BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.) · PDF file · 2014-11-25... Internal Assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance ... PHARM-3112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH-160014 (INDIA)

(Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947 - enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SYLLABI

FOR

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.)

I - IV CREDIT BASED SEMESTER; V & VI SEMESTER (NON-CREDIT);

IV YEAR (ANNUAL SYSTEM)

[ACADEMIC SESSION 2011-2012]

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH 160014 - - : o: - -

© The Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh.

All Rights Reserved.

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SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS & CREDITS

(Credit Based Semester System)

SEMESTER

THEORY PRACTICAL/REPORT

TOTAL MARKS

TOTAL CREDITS

NUMBER OF

PAPERS MARKS CREDITS

NUMBER OF PAPERS

MARKS CREDITS

First M 5 350 14 4 225 9 575 23

B 5 325 13 5 250 10

Second 5 375 15 4 275 11 650 26

Third 6 400 16 6 275 11 675 27

Fourth 6 375 15 5 250 10 625 25

Fifth 5 375 15 4 250 10 625 25

Sixth 6 425 17 5 275 11 700 28

Seventh 4 300 12 4 250 10 550 22

Eighth 4 300 12 3 300 12 600 24

Total M 41 2900 116 35 2100 84

5000 200 B 41 2875 115 36 2125 85

M: Mathematics Stream B: Biology Stream

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PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.) CREDIT BASED SEMESTER SYSTEM

SEMESTER - I

SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION Paper Subject Teaching Credits Sessional Exam. Total Hours/Week Marks Marks

T P T P THEORY PHARM-1011 Organic Chemistry-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-1021 Pharmaceutical Technology-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 (General and Dispensing Pharmacy) PHARM-1031 Pharmacognosy-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-1051 (M) Remedial Mathematics OR 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-1051 (B) Remedial Biology 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PHARM-1061 Computer Science and applications 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PRACTICAL PHARM-1111 Organic Chemistry Practical -I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75 PHARM-1121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical -I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75 (General and Dispensing Pharmacy) PHARM-1131 Pharmacognosy Practical -I - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-1151 (B) Remedial Biology Practical - 2 - 1 5 20 25

PHARM-1161 Computer Science Practical - 2 - 1 5 20 25

Total 16 15 16 10 575

Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper. ii) Internal Assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

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PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.) CREDIT BASED SEMESTER SYSTEM

SEMESTER – II

SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION

Paper Subject Teaching Credits Sessional Exam. Total Hours/Week Marks Marks

T P T P

THEORY PHARM-2011 Organic Chemistry-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-2012 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-2021 Physical Pharmaceutics-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-2041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 (APHE-I, Cell Biology) PHARM-2071 Pharmaceutical Statistics 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PRACTICAL PHARM-2111 Organic Chemistry Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-2112 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical –I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75 PHARM-2121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical -I - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75 PHARM-2141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education - 3+1(Tutorial) - 3 15 60 75 Practical-I (APHE-I)

Total 15 15 15 11 650

Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper. ii) Internal Assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

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SEMESTER - III


T P T P

THEORY PHARM-3011 Chemistry of Natural Products and including 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

Heterocyclic compounds

PHARM-3012 Medicinal Chemistry-I 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PHARM-3021 Physical Pharmaceutics-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-3022 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PHARM-3031 Pharmacognosy-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75

PHARM-3041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-II 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 (APHE-II) PRACTICAL PHARM-3111 Chemistry of Natural Products and Heterocycles - 3 - 2 10 40 50 Practical PHARM-3112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I - 2 - 1 5 20 25 PHARM-3121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-3122 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-3131 Pharmacognosy Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-3141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education - 3 - 2 10 40 50 Practical-II (APHE-II)

Total 16 17 16 11 675

Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper. ii) Internal assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

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SEMESTER - IV


T P T P

THEORY PHARM-4011 Physical Chemistry 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PHARM-4021 Pharmaceutical Technology-II 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PHARM-4022 Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations 2 - 2 - 10 40 50 PHARM-4031 Pharmacognosy-III 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-4041 Pharmacology-I 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PHARM-4081 Environmental Studies 3 - 3 - 15 60 75 PRACTICAL PHARM-4111 Physical Chemistry Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-4121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-II - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-4122 Pharmaceutical Operations Practical - 3 - 2 10 40 50

PHARM-4131 Pharmacognosy Practical-III - 3 - 2 10 40 50 PHARM-4141 Pharmacology Practical-I - 3 - 2 10 40 50

Total 15 15 15 10 625

Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper. ii) Internal assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

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SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

(Semester System)

SEMESTER THEORY MARKS PRACTICAL/ MARKS TOTAL REPORT

First Semester 5 500 / 450 4 / 5 400 / 450 900 Second Semester 5 500 4 400 900 Third Semester 6 600 6 600 1200 Fourth semester 6 600 5 500 1100 Fifth Semester 6 550 6 550 1100 Sixth Semester 6 600 5 500 1100 Seventh semester 6 600 4 400 1000 Eighth Semester 4 400 3 300 700

44 4350 / 4300 37 3650 / 3700 8000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH


SEMESTER - V

SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION Paper Subject Teaching Exam. Sessional Exam. Total Hours/Week Hours Marks Marks Marks

T P T P THEORY PHARM-5011 Medicinal Chemistry-II 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-5012 Biochemistry 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-5023 Pharmaceutical Technology-III 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-5024 Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-5045 Pharmacology-II 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-5096 Communication Skills and Scientific Writing 2 - 3 - - 50 50 PRACTICAL PHARM-5111 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-II - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-5112 Biochemistry Practical - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-5123 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-III - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-5124 Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology Practical - 3 - 6+2 20 80 100 PHARM-5145 Pharmacology Practical-II - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-5196 Scientific Writing Report - 3 - - - 50 50 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 17 18 1100 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper. ii) Internal assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record.

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PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH


SEMESTER -VI

SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION Paper Subject Teaching Exam. Sessional Exam. Total Hours/Week Hours Marks Marks Marks

T P T P THEORY PHARM-6011 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-6012 Medicinal Chemistry-III 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-6023 Cosmetology 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-6024 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-6035 Pharmacognosy-IV 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PHARM-6046 Pharmacology-III 3 - 3 - 20 80 100 PRACTICAL PHARM-6111 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical-II - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-6112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-III - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-6123 Cosmetology Practical - 6 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-6134 Pharmacognosy Practical-IV - 3 - 6 20 80 100 PHARM-6145 Pharmacology Practical-III - 3 - 6 20 80 100

Total 18 18 1100

Note: i) There will be minimum one Sessional Examination in each theory paper. ii) Internal assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance including Attendance, Viva and Laboratory record. iii) There will be an industrial/pharmacy practice training of four weeks duration after the completion of sixth semester examination.

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTERS

B. Pharm. I to IV (Credit Based Semester system)

1. The question paper shall be set for 60 marks. 2. The question paper shall have 7 questions. One question shall be compulsory of 20 marks of

objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus. 3. All other questions shall be of 10 marks each. 4. Total 5 questions are to be attempted. 5. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.

PHARM-1051 (B) Remedial Biology

1. The question paper shall be set for 40 marks. 2. The paper should be set into two parts, Part-I (Botany) & Part-II (Zoology) 3. Part-I shall contain 4 questions of Botany; the candidates shall attempt 3 questions out of 4. 4. Part-II shall contain 3 questions from Zoology; the candidates shall attempt two questions out of 3. 5. All the questions shall be of equal marks.

PHARM-1061 Computer Science

1. The question paper shall be set for 40 marks. 2. The question paper shall have 7 questions. One Question shall be compulsory of 12 marks of


B. Pharm. I to VI (Semester system)

1. The question paper shall be set for 80 marks. 2. The question paper shall have 7 questions. 1 Question shall be compulsory of 20 marks of


PHARM-1054 Remedial Biology

1. The paper should be set into two parts, Part-I (Botany) & Part-II (Zoology) 2. Part-I shall contain 4 questions of Botany; the candidates shall attempt 3 questions out of 4. 3. Part-II shall contain 3 questions from Zoology; the candidates shall attempt two questions out of 3. 4. All the questions shall be of equal marks.

B. Pharm. IV Year (Annual system)

1. The question paper shall be set for 90 marks. 2. The question paper shall have 7 questions. 1 Question shall be compulsory of 22 marks of


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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.)

CREDIT BASED SEMESTER SYSTEM

SEMESTER – I

PHARM-1011: Organic Chemistry-I

PHARM-1021: Pharmaceutical Technology-I (General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

PHARM-1031: Pharmacognosy-I

PHARM-1051(M): Remedial Mathematics

OR

PHARM-1051(B): Remedial Biology

PHARM-1061: Computer Science

PHARM-1111: Organic Chemistry Practical-I

PHARM-1121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-I

(General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

PHARM-1131: Pharmacognosy Practical-I

PHARM-1151(B): Remedial Biology Practical

PHARM-1161: Computer Science Practical

PHARM-1011: Organic Chemistry-I 3 hours/week

1. Structure and Properties

Organic chemistry, structural theory, chemical bond, quantum mechanics, atomic orbitals, electronic configuration, molecular orbitals, bond lengths, bond angles, bond energy, polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, dipole moment, structure and physical properties including melting point, boiling point and solubility, acidity and basicity, isomerism. (4 Lectures)

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2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds

Stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, optical activity, chiral centre, racemic modification, meso-structures, configuration, reactions involving stereoisomers, stereoselective and stereospecific reactions.

Geometric isomers, conformational isomers, configurational isomers, conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane, conformations of cyclohexanes, axial and equatorial bonds, Newman projections, Fischer and Wedge formula.

Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L, R & S and E & Z system of nomenclature. (4 Lectures)

3. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes : Nomenclature of straight and branched chain alkanes and alkyl groups, classification of carbon atoms of alkanes, isomerism in alkanes, sources, methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes, orientation, reactivity and selectivity, chlorofluorocarbons and ozone layer.

Cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, chemical reactions, Bayer’s strain theory, ring strain, isomerism in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, reactions of carbenes, cyclic ethers, crown ethers, epoxides.

Quantitative elemental analysis and structure elucidation, empirical formula and molecular formula. (8 Lectures)

4. Alkyl Halides

Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of preparation, chemical reactions, mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2 reactions, carbonium ions, carbenium ions and carbocations, structure, relative stability, ease of formation, rearrangements and other characteristics of carbocations. (4 Lectures)

5. Alcohol, Ethers and Role of the Solvent

Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

Role of Solvent: Secondary bonding, solubility of non-ionic and ionic solutes, protic and aprotic solvents, ion pairs, role of solvent in substitution reactions, phase-transfer catalysis. (4 Lectures)

6. Alkenes, Dienes and Alkynes

Alkenes: nomenclature, methods of preparation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, E1 and E2 reaction mechanisms, physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes, chemical reactions, mechanisms of

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hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions, Markovnikov’s rule, hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction, epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4.

Substitution at allylic and vinylic positions, theory of resonance and conjugation, free radical polymerization of alkenes.

Dienes: nomenclature, structures of isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes, 1, 2- and 1, 4-addition reactions, free radical polymerization of dienes.

Alkynes: nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes, method of preparation, chemical reactions, acidity and electrophilic addition reactions. (8 Lectures)

7. Benzenes, Arenes and Aromaticity

Nomenclature of benzene and derivatives, structure of benzene, Kekule’s structure, stability and length of C-C bond of benzene, resonance structure, aromaticity and Huckel rule.

Aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, mechanisms of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation, Friedal-Crafts reaction, activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and reactivity.

Arenes: Nomenclature, method of preparation and reactions of alkynyl benzenes, alkyl benzenes, halogenation of alkylbenzenes - ring vs side chain, stability of benzylic free radical, triphenylmethyl free radical and benzyl cation.

Structure, nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alkenyl and alkynyl benzenes. (8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Solomens G, Fryhle C, Johnson R. Organic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1021: Pharmaceutical Technology-I (General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

3 hours/week

1. Orientation and Historical Background of the Profession

Important historical events which led to the development of this profession from middle ages to the current era.

Ethics, oath and scope of pharmacy.

Introduction to Official compendia with emphasis on Indian Pharmacopeia, British

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Pharmacopeia and United State Pharmacopeia. (5 Lectures)

2. Routes of drug administration

Need for dosage forms, therapeutic consideration in dosage form designing. Routes of drug administration and dosage forms for oral, rectal, parenteral, epicutaneous, ocular, otic and nasal route.

(4 Lectures)

3. Liquid orals and solutions

Official pharmaceutical solutions, products for oral, ENT and topical use including syrups, elixirs, glycerins, mouth washes, gargles, spirits, nasal drops, ear drops, throat paints, aromatic waters, lotions and liniments. (6 Lectures)

4. Powder dosage forms

Standards for powders, sieves and their usage in grading. Bulk powders and divided powders for internal and external use. Special powders including insufflations, effervescent powders and granules. (3 Lectures)

5. Metrology

Introduction to units of weights and volume in both metric systems and imperial systems. Simple calculations involved in preparing solutions of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids and method of alligation. (4 Lectures)

6. Extraction and Extractives

Various methods of extraction including infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation and digestion with examples of some official extractives. (4 Lectures)

7. Prescription

Description and parts of a prescription, handling the prescription, reading the prescription, checking the written prescription, consulting the prescriber, other methods of receiving prescription, refusal to accept the prescription; compounding the prescription, pricing the prescription, delivering the prescription. (4 Lectures)

8. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities

Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities: Types and methods to overcome these. Inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, nonmetals, acids and alkalis. (8 Lectures)

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Books Recommended

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

2. Cooper JW, Gunn G. Tutorial Pharmacy. Pitman Books Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

3. Carter SJ. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Books Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Lachman L, Liebennan HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. Latest Edition.

5. Banker GS, Rhodes CT. Modern Pharmaceutics. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

6. Raymond C, Rowe JP, Sheskey E.M. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Pharmaceutical Press, London. Latest Edition.

7. Martin E.W. Husa’s Pharmaceutical Dispensing, Mack Publishing Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Latest Edition.

8. Rowlins EA, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics. Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. Latest Edition.

9. Sprowls JB, Prescription Pharmacy. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1031: Pharmacognosy-I 3 hours/week

1. Introduction, development, present status and future scope of pharmacognosy. (2 Lectures)

2. Introduction to following groups of plant constituents (only definitions and brief explanations) Carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, lipids, volatile oils, terpenes, resins and resin combinations, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponins, gums & mucilages. (7 Lectures)

3. Classification of drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, pharmacological and chemical. (2 Lectures)

4. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of the following:

Diatoms, Agar, Alginic Acid, Ergot, Yeast, Male fern. (5 Lectures)

5. Distinguishing characters of the following families and their important medicinal plants - Apocynaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Papaveraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbelliferae. (12 Lectures)

6. Techniques in microscopy of powdered drugs covering use of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic reagents, micrometer, quantitative microscopy and a brief introduction to electron microscope. (7 Lectures)

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http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Raymond%20C.%20Rowe

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Paul%20J.%20Sheskey

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7. Study of plant tissues and ergastic cell inclusions with a view to identify and authenticate powdered crude drugs. (5 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Tylor VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE. Pharmacognosy. KM Varghese Company, Bombay. Latest Edition.

