299© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016C. Guyver, The Second French Republic 1848–1852, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59740-3

Aberdeen George Hamilton-Gordon, earl of (1784–1860), was the Foreign Secretary under Robert Peel 1841–46 and a close friend of Guizot and of Princess Lieven. He acted as go-between for Louis-Philippe and the comte de Chambord in 1849–50. He was the Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1852–55.

Affre Denis-Auguste (1793–1848) was the archbishop of Paris from 1840. He rallied to the Republic quickly in 1848 but was mortally wounded when he tried to parlay with insur-gents during the June Days.

d’Agoult Marie (1805–76) published her Histoire de la Révolution de 1848 under the name of Daniel Stern.

Arago François (1786–1853) was an astronomer and member of the Provisional Government and Executive Commission.

Barante Prosper de (1782–1866) was a member of the Doctrinaires in the Restoration and prefect during the July Monarchy as well as ambassador in Turin and Saint Petersburg.

Baroche Jules (1802–70) was the Minister of the Interior from March 1850, actively supported the electoral reform law of 31 May 1850. He resigned when Changarnier was dis-missed but was made Minister of Foreign Affairs in April 1851, only to resign in October in protest against the President’s attempt to revoke the law of 31 May. After the coup he became President of the Council of State.

Barrot Odilon (1791–1873) was prefect of the Seine after the 1830 Revolution. He was leader of the Dynastic Opposition

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

300 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

during the July Monarchy, and his banquet campaign for reform of the electoral system helped trigger the February Revolution of 1848. He was chairman of the commission for the Constitution and of the commission of inquiry into the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May 1848, and the June Days. From December 1848 to October 1849, he was President of the Council of Ministers and Keeper of the Seals. Arrested during the coup of 1851, he presided over an abortive project of de- centralization in 1863 but reen-tered public life as deputy and President of the Council of State after 1870.

Beaumont Gustave comte de (1802–66) was deputy from 1839 to 1848 and representative of the people from 1848 to 1851; a close friend of Tocqueville, he sat with the Third Party.

Bedeau General Marie-Alphonse (1804–63) served in Algeria. His troops were overwhelmed by insurgents in February 1848, which led to the invasion of the Chamber of Deputies. Representative of the people from April 1848, he was quaestor in 1851 and exiled after the coup of 1851.

Berryer Pierre-Antoine (1790–1868) was a legitimist politician and barrister who had started out as a Marshal Ney’s barrister in 1815. During the July Monarchy he was a prominent spokesman of the legitimist opposition. Elected to the Assembly in 1848, arrested during the coup of 1851, he was elected deputy in 1863.

Blanc Louis (1811–82) was writer and historian. Born in Madrid in 1811, he published the Organisation du travail in 1839 and the Histoire de la Révolution française in 1847. A member of the Provisional Government, he was the chair-man of the Luxembourg Commission. Compromised after the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May 1848, he fl ed to England in August, where he lived till 1870.

Blanqui Louis-Auguste (1805–81) was a revolutionary leader. He attempted to seize power in May 1839. He was released from prison in February 1848 but re-arrested after the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May.

Broglie Victor duc de (1785–1870) was member of the Doctrinaires in the Restoration and President of the Council of Ministers 1835–36. He was representative of people in 1848 and played a leading role in the réunion of the rue de Poitiers and in the law of 31 May 1850. He retired from political life after the coup of 1851.

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 301

Bugeaud Marshal (1784–1849), a veteran of the Peninsular War, was responsible for imprisoning the duchesse de Berry after her failed rising in the Vendée in 1832 and was inaccurately believed to have ordered his troops to butcher civilians in Paris in 1834. He served in Algeria 1836–47, where he sponsored brutal tactics against the native population. He commanded the Army of the Alps in 1848–49 but died suddenly of cholera in June 1849.

Cabet Étienne (1788–1856), utopian thinker, published his Voyage en Icarie in 1840. His attempt to fi nd a community in Nauvoo, Illinois, which ended in failure.

Carlier Pierre (1794–1858) was Prefect of Police from November 1849 to October 1851.

Carnot Hippolyte (1801–88) was the son of the revolutionary gen-eral and regicide Lazare Carnot. He was involved in Saint- Simonianism in the 1830s and later served as Minister of Public Instruction and Worship from February to July 1848.

Castellane General Esprit-Victor-Elisabeth-Boniface de (1788–1862) was dismissed from his command by the Provisional Government; he was reappointed by Louis-Napoleon in 1850 and promoted to Marshal of France after the coup. His Journal is an important source for the history of the Second Republic.

