B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Simplified Voltage Optimization M&V Protocols Getting to Delta V Regional Technical Forum Presentation

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

Simplified Voltage Optimization M&V Protocols

Getting to Delta VRegional Technical Forum Presentation

May 4, 2010


2

Picking Up From April 6th 2010 Meeting

April 6th RTF Meeting•Why we are here•Overarching goals•Technical Workgroup•Outlined the Simplified M&V VO Protocol−ΔV Calculations−NEEA Research for VOf

•Highlight consistent findings


3

Progress - April 6th to May 4th 2010

Comments received•RTF Committee•RTF Subcommittee•Utilities•Vendor

Addressed comments with TWG•Prepared responses


4

Need from the RTF Committee

Today BPA and the supporting TWG are seeking approval of the Simplified VO M&V Protocol being presented, which includes a VO measure life of 15 years and the NEEA End-Use VO factors.


5

What This Presentation Covers

Addressing commentsPerformance Threshold RequirementsPersistenceMeasure Life


6

Simplified VO M&V Protocols

Addressing Comments


7

Energy Savings

E Saved = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV) + ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses

Simplified Protocol Addresses VO

component

VOf is the end use Voltage Optimization factor throughout out this presentation, unless otherwise defined


8

Energy Savings

E Saved = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV) + ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses

Clarified Utility Component

April RTF presentation used ΔEsi, This was clarified this to be ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses


9

Addressing Utility Energy Savings

E Saved Utility = ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses

Calculated separately from VO

Not in the Protocol

ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses (Utility savings from system improvements & transformers)

• Determined using existing BPA programs and calculations• Industry standard power flow calculations−Loss reduction from system improvements

(This separates VO from typical CVR)

−Loss reduction from No-Load transformer losses


10

Addressing VO Energy Saved

E Saved VO = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV) (Simplified Protocol)

E Annual

•Measured−Historic records−Normalized (adjusted for a normal year)

•Estimated using typical industry methods −i.e. if only amps are available, energy can be estimated(Allowed by Option D “Measurement & Verification for Federal Energy Projects)


11

Addressing VO Factor

E Saved VO = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV)

VOf (End-Use Loads) NEEA Study• Determined using NEEA end-use Load Research Data−395 Residential homes & 20 small commercial

−Strongest predictors of VOf was determined to be electric heating and air conditioning

−Day On/Day Off for 12 months

(Simplified Protocol)


12


• Combined into 9 NWPCC Heat-Cool Zones

• Sampled Utilities in 5 zones (grey)

• Represent 88% of NW Pop

• 87% of NW Annual Usage

1-1 41 2,012,929 23,4421-2 15 1,474,169 17,4461-3 11 163,663 2,7992-1 9 74,909 1,0042-2 21 441,967 5,5542-3 19 674,763 9,2493-1 9 91,592 1,1993-2 3 100,697 9763-3 2 11,979 145

Total 130 5,046,668 61,814

Heat-Cool ZoneUtilities

(n) HouseholdsAnnual Usage

(GWh)

Percent with Their Utility Represented 56%8%

68%Percent with Their Zone Represented 88% 87%

VOf (End-Use Loads) NEEA Study


13


VOf (End-Use Loads) NEEA Study• Weighted in order to project the sample data to the

regional population at large and arrive at estimates indicative of the whole region.−1. Post-stratified the sampled sites to the utility sub-

populations using the kWh stratified sample design.−2. Weighted the utility sub-populations up to the

utility’s full population.−3. Weighted the utility populations up to the

population of the Power Council weather region each utility represented.


14


Uses Results from the NEEA DEI End-use Load

Research study Heating

& cooling

zones


15


Uses Results from the NEEA DEI End-use Load Research study

End-use load characteristics

• Electric heating• Air conditioning

Elec_E

lec_E

lec(6

0)

Elec_E

lec_N

one(5

7)

Elec_H

eatP

ump(

61)

Elec_N

on_E

lec(1

7)

Elec_N

on_N

one(2

2)

Non_E

lec_N

one(9

)

Non_H

eatP

ump(

10)

Non_N

on_E

lec(1

02)

Non_N

on_N

one(4

3)

1.00.80.60.40.20.0

HotWater_SpaceHeating_Airconditioning (Qty)

VO

f


16

Addressing VO FactorAll plots - VOf Curves

For 3 Families of H/C Zones (Max, Min, Ave)Each Curve Represents % of Homes with Air Conditioning