2. Evans WC, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

3. Robbinson T, The Organic Constituent of Higher Plants. Burge Publishing Co., Latest Edition.

4. Trease GE. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. Bailliere Tindall, London. Latest Edition.

5. Jackson BP, Snowdon DW. Powdered Vegetable Drugs. Stanley Thomes Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1051 (M): Remedial Mathematics 3 hours/week 1. Algebra

Revision simultaneous equations, partial fractions and resolution of linear and quadratic (non repeated) equations. (5 Lectures)

2. Trigonometry

Revision on angle measurement and T-Ratios, addition, substraction and transformation formulae. T ratios of multiple, sub-multiple and allied angles; applications of Logarithms. (8 Lectures)

3. Analytical Plane Geometry

Cartesian co-ordinates, distance between two points, area of triangle, locus of a point, straight line, slope and intercept form, double intercept form, general equation of first degree. (8 Lectures)

4. Calculus

Differential: Limits and functions, differential coefficient, differentiation of standard functions, including function of a function (chain rule), differentiation of implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric differentiation, element of successive differentiation, Application in Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field

Integral:: Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration by parts, partial functions and substitution, formal evaluation of definite integral including definite integral as area under curve, Application in Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field. (20 Lectures)

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Book Recommended

1. Grewal BS, Higher Engineering Mathematics. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. A textbook of Mathematics for XI-XII students, NCERT Publication, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Schaum. Differential Equations. McGraw-Hill, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1051 (B): Remedial Biology 2 hours/week

A. BOTANY (Part-I)

1. General structure of the plant body - structure and function of the stem, root and leaf and the modification, anatomy of the stem, root and leaf. Cell structure and function, kinds of tissues, mitosis and meiosis. (6 Lectures)

2. Structure of the flower with reference to their families, Ranunculaceae. Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Compositae, Labiatae, Liliaceae and Graminae, description of flower, floral diagram and floral formulae, Reproduction processes - pollination and fertilization, fruits, seeds structure, germination and dispersal. (8 Lectures)

3. Knowledge of physiological process - transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and growth, growth regulators, morphogenesis, heredity and variation, Mendel's Law and evolution. (5 Lectures)

B. ZOOLOGY (Part-ll)

1. Classification and general characters of invertebrates and vertebrates up to class with important examples. (2 Lectures)

2. Structure and life history of parasites as illustrated by amoeba, entamoeba, trypanosome, plasmodium, taenia, ascaris and schistosoma. (3 Lectures)

3. Mendel's laws, chromosomal theory of inheritance, evidence and theories of evolution. (2 Lectures)

Book Recommended

1. 10+2 Biology Text Books

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PHARM-1061: Computer Science and Applications 2 hours/week

1. Fundamentals: Introduction to computers, I/O devices, operating systems, basics of DOS and Windows, memory devices, RAM, ROM, storage, Binary system; bits, bytes, ASCII, codes. (3 Lectures)

2. Software’s: Classification of software, application software, system software, interpreter, compliers, editor, word processing, PowerPoint presentation, encell: data handling and processing, functions, charts, computer viruses, worms, trozen. (5 Lectures)

3. Networking: LAN, WAN, elements of various networks, network security, internet, various topologies for LAN, websites, LAN setting on PC. (3 Lectures)

4. Problem Solving: Concept of algorithm and flow charting, Programming: variables and constants, control statement, DO, IF, GOTO. Arrays, function formatting, files handling. Application of programming to solve problem (i) largest number of given set of numbers (ii) roots of equation (iii) handling in built functions (iv) find mean, mode, and standard deviation of given data in a file (v) correlation and regression (vi) fitting a straight line to given data ((vii) matrics handling (viii) difference of data (ix) integration (Trapoizoidal rule). (15 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Rajaraman V. Fundamentals of Computers. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1111: Organic Chemistry Practical-I 4 hours/week

1. Introduction of various laboratory techniques including:

a. Calibration of thermometer

b. Determination of melting point

c. Determination of boiling points

d. Determination of mixed melting points.

e. Distillation

f. Crystallization

2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatization.

3. Introduction to the use of stereomodels to study

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a. R and S configuration of enantiomers.

b. E and Z configuration of geometric isomers.

Books recommended

1. Mann FG, Saunders BC. Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.

2. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG, Tatchell AR. Vogel’s textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. Pearson Education Limited, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-1121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-I (General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

4 hours/week

Experiments illustrative of the course contents of pharmaceutics as:

1. Dispensing of various prescriptions including liquid orals, antiseptics, disinfectants, styptics, restoratives, inhalations, liniments, lotions, douches, linctuses and ear/nasal drops etc.

2. Dispensing of powder dosage forms including bulk and divided powders for internal and external use, effervescent powders and granules.

3. Dispensing of prescriptions covering various physical and chemical incompatibilities.

4. Extractives including liquid and dry extracts, tinctures, infusions, etc. by the techniques of simple, modified and multiple maceration; simple, intermittent and reserved percolation, repercolation; decoction, infusion, soxhletation, dilution/ admixture using concentrated preparations.

PHARM-1131: Pharmacognosy Practical-I 3 hours/week

1. Taxonomic study of some medicinal plants with at least one representative of each of the families covered in theory.

2. Use, care and focusing practices of microscope.

3. Microscopic examination of diagnostic tissues in powdered crude drugs.

4. Microscopic and chemical examination of diagnostic ergastic principles in powdered crude drugs.

5. Exercises on quantitative microscopy.

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Books Recommended



PHARM-1151 (B): Remedial Biology Practical 2 hours/week

1. Care, use and type of microscope.

2. Morphology of plant parts indicated in theory.

3. Gross identification of slides of structure and life cycle of lower plants/animals mentioned in theory.

4. Preparation, microscopic examination of stem, root and leaf of monocot and dicot leaves.

5. Structure of human parasites mentioned in theory with the help of specimen.

Books Recommended

1. 10+2 Biology Text Books

PHARM-1161: Computer Science Practical 2 hours/week

Practical will be conducted based on the programs covered in the theory.

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SEMESTER – II

PHARM-2011 Organic Chemistry-II

PHARM-2012 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I

PHARM-2021 Physical Pharmaceutics-I

PHARM-2041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-I (APHE-I, Cell Biology)

PHARM-2071 Pharmaceutical Statistics

PHARM-2111 Organic Chemistry Practical-II

PHARM-2112 Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical –I

PHARM-2121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical -I

PHARM-2141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical-I (APHE-I)

PHARM-2011: Organic Chemistry-II 3 hours/week

1. Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl compounds), preparation of aldehydes and ketones, Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, oxidation of primary alcohols, oxidation of methyl benzenes and reduction of acid chlorides and using organometallic compounds

Reactions of aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation, reduction, addition of Grignard reagents, Cannizaro reaction, synthesis of organic compounds using Grignard synthesis, planning synthesis starting from alcohols and use of tetrahydropyranyl ethers as protecting agents. (5 Lectures)

2. Carboxylic Acids and Their Functional Derivatives

Carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, ionization of carboxylic acids, structure of carboxylate ions, conversion to acid chlorides, esters and amides, reduction to alcohols, halogenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids (Hell- Vohlard- Zenisky reaction), dicarboxylic acids.

Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, structure, physical properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic substitution, acyl substitution, preparation of acid chlorides and conversion to acid anhydrides, amides and esters, hydrolysis of these derivatives, transesterification, reaction of esters with Grignard reagents, reduction of esters, functional derivatives of carbonic acids. (5 Lectures)

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3. Reactions involving Carbanions

Acidity of - hydrogens, acid catalyzed and base promoted halogenation of ketones, Aldol condensation, reactions related to Aldol condensation, Wittig reaction, Claisen condensation, malonic ester and acetoacetic synthesis. (3 Lectures)

4. Amines, Diazonium Salts and Phenols

Amines : Nomenclature, physical properties, salts of amines, stereochemistry of nitrogen, preparation methods including reduction of nitrocompounds, ammonolysis of halides, reductive amination, Hoffmann degradation of amides, Hoffmann rearrangement, preparation of secondary and tertiary amines.

Basicity, effect of structure on basicity, reactions of amines, Hoffmann elimination, conversion to substituted amides, sulphonation of aromatic amines, sulpha drugs, reactions with nitrous acids.

Diazonium salts : Preparation, reactions, replacement with halogens (Sandmeyer reaction), replacement with –CN (synthesis of carboxylic acids), replacement with –OH (synthesis of phenols), replacement with H, synthesis using diazonium salts, coupling reactions and synthesis of azo compounds, analysis of amines (Hinsberg test), analysis of substituted amides.

Phenols : Nomenclature, structure, physical properties, salts of phenols, preparation, rearrangement of hydroperoxides, acidity, Fries rearrangement, Kolbe reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, formation and reaction of aryl ethers, analysis of phenols. (9 Lectures)

5. Aryl Halides

Nomenclature, structure, physical properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, low reactivity of aryl and vinyl halides, reactivity and orientation in nucleophilic aromatic substitution, benzyne intermediate. (3 Lectures)

6. α-β- Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

Structure and properties, preparation, interaction of functional groups, electrophilic and nucleophilic addition, Michael addition, the Diels-Alder reaction, quinolones. (2 Lectures)

7. Symphoria

Symphoria, neighbouring group effects, homogenous hydrogenation, diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, oxo process and enzyme action.

(2 Lectures) 8. Macromolecules

Macromolecules, polymerization, free radical vinyl polymerization, copolymerization, ionic polymerization and living polymers, coordination polymerization, step-reaction polymerization, structure and properties of macromolecules. (3 Lectures)

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9. Carbohydrates ( Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides : Introduction, definition and classification, stereoisomers of (+)-

glucose, oxidation, osazone formation, lengthening of C-C chain of aldoses (Kiliani-Fischer

synthesis), shortening of aldoses (Ruff degradation), conversion of an aldose into its

epimer, configuration of (+)-glucose, configuration of aldoses, D and L system of

configuration, tartaric acid, families of aldoses and their absolute configuration, cyclic

structure of D-(+)-glucose and formation of glucosides, configuration at C-1, methylation

reactions, determination of ring size, conformation

Disaccharides and polysaccharides- (+)-maltose, (+)-cellulose, (+)-lactose, (+)- sucrose,

starch, structure of amylose, end group analysis, structure and reaction of cellulose.

(8 Lectures)

Books recommended

1. Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Solomens G, Fryhle C, Johnson R. Organic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Singapore. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2012: Pharmaceutical Analysis- I 3 hours/week 1. Quantitative Analysis and Data Handling

Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different techniques of analysis,

preliminaries and definition, choice of analytical method, significant figures, rules for

retaining significant figures in multiplication, division, addition and subtraction, key

number, types of errors (determinate and Indeterminate), minimization of errors,

propagation of errors in addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, exponents,

logarithms, precision and accuracy, selection of sample.

(8 Lectures)

2. Acid Base Titrations

Acid base concepts, role of the solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases, Law of mass

action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH, hydrolysis of salts, Handerson –

Hasselbach equation, buffer and buffer capacity, acid base indicators, theory of indicators,

choice of indicators, neutralization curves (strong acid strong base, strong acid weak base,

weak acid strong base and weak acid weak base) polyprotic systems, dissociation

calculations for polyprotic acids, fractions and equilibrium concentrations of dissociating

species at a given pH, salts of polyprotic acids, (amphoteric salts and unprotonated salts),

buffer calculations for polyprotic acids, titrations of polyprotic acids, amino acid system

and its titrations, pharmaceutical application in assay of H3BO3, HCl, H3PO4, NaOH and

Na2BO3.

(10 Lectures)

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3. Oxidation-Reduction Titrations

Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, equivalent weights of oxidizing and

reducing agents, electrochemical cells, reduction potential, standard reduction potential,

nemst equation, cell representations, measurement of electrode potential and its

application in determining the equilibrium constant of a reaction, concept of formal

potential, oxidation reduction curves, redox indicators, theory and principles of potassium

permanganate titrations, iodometry and iodimetry, ceric sulphate titrations, potassium

iodate titrations, sodium 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenoltitrations , pharmaceutical

applications.

(10 Lectures)

4. Precipitation Titrations

Precipitation reactions, solubility product, effects of common ion, acids, temperature and

solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, conditional solubility product, fractional

precipitation, argentometric titrations, ammonium or potassium thiocyanate titrations,

mercuric nitrate titrations, Indicators, Gay-Lussac method, Mohr's method, Volhard's

method, Fajan's method, pharmaceutical applications.

(8 Lectures)

5. Gravimetric Analysis

Precipitation techniques, the colloidal state, gravimetric factor, supersaturation, Von

Weimarn ratio, coprecipitation and its types, post precipitation, digestion, washing of the

precipitate, filtration, filter papers and crucibles, ignition, thermogravimetric curves of

copper sulphate, specific examples like barium as barium sulphate, aluminium as

aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium

pyrophosphate, organic precipitants.

(4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD, Thomas M. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Pearson Education Ltd, Singapore. Latest Edition.

2. Christian GD. Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The Athlone Press of the University of London, London, Latest Edition.

4. Indian Pharmacopoeia. The Indian Pharmacopeia Commission, Central Indian Pharmacopeia Laboratory, Govt. of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ghaziabad. Latest Edition.

5. Settle FA. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry. Pearson Education, Ltd., Singapore. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-2021: Physical Pharmaceutics–I

3 hours/week

1. Solubility and related Phenomena

General considerations, solubility expressions, determination of solubility, solvent-solute interactions, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids and solids in liquids, presentation of solubility data, solubility parameter, solubility curves, solubility product, effect of co-solvents, pH & other factors. (10 Lectures)

2. Interfacial Phenomena

2.1 Surface & Interfacial Tension: Origin & dimensions, surface free energy, contact angle, pressure difference across curved surfaces, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, surface films.

2.2 Surface Active agents: Chemical classification, HLB, solubilization and co- solubilization, Gibb's adsorption equation, critical micellar concentration, emulsification, wetting, imbibition, detergency, etc.

2.3 Adsorption at solid surface/interface: Electrical properties of interfaces, interfacial properties of particles in suspensions. (9 Lectures)

3. Rheology

Scope and concepts, Newtonian systems and viscosity, Non-Newtonian systems & flow expressions, thixotropy, determination of viscosity and other rheological parameters, applications in pharmaceutical product development.

(7 Lectures)

4. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology

Introduction, importance in pharmacy, particle size and size distribution, particle shape, particle volume, methods of determining particle size, statistical diameters from number and weight distributions, Coulter-counter method for determining particle volume, specific surface, particle number, particle volume, derived properties of powders, porosity, density, angle of repose. Flow properties of powders and factors affecting these. (10 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Martin W, Swarbrick J, Cammarata A. Physical Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-2041: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-I (APHE-I Cell Biology)

3 hours/week

1. Introduction to Human Body

Levels of body organization, skeleton, fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis & its regulation.

(2 Lectures)

2. Cellular Physiology

Structure of cell, plasma membrane, membrane transport processes, subcellular organelles, cell metabolism, cell division, cell junctions. (4 Lectures)

3. Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics

Genes, genetic code, RNA, DNA and the Genome; basic double helix structure; control of genetic function and biochemical activity in cells, molecular basis of transcription and protein synthesis. (6 Lectures)

4. Tissue Physiology

Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues; bone, skin, tissue repair; molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. (8 Lectures)

5. Physiology of Blood Cells

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, Rh factor, transfusion, hemostasis. (4 Lectures)

6. Cellular Signaling

Neurotransmitters; Receptors: G-proteins coupled and ion channel gated receptors, electrical signals in neurons, signal transmission at synapses, neural circuits, intracellular secondary messengers. (3 Lectures)

7. Health Education

Concepts of health and disease. Disease causing agents and prevention of disease. (3 Lectures)

8. Nutrition

Balanced diet, nutritional and vitamin requirements, deficiency disorders of various nutrients, their prevention and treatment (2 Lectures)

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9. Communicable Disease

Mode of transmission and prevention of chicken pox, measles, poliomyelitis, rabies, tetanus, sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency disease. Immunization and immunization schedule. (6 Lectures)

10. First Aid

Emergency treatment of shock, snakebite, burns, poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods. (2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Tortora GJ, Grabowski SR. Principles of anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA. Latest Edition.

2. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text Book of Medical Physiology. Prism Books Ltd., New Delhi on arrangement with W. B. Saunders Company, USA. Latest Edition.

3. Ganong WE. Review of Medical Physiology. Appleton and Lange, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray’s Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, USA. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2071: Pharmaceutical Statistics 3 hours/week

1. The concepts, mathematical computation (wherever applicable) and pharmaceutical applications (wherever possible) on:

Significant digits and rounding of numbers, collection of primary and secondary data through experiments on surveys, sampling and complete enumeration survey, merits and limitations of various random and non-random sampling methods, data organization including frequency distributions and tabulation, diagrammatic representation of data, simple, multiple, sub-divided and floating bar diagrams, pie diagrams, 2-D and 3-D pictographic representation, graphs of frequency and cumulative frequency distributions. (10 Lectures)

2. Measures of central tendency, ideal characteristics, mean, median, mode, GM, HM and weighted arithmetic mean from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, quartiles, deciles and percentiles, measures of dispersion, range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, calculation of standard deviation from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, standard error of means, coefficient of variation.

(10 Lectures)

3. Probability and events, Baye's theorem, probability theorems, elements of binomial and Poisson distribution, normal distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, calculation of areas under normal curve and standard normal variate (Z statistic),

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confidence limits, deviations from normality, kurtosis and skewness, elements of central limit theorem.

(8 Lectures)

4. Linear correlation and regression analysis scatter plots, method of least squares, Pearsonian coefficients of correlation and determination, definitions of amount of explained variance, standard error of estimate and significance of regression (F).

(7 Lectures)

5. Statistical inference, Type I and II errors, Students's t-test (paired and unpaired), F- test one way and two way ANOVA. Nonparametric tests, Sign test, Chi- square test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann Whiteny test, Spearman's rank correlation.

