B. Insect/machine combinations

C. Synthetic Transplants

D. Animal Surrogate Transplants

E. Engineered Plants/Animals

Types of Biotechnology Applications

1. Blue Biotechnology

- Marine and aquatic applications

- rare

2. Green Biotechnology

-agricultural applications-micropropagation-transgenic plants (Round-up ready beans, Bt Corn)

3. Red Biotechnology

- Medical applicationsEx. Antibiotics, genetic manipulations

4. White Biotechnology

- Industrial applicationsEx. Catalysts and enzymes

Review of the Cell and Chemistry

Basic Organic Chemistry

Monomer: a subunit of a larger macromolecue

Polymer: a large macromolecule made of monomers

4 Most Important Biological Polymers

1. Lipids: greasy compounds that do not dissolve in water

Monomer: fatty acidsImportant Lipids:1. Steroids2. Phospholipids: cell

membrane

2. Carbohydrates: twice the hydrogen atoms as oxygen

Monomer: monosaccharides: simple sugars (C6H12O6)

Disaccharides: 12 carbon, double sugars

Polysaccharides: chain of monosaccharides (cellulose; starch)

3. Proteins: polymer of many amino acids

4. Nucleic Acids: - Monomers: - Large macromolecules

found in the nucleus of cells- Contain genetic information- Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA)- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- Four bases: Adenine (A),

thymine (T), cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Cell Theory – 3 postulates

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells2. Cells are the basic unit of life3. All living organisms are composed of cells

Two Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotic Cells: small simple cells-lack a nucleus-DNA called chromatin

2. Eukaryotic Cells: complex cells-membrane bound nucleus-DNA in nucleus-complex organelles

Cell Organelles: Cell’s “organs”

1. Cell Membrane:

FX: regulates what enters/leaves the cell

-phospholipid bi-layer-

2. Nucleus:

FX: 1. store DNA 2. control center of the cell

3. Cytoplasm: gel like substance in the cell

FX: site of all cell activities

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Two Types1. Rough ER: makes and

transport proteins (has ribosomes)

2. Smooth ER: transport proteins, makes steroids

5. Ribosomes: small organelles

FX: produce proteins-500,000 per cell

6. Mitochondria: rod shaped; double membrane

FX: Produce energy molecules – adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

“Powerhouse” of the cell

7. Golgi Apparatus: flat sacs

FX: Package, sort, and transport proteins

8. Lysosome:

FX: to break down foreign contaminants

Filled with enzymes

9. Microtubules

FX: support the cell shape

Cytoskeleton

10. Centrioles: Cylindrical structures

FX: assist in cell division

Other Organelles

-Chloroplast: used for capturing sunlight for photosynthesis

-Cilia: small hair like structures used for movement

-Flagella: “tail” used for locomotion

Cellular Respiration

-set of metabolic reactions-Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-breaks down carbsMajor Components:A. GlycolysisB. Krebs CycleC. Electron TransportD. Oxidative

Phosphorylation

Glycolysis

-occurs in cytoplasm-aerobic or anaerobicNet Reaction:Glucose 2 pyruvate2 ATP

Krebs Cycle

- Takes pyruvate- Creates electron

carriers- Produces NADH, FADH2,

NADPH- Occurs in

mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain

- Moves electrons through mitochondrial membrane

- Uses protienaceous electron carriers

- Used to move protons out of mitochonria

- Produces chemical gradient

- Moves ATP synthetase

Oxidative Phosphorylation

- Requires Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate

- Protons cause ATP Synthase to bond ADP and Pi together