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% Non-Electric Heating

VO

f R

es

ide

nta

l H

om

es

010203040506070809010001020304050607080901000102030405060708090100


17

Addressing VO Factor – Does it Work?E Saved = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV) + ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses

1. Tool VOf adjusted for commercial loads

2. Simple averages < 7.1% error

Feeder VOf – DEI Pilot Study

(Measured at Feeder Level)

VOf - DEI Tool1

(E Saved Calculation – Feeder Level)

Idaho 0.65 0.734

SnoPUD 0.70 0.63

Avista 0.84 0.681

Average2 0.73 0.68

Does using End-Use VOf to Calculate Feeder Level VOf work?


18

Addressing Formulation ΔV

Can data from a 7 day period be used to accurately calculate annual average voltage levels.

YES – Simulation From NEEA Pilot Data Simplified M&V formulas calculated average annual voltage to

< 0.3% using a “rolling” 7-day (168 data points) recording

(Average annual voltage calculations use industry standard methods)

E Saved VO = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV) (Simplified Protocol)


19


(Simplified Protocol)

Source: BPA DEI Conservation Calculator Performance Test

E Saved VO = (VOf x E Annual x ΔV)Calculations based on Annual Peak Data and energy


20


Test Case Performed using NEEA data 7 Day floating window See attached

VO MV Protocol _7 day Robustness.pdf

See following three slides


21

Pre-VO Adjusted Voltage 7 Day Readings

123

123.5

124

124.5

125

125.5

126

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Weeks

Vo

lta

ge

Ave Voltage adjusted (168) Ave Voltage (8760)


7 Day floating window Maximum error

< 0.13 %

Simplified Protocol


22

Post-VO Adjusted Voltage7 Day Readings

118

118.5

119

119.5

120

120.5

121

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Weeks

Vo

lta

ge

Ave Voltage adjusted (168) Ave Voltage (8760)


7-Day Floating Window Maximum error < 0.24 %

Simplified Protocol


23


Adjusted Delta Voltage

7 Day Readings

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Weeks

Vo

lta

ge

0.0%0.5%1.0%

1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%3.5%

4.0%4.5%5.0%

% C

ha

ng

e

Average Delta V adjusted (168) Average Delta V (8760)

% Change Average % Change

7-Day Floating Window

Maximum error

< 0.2 Volts

Average error

< 0.08 Volts

Simplified Protocol


24

Addressing Formulation ΔE

Issue of increase energy requirement due to the increase in voltage level from system improvements

−Not an issue, annual energy is measured and not determined from the 7 day pre & post data recordings

−Adjustments to base line voltage level will be performed to mimic the pre-existing voltage levels


25

Addressing Statistics

Constant vs Variable VO factor• NEEA Distribution Efficiency End-Use VO factors are

used to determine the End-Use VO factors at the customer meter−NEEA VO factors are annualized average values

based on H/C zones, Heating Source, and Air condition end-use loads

−Additional utility savings are accounted for by performing industry standards power flow calculations


26

Performance Thresholds

Power factor Voltage drop (Primary & Secondary) Voltage variance Phase Balancing

Not arbitrary, but selected based on IEEE and RUS system planning guidelines, Distribution system energy efficiency studies, NEEA DEI Guidebook, and consensus of TWG


27

Why Performance Threshold are Critical

Helps to resolve key issues found in the pilot NEEA projects that did not perform well.

Reduces voltage fluctuation due to changing loads/conditions• More predictable voltage levels• Less likely to have rogue lateral taps• Makes utility staff more aware of the feeder

performance• Improves power quality

Increases energy savings by increasing ΔV Reduces risk of low voltage issues


28

Thresholds - Power Factor

Power Factor on average > 98% (period)Power Factor minimum > 96% (period)

•Reduces Line Losses•Provides additional voltage reduction



29

Thresholds – Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop (Vd) for each voltage control zone• Must be < 3.3% on primary at feeder peak loads• Must be < 4% on secondary• ANSI provides for a maximum of 10%, thresholds are set at a

maximum of 7.3% to achieve efficiency – This value was determined base on achievable results through the TWG