(6 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Bolton S. Pharmaceutical Statistics, Practical and Clinical Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Gupta SP. Statistical Methods. Sultan Chand & Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Daniel WW. Biostatics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. John Wiley, New York. Latest Edition.

PHARM-2111: Organic Chemistry Practical–II

3 hours/week

1. Steam distillation technique for

1.1. Separation of o- and p- nitrophenol

1.2. Separation of naphthalene from its suspension in water

2. Synthesis of organic compounds by

1.1. Acetylation (acetyl salicylic acid, acetanilide)

1.2. Benzoylation(benzamide, benzanilide, phenyl benzoate)

1.3. Nitration (p- nitroanilide, 2,4,6- trinitrophenol)

1.4. Halogenation (p-bromoacetanilide)

1.5. Oxidation(benzoic acid from benzyl chloride)

Books Recommended

1. Mann FG, Saunders BC. Practical Organic Chemistry. Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.

2. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG, Tatchell AR. Vogel’s textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. Pearson Education Ltd, Singapore. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-2112: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical–I

4 hours/week

The students should be introduced to various analytical tools and apparatus used in analytical procedures. Exercises covering the following aspects should be covered:

1. Preparation & standardization of various reagents; assays of sample given in parentheses

1.1.1. Acid base Titrations: Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide (sodium carbonate, mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, boric acid )

1.1.2. Oxidation Reduction Titrations: potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate (hydrogen peroxide, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid)

1.1.3. Precipitation Titrations: Silver nitrate , ammonium thiocyanate (sodium chloride)

2. Gravimetric Analysis : Estimation of sulphate as barium sulphate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate

3. Standardization of analytical weights, setting up of an analytical balance and calibration of volumetric apparatus.

4. Calculations for normality/ molarity of various reagents ( acid and bases)

Books Recommended

1. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD, Thomas M. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Pearson Education Ltd., Singapore. Latest Edition.

2. Christian GD. Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Beckett H, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The Athlone Press of the University of London, London. Latest Edition.


PHARM-2121: Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-I

4 hours/week

1. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by optical microscopy.

2. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by sieve analysis method.

3. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by Andreasen pipette method.

4. To determine the relative viscosity of the given Newtonian fluids by Ostwald viscometer.

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5. To study the working of a rotaviscometer.

6. To determine the critical micellar concentration by drop weight method.

7. To study the working of a DuNouy's tensiometer.

8. To determine the HLB of a given surfactant by saponification technique.

9. To determine the angle of repose of the given sizes of a powder and study the effect of moisture, talc and magnesium oxide on the angle of repose.

10. To study the effect of particle size and column head on the flow of a given powder through a glass tube.

PHARM-2141: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical–I (APHE Practical–I)

4 hours/week

1. Anatomy of Human Skeleton

2. Haematology {RBC & WBC counts, haemoglobin concentration, bleeding & clotting time)

3. Anatomy of various cells with the aid of histological slides

Books Recommended

1. Ghai CL. A Text Book of Practical Physiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Baker FJ, Silverton RE. Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

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SEMESTER – III

PHARM-3011 Chemistry of Natural Products including Heterocyclic Compounds

PHARM-3012 Medicinal Chemistry-I

PHARM-3021 Physical Pharmaceutics-II

PHARM-3022 Pharmaceutical Microbiology

PHARM-3031 Pharmacognosy-II

PHARM-3041 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-II (APHE-II)

PHARM-3111 Chemistry of Natural Products and Heterocycles Practical

PHARM-3112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I

PHARM-3121 Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-II

PHARM-3122 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical

PHARM-3131 Pharmacognosy Practical-II

PHARM-3141 Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical-II (APHE-II)

PHARM-3011: Chemistry of Natural Products Including Heterocyclic compounds

3 hours/week The following topics shall be treated in accordance with modern perspectives of structure, stereochemistry and reaction mechanism and in relation to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry.

1. Heterocyclic Chemistry Nomenclature, structure, reactions and synthesis of different heterocyclic systems: pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenothiazine and acridine. (15 Lectures)

2. Natural Products

2.1. Glycoside including cardiac glycosides and saponins: Brief introduction, occurrence, types, general structure and uses. (2 Lectures)

2.2. Fats and Oils (Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Lipoproteins): Chemistry, hydrolysis, detergents, biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids, acid value, iodine value and saponification value etc. (2 Lectures)

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2.3. Alkaloids: Isolation and general methods of structure determination, classification with examples, structure elucidation of Ephedrine and Nicotine. (5 Lectures)

2.4. Xanthine Bases (Purine, Uric acid, Alloxane): Structure elucidation of methylated xanthine bases i.e. Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine. (5 Lectures)

2.5. Terpenoids: Introduction and general methods of isolation, classification with examples, structure elucidation of Citral, Menthol and Camphor. (5 Lectures)

2.6. Flavones and Isoflavones: Occurrence and various methods of synthesis. (2 Lectures)

2.7. Coumarins: Introduction with examples. (2 Lectures)

2.8. Porphyrines: Introduction with examples. (2 Lectures)

Books recommended

1. Finar IL. Organic Chemistry. The English Language Book Society, London and Longman Groups Ltd, London. Latest Edition.

2. Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry. Prentice hall of India, Private Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Acheson RN. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Inter-Sciences Publishers, New York. Latest Edition.

4. Joule JA, Smith GF. Heterocyclic Chemistry. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3012: Medicinal Chemistry-I 2 hours/week

1. Impurity Testing Impurities in pharmaceutical substances and their control (sources and types of impurities, their limits, limit test for chloride, sulphate, iron, lead and arsenic).

(4 Lectures)

The following topics will be treated covering important methods of preparation, assay procedures and pharmaceutical uses:

2. Pharmaceutical Aids & Necessities

2.1. Official inorganic acids (boric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid), non-official inorganic acid (sulphuric acid), official inorganic bases (strong ammonia

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solution, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodalime)

2.2. Antioxidants: Theory, the selection of antioxidants, official antioxidants (hypophosphorous acid, sodium bisulphite, sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite and nitrogen). (6 Lectures)

3. Major Intra & Extracellular Electrolytes

Major physiological ions (chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium); electrolytes used in replacement therapy, sodium replacement (sodium chloride), potassium replacement (potassium chloride), calcium replacement (calcium chloride, calcium gluconate); parenteral magnesium administration (magnesium sulphate); physiological acid base balance; electrolytes used in acid base therapy (sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium biphosphate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, ammonium chloride); electrolyte combination therapy. (6 Lectures)

4. Essential and Trace Ions Iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, selenium and sulphur. Official iodine products (iodine, potassium iodide, sodium iodide). (2 Lectures)

5. Gastrointestinal Agents

5.1. Acidifying Agents

5.2. Antacids: Sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, dihydroxy aluminium amino acetate, dihydroxy aluminium, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, tribasic calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium trisilicate and combination antacid preparations.

5.3. Protectives and Adsorbents: Introduction; bismuth subnitrate, bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, attapulgite and activated charcoal.

5.4. Saline Cathartics: Introduction; sodium biphosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium sodium tartrate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulphate, sulphur, non official cathartics (sodium sulphate, potassium phosphate, potassium bitartrate, calomel). (8 Lectures)

6. Topical Agents

6.1. Protective Topical Agents: Definition; talc, insoluble zinc compounds (zinc oxide, calamine, zinc stearate), titanium dioxide, aluminium and silicone polymer.

6.2. Antimicrobials and Astringents: Antimicrobial terminology, mechanism of action, control of antimicrobial/astringent action.

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6.3. Antimicrobial Astringent Products: Oxidative antimicrobial agents; hydrogen peroxide, zinc peroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, iodine preparation and compounds.

6.4. Protein Precipitant Antimicrobial Agents: Silver nitrate, mild silver protein and related products, yellow mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury, mercuric chloride, sulphur and sulphur compounds, sublimed sulphur and precipitated sulphur, boric acid and sodium borate, antimony potassium tartrate.

6.5. Astringents: Official compounds of aluminium and zinc. (8 Lectures)

7. Dental Products

7.1. Anticaries agents: fluorides (Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride), phosphates.

7.2. Dentifrices: dentifrices containing fluorides (Pumice) and desensitizing agents (Zinc chloride and Zinc-Eugenol cement). (4 Lectures)

8. Miscellaneous Inorganic Pharmaceutical Agents Inhalants, respiratory stimulants, antidotes, expectorants and emetics. (2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Block JH, Roche E, Soine TO, Wilson CO. Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Artherden LM. Bentley and Drivers, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Delhi. Latest Edition.


4. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The Athlone Press of the University of London, London, Latest Edition.

PHARM-3021: Physical Pharmaceutics-II 3 hours/week

1. Particle Phenomena

Low & high energy solids, intermolecular forces, particle-particle interactions, particle interactions in liquids, flocculation kinetics. (2 Lectures)

2. Colloids

Dispersed systems, methods of preparation of colloidal dispersions, size & shape of colloidal particles, pharmaceutical applications, types of colloidal systems, optical, kinetic

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& electrical properties, and stability of colloidal systems, sensitization & protective colloid action. (10 Lectures)

3. Kinetics and drug stability

General considerations and concepts, zero order, first order, second order reactions, complex reactions, influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, thermodynamic considerations and mechanisms in general. Degradation of medicinal agents, hydrolysis and oxidation, accelerated stability (shelf-life determination). (10 Lectures)

4. Complexation

Metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, occlusion compounds and analysis of complexation, protein binding, hydrophobic interaction and self association. (8 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Martin W, Swarbrick J, Cammarata A. Physical Pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.


PHARM-3022: Pharmaceutical Microbiology 2 hours/week

1. Microbiology

1.1. Historical Development

(2 Lectures) 1.2. General Biology of Bacteria

Morphology of bacteria, nutritional requirements of bacteria, different types media for growth, and enumeration of bacteria, physical conditions of monitoring growth, growth curve, continuous flow culture, synchronous growth and cytomorphosis, bacterial cell count determination - direct and Indirect methods, purification of bacterial cultures and different staining techniques for characterization and identification of bacteria. (10 Lectures)

2. Preservation and Preservatives

2.1. Definition of bactericide, bacteriostat, disinfectants, sanitizer and antiseptic.

2.2. Methods of Evaluation of Disinfectants

Phenol Coefficient Tests: Rideal Walker, Chick Martin, and surface film tests, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations.

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2.3. Dynamics of Antimicrobial Action of Disinfectants

Mechanistic and vitalistic theories, factors affecting rate of antimicrobial action.

(8 Lectures) 3. Sterilization

3.1. Sterilization by Heat

3.1.1. Dry heat-design of equipment, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

3.1.2. Moist heat- factors affecting thermal destruction of microorganisms, preliminary concept of saturated steam and superheated steam, design of portable autoclaves, applications, advantages and disadvantages of method.

3.1.3. Testing the efficiency of sterilizers. (8 Lectures)

3.2. Chemical Methods Gaseous sterilization by ethylene oxide and factors affecting its efficiency, applications. (2 Lectures)

3.3. Mechanical Methods/Bacteria Proof Filtration Different devices used (sintered glass, sintered porcelain, fibrous pads, membrane filter), testing of filters, bubble pressure technique and pore size determination. Advantages and disadvantages of bacterial filtration. Mechanism of bacterial filtration. (3 Lectures)

3.4. Radiation Methods

3.4.1. Ultraviolet radiations- sources, penetrating power and applications.

3.4.2. Ionizing radiations - mode of action, sterilizing dose, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

(3 Lectures)

4. Surgical Supplies

Surgical Dressings: Definition, classification, primary and secondary dressings, and protectives. Sutures and ligatures: definition, absorbable, non absorbable and metallic sutures. (4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Pelczar MJ. Reid and Chan Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Carter SJ. Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Medical Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Hugo WB, Russel AD. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-3031: Pharmacognosy-II 3 hours/week

1. Factors involved in the production of drugs from wild and cultivated sources including cultivation, collection, drying, storage, commerce and quality control. (4 Lectures)

2. Study of carbohydrate containing drugs dealing with biological sources; geographical distribution, collection, commercial production, chemical constituents, chemical tests for identity, substituents, adulterants and uses of the following:

Acacia, Tragacanth, Sterculia, Xanthan, Guar gum, Plantago, Starches and Cellulose. (8 Lectures)

3. Study of lipids and lipid containing drugs dealing with the general methods of extraction of fixed oils, biological source, chemical constituents, tests for identity, and uses of the following:

Arachis oil, Castor oil, Sesame oil, Cotton seed oil, Almond oil and Olive oil. (5 Lectures)

4. Study of drugs containing resins and resin combinations: Colophony, Podophyllum, Cannabis, Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin and Storax. (9 Lectures)

5. Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambir, Catechu and Hamamelis. (5 Lectures)

6. Sources, chemical tests for identity and salient microscopic features of the following fibres:

Cotton, Jute, Flax, Silk wool, Rayon, Nylon and Glass wool. (8 Lectures)

7. Study of the biological sources, constituents and uses of the following selected drugs from animal sources:

Cantharides, Beeswax, Wool fat, Cod liver oil, Honey and Gelatin. (5 Lectures)

8. Preparation of herbarium specimens of plant drugs. (1 Lecture)

Books Recommended





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PHARM-3041: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education-II 3 hours/week

1. Nervous System Neuron and its neurotransmission, structure of brain & spinal cord, spinal reflexes, arrangement and functions of autonomic nervous system; basal ganglia, reticular activating system, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex; significance of electroencephalogram. (10 Lectures)

2. Cardiovascular System Structure of heart, haemodynamics, cardiac cycle, impulse generation in pacemaker and cardiac tissue, significance of electrocardiogram, regulation of cardiac output and blood pressure. (7 Lectures)

3. Respiratory System Structure, respiratory volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange and transport in blood, compliance and resistance, nervous and chemical regulations of respiration, acid-base balance. (5 Lectures)

4. Renal System Structure of kidney and urinary tracts, nephron transport processes, concentration and dilution of urine, renal control of body fluids, renal plasma clearance, blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, micturition. (5 Lectures)

5. Digestive System Structure of alimentary canal, functions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic and bile secretions; carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, structure and functions of liver. (5 Lectures)

6. Endocrine and reproductive system Endocrine glands, hormone activity, mechanism of hormone action, hormones of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries & testes; menstrual cycle, pregnancy, family planning. (6 Lectures)

7. Lymphatic System Function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes, spleen.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Tortora GJ, Grabowski SR. Principles of anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA. Latest Edition.

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2. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text Book of Medical Physiology. Prism Books Ltd., New Delhi on arrangement with W. B. Saunders Company, USA. Latest Edition.

3. Ganong WE. Review of Medical Physiology. Appleton and Lange, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray’s Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, USA. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3111: Chemistry of Natural Products and Heterocycles Practical

3 hours/week

Analysis of fats and oils and extraction of selected natural products; preparative organic pharmaceutical chemistry.

Books Recommended

1. Mann FG, Saunders BC. Practical Organic Chemistry. Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.

2. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG, Tatchell AR. Vogel’s textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. Pearson Education Ltd, Singapore. Latest Edition.


4. British Pharmacopoeia. The Stationery Office on behalf of the Medicine and Health care product Regulatory Agency, London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3112: Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I 2 hours/week

1. Purification of Selected Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate.

2. Preparation of Selected Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Potash alum, Mohr salt, ferrous oxalate and sodium ferric oxalate.

3. Limit Test for Impurities in Pharmaceutical Compounds: Chloride, sulphate and Iron.

Books Recommended

1. Svehla G. Vogel's Textbook of Micro and Semimicro-Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. Orient Longman, Hyderabad. Latest Edition.


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PHARM-3121: Physical Pharmaceutics Practical-II 3 hours/week

1. To study the influence of pH on degradation of a drug.

2. To study the solubility of binary system of phenol and water at different temperatures and concentrations.

3. To study the influence of a third component on the UCT of phenol-water binary system.

4. To study the ternary phase system using given solvent combinations.

5. To study the influence of pH on solubility behaviour of a given weak electrolyte.

6. To study the influence of surfactant on the solubility of an insoluble drug.

7. To study the partition coefficient of a given drug.

8. To determine the RHLB value for a given emulsion.

9. To determine the work done in the emulsification process.

10. To study the protein binding of a given drug.

11. To study the phenomenon of complexation.

PHARM-3122: Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical 3 hours/week

1. Microscopic examination of living bacterial preparation by hanging drop procedures.

2. Performance of staining procedures such as

a. Simple staining

b. Differential staining (Gram’s staining)

c. Capsule staining

d. Spore staining

3. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient broth.

4. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar slants.

5. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar plates.

