B100 Guideline

8/7/2019 B100 Guideline

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European AutomobileManufacturers

Association

Alliance of AutomobileManufacturers

Engine ManufacturersAssociation

Japan Automobile ManufacturersAssociation

March2009

Subject: WorldwideBiofuelsHarmonisationDearBiodieselGuidelinesRecipient:

Onbehalfofautomobileandenginemanufacturersfromaroundtheworld,wearepleasedtopresentthisFirst

EditionofBiodieselGuidelinesfromtheWorldwideFuelCharter(WWFC)Committee.WecreatedtheWWFCin

1998topromotegreaterunderstandingoftheimpactoffuelqualityonengineandvehicleemissionsand

performanceandtopromoteharmonizationoffuelqualityworldwideinaccordancewithengineandvehicle

needsindifferentmarkets.

RapidgrowthintheuseofethanolandbiodieselpromptedtheWWFCCommitteetoaddresstheneedformore

informationabouttheseimportantrenewablefuels. Aswithconventionalgasolineanddieselfuel,biofuelquality

mustmatchtheneedsandcapabilitiesofengineandvehicletechnologies,especiallyasthesetechnologies

becomemoreadvancedtomeetultracleanemissionstandards. Thisdocumentprovidesourguidanceon

biodieselquality;acompaniondocumentprovidesguidanceonethanolquality.

Giventhewidevariationinperformanceandmeasurementmethodsofbiofuelblendsatdifferentblendlevels,

thisguidancefocusesonthequalityoftheblendstockusedtomakefinishedbiofuelblends,ratherthanonthe

finishedfuelsthemselves. Specifically,wecreatedthisdocumenttoguideblenderswhoproduceanduse100%

biodieselanddieselfuelblendstockstomakefinished5%biodieselblends. Theresultingfinishedfuelsshould

continuetomeettherecommendationscontainedintheWWFCforthevariouscategoriesofmarketfuels.

Theuseofethanolandbiodieselfuelsisimportanttohelpextendsuppliesofgasolineanddieselfuel. Asrenewablefuels,theyhavethepotentialtohelpreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases. Properformulationalso

canhelpassureloweremissionsofconventionalpollutants. Thekeytoachievinglowemissionsistosustainably

producegoodqualityblendstocksandtoblendanddistributethefinishedfuelsinawaythatpreservestheir

qualitywhentheyreachtheconsumer.

Thisdocumentrepresentsourbestcollectivejudgmentatthistime,basedonexperiencewithbiodieselproduced

fromconventionalfeedstocks,suchasrapeseedandsoyandaidedbycommentsfrominterestedparties.We

recognizethatitstechnicalinformationwillcontinuetoevolve,sothisdocumentwillalsochangeaswelearn

more.Weappreciatetheeffortsofthosewhoprovidedinformationandcomments,andweareespeciallygrateful

tothosewhoexpressedsupportforthisendeavor.

Welookforwardtoworkingwithyoutosupportthedevelopmentanduseofhighqualityrenewablefuelsforthe

benefitofconsumersandtheenvironmentworldwide.

IvanHodac

SecretaryGeneral

ACEA

DaveMcCurdy

President&CEO

Alliance

JedR.Mandel

President

EMA

YoshiyasuNao

President

JAMA


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ii

ListofMembers

ACEAmembercompanies

BMWGroup,DAFTrucksNV,DaimlerAG,FiatSpA,FordofEuropeGmbH,GeneralMotorsEuropeAG,MAN

NutzfahrzeugeAG,PorscheAG,PSAPeugeotCitron,RenaultSA,ScaniaAB,ToyotaMotorEurope,

VolkswagenAG,ABVolvo.

Alliancemembercompanies

BMWofNorthAmerica,ChryslerLLC,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,JaguarLandRover,

MazdaNorthAmericanOperations,MercedesBenzUSA,MitsubishiMotorSalesofAmerica,Inc.,PorscheCars

NorthAmerica,Inc.,ToyotaMotorNorthAmerica,Inc.,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica.

EMAmembercompanies

AmericanHondaMotorCo.,Inc.,Briggs&StrattonCorporation,CaterpillarInc.,ChryslerLLC,CNHGlobalN.V.,

CumminsInc.,Daimler Trucks North America LLC, Deere&Company,DeutzCorporation,DresserWaukesha,

FiatPowertrainTechnologiesS.p.A,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,HinoMotors,Ltd.,

IsuzuManufacturingServicesofAmerica,Inc.,KohlerCompany,KomatsuLtd.,KubotaEngineAmerica

Corporation,MTUDetroitDiesel,Inc.,Navistar,Inc.,OnanCumminsPowerGeneration,PACCARInc,ScaniaCVAB,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica,Inc.,VolvoPowertrainCorporation,WrtsilNorthAmerica,Inc.,

YamahaMotorCorporation,YanmarAmericaCorporation

JAMAmembercompanies

DaihatsuMotorCo.Ltd.,FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,HinoMotorsLtd.,HondaMotorCo.Ltd.,IsuzuMotors

Limited,KawasakiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,MazdaMotorCorporation,MitsubishiFusoTruckandBus

Corporation,MitsubishiMotorsCorporation,NissanDieselMotorCo.Ltd.,NissanMotorCo.Ltd.,Suzuki

MotorCorporation,ToyotaMotorCorporation,YamahaMotorCo.Ltd.