Caussidière Marc (1808–61) took part in the revolt in Lyons in 1834 and fought on the barricades in February 1848. After he promoted himself to Prefect of Police, he created a special police force, the Montagnards . He resigned after 15 May 1848, but was soon reelected. Indicted in August 1848, he fl ed fi rst to England and then to the USA. He died soon after returning to France after the amnesty.

Cavaignac General Louis-Eugène (1802–57) was the brother of a renowned republican and son of a man who had voted for the death of Louis XVI in 1793. After fi ghting in Algeria, he was appointed Minister of War by the Executive Commission in May 1848 and given dictatorial powers dur-ing the June Days. He was Head of the Executive Power from June 1848 but unsuccessfully stood for President in December 1848. After this check, he voted increasingly often with the Mountain. He was arrested and imprisoned in the coup of December 1851.

302 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

Chambord comte Henri de (1820–83), also known as the duc de Bordeaux, was the posthumous son of the assassinated duc de Berry. He lived in exile from 1830 to 1843; his principal residence was at Frohsdorf, outside Vienna.

Changarnier General Anne-Nicolas (1793–1877) served Algeria dur-ing the July Monarchy and was elected to the Assembly in 1848. He was commander of the National Guard in Paris and of the army of the department of the Seine from December 1848 until he was dismissed in January 1851. He was exiled after the coup and returned to France in 1859. He fought in the Franco-Prussian War; he was taken prisoner by the Germans but was elected to the Assembly in February 1871 and appointed Senator for life in 1875.

Chevalier Michel (1806–79) was imprisoned after the closure of the Saint-Simonian house in 1832. He was Professor of Political Economy at the Collège de France, a job he lost with the fall of the July Monarchy. He attacked Louis Blanc in his articles in the Débats soon after the 1848 Revolution. He rallied to Louis-Napoleon after the coup of 1851 and was nominated to the Senate.

Circourt Adolphe de (1801–79) was a diplomat and man of letters. He was married to the Russian Anastasia Klustine and his salon was an important meeting point for political and liter-ary fi gures from all over Europe. He was closely linked to Tocqueville and Lamartine who sent him on a diplomatic mission to Berlin in 1848. His letters to Henry Reeve, now kept at the British Library, are invaluable for understanding the politics of the period.

Considerant Victor (1808–93) was a disciple of Fourier who popular-ized and sanitized his works. On the committee of labor in 1848, he fl ed France after the failed journée of 13 June 1849. He spent most of the next two decades in Texas and returned to France after the fall of the Second Empire.

Cormenin Louis-Marie de La Haye, vicomte de (1788–1868), was a constitutional expert who was in the republican opposition during the July Monarchy and sat on the constitutional committee in 1848. He rallied to Louis-Napoleon after the coup of 1851.

Cousin Victor (1792–1867), philosopher and educator, was involved in the Charbonnerie in the 1820s but rose to prominence during the July Monarchy as the founder of the philosophical school of eclecticism and was Minister of

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 303

Public Instruction in 1840. After 1848, he sat on Falloux’s committee for the law of education.

Dosne Eurydice (1794–1869) was the mother-in-law of Thiers. Her Mémoires are an important source for Thiers’s thoughts and activities during the Second Republic.

Dufaure Jules Armand (1798–1881) had already served as Minister of Public Works in Marshal Soult’s 1839 ministry and sat with the Third Party. He was Minister of the Interior twice during the Second Republic.

Dunoyer Charles-Barthélemy (1786–1863) was an economist of Malthusian leanings. He had edited with Charles Comte the Censeur européen since the First Restoration in 1814, and had been jailed in 1817 for the opinions printed in that newspaper. After the July Revolution, he was elected to the newly constituted Académie des Sciences morales et politiques in 1832 and was a prefect of the department of the Allier from August 1830, of the Mayenne (1832), and of the Somme (1833), and became a councilor of state in 1837. He was a vocal opponent of the emancipation of slaves. He retired from public life after the coup.

Dupanloup Félix - Philibert (1802–78) ran the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice during the July Monarchy and was made bishop of Orléans in 1850. He played a prominent role in the formulation of the Falloux Law and was close to the liberal wing of the Church.

Dupin André (1783–1865) was President of the Legislative Assembly. He feebly protested against the coup but rallied quickly to Louis-Napoleon, but then resigned as procureur général at the Cour de Cassation on 22 January 1852, after the confi scation of the Orléans estates. He became a sena-tor in 1857.