6. Enumeration of skin flora.

7. Enumeration of laboratory flora.

8. Isolation of pure cultures by streaking method.

9. To study various biochemical activities of microorganisms.

10. To find out the Rideal Walker coefficient of a given disinfectant.

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PHARM-3131: Pharmacognosy Practical-II 3 hours/week

1. Submission of herbarium sheets and reports on common medicinal and poisonous plants collected.

2. Chemical tests of fixed oils studied in theory.

3. Phytochemical screening for alkaloids, polycyclic compounds (saponins, sterols, cardenolides and bufadienolides), flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, and carbohydrates (gums, mucilages).

4. Microscopic and chemical examination of drugs containing gums, mucilages, resins and resin combinations.

5. Microscopic and physico-chemical examination of fibres used as surgical dressing and filtering aids.

6. Study of animal drugs covered in theory.

Books Recommended

1. Wallis TE. Textbook of Pharmacognosy. J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London. Latest Edition.



4. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE. Pharmacognosy. KM Varghese Company, Bombay. Latest Edition.

PHARM-3141: Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Practical-II 3 hours/week

1. Anatomy of various organs with the aid of models and slides.

2. Biochemical indices of liver & kidney.

3. Recording of blood pressure, ECG, lung volume and capacity using Biopac system.

Books Recommended

1. Ghai CL. A Text Book of Practical Physiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Baker FJ, Silverton RE. Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

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SEMESTER - IV

PHARM-4011 Physical Chemistry

PHARM-4021 Pharmaceutical Technology-II

PHARM-4022 Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations

PHARM-4031 Pharmacognosy-III

PHARM-4041 Pharmacology-I

PHARM-4081 Environmental Studies

PHARM-4111 Physical Chemistry Practical

PHARM-4121 Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-II

PHARM-4122 Pharmaceutical Operations Practical

PHARM-4131 Pharmacognosy Practical-III

PHARM-4141 Pharmacology Practical-I

PHARM-4011: Physical Chemistry 2 hours/week

1. State of Matter

1.1. Gaseous State: The critical phenomenon (critical temperature, critical pressure, critical volume, P-V isotherm of carbon dioxide. Vander Waal equation and critical state, the principle of corresponding states.

1.2. Liquids: Additive and constitutive properties, molar volume, molar refraction, dipole moment, parachor, optical rotation, hydrophobicity, and their importance in structure elucidation.

1.3. Solids : Amorphous and crystalline solids, symmetry of crystals and types of crystals, space lattice and unit cell, Bragg’s equation, powder diffraction, and single crystal method , pharmaceutical application.

(5 Lectures)

2. Thermodynamics

2.1. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics: Preliminary and definitions of systems surrounding macroscopic properties and state variables, thermodynamic equilibria, extensive and intensive properties, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy and first law, enthalpy of system, heat capacity, correlation between Cp and Cv for an ideal gas. Work done on reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Maximum

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work. Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, work of expansion, internal energy change and enthalpy change. Comparison of isothermal and adiabatic changes. (4 Lectures)

2.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Limitations of first law and need of second law. Cyclic process, Carnot cycle, definition of second law of thermodynamics, spontaneous process. Concept of entropy, entropy change accompanying change of phase, entropy, changes in reversible and irreversible processes. Absolute entropy, determination of absolute entropy with the help of third law of thermodynamics. (4 Lectures)

2.3. Free Energy and Equilibrium: Helmholtz and Gibb's free energy, variation of free energy with temperature and pressure, Gibb's Helmholtz equation, thermodynamics of open system, chemical potential, Gibb's Duhm equation, change of chemical potential with temperature and pressure, Clapeyron-Clausious equation and its applications. The law of mass action, thermodynamic treatment of the law of mass action and chemical equilibria, expressions for equilibrium constants, relation between Kp, Kc, effect of volume, pressure and temperature, applications of thermodynamics (3 Lectures)

3. Solutions Solutions: Colligative properties of dilute solution, lowering of vapor pressure of non-volatile solute, osmosis and osmotic pressure in terms of chemical potential, Vant-Hoff equation for osmotic pressure of dilute solutions, elevation of boiling point and depression in freezing point by a non-volatile solute, determination of molar mass from vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation and freezing point depression, Solute distributing in immiscible solvent, distribution coefficient, conditions for validity of distribution law and the thermodynamic derivation, activity and activity coefficient, molar conductance, Debye Huckel theory of strong electrolytes, mean activity coefficient, conductometric titrations, applications

(6 Lectures)

4. Kinetics

4.1. Reaction Rate: Rate and rate constant, order and molecularity, zero, first and second order reactions, half life time, integration of rate expressions, methods of determining order of a reaction, effect of temperature on reaction rates, Arrhenius equation. Concept of steady state approximation, activation energy, energy barrier. Collision and activated complex theory of bimolecular reactions.

4 Lectures)

4.2. Catalysis: Characteristics of catalyzed reactions; definition of the terms, autocatalysis, negative catalysis, inhibitors, promoters, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base catalysis and its mechanism, enzyme catalysis, Michaelis Menten equation, turn over number, the Line Weaver-Burk method.

(2 Lectures)

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5. Photochemistry Introduction, consequences of light absorption, the Jablonski diagram, Lambert beer law, Grotthus Draper law, the Stark-Einstein law of Photochemical equivalence, Quantum efficiency of quantum yield, Photochemical reaction.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Laidler KJ. Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications. Benjamin Inc., New York. Latest Edition.

2. Brey WS. Physical Chemistry and its Biological Applications. Academic Press, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Puri BR, Sharma LR, Pathania MS. Principles of Physical Chemistry. Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co., Jalandhar. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4021: Pharmaceutical Technology-II 2 hours/week

1. Injection Technology

Preformulation Factors: Aqueous vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and its adjustments (based on freezing point data, molecular concentration). Emulsions and suspensions as parenterals (8 Lectures)

2. Containers (a) Glass and problems associated with its use for parenterals, types of glass, test for alkalinity, non-actinic glass, (b) Plastics - an introduction, tests for injection containers. (8 Lectures)

3. Closures Characteristics of good pharmaceutical rubber. Quality control of rubber caps. (2 Lectures)

4. Prefilling Treatments

Cleaning containers and glassware, cleaning of closures, preparation of solution. (2 Lectures)

5. Aseptic Techniques

Sources of contamination and method of prevention, design of an aseptic area site size, windows, doors and services, laminar flow hoods and their efficiency tests. (5 Lectures)

6. Quality Control Tests on Parenterals

Inspection for particulate matter. Testing for faulty seals. Sterility Tests: Introduction to the culture media used, testing procedures, controls, inactivation of antibacterial samples, a brief outline of tests on-powders, oils and

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ointments. Pyrogen Tests: A brief outline of the Sham test and the LAL test. (15 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Pelczar MJ. Reid and Chan Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi. Latest Edition.


3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA. Latest Edition.

4. Hugo WB, Russel AD, Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. London. Latest Edition.

PHARM 4022: Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations 2 hours/week

1. Introduction

Fundamental principles/laws, simple cases of material balances applied on single units, unit conversions. (3 Lectures)

2. Fluid Flow

Manometers, (U-tube, differential and inclined tube), concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, pumps-gear, reciprocating and centrifugal, flow meters. (5 Lectures)

3. Mixing

Theories of mixing, mixing devices (propellers, turbines and paddles), mixing of solids. (3 Lectures)

4. Filtration

Theory of filtration, filter aids, filtering media and various filters, plate and frame filter press, rotary drum filters, metafilters, filter candles, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration. (5 Lectures)

5. Phase Equilibria for Gas Liquid Systems

Experimental measurement, estimation using simple laws like Raoult's law, Henry's law, representation of this data graphically in various forms. Theory of distillation of mixtures, plate, continuous contact system, differential distillation, vacuum distillation, molecular distillation (only basic concepts). (6 Lectures)

6. Basic Laws of Heat Transfer

Conduction, convection and radiation, concept of fluid film resistances, simple problems

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based on these laws, double pipe heat exchanger, shell tube heat exchanger. (4 Lectures)

7. Evaporation

Principles, elevation in boiling points, single and multiple effect evaporation principle, steam economy and evaporator capacity, evaporation still, Introduction to different types of evaporators. (4 Lectures)

8. Drying

Concept of moisture content, bound and unbound moisture, critical and equilibrium moisture content, drying a batch of solid under constant drying conditions, spray dryer, drum dryer, rotating drum dryer, fluidized bed dryer and tray dryer, sublimation and freeze drying. (5 Lectures)

9. Psychrometry

Definition of humidification and dehumidification, psychrometric or humidity charts, spray chambers for conditioning air for the storage of pharmaceutical materials.

(4 Lectures)

10. Refrigeration

Principle of refrigeration and air conditioning equipments and applications in pharmacy. (2 Lectures)

11. Materials for Pharmaceutical Plant Construction

Factors affecting the choice for selection of material, metals, ferrous and nonferrous metals including alloys, nonmetals including plastics, glass, rubber, wood, etc. (4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. McCabe and Smith, Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill Co., New York. Latest Edition.


3. Lachman LA, Liberman HA, Kanig, JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. Latest Edition.

4. Badger, Introduction to Chemical Engineering. McGraw Hill Co., New York. Latest Edition.

5. Rowlins EA. Bentley's Text Book of Pharmaceutics. Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. Latest Edition.

6. Sambamurthy K. Pharmaceutical Engineering. New Age Int. Publishers, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-4031: Pharmacognosy-III 3 hours/week

Study of drugs given below under section 1.1 and 1.2 for: biological source, chemical constituents and uses.

For drugs printed in bold and in parenthesis, also include study of cultivation, collection, substitutes, adulterants, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and chemical tests for identity of drugs.

1. Glycoside containing drugs

1.1 Saponin Drugs: Dioscorea and (Glycyrrhiza). (2 Lectures)

1.2 Cardioactive Drugs: Squill. Strophanthus and (Digitalis). (3 Lectures)

1.3 Anthraquinone Drugs: Rhubarb and Cascara, (Aloe and Senna). (4 Lectures)

2. Alkaloid containing drugs

2.1 Pyridine-piperidine Group: Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia. (2 Lectures)

2.2 Tropane Group: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus and (Datura). (3 Lectures)

2.3 Quinoline, Isoquinoline Group: Ipecac, (Cinchona and Opium). (4 Lectures)

2.4 Indole Group: Catharanthus, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Ergot and (Rauwolfia). (5 Lectures)

2.5 Imidazole Group: Pilocarpus. (1 Lecture)

2.6 Steroidal Group: Veratrum and Kurchi. (2 Lectures)

2.7 Alkaloidal Amine Group: Ephedra and (Colchicum). (2 Lectures)

3. Study of following plant adaptogens for their chemical constituents and pharmacological properties: Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Brhami. (3 Lectures)

4. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Papain, Pepsin, Pancreatin. (2 Lectures)

5. Study of mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways with special reference to the biosynthesis

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of cinchona and tropane alkaloids, digitalis glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids. (12 Lectures)

Books Recommended





PHARM-4041: Pharmacology-I 3 hours/week

1. Introduction

Definition, historical development, and scope of pharmacology. (1 Lectures)

2. Pharmacodynamics

Molecular mechanisms of drug action, receptors, receptor classification, theory of drug-receptor interactions, potentiation, antagonism phenomenon. (4 Lectures)

3. Pharmacokinetics

Drug absorption and its mechanism, factors affecting drug absorption, routes of drug administration, bioavailability, bioequivalence, distribution, plasma protein binding, half life of drug, biotransformation and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system and excretion of drugs. (4 Lectures)

4. Pharmacology of Autonomic Nervous Systems

Autonomic neurotransmission, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, neuromuscular blocking agents. (11 Lectures)

5. Pharmacology of Central Nervous Systems

Neurohumoral transmission in CNS, general & local anesthetics, alcohol, hypnotics-sedatives, analgesics (narcotics and NSAIDs), centrally acting muscle relaxants, CNS stimulants and hallucinogens, drug addiction and drug abuse, Pathobiological aspects & drug therapy of epilepsy, Parkinson, schizophrenia, mania, anxiety, depression and Alzheimer disease. (25 Lectures)

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Books Recommended

1. Gilman AG, Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Macmillian Publishing Co. Inc., London. Latest Edition.

2. Craig CR, Stitzel RE. Modem Pharmacology. Little Brown and Company. New York. Latest Edition.

3. Katzung BG. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4081: Environmental Studies 3 hours/week

1. The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

1.1. Definition, scope and importance.

1.2. Need for public awareness. (2 Lectures)

2. Natural Resources and their Conservation

2.1. Forest Resources Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies, timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people.

2.2. Water Resources Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams - benefits and problems, water quality management - management of water resources including rivers, lakes, ground water, flurosis and arsenic problems.

2.3. Mineral Resources Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies.

2.4. Food Resources World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies.

2.5. Energy Resources Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources, case studies.

2.6. Land Resources Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification.

2.7. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources and prevention of pollution.

2.8. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.

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2.9. Disaster management floods, earth quakes, cyclone and landslides. (6 Lectures)

3. Ecology and Ecosystem

3.1. Definition of ecology.

3.2. Structure and function of an ecosystem.

3.3. Producers, consumers and decomposers.

3.4. Energy flow in the ecosystem.

3.5. Ecological succession.

3.6. Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.

3.7. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystem:

3.7.1. Forest ecosystem.

3.7.2. Grassland ecosystem.

3.7.3. Desert ecosystem.

3.7.4. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, ocean estuaries). (6 Lectures)

4. Biodiversity and its Conservation

4.1. Introduction – Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

4.2. Value of biodiversity – Consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, astheticand option values.

4.3. Biodiversity at global, national and local levels.

4.4. India as a mega-diversity nation.

4.5. Hot spots of biodiversity.

4.6. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife conflicts.

4.7. Endangered and endemic species of India.

4.8. Conservation of biodiversity.

4.9. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity. (6 Lectures)

5. Environmental Pollution

5.1. Air pollution – Definition, causes, and control measures, air quality management, air pollution case studies.

5.2. Water pollution.

5.3. Marine pollution

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5.4. Thermal pollution.

5.5. Soil pollution – Definition, causes and control measures, case studies.

5.6. Noise pollution.

5.7. Nuclear hazards waste management.

5.8. Waste management through cleaner technologies, reuse and recycling of wastes.

5.9. Solid waste management - Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes, hazards waste, biomedical waste.

5.9.1. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.

5.10. Pollution case studies.

5.11. Disaster management - Floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides. (6 Lectures)

6. Social issues and the environment

6.1. From unsustainable to sustainable development

6.2. Urban problems and related to energy.

6.3. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.

6.4. Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies.

6.5. Environmental ethics - Issues and possible solutions.

6.6. Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case studies.

6.7. Wasteland reclamation.

6.8. Consumerism and waste products.

6.9. Legislation to protect the environment-

6.10. Environmental Protection Act.

6.11. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

6.12. Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act.

6.13. Wildlife Protection Act Forest Conservation Act.

6.14. Forest Conservation Act.

6.15. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.

6.16. Public awareness. (5 Lectures)

7. Human Population and the Environment

7.1. Population growth, variation among nations.

7.2. Population explosion, Family Welfare Programme.

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7.3. Enviroment and Human Health.

7.4. Human Rights.

7.5. Value education.

7.6. HIV/AIDS.

7.7. Women and child welfare.

7.8. Role of information technology in environment and human health.

7.9. Case studies. (5 Lectures)

8. Field Work (any two of the following)

8.1. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets-river/forest/grassland/ hill/mountain.

8.2. Visit to a local polluted site – Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural.

8.3. Study of common plants, insects, birds.

8.4. Study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, hill slopes, etc.

(6 Lectures)

9. Environmental issues related to Pharmaceutical Sciences

Toxicity of general laboratory chemicals and solvents used in Pharmaceutical sciences. (3 Lectures)

PHARM-4111: Physical Chemistry Practical 3 hours/week

Experiments based on the principle discussed in colligative properties, kinetics, electrochemistry, thermochemistry, partitioning and additive constitutive properties shall be covered.

Books Recommended

1. Dass RC, Behere B. Experimental Physical Chemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Nadkarnay VV, Kothore AN, Lawande YV. Practical Physical Chemistry. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. Latest Edition.

