. Parasites! CANNOT carry out life processes unless within a host (living cell). Usually host specific- infect only one type of host.
T4 BacteriophageTobacco Mosaic
Virus Influenza Virus
Capsid
Tail
DNA
Tail fiber
RNACapsid
Surfaceproteins Envelope
RNA
Capsid
Section 19-3
Figure 19-13 Virus Structures
Go to Section:
II. Viral Diseases
A. Mostly caused by virus destroying cells in body.
B. Cause human diseases such as polio, measles, AIDS, and the common cold
C. CANNOT be treated with antibioticsD. Best Protection is prevention - Prevented by
safe practices or Vaccine if available. (Vaccines must be used before infection begins)
E. Oncogenic Viruses cause cancer b/c their DNA disrupts the normal
growth of cells
F. Retorviruses- RNA – genetic information copied backward- from RNA to DNA example: AIDS
III. Kinds of Viruses
A. Viruses are classified by their shape, the kind of hereditary material they contain, organism that they infect and reproduction.
B. The protein that covers a virus gives it its shape.
C. Viruses are often named for the disease that they cause (Polio) or the organ or tissue that they infect (SARS).
IV. Viruses are generally destructive.
A. Why? Virus has to be inside a living cell to reproduce. The cell that it reproduces in is a host cell. A virus destroys its host cell. How?
1. Lytic Cycle -how a virus reproduces
a. When a virus enters a cell and is active it causes the cell to make new viruses. This will eventually destroy the host cell.
V. Steps of Lytic Cycle1. Attach-virus attaches to the surface of a cell
2. Inject- the hereditary material of the virus injects itself into the cell.
3. Copy-the viral DNA takes control of the cell and the cell begins to make new virus particles.
4. Assembles- viral particle are assembled into new viruses
5. Release-the cell bursts open and hundreds of new virus particles are released. These new virus particles go on to infect other cells.
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage DNA
Bacteriophage protein
Bacteriophage protein coat
Bacteriophage DNA
Bacterialchromosome
Lytic Cycle
Section 19-3
Figure 19-14 The Lytic Cycle
Go to Section:
Attach
Inject
Copy
Release
Assemble
VI. Lysogenic Cycle- When viral DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA without immediately destroying the cell or making new viruses.
A. This is a latent virus; can exist inside host cells for many years. Can become active at any time. Ex- Cold sores.
VII. Steps of Lysogenic cycle
1. Virus attaches to the cell and injects hereditary material into the cell.
2. Virus becomes part of the cell’s DNA.3. Cell divides, creating viral DNA along
with its own DNA.4. This can happen for years until virus
becomes active5. Then it will enter the lytic cycle
Bacteriophage DNA
Bacterialchromosome
Prophage
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
Section 19-3
Figure 19-15 A Lysogenic Infection
Go to Section:
a) Virus attaches and invades
b) Virus’ DNA becomesPart of Cell’s DNA
c) Cell divides
c) Viral DNA separates from Cell’s DNA and becomes active
d) New viruses are made
e) Cell breaks open and Releases virus