Falloux comte Frédéric-Alfred-Pierre de (1811–86) was a legitimist politician who was elected deputy in 1846 and representa-tive of the people in April 1848; he was involved in the closure of the National Workshops in June 1848. Minister of Public Instruction from December 1848 to October 1849, he oversaw the so-called Falloux Law, which gave the Church greater infl uence in primary schools. He was arrested during the coup of 1851 and failed to be elected deputy during the Second Empire but was elected to the Académie française in 1856. In the 1870s he served as émi-

304 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

nence grise to the royalists in the Assembly who hoped that the comte de Chambord would adopt the tricolor.

Faucher Léon (1803–54), elected deputy in 1847, took part in Barrot’s banquet campaign. He was again Minister of the Interior, and effective chef de cabinet , from April to October 1851. He retired from public life after the coup of 1851.

Flocon Ferdinand (1800–66) was the editor of the Réforme , and member of the Provisional Government and Minister of Agriculture in May 1848. He fl ed France after the coup of 1851 and died in exile in Switzerland.

Fould Achille (1800–67) was deputy from 1842 and representa-tive of the people in 1848. He was Minister of Finances from October 1849 to January 1851 and from April to November 1851. He took up the same ministry right after the coup of 1851 and resigned after the confi scation of the Orléans estates. He became a senator on 26 January 1852.

Fourier Charles (1772–1837) was a utopian thinker who created the Phalanstery. His more eccentric ideas that people will develop a third eye on the end of a tale tail and that oceans will be fi lled with lemonade brought him the ridicule of many caricaturists.

Garnier-Pagès Louis-Antoine (1803–78) was the brother of republican Étienne Garnier-Pagès (1801–41). He fought in the July Revolution and became deputy for the Eure in 1842; he was a member of the Provisional Government in 1848 as well as mayor of Paris and then Minister of Finances. During the Second Empire, he was deputy in the Legislative Body, sitting with the opposition.

Girardin (née Gay) Delphine de (1804–55), wife of Émile de Girardin, wrote a series of remarkable essays under the alias the vicomte de Launay. She supported the campaign for female suffrage but opposed the emancipation of the slaves in the colonies.

Girardin Émile de (1802–81) founded the Presse in 1836. He was imprisoned by Cavaignac after the June Days.

Got Edmond (1822–1901) was an actor and diarist. Goudchaux Michel (1797–1862) was briefl y Minister of Finance in

the Provisional Government, resigning on 4 March 1848, in protest of its policies. He was elected to the Assembly in April 1848. He supported the closure of the National Workshops in June 1848 and was Minister of Finance under Cavaignac from June to October 1848. By 1849, he

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 305

voted with the left. He was not reelected in 1849 but reen-tered political life in 1857 when he was elected a deputy in the Legislative Body, but never took his seat.

Granier de Cassagnac

Bertrand-Adolphe (1806–80) was prominent in the sup-port given by the Presse in its campaign against the emanci-pation of slaves during the July Monarchy. He was editor of the newspaper the Époque (1845–47). Until the coup, he was close friends with Victor Hugo, Guizot, and Rémusat. He became the semioffi cial historian of Louis-Napoleon in the early years of the Empire.

Guizot François (1787–1874) was historian and statesman, the dominant political fi gure in France between 1840 and 1848, and President of the Council of Ministers from September 1847. Exiled after February 1848, he was not encouraged to seek political offi ce upon his return to France in 1849.

Hugo Victor (1802–85) was the preeminent literary fi gure in France in the nineteenth century. He was a peer during the July Monarchy, and was elected to the Assembly in 1848. After helping fi ght the insurgents in the June Days, his politics moved steadily to the left. He fl ed France after the coup and is one of the originators of the black legend of Napoleon III.

Joinville François Ferdinand d’Orléans, prince de (1818–1900), third son of Louis-Philippe, had served in the French navy. He went into exile after 1848 but within months he was spoken of as a possible pretender to the throne or as a presi-dential candidate. His presidency in 1852 was an idea taken up by Thiers.

Lacordaire Henri (1802–61) was under the wing of Lamennais and later restored the Dominicans to France in 1839. His ser-mons at Not15 May 1848aris drew huge crowds during the July Monarchy. Elected representative in April 1848, he withdrew from political life after the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May 1848.