3. Kitchener JA. Findlay's Physical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co., London. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-4121: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-II 3 hours/week

1. To carry out the tests for alkalinity on the given injection containers.

2. Preparation of the following Pharmacopoeial injections:

2.1. Water for injection

2.2. Dextrose saline injection

2.3. Phenol oily injection

2.4. Ascorbic acid injection

2.5. Procaine adrenaline injection

2.6. Ethanolamine oleate injection

2.7. Calcium gluconate injection

2.8. Aminophylline injection

2.9. Sodium bicarbonate injection

2.10. Thiamine hydrochloride injection

3. To carry out tests for sterility on different classes of parenteral preparations:

3.1. Aqueous injections: e.g. Water for injection, Dextrose saline injection.

3.2. Oily injections: e.g., Phenol oily injection

3.3. Injections containing bactericide: Ascorbic acid injection, Procaine adrenative injection

3.4. Injections requiring sub culturing: Ethanolamine oleate injection, Calcium gluconate injection

PHARM-4122: Pharmaceutical Operations Practical 3 hours/week

A. Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations

1. Learning to plot on simple, semi-log and double log graph papers and calculation of slope in each case.

2. Calibration of differential headmeters i.e., orificemeter, venturimeter and aerameter i.e. rotameter installed in laboratory.

3. Determination of the work done by a pump (W) in transferring fluid from the bottom of a tank to the top of it.

4. Study of the relationship between modified Reynold's number and fluidization porosity using the provided material.

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5. Study of the drying curve through conduct of drying experiment on the provided wet material.

6. Calculation of the vaporization efficiency of a given steam distillation set up and determination of the effect of lagging.

7. Calculation of the values of Vc and (r) of the given slurry using simple filtration assembly and calculation of the optimum time of filtration cycle.

8. Study of product after grinding and crushing in a mass and mill.

9. Study on the batch distillation using the provided material.

10. Determination of HETP for distillation column operated at total reflux.

B. Engineering Drawing

1. Study of orthographic projection, first angle and third angle projection systems, and symbols for methods of projection.

2. Study of lines, dimensioning, scales and sheet layout.

3. Learning the procedure for preparing a scale drawing.

4. Simple exercises on conversion of pictorial views into orthographic views (in scale drawing at least 3 exercises).

5. Simple exercises of drawing sectional views (at least 3 exercises).

Book Recommended

1. Bhatt ND. Machine Drawing. Charotar Publisher House Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Punjab. Latest Edition.

2. Sidheshwar N, Kanhaiah S. Machine Drawing. Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Narayanan KL, Reddy KV. Machine Drawing. New Age International Publisher, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4131: Pharmacognosy Practical-III 3 hours/week

1. Pharmacognostic study of some important drugs covered in theory.

2. Microscopic study of mixture of powdered crude drugs for identification.

3. Gross identification of crude drugs.

Books Recommended


2. Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Ltd., Latest Edition.

3. Wallis TE. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. JA Churchill Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Atal CK, Kapur BM. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, Latest Edition.

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5. The Wealth of India, Vol. I to Vol. XI. CSIR, New Delhi. 1968.

6. Satyavati GV, Raina MK. Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 1, ICMR, New Delhi. 1976.

7. Satyavati GV, Raina MK. Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2, ICMR, New Delhi. 1987.

8. Dewick PM. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. John Wiley & Sons. Latest Edition.

PHARM-4141: Pharmacology Practical-I 3 hours/week

1. Pharmacology of receptors: Dose response relationship using rat colon, rat ileum as isolated preparations.

2. Studies of various routes of drug administration.

3. Experimental techniques for evaluation of analgesics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, muscle relaxant activity (rotarod), local anaesthetics, antiparkinsonians etc.

4. Muscle grip strength study using Biopac System.

5. Computerized simulation experiments of muscle physiology.

Books Recommended

1. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta. Latest Edition.

2. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

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SEMESTER SYSTEM

SEMESTER-V

PHARM-5011: Medicinal Chemistry -II

PHARM-5012: Biochemistry

PHARM-5023: Pharmaceutical Technology-III

PHARM-5024: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology

PHARM-5045: Pharmacology-II

PHARM-5096 Communication Skills and Scientific Writing

PHARM-5111: Medicinal Chemistry Practical –II

PHARM-5112: Biochemistry Practical

PHARM-5123: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-III

PHARM-5124: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology Practical

PHARM-5145: Pharmacology Laboratory-II

PHARM-5011: Medicinal Chemistry-II

3hours/week

The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure-activity relationship, physico-chemical and steric aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be mainly on B.P. and I.P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under each topic would be covered:

1. Adrenergic Hormones and Drugs including biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism of catecholamines (Adrenaline, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Amphetamine, Naphazoline).

(6 Lectures)

2. Cholinergics and Anticholinesterases including biosynthesis, storage and metabolism of acetylcholine (Methacholine Chloride, Neostigmine Bromide). (6 Lectures)

3. Antispasmodic and Antiulcer Drugs (Cyclopentolate, Propantheline Bromide, Benzhexol). (4 Lectures)

4. Antiparkinsonism Drugs (Apomorphine) (1 Lectures)

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5. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Gallamine Triethiodide, Succinylcholine chloride) (6 Lectures)

6. Hypoglycaemic Drugs (Tolbutamide) (4 Lectures)

7. Thyroid Hormones and Antithyroid Drugs (L- Thyroxine, Propylthiouracil) (3 Lectures)

8. Anticoagulants and Haemostatic Agents (Warfarin, Phenindione) (2 Lectures)

9. Oxytocins (includes discussion on Ergot alkaloids also) (Ergometrine) (2 Lectures)

10. Antihistamines including discussion on Sodium Cromoglycate (Mepyramine, Diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine).

(4 Lectures)

11. Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (includes anti-gout Drugs also) (Indomethacin, Phenylbutazone, Allopurinol, Probenecid).

(5 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Wolff ME. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Delgado JN, Remers WA. Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

3. Foye WC. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

4. Singh H, Kapoor V.K. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Vallabh Prakashan. New Delhi. Latest Edition.

5. Reynolds JEF. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-5012: Biochemistry

3 hours/week

The following topics shall be dealt with restricting the coverage of each topic keeping in view the requirement of pharmaceutical sciences and the biochemical applications in understanding the medicinal chemistry in its modern perspective:

1. Biochemical organization of the cell, transport across cell membrane - facilitated diffusion, active transport, membrane channels (3 Lectures)

2. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from equilibrium constant and reduction potential , bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance

(1 Lecture)

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3. Enzymes: Nomenclature, Michaelis-Menten equation for single susbtatre enzymes and its transformation for LineWeaver Burk plot, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and isoenzymes in clinical diagnosis. (2 Lectures)

4. Cofactors: Metals and Co-enzymes

Co enzymic forms of Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Lipoic acid, Biotin, Folic acid, Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 . (2 Lectures)

5. Carbohydrate Metabolism

5.1. Glycogen metabolism and its regulation, role of nucleotides in carbohydrate metabolism

5.2. Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation, Utilization of galactose and fructose 5.3. Pentose phosphate pathway.

(3 Lectures)

6. The citric Acid Cycle

6.1. Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle.

6.2. Amphibolic role of the cycle.

6.3. Glyoxylic acid cycle. (2 Lectures)

7. Lipid Metabolism

7.1. Beta-oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and its energetics. Alpha-oxidation.

7.2. Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization.

7.3. Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

7.4. Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leucotrienes

7.5. Biosynthesis of Glycero and Sphingo phospholipids (7 Lectures)

8. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation (3 Lectures)

9. Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycle

9.1. Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, nitrification and nitrate assimilation.

9.2. Sulphate activation, sulphate reduction.

9.3. Incorporation of H2S in organic compounds.

9.4. Release of sulphur from organic compounds. (3 Lectures)

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10. Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen Containing Monomers

10.1. Nitrogen balance.

10.2. Biosynthesis of amino acids (Excluding aromatic amino acids).

10.3. Catabolism of amino acids ( Excluding Phe, Trp, His)

10.4. Assimilation of ammonia.

10.5. Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle.

10.6. Porphyrin biosynthesis, formation of bile pigments.

10.7. Purine biosynthesis.

10.8. Purine nucleotide interconversion.

10.9. Pyrimidine biosynthesis.

10.10. Formation of deoxyribonucleotides. (8 Lectures)

11. Replication of DNA (only prokaryotes) and its repair. (2 Lectures)

12. Biosynthesis of RNA and basic ideas of its processing. (2 Lectures)

13. Elementary idea of translation including genetic code and inhibitors of translation (targeting of proteins excluded). (2 Lectures)

14. Basic regulation of gene expression (lac operon only).

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Martin DW, Mayes PA, Rodwell VM. Harpers Review of Biochemistry. Lange Medical Publications. California. Latest Edition.

2. Conn EE, Stumpf PK. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

3. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger’s Principle of Biochemistry. WH Freeman & Company, New York. Latest Edition.

4. Harrow B, Mazur A. Textbook of Biochemistry. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

5. Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemsitry. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

6. Chatterjea MN, Shinde R. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. Jintender P. Vij. Publisher, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

7. Stryer L. Biochemistry. WH Freeman & Company, San Francisco. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-5023: Pharmaceutical Technology-III

3 hours/week

1. Aerosol

Definition, advantages of aerosol dosage forms, propellants, containers, valves, mode of operation, formulation of pharmaceutical aerosols, types and systems, selection of components, manufacture, labelling, quality control and testing of pharmaceutical aerosols.

(7 Lectures)

2. Microencapsulation

Fundamental Considerations: Application, coating materials, methodology coacervation - phase separation, air suspension, multiorifice-centrifugal process, pan coating, spray drying and spray congealing, polymerization, solvent evaporation and multiple emulsion technique.

(7 Lectures)

3. Emulsions

General consideration, types of emulsion, test for identification of emulsion type, theory of emulsification, formulation of emulsion, mechanical equipments for emulsification, stability of emulsions, assessment of emulsion shelf-life.

(5 Lectures)

4. Suspensions

Practical considerations, pharmaceutical applications, formulation of suspensions - flocculated and deflocculated systems, suspending agents, evaluation of suspension stability.

(5 Lectures)

5. Semisolids

Percutaneous absorption (structure, function and topical treatment of human skin), basic principles of diffusion, through membranes, skin transport, factors affecting percutaneous absorption, types of vehicles, preservation, evaluation and methods for studying percutaneous absorption.

(6 Lectures)

6. Suppositories

Introduction, anatomy and physiology of rectum, absorption of drugs from the rectum, factors affecting drug absorption from rectum, types of suppository bases, formulation/manufacturing processes, specific formulation problems, packaging/storage of suppositories, testing of suppositories.

(5 Lectures)

7. Ophthalmic Preparations

Introduction, ocular bioavailability, and classification of ophthalmic products - eye drops,

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semisolid dosage forms: ophthalmic ointments and gels, formulation considerations. (5 Lectures) Books Recommended

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

2. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. LeE and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

3. Carter SJ. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. Pitman Books Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Ansel HS, Popovich NG. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

5. Rowlins EA. Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics. Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. Latest Edition.

PHARM-5024: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology

3 hours/week

1. Microbe-Host Interaction

The process of infection, sources and vectors of infection, factors influencing infection.

(2 Lectures) 2. Immune Systems and Immunological Preparations

2.1 Structure and functions of PMN and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells such as lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) and plasma cells.

2.2 Non-specific host resistance, natural and specific resistance, mechanical, chemical and cellular mechanisms of defence. Role of phagocytic cells through chemotaxis migration, ingestion, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria through lysosomal enzymes.

2.3 Haemopoiesis and lymphoid organs, stem cells and their differentiation, briefly about medical applications of stem cells, structure and functions of primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

2.4 Antigens, haptens, immunoglobulins, humoral and cellular immunity, MHC antigens and T cell receptor, mechanisms of antibody formation, monoclonal antibodies, antigen-antibody reaction, hypersensitivity.

2.5 Active-passive immunization, preparation of vaccines and serum, standardization and storage. Briefly about new trends in vaccine development

(15 Lectures) 3. Viruses

Classification, structure, methods of their replication, phenomenon of viral interference and interferons, phages and their multiplication, lysogeny and lysogenic conversion.

(2 Lectures)

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4. Genetic Recombination

Introduction to genes, transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombinant DNA tools (gene cloning). Introduction to polymerase chain reaction, gene therapy and gene delivery system.

(6 Lectures)

5. Fermentation Technology

Batch, fed batch and continuous fermentation bioreactors, fermenter and its design, control of different parameters in fermentation process, use of mutagenic agents, design of the fermentation process, isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycin, tetracyclines and vitamin B12 .

(4 Lectures)

6. Microbial Transformation

Introduction, types of reactions mediated by microorganisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection of organisms, biotransformation processes and its improvement with special reference to corticosteroids.

(4 Lectures)

7. Immobilization Technology

Techniques of immobilization of enzymes, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, bacterial enzymes such as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, streptodornase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

(5 Lectures)

8. Biotechnology

Introduction, biotechnology drugs, antisense nucleotides, pharmacognostical applications, pharmacological applications, pharmaceutical manufacturing applications, organic synthesis applications, list of biotechnology medicines approved and in development state.

(4 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Carter SJ. Cooper and Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy. Pitman Medical, London. Latest Edition.

2. Brock TD, Madigan MT. Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice Hall, NJ. Latest Edition.

3. Tortora GJ, Funke BS, Case CL. Microbiology: An introduction. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., California. Latest Edition.

4. Hugo WB, Russel AD. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Latest Edition.

5. Kieslich K. Biotechnology, Vol. 6a. Verlag Chemie, Basel, Switzerland. Latest Edition.

6. Volk WA, Benzamin DC, Kander RJ, Parsona JT. Essentials of Medical Microbiology., JB Lippincott, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

7. Remington, The Science and PractIce of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Co., USA. Latest Edition.

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PHARM-5045: Pharmacology-II

3 hours/week

1. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of hypertension, arrhythmia, angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure & shock. (20 Lectures)

2. Drugs Acting on Blood & Blood Forming Agents

Haematinics, erythropoietin, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, and plasma expenders. (4 Lectures)

3. Pharmacology of Endocrine System

Introduction to endocrine pharmacology, growth hormone, thyroid and antithyroid agents, insulin, corticosteroids, androgens, estrogens, progestins, contraceptives and hormones regulating calcium homeostasis. (10 Lectures)

4. Respiratory Pharmacology

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of cough & asthma. (2 Lectures)

5. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of emesis & peptic ulcer. Drug therapy of constipation & diarrhea. (4 Lectures)

6. Pharmacology of Metabolic System

Pathophysiology & drug therapy of diabetes & obesity. (4 Lectures)

Books Recommended




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PHARM-5096 Communication Skills and Scientific Writing

3 hours/week

1. Communication Process

Importance of communication in globalized world and at workplace, types of communication-verbal and non-verbal, barriers to communication, principles of effective communication. (6 Lectures)

2. Skills in Communication

Speaking-concept, principles of effective speaking, non-verbal communication, Oral presentations, Listening-concept, types of listening, barriers to effective listening, principles of effective listening, Reading-concept, types of reading, techniques of effective reading; Writing-concept, principles of effective writing, writing letters, memos, agenda and minutes of meetings, letters. Effective use of English language. (12 Lectures)

3. Media in Communication

Media-concept, types and role of media in communication. (2 Lectures)

4. Job Related Communication

Writing cover letters and job resume, appearing in job interview, participating in group discussion, follow-up. (3 Lectures)

5. Scientific Writing

Characteristics of effective scientific/technical writing, types of document- research article, research report, proposals, and design and feasibility reports, Elements of scientific/technical documents-sections and subsections, headings and sub headings, introductory materials, body-introduction, background, theory, design, material and apparatus, procedure, work plan, results and discussion, conclusions, references, appendices and indexes, Citing sources and references-IEEE citation-sequence system, Critical evaluation of scientific writing.

Practical exercises: Speaking, listening, writing, reading, writing journal article or evaluating a scientific writing. (20 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Steve D, MacMahan, DT. The Basics of Communication. Sage Publication. Latest Edition.

2. Steve D, MacMahan, DT. Communication in everyday life. Sage Publication. Latest Edition.

3. Quintanilla, Kelley, M. Business and Professional Communication: KEYS for Workplace Excellence. Sage Publication. Latest Edition.

4. The Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing.

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PHARM-5111: Medicinal Chemistry Practical -II 3 hours/week Experiments based on theory

1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving two steps.

2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized (selected examples).

PHARM-5112: Biochemistry Practical

3 hours/week

1. Experiments based on theory Paper I (Biochemistry)

2. Isolation and determination of biomolecules in biological fluids including amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes.

3. Biochemical preparations.

Books Recommended

1. Jayaraman J. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Limited, Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Plummer DT. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

PHARM-5123: Pharmaceutical Technology Practical-III

3 hours/week

Experiments based on formulation and/or testing of following:

1. Suspensions, emulsions including multiple emulsions

2. Semisolids

3. Suppositories

4. Capsules and microcapsules (using various polymers and preparatory techniques)

PHARM-5124: Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology Practical

3 hours/week

1. Find out the viable bacterial count of the bacterial culture by pour plate technique.

2. Find out the total bacterial count by turbidimetry and microscopy.

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3. Screen the organism for amylolytic activity.