NEEA Study arrived at thresholds based on achieving cost effective efficient distribution systems• Supported by distribution efficiency studies• Proposed threshold parameters are set similarly to how typical

conservation methods set targets to achieve higher efficiency


30

Thresholds – Voltage Drop

More Voltage Drop, less efficient system• 1% Losses = 30kW• 3.3% Losses = 110kW• 5% Losses = 170kW

26 circuit analyzed24 circuits meet the 3.3%

Vd threshold

Sourse: EPRI Distribution Losses Report 1983 EL-3261-V1


31

Thresholds – Voltage Drop Variance

Maximum Voltage Drop Variance between feeders within the same voltage control zone (during period)

Allows entire substation load to benefit from voltage reduction by not having one feeder hold back other feeders in the same voltage control zone• Must be < 0.25 p.u. or < 2.0V

•Entire load in VCZ benefits

•Predicable voltage drop calculation

•Entire load in VCZ benefits

•Predicable voltage drop calculation


32

Thresholds - Voltage Levels

Voltage level must be > (114V+1/2 Bandwidth) and less than (126V-1/2 Bandwidth) Not arbitrary

ANSI Requirements – Adopted by most States as Law

126Volts

120

114Feeder LengthSubstation End of Feeder

Voltage profile over time


33

Performance Thresholds (continued)

Phase UnbalanceMust be < 0.15pu and neutral current < 40 amps (period)

Voltage drop = Ir x R +j Ii x X (Vd)

Losses = IφA2 x RA + IφB

2 x RB + IφC2 x RC + IN

2 x RN (kW)




34


Three Voltage Regulation Techniques


35


1. Voltage Fixed Reduction (VFR) Fixes the voltage level at the substation source and the voltage

level at the end of the feeder varies with load

−Old voltage setting Vset = 125V, R and X settings = 0

−New voltage setting Vset = 122V, R and X settings = 0

126Volts

120

114Feeder Length

Existing Vset = 125VNew Vset = 122V


36


2. Line Drop Compensation (LDC) Fixes the voltage level at the end of the feeder and the

voltage level varies at the substation source with load

126Volts

120

114Feeder Length


−New voltage setting Vset = 120V, R and X settings = 3 to 5

Existing Vset = 125V

New Vset = 120V, R and X setting = 3 to 5


37


3. Automatic Voltage Feedback Control (AVFC) Fixes the voltage level at the substation source based

on real-time voltage feedback sign from the end of the feeder


38


3. Automatic Voltage Feedback Control (AVFC) Fixes the voltage level at the substation source based

on real-time voltage feedback sign from the end of the feeder

126Volts

120

114Feeder Length


−New voltage setting Vset = 119V, R and X settings = 0

Existing Vset = 125V

Vset = Adjusts for load conditions based on end of line feedback


39


Four Stages to Simplified VO M&V Protocols


40

Four Stages to Simplified VO M&V Protocols

Existing Performance Assessment and

VO Implementation Plan

Positive Results ?

Move to the next project

YesSystem Improvements

Baseline Pre-VO measurements

VO Implementation Post-VO Measurements

and Verification

Persistence of Energy Savings

No1.

2.

3.

4.


41

Persistence of Energy Savings

For a three year period, complete annual self-certification checklist to ensure: • Voltage settings are still operating as prescribed within the

prescribed VO voltage control zones• Voltage control zone continues to meet minimum performance

thresholds. The annual self-certification of system minimum operating performance is measured over a 12 month period

• Can continue beyond the required three year period

NOTE: TWG feels a process that’s been in practice for 3 years becomes a standard operating procedure and is highly likely to continue


42

Measure Life

Typical equipment life is 35 years or more (e.g. line additions, reconductoring, phase upgrades, regulation equipment and shunt capacitors)

BPA proposes a measure life of 15 years for VO• The VO operation control methods are incorporated

into the utility’s operation and design standards. • According to the TWG, the proposed persistence

reporting of 3 years is sufficient to establish standard operational practices, which tends to extend the life of VO perpetually.

• Typical load growth of less than 2%


43

Questions ?


44

Call for Motion

Approval


45

Thank You

Thank you very much for taking the time to share your knowledge & experience


46

Project Team

Bonneville Power Administration Distribution Efficiency Technical Workgroup GOALmind Consulting - Jillianne Welker RMH Consulting - Bob Helm RW Beck - KC Fagen Utility Planning Solutions - Robert Fletcher

Documents

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Simplified Voltage Optimization M&V Protocols Getting to Delta V Regional Technical Forum Presentation