Associatemembers

AssociationofInternationalAutomobileManufacturers(AIAM)

AssociationofInternationalAutomotiveManufacturersofCanada(AIAMC)

AssociacionMexicanadelaIndustriaAutomotriz,A.C.(AMIA)

BrazilianAssociationofmotorvehicleandmotorisedagriculturalmachinerymanufacturers(ANFAVEA)

CanadianVehicleManufacturers Association(CVMA)

ChamberofAutomotiveManufacturersofthePhilippines,Inc.(CAMPI)

ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers(CAAM)

IndonesiaAutomotiveFederation(IAF)

KoreaAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(KAMA)

NationalAssociationofAutomobileManufacturersofSouthAfrica(NAAMSA)

MalaysianAutomotiveAssociation(MAA)

ThaiAutomotiveIndustryAssociation(TAIA)

VietnamAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(VAMA)

Supportingorganisations:

OrganisationInternationaledesConstructeursdAutomobiles(OICA)


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iii

Acronyms

ABNTNBR AssociaoBrasileiradeNormasTcnicas(BrazilianStandardsNumber)

ACEA AssociationdesConstructeursEuropensdAutomobiles(Europeanautomotive

manufacturersassociation)

Alliance AllianceofAutomobileManufactures

ASTM ASTMInternational(formerlyAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)

Biodiesel Thisdocumentdefinesbiodieselasanesterbasedfuel,createdbyreactingvegetableoranimalfatswithalcohol,meetingcertainspecificationsandableto

beusedindieselengines. BiodieselisoftensynonymouswithFAME.

BTL BiomasstoLiquid

BXX Biodieselblendcontainingaspecifiedamountofbiodieselbyvolume(e.g.,B20

contains20%biodieselbyvolume)

Ca Calcium

CEC CoordinatingEuropeanCouncilfortheDevelopmentofPerformanceTestsfor

TransportationFuels,LubricantsandOtherFluids

CEN/TR ComitEuropeandeNormalisation(EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization)

/TechnicalReport

DPF Dieselparticulatefilter

EMA EngineManufacturersAssociation

EN EuropeanNorm

FAEE FattyAcidEthylEster

FAME FattyAcidMethylEster

HVO Hydrotreatedvegetableoil

ICP Inductivelycoupledplasma

ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

JAMA JapanAutomobileManufacturers Association

JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandards

K Potassium

KOH Potassiumhydroxide

Mg Magnesium

mod Modified

Na SodiumNaOH Sodiumhydroxide

ppm Partspermillion

prEN ProvisionalEuropeanNorm

PSADW AfamilyofPSAGroupdieselengines manufacturedforuseinPeugeot and

Citronautomobiles.

TAN TotalAcidNumber

WWFC WorldwideFuelCharter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Group


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iv

CONTENTS

ListofMembers ............................................................................................. ii

Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iii

Introduction .................................................................................................. 1

GuidelinesforB100BlendstockforuseinuptoB5Blends ................................ 2

SummaryofGuidelines ................................................................................ 11

SummaryofTestMethods............................................................................ 13


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Introduction

ThepurposeoftheWorldwideFuelCharteristopromotehighqualityandharmonizedfuelsonaglobal

basis,consideringtheneedforoptimumengineandvehicleperformanceanddurabilityandforthe

cleanestpossibleoperationofengineandvehicletechnologies. Meetingthisobjectivewillbenefit

consumers,simplifyfuelmarkets,facilitatetradeandhelpgovernmentsmeetpublicpolicygoals.

Biofuelsareofparticularinteresttodayduetotheirpotentialtohelpreducetheuseofpetroleumbased

fuels,improveenergysecurityandreducegreenhousegasemissions. Biodieselisoneofthesefuelsthat

isviableandinusetoday,alongotherpromisingalternativedieselfuelssuchasrenewabledieselfuel

(hydrotreatedvegetableoil(HVO))andbiomasstoliquid(BTL)fuels. Goodbiodieselqualityis

fundamentaltoitscontinuedsuccessasafuel. Theguidancepresentedherecontainsmanufacturer

recommendationsregardingthebiodieselqualityneededforproperengineandvehicleoperation.

Therecommendedlimitsintheseguidelinesarespecificallyestablishedfor100%biodiesel(B100)

blendstockintendedforblendingwithpetroleumbaseddieselfueltomakeablendcontaininga

maximumof5%biodieselbyvolume(B5)suitableforuseinvehicleswithcompressionignition

engines. Higherlevelblendsmayrequiredifferentspecifications,labeling,andothercontrolsto

adequately

protect

consumers.

Finished

biodiesel

diesel

fuel

blends,

as

well

as

finished

petroleum

baseddieselfuel,shouldcontinuetomeettherequirementsoftheappropriatedieselfuelcategoryin

theWorldwideFuelCharter.

Biodieselqualitychangesovertimeduetotheinherentnatureofthefuel. Oxidationreactionsbeginto

affectthefuelassoonasthebiodieseliscreated. Storageconditions,especiallytemperature,exposure

towaterandexposuretooxygenwhichisnaturallypresentinambientair,influencetherateof

oxidation. Antioxidantadditivescanhelpslowthisdegradationprocessandimprovefuelstabilityupto

apoint. Theireffectivenessdependsontheiradditiontothebiodieselduringorassoonafter

productionaspractical. Theoveruseofantioxidantscanleadtotheadditionalformationofsludge.

Thus,caremustbetakeninchoosingtheantioxidanttypeandamountformaximumeffectiveness. Itis

alsocriticalforbiodieselblendstockstomeetthelimitsspecifiedinthisguidance. Afterblending,

distributorsandretailersshouldavoidstoringblendsforexcessivetimeperiodsorunderadverseconditions,andtheyshouldmonitortheblendsqualityatleastuntilthefuelistransportedorsold.

Theseguidelinesarebasedonengineandvehiclemanufacturerexperiencewithbiodieselfuelsmade

fromfeedstockscommonlyusedtodayinvariousmarketsaroundtheworld. Theguidelinesare

performancebasedandfeedstockneutral. Asnewfeedstocksareidentified,thepropertiesandlimits

specifiedheremayrequirerevisiontoensuretheircontinuedsuitability.