4. Carry out the microbiological assay of the provided antibiotic.

5. Find out the amylase activity of pancreatin.

6. Find out the proteolytic activity of pancreatin.

7. Find out the lipase activity of pancreatin.

8. Any other relevant practical.

PHARM-5145: Pharmacology Laboratory-II

3 hours/week

1. Cardiac Pharmacology: Recording & interpretation of cardiac function in human volunteers such as ECG.

2. Respiratory Pharmacology: Recording & interpretation of pulmonary functions in human volunteers.

3. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology:

a. To study the ulcer healing properties of drugs in pylorus ligated rats.

b. To study the effect of antidiarrhoel drugs on gastric motility using charcoal meal test in mice.

4. To record the Concentration Response Curve (CRC) of selected drugs using rat colon/rat fundus isolated preparations.

5. To study the clinical manual as per the syllabus.

Books Recommended:



PHARM-5196: Scientific Writing Report

3 hours/week

Practicals based on the syllabus covered in the theory.

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SEMESTER-VI

PHARM-6011: Pharmaceutical Analysis-II

PHARM-6012: Medicinal Chemistry -III

PHARM-6023: Cosmetology

PHARM-6024: Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

PHARM-6035: Pharmacognosy

PHARM-6045: Pharmacology-III

PHARM-6111: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical -II

PHARM-6112: Medicinal Chemistry Practical -II

PHARM-6123: Cosmetology Practical

PHARM-6134: Pharmacognosy Practical

PHARM-6145: Pharmacology Laboratory-III

PHARM-6011: PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-II

3 hours/week

1. Non-aqueous Titrations

Theoretical consideration, scope and limitations, acid base equilibria in non- aqueous media, titration of weak bases, titration of weak acids, indicators, pharmaceutical products should be selected for illustration.

(3 Lectures) 2. Complexometric Titrations

Concept of complexation and chelation, Werner's Coordination number and electronic structure of complexions, stability constants, titration curves, masking and demasking agents, types of complexometrictitrations, metal ion indicators, factors influencing the stability of complexes, applications. (4 Lectures)

3. Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis

Diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, Karl-Fischer titration, Oxygen flaskcombustion. (2 Lectures)

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4. Extractions Procedures,

Separation of drugs from excipients liquid-solid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction, distribution law, successive extraction, the Craige method of multiple extraction, continuous counter - current extraction. (3 Lectures)

5. Chromatography

Basic concept and various types of chromatography techniques

TLC: Introduction and its application

HPLC: Introduction, theory & nomenclature, instrumentation, liquid-solid chromatography, Liquid- liquid chromatography, exclusion chromatography, HPLC columns, applications of HPLC.

Gas Chromatography: Introduction, principles of gas chromatography, basic GLC apparatus, carrier gases, sample introduction, column, column efficiency, solid support, liquid phases, detectors, temperature effect, applications of GLC in pharmaceutical analysis.

Ion-Exchange and Molecular Sieve Processes: Introduction, theory of ion-exchange, types of exchangers, ion-exchange capacity, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, molecular sieve separation and applications. (14 Lectures)

6. Electrochemistry

The electric cell, electrode potential, half cells, types of hal cells, sign convention.

Potentiometry

Introduction, electrodes, general considerations, end point determination.

Automatic titrator (preset end point titrator). Applications of potentiometric titrations. Assay of nitrazepam, allopurinol, clonidine hydrochloride.

Conductometric and High Frequency Titrations and their Applications.

Coulometric Titrations

Basic principles and applications.

Amperometric Titrations and Its Applications

Theory, titration curves, correction for volume change, amperometric titations with dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electode. Applications (assay of procainamide HCl , assay of nickel with dimethyl glyoxime).

(14 Lectures)

7. Radioactivity as an Analytical Tool

Basic nuclear properties, measurement of radioactivity, analytical applications of radioactivity, interaction of radiation with matter, counting statistical errors and

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corrections, radiation safety. (3 Lectures)

8. Phase solubility analysis: Theory, experimental procedure, application in pharmaceutical analysis.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II. The Athlone Press University of London, London. Latest Edition.

2. Bassett J, Denney RC, Jeffery GH, Medhan J. Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis. The English Language Book Society and Longman, London. Latest Edition.

3. Willard HH, Merritt LL, Dean JA. Instrumental Methods of Analysis. VanNostr and Reinhold, New York. Latest Edition.

4. Chatten LG. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vols. I and II. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

PHARM-6012: Medicinal Chemistry-III

3 hours/week

1. Drug Metabolism

Introduction: General pathways of drug metabolism, Phase I (Functionalization) and Phase II (Conjugation) metabolism.

1.1. Phase I

Oxidative reactions, cytochrome P-450 and Flavin monoxygenases electron transport systems; the following oxidation reactions will be discussed giving suitable examples of xenobiotics - aromatic hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, oxidation of carbon adjacent to Sp2 centers, oxidation of aliphatic and alicyclic carbon atoms, oxidation of carbon-nitrogen systems, oxidation of carbon-oxygen systems, oxidation of carbon-sulphur systems, oxidation of halogenated compounds having (thydrogen; (halothane, chloroform, chloramphenicol etc.), oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes.

Reductive Reactions; Reduction of Carbonyl function; Nitro group; A20 function. Tertiary amine oxides, Reductive dehalogenation.Hydrolytic Reactions.

1.2. Phase II

Glucuronic acid conjugation, sulphate conjugation, amino acid conjugation, glutathion conjugation, acetyl conjugation and methyl conjugation.

(3 Lectures)

1.3. Metabolite Antagonism

Basic concepts, active site directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, mechanism based

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enzyme inhibitors, dihydrofolate synthetase inhibitors, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, amino acid antagonists, antagonists directed against nucleic acides, (3-lactamase inhibitors.

(3 Lectures)

2. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure activity relationship, physicochemical and stero aspects, mode of action (whereable applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be only on B.P. and J.P. compounds. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parentheses under each topic would be covered:

2.1. Sulphonamides; development nomenculature and classification, antimicrobial spectrum, drug resistance, synergism with dihydrofolate reductaste inhibitors, toxicity and side effects, reduction of crystal uria, physicochemical properties and biological activity, protein binding and distribution, metabolism, sulphamides and trimethoprim combination (Sulphanilamide, Sulphacetamide, Sulphadiazine, Sulphadimethoxine, Sulphamethazole and Sulphamethoxazole).

(4 Lectures)

2.2 Antibiotics: Classification; cycloserine, (chloramphenicol); biosynthetic penicillins: benzyl penicillin, procaine penicillin, phenoxymethyl penicillin; semisynthetic penicillin: phenethicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin; cephalosporins: cephalexin, cefadroxil, (cefalothin), cefuroxime; polypeptides: bacitracin, polymixin B, capreomycin; aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin; tetracyclines: chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline; erthyromycin; novobiocin; vancomycin; rifampicin.

(6 Lectures)

2.3 Antimycobacterial agents: Introduction to mycobacterium, development of antimycobacterium agents and their use in therapeutics (dapsone Sulfoxone Sodium and Solapsone; Isonicotinic acid hydrazide, para Aminosalicylic acid, Pyrazinamide and Ethionamide). (2 Lectures)

2.4 Antimalarials quinoline and analogues, 8-amino quinolines, 9-amino acridines, 4-aminoquinolines, diamino pyrimidine, and biguanides (Primaquin, Mepacrine, Chloroquin and Pyrimethamine). (2 Lectures)

2.5 Antiamoebic agents; emetine hydrochloride, quinoline derivatives, metal free substances; diloxanide furoate, metronidazole, organometallic compounds, acetarsol (Diodohydro-xyquinoline, Diloxanide Furoate, Metronidazole and Acetarsol). (2 Lectures)

2.6 Drugs used for trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases. (2 Lectures)

2.7 Anthelmintics drugs used in cestode infections; drugs used in trematode infections, drugs used for intestinal nematode infections; antifilarial agents (Niclosamide,

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Hexylresorcinol, Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Thiabendazole). (2 Lectures)

2.8 Antifungal agents; antibiotics, griseofulvin, amphotericin, candicidine, Nystatin, Synthetic antifungal agents, salicyclic acid, miconazole Elconazole, Tolanflate, Flucotosine, Dithranol and Chlorphenesin. (3 Lectures)

2.9 Urinary antiseptics quinolones, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantion (Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantan). (3 Lectures)

2.10 Antineoplastic agent: Introduction, characteristic of cancer cell, cell growth cycle, causes of cancer,antimetabolites; 6-thioguanine, methotraxate, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil and dacarbazine, alkylating agents, mechlorethamine, melphalan, busulphan mitomycin, cisplatin, thiotepa (chlorambucil Carmustine, Lomustine, Cyclophosphamide), DNA intercalating agents Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Mitoxantrone, Antibiotics, Daitionmycin, bleomycin, mithramycin and anthramycin, Antimitotic agents, vineustine and vinblastin; miscellaneous agents, procarbazine, asparazinase, interferones and hydroxyurea (Hydroxyurea). (3 Lectures)

2.11 Antiviral agents: Introduction to DNA, RNA and retroviruses, viral application, amantidine hydrochloride, interferones, acyclovir, idoxuridine, trifluorothymidine, vidarabine, cytarabine, ribavirin, methisazone, zidovdine and 2, 3-dideoxycitidine.

(3 Lectures)

Books Recommended

1. Wolff ME. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Delgado JN, Remers WA. Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemsitry. J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

3. Foye WC. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

4. Reynolds JEF. Martindale, The Extra Phannacopoeia. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. Latest Edition.

5. Singh H, Kapoor VK. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

PHARM-6023: Cosmetology

3 hours/week

1. Sensitivity Testing

Diagnostic Sensitivity Testing

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Techniques for both covered and uncovered patch tests, interpretation of patch test, patch testing with nail lacquers, lipsticks, lanolin and hair dyes. Photosensitivity testing of cosmetics.

Predictive Sensitivity Testing: Testing of humans for irritancy, predictive testing for allergic contact sensitization and photosensitization capacity.

(10 Lectures)

2. Basic Skin Care Products

Ethnic skin and its cosmetic requirement. Cleansing products, skin toners, emollients, moisturizers, cold creams, vanishing creams, hand and body creams and lotions, hormone creams and lotions, barrier creams, anti wrinkle products, skin whitening products, anticelluliete products, sunburn and sunscreen preparations, foundation makeup including face powders and rouges

(12 Lectures)

3. Cosmetic for Nails

Nail Lacquers and removers: Raw materials, formulations and manufacture, evaluation of nail lacquers.

(3 Lectures)

4. Preshave and After Shave Preparations

Purpose, types and forms, formulation. (2 Lectures)

5. Antiperspirants and Deodorants

Product forms, active ingredients, formulations. (2 Lectures)

6. Lipsticks

Product characteristics, raw materials, formulations and manufacture, quality assurance. (5 Lectures)

7. Hair Cosmetics

Shampoos: Function, types and forms, raw material, evaluation

Hair oils: Natural and synthetic oils

Hair colourings/dyes: Bleaching agents, temporary, semipermanent, permanaent, miscellaneous colouring agents

Dye removers

Depilatories: Chemical depilatories and epilatory compositions (8 Lectures)

Books Recommended


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2. Poucher's perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 3 (Cosmetics). Latest Edition.

3. Balsam MS, Sagarin E. Cosmetics: Science and Technology, Vol. 1-3. Wiley Interscience, New York. Latest Edition.

PHARM-6024: Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 2 hours/week

1. Study of Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules made thereunder, Pharmacy Act 1948. (10 Lectures)

2. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 and rules made there under. (4 Lectures)

3. Medicinal and Toilet preparation (excise duties) Act and rules made there under. (5 Lectures)

4. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act. (6 Lectures)

5. The Drug (Price Control) Order. (4 Lectures)

6. Amendments to the above mentioned Acts. (4 Lectures)

7. Introduction to the Patent Act. (4 Lectures)

8. Pharmaceutical Ethics. (3 Lectures)

Books Recommended:

1. Mithal BM. Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy. National Book Centre, Calcutta. Latest Edition.

2. Jain NK. A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Relevant Acts and Rules. The Government of India, New Delhi. Latest Edition.


PHARM-6035: Pharmacognosy 3 hours/week 1. Volatile Oils

Different methods of extracting essential oil extraction. (3 Lectures)

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Biological sources, chemical constituents and uses of the following drugs:

Mentha, Spearmint, Orange peel, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Fennel, Dill, Clove, Eucalyptus, Pine, Lemongrass, Vetiver, Geranium, Rose, Sandalwood

(15 Lectures)

2. Introduction to different classes of plant growth regulators and their physiological role. (6 Lectures)

3. Plant derived insecticides. (7 Lectures)

4. Definitions of various Ayurvedic formulations:

Asavas & Aristas, Arka, Avaleha & Paka, Curna, Taila, Ghrita, Dravaka, Lepa, Vati & Gutika, Varti-Netarbindu & Anjana, Sattva, Parpati, Pisti, Bhasma. (2 Lectures)

5. Study of botanical sources including alternative controversial sources, chemical constituents and therapeutic uses of the following indigenous traditional drugs:

Amla, Bahera, Harad, Ashwagandha, Babchi, Brahmi, Vasaka, Tulsi, Shatavari, Shankhpushpi, Kutaki, Kalmegh, Gokhru; Chirata, Ashoka, Jatamansi, and Gilo.

(12 Lectures)

Books Recommended:


2. Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Limited, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Wallis TE. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. J & A Churchill Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (different volumes)


PHARM-6045: Pharmacology-III

3 hours/week 1. Bioassays

Basic principles of bioassays, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassays, official bioassays of oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin and digitalis.

(5 Lectures)

2. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases: General principle of chemotherapy, Sulphonamides, quinolones, pencillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, protein synthesis inhibitors (tetracyclines), antimalarial drug, drugs for amoebiasis, helminthiasis. Chemotherapy of

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tuberculosis, leprosy and chemotherapy of antiviral agent including drugs for HIV infection, anticancer drugs, multidrug resistance (MDR).

(18 Lectures)

3. Toxicology

Concept, development and scope of toxicology, behavioural and neurotoxicity, teratology, endotoxin, pesticides, cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary toxicity. Industrial, environmental and forensic toxicology.

Clinical Toxicology

Principles and management of different types of poisoning and toxicity reactions

(20 Lectures)

Books Recommended:




4. Gupta PK. Modem Toxicity, Vol. 1-3. Metropolitan, New Delhi, 1985. Latest Edition.

5. Klaasen DCD, Amdur MA. Casarett and Doul's Toxicology. McMillan Publishing Co., Inc. Latest Edition.

6. Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Turner P. General and Applied Toxicology. Macmillan Press Ltd., Latest Edition.

PHARM-6111: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical -II

3 hours/week

1. Non-aqueous Titrations

Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/potassium/lithium methoxide solutions; Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.

2. Complexometric Titrations

Preparation and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercises related to pharmacopoeial assays by complexometric titrations.

3. Miscellaneous Determinations

Exercises involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, Oxygen flask combustion and gasometry methods. Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals, procedure (BPC) shall be covered.

4. Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.

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5. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.

6. Exercises involving conductometric and potentiometric techniques.

Books Recommended

1. Chatten LG. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II. The Athlone Press of the University of London, London. Latest Edition.

3. Connors KA. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Wiley-Interscience, New York. Latest Edition.

4. Knevel AM, Digangi FE. Jenkin's Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Latest Edition.


PHARM-6112: Medicinal Chemistry Practical -II

3 hours/week

Experiments based on theory

1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving two steps.

2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized (selected examples).

3. Experimentation on drug metabolism.

Books Recommended

1. Jayaraman J. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

2. Plummer DT. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

PHARM-6123: Cosmetology Practical

6 hours/week

Preparation of cosmetic formulations such as cold and vanishing creams, all purpose creams, emollient creams and lotions, hand cream and lotion, deep cleansing milk, moisturizing cream and lotion, face powder, talcum powder, nail lacquer remover, nail enamel, lipsticks, antiperspirants and deodorant preparations, toothpastes, shampoos, hair oil, shaving creams and after shave preparations.

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PHARM-6134: Pharmacognosy Practical

3 hours/week 1. Extraction of volatile oils studied in theory and their chromatographic studies.

2. Authentication and standardization of crude drugs covered in theory based on organoleptic and microscopic characters.

3. Gross identification of crude drugs.

Books Recommended


2. Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Limited, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

3. Wallis TE. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. J & A Churchill Ltd., London. Latest Edition.

4. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (different volumes).