Lafayette Gilbert du Motier, marquis de (1757–1834), fought in the US War of Independence and played an important role in the French Revolution. Leader of the Charbonnerie during the Restoration, his advocacy of Louis-Philippe as King of the French in 1830 lead to the establishment of a constitu-tional monarchy after the July Revolution.

306 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

Lamartine Alphonse de (1790–1869), poet and statesman, played a leading role in the Provisional Government, where he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was disappointed by his result in the presidential election of December 1848 but did not yield to temptation in accepting any of the roles Louis-Napoleon offered him during the rest of the Republic.

Lamennais Félicité-Robert de (1782–1854) had a career as a priest and ultra-royalist journalist. His disillusionment with the Restoration led him to advocate liberal ultramontane Catholicism as a means of bypassing the Napoleonic set-tlement of the Concordat. The papal condemnation of his liberal Catholic newspaper the Avenir contributed to his leaving the priesthood. By 1848 he was a committed republican and he was elected representative and sat on the committee for the constitution. His newspaper the Peuple constituant folded after the June Days.

La Moricière General Christophe-Louis-Léon-Juchault de (1806–65), the ‘hero of Constantine’ in 1837, served with the Zouaves in Algeria and received the surrender of Abd el-Kader in 1847. Elected to the Constituent Assembly in April 1848, he was Minister of War under Cavaignac. Exiled after the coup, he commanded the Papal Zouaves, and was defeated at Castelfi dardo in 1860 by the Piedmontese army.

La Rochejaquelein Henri-Auguste-Georges du Vergier, marquis de (1805–67), was a legitimist deputy from 1848 and representative of the people from 1848. During the July Monarchy he had campaigned for the restoration of the senior branch of the Bourbons through universal suffrage. He distanced himself from the comte de Chambord after the publication of the Wiesbaden Circular in September 1850. After the coup, he rallied to Louis-Napoleon and became a senator.

Ledru-Rollin Alexandre (1807–74) was a deputy from 1841, and one of the founders of the republican newspaper the Réforme in 1843. After February, he was Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government and formed part of the Executive Commission. He fl ed France after the failed journée of 13 June 1849, and did not return till after the fall of the Second Empire.

Le Flô General Adolphe-Charles-Emmanuel (1804–87) served in Algeria and was elected to the Assembly and sent as ambas-

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 307

sador to Saint Petersburg. He was one of the quaestors of the Assembly and expelled from France after the coup of 1851.

Lieven Princess Dorothea (1785–1857) was the wife of the Russian ambassador to St James and a former mistress of Guizot. She was installed in Paris in 1850 and welcomed the coup in December 1851.

Louis-Philippe (1773–1850) King of the French (1830–48), as duc d’Orléans had

established himself as a credible alternative to the restored Bourbons. He accepted the crown after the 1830 Revolution. A man of high intelligence and cynical wit, he never gained the love of the French and after abdicat-ing in February 1848, died in exile in England in August 1850.

Maillé Blanche-Joséphine, duchesse de (1787–1851), was a salonnière and kept an importa10 September 1851 July Monarchy and Second Republic. She died in a fi re at the château of La Roche-Guyon on 10 September 1851.

Marie Pierre-Thomas-Marie de Saint-Georges (1795–1870) was deputy with the Dynastic Opposition in 1842 and mem-ber of the Provisional Government in 1848. He 10 May 1848ational Workshops to prevent socialist infi ltration. He became a member of the Executive Commission on 10 May 1848. He was Minister of Justice from July to December 1848. He sat with the opposition of the Legislative Body (1863–69).

Marmier Xavier (1808–92) was a writer and diarist. Marrast Armand (1801–52) was the Mayor of Paris from March

to 19 July 1848; President of the Assembly from 12 July 1848 to 28 May 1849. He presided over the réunion of the Institut. He was not elected to the Legislative Assembly in May 1849.

Maupas Charlemagne-Émile de (1818–88), prefect of Police and in January 1852 Minister of Police, played a key role in plan-ning the coup of 1851.

Melun Armand de (1807–77) was representative in 1849. A social Catholic, he tried to introduce piecemeal legislation to help the poor and distract them from socialism.

Mérimée Prosper (1803–70) is best known as the author of Carmen but was also inspector-general of historical monuments and an accomplished linguist. His correspondence is a frank and not always humane testament to the period he lived through.

308 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

Molé comte Louis-Mathieu (1781–1855) was the President of the Council of Ministers under Louis-Philippe and repre-sentative of the people in 1848. He was a signifi cant fi gure in the réunion of the rue de Poitiers and in supporting the presidency of Louis-Napoleon. He supported the fusion of the two branches of the House of Bourbon and counseled with the comte de Chambord. After the coup of 1851 he withdrew from political life.