Biodieselfuelandbiodieselfuelblendsmusthaveuniformpropertiesthroughout,toensureaconsistent

qualitybothpriortoandafterblending. Highspeedinjectionblendingispreferredtosplashblendingas

ameanstoensureuniformqualitythroughoutthefinalfuelblend. Theblendingprocessand

confirmationofuniformpropertiesisveryimportant,especiallywhensplashblendingisused. Blenders

andconsumersshouldcheckwiththeirsuppliersandrequestconfirmationoffeedstockandfinished

productuniformity.

Biodieselfuelandbiodieselfuelblendsmustcomplywithalllegalrequirementsregardinglabeling. Both

blendersandconsumerswillbenefitfromhavingaccurateinformationaboutbiodieselcontent. Engine

andvehiclemanufacturerswillcontinuetoevaluatetheseGuidelinesforongoingapplicabilityto

increasinglysophisticatedvehiclesystemsandcomponents,whichmustcomplywithnumerous

governmentregulations. TheWWFCCommitteewillreviewandrevisetheserecommendationsas

necessarytoreflectchangesinengineandvehicletechnologies,biodieselproductionandmarketing

practicesandtestmethods.

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GuidelinesforB100BlendstockforuseinuptoB5Blends

Property Limit Units TestMethods

Estercontent 96.5min %m/mEN14103mod

Other: ABNTNBR15342

LinolenicAcidMethylEster 12.0max %m/m EN14103mod

Polyunsaturatedacid

methylester( 4double

bonds)

1max %m/m prEN15779

Estercontent

ThefuelsestercontentindicatestheamountofFAMEinthefuel,andtherefore,itisanindicatorofthe

fuels

quality.

A

low

amount

of

ester

may

indicate

that

unreacted

compounds,

such

as

tri

glycerides,

or

processrelatedcompounds,suchascatalysts(KOH/NaOH)ormethanol,remaininthefuel. Lowlevels

alsomayindicatecontaminationwithnonFAMEcompounds. Theseimpuritiesmaycausefuelfilter

plugging,enginedepositsorotherproblems. Locallawmayrequiremeasuringthefuelsestercontent;

estermeasurementalsocanhelppreventorminimizefraudunderincentiveprograms.

LinolenicAcidMethylEster

Thisester,whichisinherenttocertainfeedstocks,containsthreedoublebondswhichmakethe

moleculehighlyunstable. Thus,thesemoleculesoxidizeorpolymerizeeasily,therebycreatingacidsor

sludge.

Polyunsaturatedacidmethylester( 4doublebonds)

These

esters

will

rapidly

polymerize

and

should

be

absent

from

the

fuel

to

protect

against

sludge.

Limitingotherpolyunsaturatedmoleculeswiththreeormoredoublebondswillimprovefuelstability.

Notesregardingtestmethods:EN14103isvalidforbothmethylandethylestersbuthasalimitedrangewhenusedforethylesters.

Thistestisbeingimprovedtocovermoreesters. Methodsformeasuringlargeesterswithfourormore

doublebondsareunderdevelopment.

OxidationStability:

prEN15751orEN14112as

alternativeInductionPeriod 10min hr

Oxidationstabilityisveryimportant. InadditiontooxidationstabilityasmeasuredbyInductionPeriod,

seediscussionbelowrelatedtochangeinTotalAcidNumber.

OxidationstabilityisoneofthemostimportantpropertiesbecauseFAMEoxidizeseasilycomparedwith

petroleumdieselfuelandproducesreactionproductsthatcandamagetheengineorvehicle. Fuelswith

ahighnumberofmoleculeswithmethylenegroupsadjacenttodoublebondsareparticularly

susceptibletooxidation. Theoxidationprocessbeginsassoonasthevegetableoiliscreatedand

continuesuntilthebeginningofreesterification. Oxidationproducesperoxides(hydroperoxides)

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whichundergofurtherreactiontoformacids,whicharethemselvesoxidizingagents. Moleculesmay

alsopolymerizeandformgums,sludgeorotherinsolublecompounds;unlikeperoxides,whichusually

disappearatsomepointduringreesterification,polymersthatformduringoxidationdonotdisappear

andremaininthemixture. Theoxidationreactioncontinuesuntilthereactivesitesoravailableoxygen

aredepleted. TheRancimattestmethod,EN14112(orprEN15751),providesanindicationofthe

amountoftime(inductionperiod)thefuelcanbestoredbeforetheproductionofacidsindicatesthe

fuelisbecomingunstable.

Peroxidescandamageordegradeplasticsandelastomers,particularlyathightemperatures. Theacids

corrodemetalsusedinvehicleanddistributionfuelhandlingsystems. Theimpactofacidsonmetalfuel

tanksisespeciallysevere. Evenlightcorrosionfromcarbonicacidsaltswillcausestickydepositsinside

thefuelpumpandinjectors. Thesemetalandcarbonicacidsreactagaintoformsalts. Thesesalts,

whicharesolubleinthefuel,passthroughthefuelfilterbutthensticktothesurfacesofthefuelpump

andfuelinjectors. Thesaltsalsocanformsludgelikeinjectordeposits. Polymers,sludgeandother

insolublematerialsformedduringoxidationcancausefuelfilterblockage.

Historically,petroleumdieselfuelshavebeensuccessfullystoredforextremelylongperiodswithout

oxidizing,butevenlowconcentrationsofFAMEcanreducethestabilityoffinishedblends. Afewcases

ofloweroxidationstabilitythanexpectedhavebeenobservedwithbiodieselblendsmadewithverylowsulfurpetroleumdieselfuels;sometheorizethischangemayberelatedtothetypeofprocessing

requiredtoproducetheverylowsulfurlevels.