PHARM-6145: Pharmacology Laboratory-III

3 hours/week

1. Bioassays

Study of various bioassay designs using various isolated preparations (frog rectus abdominis, rat colon, fundus, uterus, anococcygeus, vas deferens).

2. Experimental Toxicology

Calculation of LD 50 values and therapeutic index (statistical approach) by various methods.

Books Recommended:



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B. PHARM. IV YEAR

401. Pharmaceutical Chemistry

PAPER I : Medicinal Chemistry-II PAPER II : Medicinal Chemistry-III PAPER III : Pharmaceutical Analysis-llI

402. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory

PAPER I : Medicinal Chemistry PAPER II : Pharmaceutical Analysis-III

403. Pharmaceutics PAPER I : Pharmacokinetics & Biopharmaceutics PAPER II : Clinical Pharmacy PAPER III : Pharmaceutical Technology-II

404. Pharmaceutics Laboratory

PAPER I : Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacy PAPER II : Pharmaceutical Technology-II

405. Pharmacognosy

PAPER : Pharmacognosy- V

406. Pharmacognosy Laboratory-IV

407. Pharmacology-III

PAPER I Biochemical Pharmacology & Toxicology PAPER II Clinical Pharmacology

408. Pharmacology Laboratory: Experimental Pharmacology

409. (A) Industrial Management (B) Computers & Their Applications in Pharmaceutical Sciences

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PAPER I: Medicinal Chemistry-II 2 hours/week

1. Steroids

1.1 Introduction: Nomenclature, stereochemistry, simple reactions of cholesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, diosgenin, solasodine, bile acids; biosynthesis of testosterone, 17 (3-estradiol and aldosterone form cholesterol.

1.2 Estrogens: Synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol and diosgenin, ethinylestradiol from estrone; nonsteroidal estrogens; synthesis of diethylstilbesterol, SAR among estrogens; progestational agents; synthesis of progesterone from diosgenin and stigmasterol, ethisterone from dehydroepiandrosterone, oral contraceptives, SAR of progestins.

1.3 Androgens and Anabolic Agents: Synthesis of testosterone from diosgenin; methyltestosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone, methandienone from methyl testosterone, stanozolol from testosterone.

1.4 Aderenocorticoids : Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, modifications in structure of hydrocortisone, SAR among glucocorticoids.

The chemical naming and uses of compounds official in IPIBP in all the classes will be covered.

The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure Activity Relationship, physicochemical and sterk aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be mainly on B.P. and I. P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under each topic would be covered.

2. General Anaesthetic Agents

Introduction, medicinal aspects of anaesthetics, mode of action; gases and volatile liquid anaesthetics, intravenous anaesthetics or fixed anaesthetics, toxicity of general anaesthetics (Divinyl ether, Ethyl chloride, Cyclopropane, Thiopentone Sodium).

3. Local Anaesthetic Agents

Introduction: Structure-activity relationships, benzoic acid derivatives, aminobenzoic acid derivatives, lidocaine derivatives; miscellaneous; toxicity; mode of action (Benzocaine, Procaine Hydrochloride, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Ainchocaine Hydrochloride).

4. Sedatives-Hypnotics

Introdution; classification of sedative-hypnotics; structure-activity relationships; barbiturates; amides and imides; alcohols and their carbamate derivatives; aldehydes and their derivatives; mode of action; pharmacological properties and side effects

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[Barbitone, Phenobarbitone; Cyclobarbitone; Pentobarbitone Sodium; Thiopentone Sodium); non-barbiturates (Official drugs).

5. Anticonvulsants

Introduction, epilepsy and its types; structure activity relationships; barbiturates (official products); hydantoins, Oxazolidinediones, Succinamides; miscellaneous drugs; (Phenytoin Sodium; Troxidone).

6. Opioid Analgesics

6.1 Morphine and related drugs, synthetic modifications of morphine, codeine and thebaine.

6.2 Totally synthetic analgesics: Morphinans (N-Methylmorphinan and 3-hydroxy N-methylmorphinan); 6, 7-benzomorphans; 4-phenylpiperidines (pethidine, Methadone and Isomethadone); endogenous opioid peptides; opioid antagonists (Nalorphine).

7. Antitussives

7.1 Centrally acting antitussives, opium alkaloids and their modifications; synthetic antitussives.

7.2 Peripherally acting antitussives.

7.3 Expectorants.

8. Central Nervous System Stimulants

8.1 CNS stimulants of natural origin.

8.2 Synthetic CNS stimulants (Nikethamide).

8.3 Methylxanthines and modified Methylxanthines (Theophylline).

9. Psychopharmacological Agents

9.1 Antipsychotics, Phenothiazines (CWorpromazine; Trifluperazine; Butyrophenones, Miscellaneous).

9.2 Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitripyline); monoamine oxidase inhibitors; atypical antidepressant

9.3 Antianxiety drugs: Meprobamate and related drugs; Benzodiazepines (Diazepam).

10. Hallucinogens

Hallucinogenic agents related to indoles, phenethylamines, and Cannabinoids.

11. Diuretics

11.1 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide and Dichlorphenamide).

11.2 Thiazides and related drugs (Bendrofluazide).

11.3 High-ceiling diuretics.

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11.4 Aldosterone antagonists.

11.5 Other postassium - sparing diuretics.

11.6 Osmotic diuretics.

12. Cardiovascular Agents

12.1 Introduction; cardiac glycosides, structure-activity relationship; mechanism of action; toxic effects.

12.2 Antihypertensive agents; introduction; etiology; ganglion blocking agents; antiadrenergic agents, drugs acting directly on smooth muscles, drugs acting on CNS. (Propranolol).

12.3 Antianginals and vasodilators; introduction; mechanism of smooth muscle vasodilation, esters of nitrous and nitric acid, side-effects. (Nitroglycerine)

12.4 Antiarryhthmic and antifibrillytic drugs classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, mechanism of action, side effects.

12.5 Antilipemic drugs.

Books Recommended

1. Wolff ME. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Delgado JN, Remers WA. Wilson and Gisvolds Textbooks of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Latest Edition.


4. Reynolds JEF. Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopocia. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. Latest Edition.

5. Singh H, Kapoor V K. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi. Latest Edition.


PAPER II: Medicinal Chemistry-III 2 hours/week

1. Drug Metabolism

Introduction: general pathways of drug metabolism; Phase I (Functionalization) and Phase II (Conjugation).

Phase I

Oxidative reactions, cytochrome P-450 and Flavin monoxygenases electron transport systems; the following oxidation reactions will be discussed giving suitable examples of xenobiotics: Aromatic hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, oxidation of carbon adjacent to Sp2 centers, oxidation. of aliphatic and alicyclic carbon atoms; oxidation of carbon-

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nitrogen systems; oxidation of carbon-oxygen systems, oxidation of carbon-sulphur systems; oxidation of halogenated compounds having (thydrogen; (Halothane, Chlorofonn, Chloramphenicol etc.); Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes.

Reductive Reactions; Reduction of Carbonyl function; Nitro group; A20 function. Tertiary amine oxides, Reductive dehalogenation.

Hydrolytic Reactions.

Phase II

Glucuronic acid conjugation, sulphate conjugation, amino acid conjugation, glutathion conjugation, acetyl conjugation and methyl conjugation.

2. Metabolite Antagonism

Basic concepts, active site directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, mechanism based enzyme inhibitors, dihydrofolate synthetase inhibitors, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, amino acid antagonists, antagonists directed against nucleic acides, (3-lactamase inhibitors.

3. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure activity relationship, physicochemical and stero aspects, mode of action (whereable applicable) and uses. The emphasis would be only on B.P. and J.P. compounds. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parentheses under each topic would be covered.

3.1 Sulphonamides: Development nomenculature and classification, antimicrobial spectrum, drug resistance, synergism with dihydrofolate reductaste inhibitors, toxicity and side effects, reduction of crystal uria, physicochemical properties and biological activity, protein binding and distribution, metabolism, sulphamides and trimethoprim combination (Sulphanilamide, Sulphacetamide, Sulphadiazine, Sulphadimethoxine, Sulphamethazole and Sulphamethoxazole)

3.2 Antibiotics: Classification, cycloserine, chloramphenicol, penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, polypeptides (Chloramphenicol).

3.3 Antimycobacterial agents: Introduction to mycobacterium, development of antimycobacterium agents and their use in therapeutics (dapsone Sulfoxone Sodium and Solapsone; Isonicotinic acid hydrazide, para Aminosalicylic acid, Pyrazinamide and Ethionamide).

3.4 Antimalarials quinoline and analogues, 8-amino quinolines, 9-amino acridines, 4-aminoquinolines, diamino pyrimidine, and biguanides (Primaquin, Mepacrine, Chloroquin and Pyrimethamine).

3.5 Antiamoebic agents; emetine hydrochloride, quinoline derivatives, metal free substances; diloxanide furoate, metronidazole, organometallic compounds, acetarsol (Diodohydro-xyquinoline, Diloxanide Furoate, Metronidazole and Acetarsol).

3.6 Drugs used for trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases.

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3.7 Anthelmintics drugs used in cestode infections; drugs used in trematode infections, drugs used for intestinal nematode infections; antifilarial agents (Niclosamide, Hexylresorcinol, Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Thiabendazole).

3.8 Antifungal agents; antibiotics, griseofulvin, amphotericin, candicidine, Nystatin, Synthetic antifungal agents, salicyclic acid, miconazole Elconazole, Tolanflate, Flucotosine, Dithranol and Chlorphenesin.

3.9 Urinary antiseptics quinolones, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantion (Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantan). 3.10 Disinfectants and antiseptics

3.11 Antineoplastic agent: Introduction, characteristic of cancer cell, cell growth cycle, causes of cancer, antimetabolites; 6-thioguanine, methotraxate, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil and dacarbazine, alkylating agents, mechlorethamine, melphalan, busulphan mitomycin, cisplatin, thiotepa (chlorambucil Carmustine, Lomustine, Cyclophosphamide), DNA intercalating agents Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Mitoxantrone, Antibiotics, Daitionmycin, bleomycin, mithramycin and anthramycin, Antimitotic agents, vineustine and vinblastin; miscellaneous agents, procarbazine, asparazinase, interferones and hydroxyurea (Hydroxyurea).

3.12 Antiviral agents: Introduction to DNA, RNA and retroviruses, viral application, amantidine hydrochloride, interferones, acyclovir, idoxuridine, trifluorothymidine, vidarabine, cytarabine, ribavirin, methisazone, zidovdine and 2, 3-dideoxycitidine.

4. Diagnostic Agents

5. Surface Active Agents

Books Recommended

1. Wolff ME. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Delgado JN, Remers WA. Wilson and Gisvolds Textbooks of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Latest Edition.


4. Reynolds JEF. Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopocia. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. Latest Edition.

5. Singh H, Kapoor V K. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi. Latest Edition.


PAPER III: Pharmaceutical Analysis II 2 hours/week 1. Electromagnetic Radiations

Nature of electromagnetic radiations, the interaction between energy and matter, the absorption of energy by atoms and molecules, the emission of radiant energy by atoms and

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molecules; refraction and diffraction.

2. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry

Electronic excitation, quantitative laws, deviations from Beer's law, graphical presentation of data, chromophores, photometric error, instrumentation (light sources, prism and grating monochromators, photoemissive and photomultiplier tubes), single and double beam instruments, steps in spectrophotometric measurements (sample handling; amplifications and radiation of detectors, selection of wavelength and band width), concentration and optimum absorbance value, applications (direct and indirect methods, analysis of mixture).

3. Fluorometric Analysis

Theory, quantitative description, experimental factors affecting fluorescence intensity, factors affecting Io and F directly, relationship of fluorescence to molecular structure, instrumentation (cells, light sources, wavelength selection, detectors), correction of spectra, pharmaceutical applications.

4. Infrared Spectrophotometry

Theory, characteristic absorption bands of organic functional groups, interpretation of infrared absorption Spectra; Frequency range, bandwidth and scan speed, concentration range and absorbance value, preparation of sample, sample cell, IR instrumentation, (light sources, monochromator detectors), qualitative and quantitative applications in pharmaceutical analysis, analytical shortcomings.

5. X-Ray Spectroscopy

An introduction to the theory of x-ray spectroscopy (Miller indices, Space lattice and unit cell, Bravais lattices). Interplanar spacing in crystal system. Diffraction of x-ray by crystals, Bragg's equation, powder method, x-ray diffraction pattern of cubic system (NaCl), applications inpharmaceutical analysis.

6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

An introduction to the theory of NMR, magnetic properties of the nuclei, nuclear magnetic moments, absorption of energy, chemical shift, shielding and deshielding, spin-spin coupling, NMR instrumentation, typical spectra, analytical application in pharmaceutical analysis.

7. Mass Spectrometry

Instrumentation, Basic principle instrumentation various ion sources and mass analyzers determination of the molecular formula, recognition of the molecular ion peak, heavy istope peaks fragmentation, mass spectra of simple compounds (saturated hydrocarbons). Application of Mass spectrometry.

8. Emmision spectroscopy

Theory of emission spectra, equipment quantitative and qualitative aspects

9. Flame Photometry

Origin of spectra, atomization and ionization, instrumentation (nebuliser, mirrors, burners,

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slits, monochromator, detector, background emission, interferences, qualitative and quantitative applications in pharmaceutical analysis).

10. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory of absorption of radiant energy by atoms, equipment, analytical applications.

11. Polarimetry, its Principles and Applications

Plane of Polarization, types of molecules analysed, optical rotation, optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, the effect of concentration, wavelength, solvent, temperature on optical rotation, the polarimeter.

Books Recommended

1. Chatten LG. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2. Athlone Press of the University of London, London. Latest Edition.

3. Willard H, Marriott L.L, Dean JA. Instrumental Methods of Analysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Latest Edition.

4. Robinson JW. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis. Marcel and Dekker Inc., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

5. Parikh VM. Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., London. Latest Edition.

6. Skoog DA, Holler EL, Nieman TA. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, Saunders College Publishing Harcourt Brace College Philadelphia. Latest Edition.


PAPER I: Medicinal Chemistry 3 hours/week

1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving more than two steps.

2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised (selected examples).

3. Experimentation on drug metabolism.

4. Workshop on spectral interpretation and stereo model use of some selected drugs.


PAPER II: Pharmaceutical Analysis-III 3 hours/week

1. Determination of number and percentage of hydroxyl groups in the given sample of

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polyhydric alcohols or phenols.

2. Determination of percentage and number of amino groups in the samples.

3. Determination of percentage of the carboxylic acid by iodometric titration.

4. Determination of aldehyde and ketones by hydroxylamine hydrochloride; pyridine procedure.

5. Estimation of amino acids in the given sample.

6. Estimation of nitrogen in organic compounds by Kjeldahl method.

7. To find out the λmax and E (1 %, 1 em) of potassium nitrate.

8. Find out the amount of methyldopa in the given sample of methyldopa tablets.

9. Find out the λmax and E (1 %, 1 em )of paracetamol.

10. Estimate the content of sulphonamides by colorimetric methods.

11. Determine the content of diazepam in the given sample.

12. Estimate the content of paracetamol in the given sample.

13. Estimate the content of chloramphenicol in the given sample.

14. Estimate the amount of riboflavin and thiamine in the given sample by fluorometric method.

15. Perform the assay of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride by official methods.

16. Identify the compound by LR. spectrophotometry.

17. Find out the concentration of sodium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.

18. Find out the concentration of potassium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.

Books Recommended

1. Chatten LG. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol 1 and 2. Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

2. Beckett AH, Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, The Athlone Press of the University of London. London. Latest Edition.

3. Willard HH, Marriott LL, Dean JA. Instrumental Methods of Analysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. Latest Edition.

4. Robinson JW. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis. Marcel and Dekker Inc., New York. Latest Edition.

5. Parikh VM. Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules. Addison - Wesley Publishing Co., London. Latest Edition.

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403. Pharmaceutics

PAPER I: Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics

2 hours/ week

1. Introduction to pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics including history and their role in related disciplines.

2. Pharmacokinetics

2.1. Compartment models

2.2. Modeling, basics of compartmental modeling including numeric applications (wherever possible) of:

2.3. One compartment open body model, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration following intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion administration, Wagner Nelson method and method of residuals as applied to plasma concentration profiles following oral intake, multiple dose kinetics following intravenous (rapid) and oral administration, superposition principle, steady state kinetics.

2.4. Urinary excretion: merits and shortcomings, Sigma- minus plot, method of residuals as applied to cumulative and rate of excretion curves.