Montalembert Charles René Forbes, comte de (1810–70), was born in London and was the last peer to claim his seat in the Chamber of Peers by hereditary right after his father died in 1831. During the July Monarchy he made a reputation for campaigning for the rights of Catholics as well as for the national causes of the Irish and Poles. His most sustained activity was for liberty of education. Elected representative in April 1848, he spoke often against socialism and in favor of causes that advanced the Catholic Church, often in the face of opposition from the bishops. He initially supported Louis-Napoleon after the coup of 1851 but quickly became a staunch critic.

Morny Charles de (1811–65), the illegitimate son of Hortense de Beauharnais and the comte de Flahault, and therefore the half-brother of Louis-Napoleon, was Minister of the Interior at the moment of the coup of December 1851. He resigned in protest at the confi scation of the Orléans estates.

Nemours Louis-Charles-Philippe-Raphaël d’Orléans, duc de (1814–96), was the second son of Louis-Philippe. Generally considered more conservative than his dead brother the duc d’Orléans, he lacked his popularity.

Normanby Constantine Henry Phipps, fi rst marquess of (1797–1863), was appointed ambassador to France in August 1846, where he remained until February 1852. He wrote about his experiences in 1848  in A Year of Revolution, from a journal kept in Paris in 1848 (2 vols, London, 1857).

d’Orléans Hélène duchesse (1814–58) was the widow of Louis- Philippe’s heir Ferdinand duc d’Orléans (1810–42). She tried to present her son the comte de Paris as king to the Chamber of Deputies on 24 February 1848, but had to fl ee the revolutionary crowd. Her hostility to the claims of the senior branch of the Bourbons was one of the factors that

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 309

contributed to the failure of the project of fusion of the two branches.

Ozanam Frédéric (1813–53) was a Professor of history at the Sorbonne. As a student in 1833, he founded the Société de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, aimed at helping the poor mate-rially and spiritually. He served in the National Guard in 1848 and edited the liberal Catholic newspaper the Ère nouvelle .

Pasquier Étienne-Denis, duc de (1767–1862), President of the Chamber of Peers during the July Monarchy and the last to hold the position of Chancellor of France, he retired from public life in 1848 but maintained a lively correspondence with other members of the elite.

Persigny Victor Fialin de (1808–72), one of the most ardent support-ers of the Bonapartist cause, was imprisoned after Louis- Napoleon’s failed coup attempt at Boulogne coup attempt of 1840. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1849 and was involved in planning the coup of December 1851.

Proudhon Pierre-Joseph (1809–65), was the author of Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (1840) whose paradox “Property is theft” brought him notoriety. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1848. He was imprisoned between 1849 and 1852.

Quentin-Bauchart Alexandre (1809–87) was spokesman for the inquiry into the invasion of 15 May, and the June Days. Imprisoned briefl y after the coup of December 1851, he quickly rallied to Louis-Napoleon and used the powers of clemency given to him widely in the aftermath of the insurrections of 1851.

Rémusat Charles de (1797-1875) had written for the newspaper the Globe during the Restoration and served as Minister of the Interior during Thiers’s Ministry of 1840. A representative after 1848, he was banished from French territory follow-ing the coup. He returned to political life after the fall of the Empire. His Mémoires de ma vie are a major source for the period.

Reybaud Louis (1799–1879) was a political economist, journalist, and novelist. His work Études sur les réformateurs ou sociali-stes modernes (1840) was the fi rst to label diverse communi-tarian and utopian theories as “socialist.”

310 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

Rothschild Betty de (1805–56) was the niece and wife of James de Rothschild. From 1849 she was close to General Changarnier, whose correspondence lasted till the 1870s.

Rothschild James de (1792–1868) was born in Frankfurt and moved to France in 1811. He was close to King Louis-Philippe but decided to remain in France after 1848.

Rouher Eugène (1814–84) served as Minister of Justice from October 1849 and in the interim cabinet of January 1851 and again in April, resigning in October in protest against the President’s wish to revoke the law of 31 May. He was reappointed after the coup of December 1851 and resigned in protest against the confi scation of the Orléans estates on 22 January. On 25 January he was made vice-president of the Council of State. He later served in the Second Empire as minister and senator.