Dependingonstorageconditions(e.g.,temperature,humidityintheairspace,presenceofwater,and

otherfactors),FAMEthatmeetsthespecifiedlimitatthetimeofretailsaleshouldprovidesixmonthsof

storagecapabilitybeforeunacceptabledegradationoftheFAMEorblendsoccurs.

Toreducethepotentialformarketproblems,theoxidationstabilityoftheblendstockmustexceedthe

recommendedminimuminductionperiod,andthefinishedfuelalsomustmeetitsownoxidation

stabilityrequirement. Iftheoxidationstabilityoftheblendstockispoor,theoxidationstabilityofthe

finishedfuelwillbepoor. Antioxidantadditivescanhelpachievetherecommendedlimit;researchis

continuingintoantioxidanttypes,effectivenessanddosinglevels. Whenusingantioxidantstoimprove

theoxidationstability,producersshouldaddtheantioxidantstofreshlymadeFAMEorevenduring

FAMEproductionformaximumeffectiveness. Duetofuelchangesovertime,fuelprovidersshould

monitorthefuelqualityandtakestepstominimizedegradationandavoidtheuseofdegradedfuel.

Notesregardingtestmethods:TheprovisionalmethodprEN15751isknownasthemodifiedRancimattestmethodforB100and

biodieselblends. WhentestingB100,testmethodstomeasureinsolublessuchaspolymers,sludgeand

othersubstances(EN12205orASTMD2274)mustbemodifiedtouseglassfiberfilterstoavoid

degradingthefiltermedia.

IodineNumber 130max* gI2/100g EN14111

Iodinenumberindicatesthetotalnumberofdoublebonds(i.e.,levelofsaturation)inthemixtureof

molecules. Opinionsdifferregardingwhethertheiodinenumberhelpsindicateoxidationstability,

whereahigheriodinenumberrepresentsloweroxidationstability. Totheextentitdoeshelpindicate

oxidationstability,theiodinenumbermayprovideinformationaboutthefuelstendencytoform

sludge,affectlubricantqualityand/orcausecorrosion.

*Limitingtheiodinenumberto130maxcanprecludetheuseofcertainfeedstocksthatareprominent

indifferentregions,especiallysoybean,sunflowerandotherunsaturatedoils,butcontrolmaybe

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Notesregardingtestmethods:Thesetestmethodsdonotmeasureotheralcoholsthatmaybepresentintheesterproduct,buta

preliminaryinvestigationhasshownthatasmallchangetoEN14110willallowethanolmeasurement.

Glycerides EN14105

Monoglyceride 0.80max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Diglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Triglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Glycerin(glycerol)

Freeglycerin 0.02max %m/m

EN14105/14106

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15341

Totalglycerin 0.25max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15344

Glycerides: Mono,Di,andTri

Glycerides,whicharehighmolecularweightreactantsinthebiodieselproductionprocess,canremain

unreactedintheFAMEafterprocessing. Theyareundesirablebecausetheycancausefilterplugging,

especiallyatcoldtemperatures,andinjectorandenginedeposits;theycanalsolimitvehicleoperability

overawiderangeofconditions. Monoglyceridescanleadtoincreasedinjectordeposits. Highmono

glyceridecontenthasbeenlinkedtosoliddepositsinB5wherethefuelwasstoredintanksunder

Scandinavianwinterconditions. Atsuchlowtemperatures,amaximumlimitof0.40%m/mis

recommended. Thelimitmayberevisitedafterinvestigationsarecomplete. Diglyceridescanleadto

filterplugging. Triglyceridecontentisagoodindicatorofunreactedoilsorgreasesinthebiodiesel.

Glyceridescanbecontrolledtolowlevelsthroughtheuseofgoodoperatingproceduresduring

production.

Glycerin(glycerol),TotalandFree

Glycerin,whichisabyproductofthechemicalreactionthatproducesbiodiesel,mayremaininthefuelif

theesterisinadequatelyseparatedorwashed. Glycerinalsomayseparateoutoftheliquidduring

storageafteranymethanol,whichactsasasolvent,hasevaporated. Onceseparated,theglycerinwill

falltothetankbottomandattractsuchpolarcompoundsaswater,monoglyceridesandsoapsthatcan

blockfilters,damageinjectors,causeinjectorcokingandotherenginedeposits,andotherwisemakethe

fuelincompatiblewithvehiclematerialsandreduceenginedurability.

Glycerincanbecontrolledthroughtheuseofgoodoperatingpracticesduringproduction.

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Notesregardingtestmethods:Infinishedfuelblends,petroleumdieselfuelcomponentscaninterferewiththeabilitytodirectly

measureglycerininthefuel. Whenanacceptabletestmethodforglycerininafuelblendisavailable,a

limitvalueforblendswillbeestablished.

Anew,simplifiedcoldfiltrationtestprocedurerelatedtosomeglyceridesisindevelopment.

Duetothepresenceofhydroxylgroupsinthemainestercarbonchain,theonlymethodlistedthatis

suitableforusewithcastoroilderivedFAMEistheBrazilianABNTNBR15344.

Glyceridemeasurementscanbeusedtocalculatetotalandfreeglycerin.

Density Report g/ml

ENISO3675

ASTMD4052

JISK2249

Other: ENISO12185,ABNTNBR

7148/14065

Biodieseldensityisusuallyhigherthanthatoffossildieselfuel,withthespecificvaluesdependingon

fattyacidcompositionandpurity. MostbatchesofFAMEcontainonlyabouttendifferentmolecules

withdensitiesusuallywithinaverynarrowrange. ContaminationcansignificantlyaffectFAMEdensity,

sothispropertycanbeusedtoindicatecontaminationbysomeunwantedcompoundsandtomonitor

fuelquality.