2.5. Two compartment open body model, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration as applied to intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion administration, method of residuals as applied to plasma concentration profiles following intravenous (rapid) administration.

3. Biopharmaceutics

3.1. Physicochemical factors affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs, with special emphasis on pH- partition hypothesis, adsorption of ionic drugs in light of unstirred water layer, dissolution. Rate, drug stability in gut, adsorption, complexation, etc.

3.2. Physiological considerations affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs including membrane and GI physiology, effects of food, gastric emptying, GI. motility etc.

3.3. Bioavailability and equivalence concepts, significance, methods of determination of bioavailability using blood level and urinary excretion data, protocol, federal requirements.

4. Recent trends in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic basis of sustained release formulations.

Books Recommended

1. Ritschel WA. Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics. Drug intelligence, Hamilton. Latest Edition.

2. Wanger JG. Fundamentals of Chemical Pharmacokinetics. Drug Intelligence, Hamilton. Latest Edition.

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3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Company, Pennsylvania. Latest Edition.

4. Shargel L, Yo A. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics. Appleton and Large, Norwalk. Latest Edition.

5. Gibaldi M. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics Marcel Dekker, New York. Latest Edition.

403. Pharmaceutics

PAPER II: Clinical Pharmacy 2 hours/week

1. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Dosage Regimens and Utilization of Drug Therapy

Basic pharmacokinetics: An introduction to clinical pharmacokinetics. definition, basic considerations and its applications. Drug concentration versus time profile, introduction to the concept of volume of distribution, half life and clearance and their importance in clinical pharmacokinetics

Elimination:- Concept of clearance, hepatic clearance, renal clearance, dependence of elimination kinetics on clearance and distribution.

Dosage Regimens:

An introduction to dosage regimens and the concept of response and concentration

Multiple Dose Regimens: Drug accumulation, relationship between initial and maintenance doses, maintenance of the drug in the therapeutic range, practical aspects of multiple dose administration, design of dosage regimens from plasma concentrations.

Individualization of therapy

Variability- Reasons for variability, accounting for variability

Influence of age and weight

Disease State- Drug therapy in hepatic and renal disease

Concentration monitoring- Target concentration strategy, target concentration, pertinent information, evaluation procedures, dosing scenario

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Clinical laboratory tests for liver and kidney function.

Drug Interactions

Factors- Drug determinants, host determinants, multiple drug therapy

Methods of investigating drug interactions

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Clinical investigation of specific drug interactions

Pharmacokinetic aspects of drug interaction- Drug elimination, distribution and absorption

Prevention of drug interactions in general practice

2. Drug Information Services, Documentation and Counseling of Patients

Ambulatory patient care: Pharmacist's responsibility, proper use of medication, patient counseling, drug utilization review, medication profiles, non-prescription drug usage, health education, new and expanded dimensions, health care delivery systems.

Patient compliance-Non compiiance, factors associated with non compliance, improving compliance.

3. Procurement and Distribution of Drugs in an Institution (Hospital Pharmacy)

Hospital - Definition of hospital pharmacy, organization, facilities provided, pharmacist's responsibility - technical responsibilities (procurement, storage, dispensing, control, stock and inventory control, manufacturing sterile products, investigational drugs, I.V. admixtures, radiopharmaceuticals, assay and quality control, bioavailability), administrative and academic responsibilities.

4. Intravenous Admixtures

Intravenous fluids - Packaging systems, administrative sets, administration procedures including volume control method, piggyback method, patient controlled analgesia, final-filter devices, intravenous admixtures-additives, parenteral incompatibility, total parenteral nutrition.

Books Recommended

1. Rowland M, Tozer TN. Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Concepts and Applications. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

2. Alwood MC, Fen JT. Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London. Latest Edition.

3. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. Latest Edition.

4. Klejin EV, Jonders JR. Clinical Pharmacy. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press. New York. Latest Edition.

5. Herfindal ET, Gourley DR, Hart LL. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. Williams and Wilkins, London. Latest Edition.

C. Lawson, Richards RME. Clinical Pharmacy and Hospital Drug Management. Chapmann and Hall, London. Latest Edition.

6. Cluff LE, Petrie JC. Clinical Aspects of Interaction between Drugs. American Elsevier Publishing Co.,IN. Latest Edition.

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403. Pharmaceutics

PAPER III: Pharmaceutical Technology-II 2 hours/week

1. Preformulation Studies

Goals of preformulation studies, Designing of preformulation evaluation principle areas of preformulation research, Bulk Characterization - crystallinity, polymorphism. hygroscopicity, fine particle characterization, bulk density, fine powder flow properties; Solubility Analysis - pKa, solubility and solubilization, thermal effects, partition coefficient dissolution; Stability - Stability in formulations, solution stability, solid state stability and compatibility studies.

2. Various Forms of Tablets

Coated and compressed layer tablets, effervescent, sublingual, buccal and chewable tablets, medicated lozenges, sustained release tablets.

3. Tablet Formulations

Properties of compressed tablets, systematic approach to table~ product design, components and additives of tablets, production of tablets, methods of manufacture of tablets. problems in tablet manufacture.

4. Evaluation of Tablets

Tablet Diameter and thickness, Hardness, Uniformity of weight test, Friability, Disintegration Test, Dissolution Test, Potency and Content uniformity.

5. Tablet Coating

Sugar coating, processing steps, equipments; film coating, film formers, methods of evaluating film coating, film coating defects; compression coating; and particle coating techniques.

6. Compression and Consolidation

Properties of tablets influenced by compression, measurement of transmission and distribution of forces in a compressed tablet, effect of pressure on relative volume, lubrication, adhesion and cohesion of particles, strength of granules, factors affecting strength of tablets.

7.Pharmaceutical tablet compression tooling

Terminology, tablet design, specification and information required, use and care of the tooling, problem solving.

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8. Quality Assurance

Quality assurance system, raw material quality assurance monographs, container, before start checking - environmental control and sanitation, manufacturing working formula procedures, raw materials, manufacturing equipment, statistical quality control, sampling procedures (single sampling plan, double sampling plan, multiple sampling plans), after start checking, finished product testing, quality assurance during packaging, auditing.

9. Pilot Plant Scale-up Techniques

Factors to be considered during development, types of organizational structures responsible for pilot operations, educational backgrounds of pilot plant personnel, pilot plant design for tablets.

10. cGMP

Organization and personnel, general facilities, environmental factors, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities

11.Sustained Release Drug Delivery System

Sustained release drug therapy, advantages, drug properties relevant to sustained release, Introduction to sustained release oral dosage forms; parenteral dosage forms; implants; ocular inserts; transdennal systems. Delivery systems like nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes niosomes and nanoemulsions.

12. Pharmaceutical Packaging (excluding Parenterals)

Definition, regulatory requirements in pharmaceutical packaging, primary and secondary packaging, packaging materials, containers and closures; and tamper-evident packaging

Books Recommended

1. Lieberman HA, Lachman L. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Tablets, Vol. I, II, III. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. Latest Edition.

2. Lachman L, Liebermann HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania. Latest Edition.

4. Martin AN, Swarbrick L Cammarati A. Physical Pharmacy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Latest Edition.

5. Ansel HS, Popovich NG. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Latest Edition.

6. Juliano RL. Drug Delivery Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford. London. Latest Edition.

7. Sinha VR, Kumria R, Katare OP. Pharmaceutical Packaging in Pharmaceutical Products Development. LBS, New Delhi. Latest Edition.

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404. Pharmaceutics Laboratory

PAPER I: Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutlcs and Clinical Pharmacy

3 hours/week

Experiments illustrative of theory papers I (Pharmacokinetic & Biopharmaceutics) and (Clinical Pharmacy) such as study of absorption mechanisms by everted sac technique, blood-saliva level profiles in man/rabbits and pharmacokinetic analysis, sulfonamide levels in rats, in-vitro drug interactions, study problems and case studies

PAPER II: Pharmaceutical Technology – III

3 hours/week

Diagram and working of single punch tablet machine, Rotary tablet press and other equipments; manufacturing of compressed tablets by direct compression and by dry and effervescent and/or soluble tablets and their evaluation parameters; tablet coating processes-sugar coating and film coating tablet processes and preparation of microcapsules and their release rate studies.

405. Pharmacognosy

PAPER: Pharmacognosy-V

3 hours/week

1. Procurement of raw material, its authentication and standardization. Extraction procedures and operations involved in the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals.

2. Worldwide trade in plant and plant derived products with special reference to Dioscorea (diosgenin), tropane alkaloid containing plants, Rauvolfia, Cinchona (quinine and quinidine), Ipecac (emetine). Glycyrrhiza, Ginseng, Senna, Isabgol and Valerian.

3. Industrial production and utilization of following medicinal plants / phytoconstituents:

3.1. Poppy, Cinchona, Catharanthus, Ipecac and Colchicine.

3.2. Aloes, Senna, Rutin, Isabgol, Catechu and tea catechins.

3.3. Utilization of plants as a source of raw material for the synthesis of steroidal drugs.

3.4. Photosensitizing agents including furanocoumarins from plants.

3.5. Utilization of aromatic plants and plant derived products with special reference to the following: Mentha, Sandalwood oil, Vetiver oil, Rose oil, Eucalyptus oil, Pine oil and Cedarwood oil.

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3.6. Natural dyes, plant bitters and plant sweeteners.

4. Recent developments in natural products with two examples each from anticancer, antihepatotoxic, antiviral, antioxidants, antiprotozoals and CNS active plants.

406. Pharmacognosy Laboratory-IV 3 hours/week

1. Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory viz., quinine, caffeine, piperine, rutin, diosgenin and menthol

2. Extraction of volatile oils and their chromatographic studies.

3. Authentication and standardization of crude drugs.

4. Project report.

Books Recommended

1. Atal CK, Kapur BM. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants. CSIR, India. Latest Edition.

2. Atal CK, Kapur RM. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic P!ants. CSIR, India. Latest Edition.

3. Evans WC. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. W.B. Saunders Ltd., New Delhi. Latest Edition.

4. Natural Colourants and Dyestuffs, FAO, Rome. 1995.

5. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva. Latest Edition.

6. European Medicines Evaluation Agency guidelines on Quality of Herbal Medicinal Products issued from time to time and available at http://www.emea.eu.int

7. Trade and Production of Herbal Medicines and Natural Health Products, K. Vasisht and V. Kumar, ICS-UNIDO, Trieste, 2002.

8. Kinghorn AD, Soejarto DD. 1989. Intensely Sweet Compounds of Natural Origin. Medicinal Research Reviews19: 91-115.

407. Pharmacology-III

PAPER I: Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology

2 hours/week

1. Bioassays

Basic principles of bioassays, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassays, official bioassays of oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin and digitalis and statistics employed in biological experiments.

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2. Biochemical Pharmacology

Subcellular structures and biological membranes, receptor occupancy and cellular signalling systems, (cyclic nucleotides, calcium, calmodulin, phosphatidyl inositol, EDRF and arachidonic acid metabolites) apoptosis.

Cardiac injury and myocardial enzyme leakage, carnitine, oxygen free radical, its scavengers and role in cardiovascular and other disorders.

3. Biochemical aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, neurosis, mental depression and Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.

4. Autocoids and arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes, lipoxins and platelet activating factor).

5. Toxicology

Concept, development and scope of toxicology, behavioural and neurotoxicity, teratology, endotoxin, pesticides, cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary toxicity. Industrial, environmental and forensic toxicology.

Clinical Toxicology

Principles and management of different types of poisoning and toxicity reactions.

Books Recommended




4. Gupta PK. Modem Toxicity, Vol. 1-3. Metropolitan, New Delhi, 1985. Latest Edition.

5. Klaasen DCD, Amdur MA. Casarett and Doul's Toxicology. McMillan Publishing Co., Inc. Latest Edition.

6. Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Turner P. General and Applied Toxicology. Macmillan Press Ltd., Latest Edition.

407. PHARMACOLOGY III

PAPER II: CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2hours/week

1. Clinical Pharmacology: Definition, concept and scope of clinical pharmacology.

2. Drug development process: Definition, scope and preclinical evaluation of drugs, safety evaluation, clinical trials and post marketing surveillance of new drugs. Contract

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Research Organization, its concept and scope.

3. Basic principles of drug therapy monitoring in paediatric and geriatric patients. Drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation.

4. Adverse drug reactions (incidence, importance and surveillance) their monitoring, drug interactions.

5. Rational use of drugs, Essential medicine list and national drug policy.

6. Epidemiology of drug use and organization of drug information services/center.

7. Drug therapy of specific disorders with special consideration to pathophysiology and drug treatment (a) infectious diseases (b) cardiovascular and renal disorders (c) psychiatric disorders (d) endocrine disorders (e) GI tract disorders (f) AIDS.

8. Immunopharmacology: Definition, scope and application of Immunopharmacology, Immunomodulators and Immunosuppressants.

Books Recommended

1. Speight TM, Holford NHG. Aveery's Drug Treatment. Adis International, London. Latest Edition.

2. Walker R, Edwards C. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. Churchill Livingstone, London. Latest Edition.

3. Grahaems DG, Smith, Aronson JK. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, London. Latest Edition.

4. Katzung BG. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, New Delhi. Latest edition.

5. Bannett PN, Brown MJ. Clinical Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone, New York. Latest Edition.

408. Pharmacology Laboratory

3 hours/week

1. Bioassays

Bioassays designs using various isolated preparations (frog rectus abdominis, rat colon, fundus, uterus, anococcygeus, vas deferens).

2. Experimental Toxicology

Calculation of LD 50 values and therapeutic index (statistical approach).

3. Clinical Pharmacology

Study and analysis of clinical problems including case history and drug therapy. Critical appraisal of drug advertisements. Exercises on effective pharmacist-patient communication.

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Books Recommended



409. (A) Industrial Management

(B) Computers and Their Applications In Pharmaceutical Sciences

2 hours/week (Equal number of questions may be set from each part)

A. Industrial Management

1. Introductory, Philosophy and nature of management. Importance of management. Limitations of the science of management.

2. Production, planning and control: Types of production, scheduling and control of production.

3. Inventory control: Objectives, inventory classification, ABC analysis, EOQ models, inventory control procedures.

4. Plant layout and line balancing: Concept and factors governing plant layout, process layout and product layout, methods of plant layout, storage space req~irement, line balancing, linear programming methods.

5. Work-study: Need for work study, objectives, method study procedure, flow process charts, design of work place, time study, performance appraisal.

6. Programming and Budgeting: Programming, zero based budgets, types and uses of budgets, preparation of budget, forecastingtechniques.

7. Principles of quality management: Benchmarking and re-engineering principles.

8. Marketing management, marketing planning and organization, marketing research and its applications in Pharmacy, new product development and launch, sale and distribution management.

B. Computers and Their Applications In Pharmaceutical Sciences

1. Introduction

Introduction of computers, hardware and software, different components (various input/output devices), brief history (Aiken, ENIAC, UNIVAC etc.), classification by generations, various areas of applications particularly in pharmaceutical sciences.

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2. Fundamentals

2.1. Types of computer memories, RAM and ROM (Auxillary storage and primary storage), concept of BITS and Bytes, binary number systems, character codes (EBCDIC and ASCII).

2.2. Data processing : Computer network, elements of various network, topologies for LAN and WAN.

2.3. Software concept: Types of computer software, operating system software, control software and application software with reference to word-processor,DEMS, proper care, computer viruses, basics ofMS-office software package.

2.4. Problem solving: Procedure for problem solving.

3. Fortran Language

3.1. DATA types, variables and constants (Numeric, character), type specification statement, implicit statements, undeclared variables.

3.2. Arithmatic expressions and FORTRAN equivalents. Arithmatic operations, relational expressions, precedence of relational and logical operations, Truth tables.

3.3. Input/output statements: Read/write statements, stop statement, end statement. List directed input/output statements. FORMAT statement, t, E, F, T, A, H, slash (1) and Apostrophe Format' specifications.

3.4. Control statement: IF statement (Logical IF, Block IF, Arithmetic IF, nested block IF) computed go to statement.

3.5. Do Loop (Do Statement, Do Loop body, Terminal statement of Do Loop) Rules for Do Loop, Nested Do Loops.

3.6. Subscripted Variables: Subscript notations, Arrays (Two dimensional), input/output of array using Array name, using Do Loop, Parameter statement.

3.7. Brief introduction to subroutines and functions. Simple exercises illustrating the use of various FORTRAN statements.

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Documents

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B. PHARM.) · PDF file · 2014-11-25... Internal Assessment for practical will be based on day to day performance ... PHARM-3112 Medicinal Chemistry Practical-I