Saint-Arnaud General Armand-Jacques Leroy de (1801–54) was pro-moted General in July 1851 and was party to the planning of the coup. He was promoted to Marshal of France on 2 December 1852.

Sainte-Beuve Charles-Augustin (1804–69) was one of the leading liter-ary critics of his generation; he became a senator in 1852.

Sand George (Aurore Dupin) (1804–76) was best known as a novelist. She wrote also for the Vraie République and was close to Ledru-Rollin.

Senior Nassau William (1790–1864) was an English political economist and friends with many members of the Orleanist establishment.

Stern Daniel—see d’Agoult, Marie. Sue Eugène (1804–57) wrote serialized novels Les Mystères de Paris

(1842–43) and Le Juif errant (1844–45), an attack on the Society of Jesus. His election in April 1850 contributed to the reform of the electoral law of 31 May 1850.

Thiers Adolphe (1797–1877) was the leading politician of the Orleanists during the Second Republic. Twice President of the Council during the July Monarchy (1836 and 1840), he had no offi cial role in the Second Republic but was immensely infl uential behind the scenes. Arrested and expelled after the coup, he advised Napoleon III during the 1860s and became fi rst Head of the Executive Power of the Republic in February 1871 and President the following August.

BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 311

Thomas Émile (1822–80) trained as an engineer and had been enthused by Saint-Simonianism before 1848. He was made Director of the National Workshops in March 1848, but after a quarrel with the Minister of Public Works Trélat he was kidnapped and taken to Bordeaux.

Tocqueville Alexis de (1805–59) was the author of De la démocratie en Amérique (1835–40) and L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856). He was a deputy from 1841 and representative from 1848. From June to October 1849, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. He left political life after the coup of December 1851.

Trélat Ulysse (1798–1879) was in the Charbonnerie during the Restoration, and worked as a doctor in La Salpêtrière. He was the Minister of Public Works in May and June 1848.

Véron Dr. Louis (1798–1867) was the editor of the newspaper the Constitutionnel throughout the Second Republic.

Veuillot Louis (1813–83) was editor of the Catholic newspaper, the Univers .

Viel Castel Horace de (1802–64) was a connoisseur of art and friend of Louis-Napoleon’s cousin, Princess Mathilde. His diaries are an important primary source for this period.

Wolowski Louis (1810–76) was born in Warsaw and arrived in France in 18. He made a name for himself as a political econo-mist. After the February Revolution, he debated with Louis Blanc in the Luxembourg Commission. His sister was mar-ried to Léon Faucher.

313© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016C. Guyver, The Second French Republic 1848–1852, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59740-3

MINISTRIES OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC

24 FEBRUARY 1848: PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

President of the Council—Dupont de l’Eure Foreign Affairs—Lamartine Interior—Ledru-Rollin War—General Subervie (from 25 February to 19 March) War—General Cavaignac (appointed 20 March, refuses appointment 27 March) War—François Arago (from 5 April). Marine—François Arago Public Works—Alexandre Marie (to 12 May) Finances—Michel Goudchaux (resigned 4 March) Finances—Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès (appointed 5 March) Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice—Adolphe Crémieux Public Instruction and Worship—Hippolyte Carnot Commerce—Eugène Bethmont Secretaries—Armand Marrast, Albert Martin, Louis Blanc, Ferdinand Flocon

10 MAY 1848—EXECUTIVE COMMISSION

Lamartine François Arago Ledru-Rollin Marie Garnier-Pagès

314 MINISTRIES OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC

11 MAY 1848

Foreign Affairs—Jules Bastide Public Works—Ulysse Trélat War—Colonel Jean-Baptiste-Adolphe Charras (11–17 May 1848) War—General Eugène Cavaignac appointed 17 May 1848) Justice—Adolphe Crémieux (resigned 5 June 1848) Justice—Eugène Bethmont (appointed 7 June 1848) Marine—Admiral Joseph-Grégoire Casy Agriculture and Commerce—Ferdinand Flocon Worship—Eugène Bethmont Public Instruction—Hippolyte Carnot Finance—Charles Duclerc