KinematicViscosity@40C 2.0 5.0 mm2/s

ENISO3104

ASTMD445

JISK2283

Other: ABNTNBR10441

KinematicviscosityisaninherentpropertyofFAMEsdifferentfeedstocksthataffectsinjector

lubrication

and

fuel

atomization.

Biodiesel

fuel

blends

generally

have

improved

lubricity;

however,

their

higherviscositylevelstendtoformlargerdropletsoninjectionwhichcancausepoorcombustionand

increasedexhaustsmokeundercertainoperatingconditions. AtFAMEblendinglevelsupto5%by

volume,thesuggestedlimitsprovideanacceptableleveloffuelsystemperformanceforthefinished

fuelblendsandallowblendingwithoutchangingtheviscosityofthebasedieselfuel. Adheringtothe

limitswillalsohelpharmonizeFAMEquality.

Fortemperaturesatorbelow 20C,viscosityshouldbeatorbelow48mm2/stoavoidpotentially

dangerousloadsonthefuelinjectionpumpdrivesystem.

FlashPoint 100min CISO3679

ASTMD93

Theflashpointtemperatureistheminimumtemperatureatwhichthefuelwillignite(flash)on

applicationofanignitionsourceunderspecifiedconditions. Itisusedtoclassifyfuelsfortransportand

storageaccordingtohazardlevel;minimumflashpointtemperaturesarerequiredforpropersafetyand

handlingofthefuel.

Flashpointvariesinverselywiththefuelsvolatility,andbiodieselsflashpointcandecreaserapidlyas

theamountofresidualalcoholincreases. Thus,thebiodieselflashpointmeasurementhelpsindicate

thepresenceofmethanol. Fuelprovidersmustmeasurethebiodieselflashpointpriortoblendingwith

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fossildieselfuel;sincethepetroleumcomponentsflashpointwillbemuchlower,onecannotrelyon

theblendsflashpointmeasurementtoindicatethepresenceofmethanol.

CetaneNumber 51min

ISO5165

ASTMD613

JIS

K2280

Cetanenumberisameasureofthefuelsignitionandcombustionqualitycharacteristics. Fuelswithlow

cetanenumberswillcausehardstarting,roughoperation,noiseandincreasedsmokeopacity. Finished

blendsshouldmeetrelevantWWFCcategorylimits.

Water 500max mg/kg EN12937

WaterandSediment 0.05max %v/v ASTMD2709

TotalContamination 24max mg/kgEN12662

ASTMD2276,D5452,D6217

WaterandSediment/TotalContamination

Thefuelshouldbeclearinappearanceandfreeofvisiblewaterandsediment/totalcontamination. The

presenceofthesematerialscanshortenfilterlifeorplugfuelfilters,whichcanleadtoenginefuel

starvation.

Wateracceleratesoxidation,dramaticallyincreasescorrosivityandpromotesmicrobialgrowth. Since

FAMEiscapableofabsorbingsignificantlymorewaterthanpetroleumdieselfuel,itisespecially

importanttodehydrateFAMEduringproductionandtominimizethepotentialtocreatefreewater

duringblendingordistribution. Thelevelofwaterspecifiediswithinthesolubilitylevelofwaterinfuel

and,assuch,doesnotrepresentfreewater.

Esterificationandproductrefiningprocesses,alongwithfeedstockselection,tendtoproducemany

typesofcontamination,suchasbysoap. PoorfuelhandlingpracticescanintroduceothercontaminantsorcompoundsthatarenotsolubleinFAME. Smallamountsofsuchcontaminationwillcausefuelfilter

pluggingandinjectordepositsandshouldbewellcontrolledtopreventproblems. Ifwaterismeasured

independentlyfromsediment,thefuelshouldalsomeetaseparateTotalContaminationlimit.

Engineandfuelinjectionequipmentmanufacturerscontinuetodevelopfuelsystemstoreduce

emissionsandfuelconsumptionandtoimproveperformance. Injectionpressureshaveincreased

dramatically;currentinjectorsoperateatpressuresashighas2400bars,andinjectorswithevenhigher

pressurecapabilitiesareindevelopment. Suchlevelsofinjectionpressuredemandreducedorificesizes

andcomponentclearances,typicallyrangingfrom2to5mininjectors. Small,hardparticles,which

mayremaininthefuelthatarecarriedintotheseengineparts,arepotentialsourcesofinjectorand

subsequentenginefailure.

Therecommendedlimitsallowcomparingmeasuredresultstoamaximumlevelacceptableforproper

engineoperation.

Notesregardingmethods:Measuringfuelparticlecontaminationnecessarilyconsiderstotalmass,sizeandnumberofparticlesper

sizeclass(i.e.,particlesizedistribution). TheISO4406protocolprovidesameansofexpressingthelevel

ofcontaminationbysizedistribution. ASTMD2276allowslinesamplinginthefield. Whatevermethod

isused,glassfiberfiltersshouldbeusedinsteadofamembranefilter.

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AshContent 0.001max %m/m

ISO6245

ASTMD482

JISK2272

SulfatedAsh 0.005max %m/m

ISO3987

ASTMD874

Other: ABNTNBR984

Ash SulfatedandOther

Ashisameasureoftheamountofmetalsandotherinorganiccontaminantscontainedinthefuel. Ash

precursorsmaybepresentinthreeforms(i)abrasivesolids,(ii)solublemetallicsoaps,and(iii)residual

biodieselcatalyst;whenoxidizedduringcombustion,thesematerialsformash.

Ashhasbeenlinkedtoenginedepositsandfilterplugging,andmetallicsoapscancontributetodeposits

inthefuelsystem. Abrasivesolidsandbiodieselcatalystmaterialsalsocauseincreasedwearofinternal

fuelsystemenginecomponentsexposedtofuelafterinjection.

Dieselparticulatefilters(DPF),whichbeganappearinginmid2000toachieveextremelylowparticulate

emissionsandstringentemissionstandards,areparticularlysusceptibletoimpairmentfromash. Allash

formingcompoundscancontributetotheaccumulationofmaterialonthesefilters. Rapidaccumulation

ofashrequiresmorefrequentfiltermaintenanceandwillreducevehiclefueleconomy.

Thelevelsspecifiedareconsideredacceptableforengineperformance,andslightlylessstringentlimits

maybeacceptableforvehicleswithoutaDPF(seetheWorldwideFuelCharterforlimitsinCategories1,

2and3). Morestringentlimitsthanshownabove,however,maybenecessaryforoptimalparticulate

filtermaintenanceintervals.

Notesregardingtestmethods:Forthegivenmethods,alargesamplesize(min100g)isneededtoobtainprecisiontothreesignificant

digits. Moresensitiveandprecisetestmethodsareneededtodetermineashatthelowestlevels.

CarbonResidue:

Ramsbottom,on100%

distillationresidue

0.05max %m/m ASTMD4530

Carbonresidue,whichformsoncombustion,isasourceofparticulatematterwithinthevehiclesystem.

Thispropertyservesasameasureofthetendencytoformdepositsoninjectorsandinthecombustion

chamberandshouldbeminimized.

Notesregardingtestmethods:Sampleshouldbedistilledundervacuumtopreventpolymerization. Ifdistilledatatmosphericpressure,

theamountofresiduewillincreaseandmayproducemisleadingresults.

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Corrosion: Ferrouslightrusting,

maxRating ASTMD665ProcedureA

Corrosiontestingindicatespotentialcompatibilityproblemsbetweenfuelsandfuelsystemcomponents

madeofvariousmetals.

Notesregardingtestmethods:Theratingismadeafter3hoursat50Cbycomparingthesampletoastandard.

Sulfur 10max ppm

EN20846/20884

ASTMD5453/D2622

JISK35411, 2, 6or 7

Manygovernmentsregulatesulfurlevelsinfueltoassurecompatibilitywithemissioncontrolsystems

andtoenablethesesystemstomeetemissionstandards. Biodieselblendsmaynotexceedthe

applicablemaximumsulfurlevelsdefinedforpetroleumdieselfuel;fortunately,mostbiodieselnaturally

containslessthan10ppmsulfur. SeetheWorldwideFuelCharterforadditionaldiscussionabout

sulfursnumerousadverseimpactsandotherlimitsthatmayapplyinmarketswithlessstringent

requirements.

Notesregardingtestmethods:UseASTMD5453forfuelsanticipatedtohavelessthan20ppmsulfur,forthebestaccuracywhenusing

ASTMtestmethods.

Phosphorus 4max mg/kgEN14107

ASTMD4951,D3231

Phosphoruswillbepresentinbiodieselattracelevelsfromphospholipidcompoundsnaturallyfoundin

plantoils,andlargerquantitiescansometimesbefoundasaresultoftheuseofphosphoruscontaining

fertilizertogrowthebiomassfeedstockandinorganicsaltsthatmaybecontainedinusedcookingoils.

Phosphoruscangreatlyimpairtheeffectivenessofemissioncontrolsystems. Itsinfluenceiscumulative,

whichmeansthatevenverylowlevelsinthefuelmayleadtoprematuredeteriorationovertime,

especiallywhenanengineconsumesasignificantamountofcontaminatedfuel. Thelimitmaybe

loweredwhenbettertestmethodsareavailable.

Notesregardingtestmethods:TheISOtestmethodisapplicableandaccuratedownto4ppm. ASTMD4951isprecisedownto0.05%

bymass,+/ 10%;lowervaluesmaybemeasurable,dependingonthesensitivityoftheICPinstrument.

ASTMD3231,amethodformeasuringphosphorusingasoline,maybeacceptablebecauseituses

techniquesthatdecomposetheorganicmaterials,soitisindependentofthematrix. ASTMD3231candetectphosphorusatlevelsbelow1mg/L.

9


16/24

Alkali(GroupI)metals(Na+K) 5max mg/kg EN14108/14109,EN14538

Alkaline(GroupII)metals(Ca+Mg) 5max mg/kg EN14538

Alkalimetals(Na+K)

Biodiesel

producers

who

use

sodium

and

potassium

to

catalyze

biodiesel

production

should

remove

thesemetalsbeforeallowingthebiodieseltoleavetheproductionprocess. Residualalkalimetalscan

formdepositsinfuelinjectionsystemcomponentsandpoisonemissioncontrolsystems. Sodiumand

potassiumarealsoassociatedwithashformation.

Alkalinemetals(Ca+Mg)

Biodieselproducerswhousealkalinemetalsasabsorbentsduringbiodieselproductionshouldremove

thesemetalsbeforeallowingthebiodieseltoleavetheproductionprocess. Hardwateralsocan

contributealkalinemetalstotheFAME,soproducersshouldusesoftordeionizedwaterduring

processing. Residualalkalinemetalscanformdepositsinfuelinjectionsystemcomponentsandpoison

emissioncontrolsystems. Calciumsoapscancauseinjectionpumpstostick.

TraceMetals/Elements Nointentionaladdition ASTMD7111

TraceMetals/Elements

Metalcompoundsshouldnotbeaddedtothefuel.

Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD7111canmeasuretraceelementsbetweenapproximately0.1to0.2mg/kginmiddledistillate

fuels(withaboilingrangebetween150Cto390C).