28 JUNE 1848

President of the Council and Head of Executive Power—General Eugène Cavaignac

Foreign Affairs—General Marie-Alphonse Bedeau (resigned 17 July 1848) Foreign Affairs—Jules Bastide (appointed 17 July 1848) Interior—Jules Sénard (28 June–13 October) Interior—Armand Dufaure (13 October) War—General Christophe-Louis-Léon-Juchault de La Moricière Public Works—Athanase Recurt (to 13 October) Public Works—Auguste Vivien (13 October–19 December) Finance—Michel Goudchaux (resigned 25 October) Finance—Ariste Trouvé-Chauvel (appointed 25 October) Agriculture and Commerce—Gilbert Tourret Justice—Eugène Bethmont (28 June–17 July) Justice—Alexandre Marie (17 July–19 December) Public Instruction—Hippolyte Carnot (resigned 5 July) Public Instruction—Achille Vaulabelle (5 July–13 October) Public Instruction and Worship—Pierre Freslon (13 October–19 December) Marine—Jules Bastide (to 17 July 1848) Marine –Raymond-Jean-Baptiste de Verninac Saint-Maur (appointed 17 July

1848)

20 DECEMBER 1848

President of the Council and Minister of Justice—Odilon Barrot Foreign Affairs—Edmond Drouyn de Lhuys Interior—Léon de Malleville (resigned 29 December 1848)

MINISTRIES OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC 315

Interior—Léon Faucher (appointed 29 December–resigned 15 May 1849) Interior—Théobald de Lacrosse (appointed 16 May 1849) War—General Joseph-Marcellin Rullière Public Works—Léon Faucher (20–9 December 1848) Public Works—Théobald de Lacrosse (appointed 29 December 1848) Marine and the Colonies –Alexandre de Destutt de Tracy Public Instruction and Worship—Alfred de Falloux Agriculture and Commerce—Alexandre Bixio (resigned 29 December) Agriculture and Commerce—Louis-Joseph Buffet (appointed 29 December) Finance—Hippolyte Passy

2 JUNE 1849

President of the Council and Minister of Justice—Odilon Barrot Interior—Armand Dufaure Foreign Affairs—Alexis de Tocqueville Public Instruction and Worship—Alfred de Falloux War—General Joseph-Marcellin Rullière Finance—Hippolyte Passy Marine and the Colonies—Alexandre Destutt de Tracy Commerce—Victor Lanjuinais Public Works—Théobald de Lacrosse

31 OCTOBER 1849

War—General Alphonse d’Hautpoul (resigned 22 October 1850) War—General Jean-Paul-Adam de Schramm (appointed 22 October 1850,

resigned 9 January 1851) War—General Auguste Regnault Saint-Jean-d’Angély (appointed 9 January 1851) Foreign Affairs—Alphonse de Rayneval (to 17 November 1849) Foreign Affairs—General Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte (appointed 17 November

1849, resigned 9 January 1851) Foreign Affairs—Edmond Drouyn de Lhuys Interior—Ferdinand Barrot (to 15 March 1850) Interior—Jules Baroche (from 15 March 1850) Justice—Eugène Rouher Public Works—Jean Bineau (resigned 9 January 1851) Public Works—Pierre Magne (appointed 9 January 1851) Public Instruction and Worship—Félix Esquirou de Parieu Agriculture and Commerce—Jean-Baptiste Dumas (resigned 9 January 1851) Agriculture and Commerce—Louis-Bernard Bonjean (appointed 9 January 1851) Finance—Achille Fould

316 MINISTRIES OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC

Marine and the Colonies—Rear Admiral Joseph Romain-Desfossés (resigned 9 January 1851)

Marine and the Colonies—Jean-Étienne-Théodore Ducos (appointed 9 January 1851)

24 JANUARY 1851—THE MINISTÈRE DE TRANSITION

Justice—Ernest de Royer Foreign Affairs—Anatole Brenier de Renaudière War—General Jacques-Louis Randon Marine and the Colonies—Rear Admiral Auguste-Nicolas Vaillant Interior—Claude-Marius Vaïsse Public Works—Pierre Magne Agriculture and Commerce—Eugène Schneider Public Instruction and Worship—Charles Giraud Finance—Charles de Germiny

10 APRIL 1851

Justice—Eugène Rouher Foreign Affairs—Jules Baroche Marine—Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat Interior—Léon Faucher Agriculture and Commerce—Louis Buffet Public Instruction and Worship—Dombidau de Crouseilhes Finance—Achille Fould Public Works—Pierre Magne

26 OCTOBER 1851

Justice—Claude-Anthine Corbion Foreign Affairs—Louis-Félix-Étienne de Turgot Public Instruction and Worship—Charles Giraud Interior—Tiburce de Thorigny Agriculture and Commerce—Xavier de Casabianca (left 23 November 1851) Agriculture and Commerce—Noël Lefevre-Durufl é Public Works—Théobald de Lacrosse War—General Jacques-Arnaud Le Roy de Saint-Arnaud Marine and the Colonies—Hippolye Fortoul Finance—Antoine Blondel (resigned 23 November 1851) Finance—Xavier Casabianca (appointed 23 November 1851) Prefect of Police—Charlemagne-Émile de Maupas

MINISTRIES OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC 317

3 DECEMBER 1851

Interior—Charles Morny (resigned 22 January 1852) Interior—Victor Fialin de Persigny (appointed 22 January 1852) Finance—Achille Fould (resigned 22 January 1852) Finance—Jean-Martial Bineau (appointed 22 January 1852) Justice—Eugène Rouher (resigned 22 January 1852) Justice—Jacques-Pierre Abbatucci (appointed 22 January 1852) Public Works—Pierre Magne (resigned 22 January 1852) War—General Jacques-Arnaud Le Roy de Saint-Arnaud Marine—Jean-Étienne-Théodore Ducos Foreign Affairs—Louis-Félix-Étienne de Turgot Agriculture and Commerce—Noël Lefevre-Durufl é Public Instruction and Worship—Hippolyte Fortoul Police—Charlemagne-Émile de Maupas (post created 22 January 1852)

25 JANUARY 1852

Justice—Jacques-Pierre Abbatucci Interior—Victor Fialin de Persigny Finances—Jean-Martial Bineau War—General Jacques-Arnaud Le Roy de Saint-Arnaud Marine—Jean-Étienne-Théodore Ducos Foreign Affairs—Louis-Félix-Étienne de Turgot Public Instruction and Worship—Hippolyte Fortoul Public Works—Noël Lefevre-Durufl é Minister of State—Xavier de Casabianca Police—Charlemagne-Émile de Maupas

319© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016C. Guyver, The Second French Republic 1848–1852, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59740-3

ancien régime the old order before 1789. arrondissement division of a city (Paris had ten arrondissements up to

1860). Claremont residence in England of the exiled King Louis-Philippe after

1848. Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers prestigious industrial and scientifi c

college in the east of Paris. démoc-soc democratic-social deputy member of the Chamber of Deputies (1814–48) or of the

Legislative Body (1852–70). école normale department training college for teachers set up by Guizot’s

law of 1833. Élysée Palace palace chosen for the President of the Republic in 1848. faubourg St-Antoine artisanal area of eastern Paris. faubourg St-Germain aristocratic area of western Paris, on the left bank

of the Seine. faubourg St-Honoré aristocratic area of western Paris, on the right bank

of the Seine. Frohsdorf Austrian residence of the comte de Chambord. hôtel de ville town hall. Jacquerie originally a peasant insurrection of 1358, it later came to mean

any brutal rural uprising. journée a day of revolutionary protest, sometimes leading to fi ghting.

GLOSSARY

320 GLOSSARY

legitimist royalist supporter of the senior branch of the Bourbons, headed by the comte de Chambord.

Luxembourg Palace site of the Chamber of Peers, then of Louis Blanc’s Luxembourg Commission.

montagnard supporting the Mountain; also the name for Caussidière’s short-lived police agents in 1848.

Mountain the radical republicans who sat high up in the banks of the Assembly in the 1790s and revived this tradition after 1848.

National Guard was the citizens militia, founded in 1789, whose had politically important role continued till 1871.

notable from the First Empire, a member of the political and social élite. Orleanist a supporter of the Orléans dynasty as well as the constitutional

political system of 1830. Palais Bourbon building where the Assembly was housed. rapporteur the chairman of a commission, whose job is to present the

commission’s report to the Assembly. replâtrage literally “replastering”; the re-assemblage of a cabinet with

many of the ministers who had served in the immediately previous cabinet.

representative of the people ( représentant du people ) member of the Assembly.

républicain du lendemain literally a republican of the day after: a term applied to those who only rallied to the Republic after the February Revolution of 1848.

républicain de la veille literally a republican of the day before: a term applied to those who were republicans before February 1848.

réunion political meeting, usually in a private house, or in a café or in hired meeting rooms, of representatives of the people.

salon group of both sexes meeting at a private house. soirée evening entertainment. Tuileries Palace Parisian residence of the kings of France and of

Napoleon, and later of Napoleon III. It was burnt at the end of the Paris Commune in May 1871 and demolished ten years later.

ultra a royalist who supported extreme counter-revolutionary ideologies during the Restoration.

321© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016C. Guyver, The Second French Republic 1848–1852, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59740-3

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