AdditionalProperties

ConsulttheWorldwideFuelCharterforrecommendedlimitsandtestmethodsforadditional

propertiessuchascoldtemperatureoperability,injectorcleanliness,biologicalgrowthandlubricitythatrequirecontrolinthefinishedbiodieselblend.

GoodHousekeepingPractices

BlendersshouldmanageblendsaccordingtothepracticesoutlinedinthetechnicalreportCEN/TR

15367. ProducersshouldcreateB100fuelsthathavetheminimumpropertiesidentifiedinthis

guidelineatthetimeofdeliveryorblending. Blendersshouldevaluatefinishedproductsforuniform

blendinglevelsandmonitorfuelpropertychangesovertimeincludingacidnumber,appearanceoffree

water,andmicrobialcontamination.

ProducersandblendersalsoshouldbeawarethatragssaturatedwithB100,perhapsduringspillclean

up,mayspontaneouslycombustandposeasafetyhazardundercertainconditions. Handlersshould

consulttheirprofessionalassociationsforfurtherguidance.

Labeling

Vehicleandenginemanufacturersdesigntheirproductsforcompatibilitywithdifferentconcentrations

ofbiodiesel. TheseguidelinesareforB100usedforblendingatlevelsuptoB5only. Vehicleandengine

manufacturerconcernsaboutbiodieselcompatibilityandqualityincreaseasthebiodieselcontent

increasesandthereforeanyblendsgreaterthanB5dispensedfrompumpsshouldbelabeledtoidentify

theblend.

10


17/24

SummaryofGuidelines

Property Value Units TestMethodsEstercontent 96.5min %m/m

EN14103mod

Other: ABNTNBR15342

LinolenicAcidMethylEster 12.0max %m/m EN14103modPolyunsaturatedacidmethyl

ester(4doublebonds)1max %m/m prEN15779

OxidationStability:

InductionPeriod10min hr

prEN15751orEN14112as

alternative

IodineNumber 130max1 gI2/100g EN14111

TotalAcidNumber 0.5max mgKOH/g

ISO6618

ASTMD664,D974

JISK2501

Other: ABNTNBR14448

Methanol 0.20max %m/m

EN14110

JISK2536Other: ABNTNBR15343

Glycerides EN14105

Monoglyceride 0.80max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Diglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Triglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Glycerin(glycerol)

Freeglycerin 0.02max %m/m

EN14105/14106

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15341

Totalglycerin 0.25max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15344

Density report g/ml

ENISO3675

ASTMD4052

JISK2249

Other: ENISO12185,

ABNTNBR7148/14065

KinematicViscosity@40C 2.0 5.02 mm2/s

ENISO3104

ASTMD445

JISK2283

1Thislimitmayunnecessarilyprecludecertainfeedstocks. Someenginetechnologiesmayneedamorestringentlimit.

2Fortemperaturesatorbelow20C,viscosityshouldbeatorbelow48mm

2/stoavoidpotentiallydangerousloadsonthe

fuelinjectionpumpdrivesystem.

11


18/24

Property Value Units TestMethodsOther: ABNTNBR10441

FlashPoint 100min CISO3679

ASTMD93

CetaneNumber 51min

ISO5165

ASTMD613

JISK2280

Water 500max mg/kg(ppm) EN12937

WaterandSediment 0.05max %v/v ASTMD2709

TotalContamination 24max mg/kgEN12662

ASTMD2276,D5452,D6217

AshContent 0.001max %m/m

ISO6245

ASTMD482

JISK2272

SulfatedAsh 0.005max %m/m

ISO3987

ASTMD874

Other: ABNTNBR984

CarbonResidue:

Ramsbottom,on100%

distillationresidue

0.05max %m/m ASTMD4530

Corrosion: Ferrouslightrusting,

maxRating ASTMD665ProcedureA

Sulfur 10max ppm

EN20846/20884

ASTMD5453/D2622

JISK35411, 2, 6or 7

Phosphorus 4max mg/kgEN14107

ASTMD4951,D3231

Alkalimetals(Na+K) 5max mg/kg EN14108/14109,EN14538

Alkalinemetals(Ca+Mg) 5max mg/kg EN14538

TraceMetals noaddition ASTMD7111

12


19/24

SummaryofTestMethods3

(seemaintextforadditionalnotes)

Property Units CEN/ISO ASTM JIS Other

Ester

content

%

m/m

EN

14103

mod

ABNT

NBR

15342

LinolenicAcidMethyl

Ester%m/m EN14103mod

Polyunsaturatedacid

methylester(4

doublebonds)

%m/m prEN15779

OxidationStability:

InductionPeriodhr

prEN15751or

EN14112asalternative

IodineNumber gI2/100g EN14111

TotalAcidNumber mgKOH/g ISO6618 D664,D974 K2501 ABNTNBR14448

Methanol %m/m EN14110 K2536 ABNTNBR15343

Glycerides %m/m EN14105

Monoglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342

Diglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342

Triglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342

Glycerin(glycerol)

Freeglycerin %m/mEN14105,

EN14106D6584 ABNTNBR15341

Totalglycerin %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15344

Density g/ml ENISO3675 D4052 K2249

ENISO12185

ABNTNBR

7148/14065

KinematicViscosity mm2/s ENISO3104 D445 K2283 ABNTNBR10441

FlashPoint C ISO3679 D93

CetaneNumber ISO5165 D613 K2280

Water mg/kg EN12937

WaterandSediment %v/v D2709

TotalContamination mg/kg EN12662D2276,D5452,

D6217

AshContent %m/m ISO6245 D482 K2272

3TestmethodsmaybeusedwithB100;consultmethodtodetermineifalsoapplicabletoblends.

13


20/24

14

Property Units CEN/ISO ASTM JIS Other

SulfatedAsh %m/m ISO3987 D874 ABNTNBR984

CarbonResidue:

Ramsbottom,on

100%distillationresidue

%m/m D4530

FerrousCorrosion ratingD665

ProcedureA

Sulfur ppm EN20846/20884 D5453/D2622 K35411, 2, 6or 7

Phosphorus mg/kg EN14107 D4951,D3231

Alkalimetals(Na,K) mg/kgEN14108/EN14109,

EN14538

Alkalinemetals(Ca,

Mg)mg/kg EN14538

Tracemetals D7111


21/24

FourteenorganizationsandindividualssubmittedcommentsontheproposedFirstEditionofBiodiesel

Guidelines from the Worldwide Fuel Charter (WWFC) Committee. All comments were carefully

reviewedandconsidered. Forbrevity, thefollowingdiscussionhasbeenorganizedbyconceptrather

thanbyindividualcomments. Severalhelpfuleditorialandtechnicalcorrectionswereadoptedbutare

not described in this document. For reasons of confidentiality, the individual commenters are not

identified. AswiththeWWFC,theBiodieselGuidelinesrepresentrecommendationsforaglobalmarket,

andassuch,maydifferfromthestandardsofanyparticularcountryorlocation.

GeneralCommentsontheBiodieselGuidelines

Comment: Thescopeshouldincludeotherrenewablefuelsforcompressionignitionengines.

Response: While other renewable fuels are being developed, methyl ester fuels are already

being produced and distributed worldwide today in significant quantities. The

CommitteedecidedtomakemethylesterblendstocksthefocusoftheseGuidelines.

Comment: Theinclusionoffinishedfuel(B5)propertiesconflictswiththeGuidelinesscopeof

B100forblending.

Response: TheGuidelinesareforB100tobeblendedinB5andlowerblends. Incertainplaces

inthetext,however,theCommitteehasidentifiedcertainareasthatrelatetoboth

B100andfinishedfuelspecifications.

Comment: TheGuidelinesincludetoomanyparametersandtakenintotalaremorerestrictive

thananyindividualregionalrequirement.

Response: The Guidelines are intended to provide information regarding allparameters that

are involved in defining a quality blendstock. Certain parameters may not be

applicabletospecificregions.

Comment: TheGuidelinesshouldincluderecommendationsregardingantioxidantusagerates

thatwillprovidestabilitywithoutoveradditizing.

Response: The type and amount of antioxidant required vary depending on the feedstock,

productionprocessandothervariables; therefore, it is impractical to recommend

specificusagetypesandrates.

Comment: The Guidelines include overlapping and potentially conflicting requirements

regardingestercomponentsandstability.

Response:

The

Guidelines

are

intended

to

provide

information

regarding

all

parameters

involved in defining a quality fuel. Certain parameters may not be applicable to

specificregions,but iftheGuidelinesaremetoverall,worldwideB100distribution

wouldbefacilitated.

Comment: Theproposedoxidationstabilitylimitistoostringent,andtherequirementexceeds

therequirementsinmajorregionalstandards.


22/24

Response: Fuelproduction,storage,useandclimatevarysignificantlyaroundtheworld. The

Committee established the Guidelines to apply to engines and vehicles over this

widerangeofconditions.

Comment: TheproposedinclusionofchangeinTAN(deltaTAN)forthefinishedblendconflicts

withtheGuidelinesscopeanddoesnotaddvalue.

Response: DeltaTANisnotincludedamongtherecommendedB100limits. TheCommitteeis

very concerned with finished fuel stability, however, particularly when the fuel is

stored for extended periods, as is common in some regions. The text discusses

deltaTAN to increase awareness and educate fuel distributors and users of the

potential for using this property and method to evaluate finished biodiesel fuel

blends.

Comment: TheinclusionofalimitforIodineNumberandthenoteregardingdifferingopinions

isconfusingandpotentiallymisleading.

Response:

The

Committee

determined

that

inclusion

of

a

limit

value

combined

with

the

note

wasthebestwaytoaccommodateconflictinginformationavailableatthistime.

Comment: Flashpoint isneitherrequirednorappropriatelyset,basedonregionalsafetyand

transportationregulations.

Response: The specified limit provides an appropriate safety guideline. That said, it is not

intendedto,anddoesnot,supersedelocalregulations.

Comment: The proposed limits for water, water and sediment, and total contamination are

overlappingandpotentiallyincompatible.

Response: Different regions have different testing capabilities. Although separate limits for

water and contamination are preferred, the Committee has recommended a

combined water and sediment limit for regions where separate analysis is not

available.

Comment: The proposed limit for ash is not required or supported by the prescribed test

method.

Response: The proposed limit is designed toaddress known problems that higherash levels

causewithdieselparticulateemissioncontrols. AlthoughtheCommittee isaware

ofdeficienciesintheprescribedtestmethod,italsoisawarethatenhancementsto

themethodareavailablethatallowforadequatetesting.

Comment: Theproposedlimitsforalkaliandalkalinemetalsarenotrequired. Theirinfluenceis

controlledbythespecifiedashlimit.

Response: Alkaliandalkalinemetalsareknowntoincreasefuelinjectordepositsindependent

oftheirinfluenceonashcontent.

2


23/24

3

Comment: Theproposed limit forphosphorus isnot requiredorsupportedby thegiven test

method.

Response: Theproposed limit isdesignedtoaddressproblems thathigherphosphorus levels

causewithexhaustemissioncontrolsystems. AlthoughtheCommitteeisawareof

deficiencies in theprescribed test method, it also is aware thatenhancements to

themethodareavailablethatallowforadequatetesting.


24/24

Documents

B100 Guideline