ay13-0.tpf
, i
25 1 7 68%,
245
………247
May 31, 2003
Original research paper
Development of A Scale for the Consideration Factors in Developing
Key
Sports of Universities/Colleges····································
Han-Chen Yang 15
A Study of College Volleyball Coaches'Leadership Behaviors and
the
Relevant Study in Team Cohesion····································
Yu-You Tsai 31
A Study on Heart Disease Risk Behaviors through Staff Self
Assessing of
a Construction Company ·······································
Hsian-Chou Hong 51
The Scoring & Shooting Area in World Cup Women Soccer
Championships (WCWSC)·······································
Shau-Lian Chen & Yu-Ching Tsai 63
A Study on Recognition Effects of Corporate Courtside Advertising —
A
Case Study of 91st Acedemic-Year Collegiate Athletic Games
Badminton
Court Ground Spectators ·········…hih-FengLeeC& Jong-Cheng Lin
78
Research of Sports Goods Consumption Behaviors and Brands Loyalty
…………
·················································································
Ta-Cheng Hung 95
A Study of Stature, Blood Type, Starting Age to Play Tennis,
Habitual
Striking Hand for Class-A Tennis Players···························
Yeong-An Lin 110
Comparison of Fitness Levels between Students Attended Day and
Night
School at VIT······································· Jui-Chuan Yang
& Wen-Yi Lee 127
A Study of the Relationship between Pitching Ability and Game
Result of
the 1999 Junior Women World Softball Championship …… Chao-Liang Ni
136
Point of view
A Study of Current Researches of Psychological Skill Training (PST)
·…
·················································································
Ching-Yu Wang 153
The Investigation in Goal Setting Theory in Sport Research Field
…....…
··············································································
Mei-Hsueh Huang 175
..............................................................................
Hung-Liang Chang 188 Study of Asthma and Exercise
····························································
·················································································
Tsung-Chih Kuo 202 Volleyball Activity and Oxidative
Injure................................................
..................................................· Ming-Yang Wang
& Wern-Tien Chuang 208 The generality on Skill and Tactics of
Special Event Sport in Taekwondo ………
················································ Ming-Chin Tsai;
Pi-Yu Lun & Hui-Ing Wu 220 Prompted the Performances and
Recognition Skill in Wood Ball-Example for Imagery
Training................................................ Gwo-Ben
Chen 233 Rules and Basic Technique to Ball 8 and 9 in
Pool....................................
·························································
Chang-Hung Lee & Peir-Jung Miao 243 Guideline for the Authors
··································································
245 Reviewers of Papers
········································································
247
40 40 27.06%1 0.4 8%6.32%5.78% 4.95% 54.60% 2.25 5.96
0.87 ; 23 30
1.68
5 1 0
02)2903 1111 3256 E-mail : phed 1 0 l 6@mails. fju.edu.tw
( l ~ 1 5 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 12 ) ( )
( 1~ 15 ( 2 003.5 ) ) ( l )
( 1 997 ) ( 1 997 )
1 989 ; 2000 ; 1 991 ) 1 993 )
1- 1
( ) ( ) ( = ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( " 1 ) ( ( o ) ( o ) ( o )i i i
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( J ) ( 4 ) ( f - ) ( D )i i i i
1-1
( l ~ 1 5 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( 4 ) ( )
( 1~ 15 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 9 )
1 996 ; Horine, 1 995 ) 2- 1) 28 31 22 53 1 7
9 1 60
2- 1
(1 992 ) 2- 1 ) ,
( ) ( )
l23.
40 66.67%
—
40 1 0 ( 40 x25% 1 0 ( 40 x25% 0.30, Thomas et al. ( 1 990 ) 0.20
2.250 5.969
( prinicipal-axes factor analysis ) l 7 Cattell
23 456789 1 0
0.30 53375 27.064% 10.4 80%6.322% 5.7 86% 4.957%
3- 1 )
3- 1 .J
CR
*P<.05
3- 2 )
3-2
3-3
3- 4 )
3-4 .J
3-5
12 2.250 * 0.464
03 4.629 * 0.461
*P<.05
a 0.6896, a 0.8 169,
a 0.7406, a 0.8709, 3-6 )
3-6
( content validity ) 30 1.68
4 .957 % 2.250 5.969
0.8709,
(1 997)
(1 999 )
( 1 997 ) 22, 23-34 (1 996 )
(1 993 ) 2, 4 7 ( 1 991 ) 1 ( 2 ) , 1- 2
Horine, L. (1995) . Administration of physical education and sport
programs(3rd ed.). Dubu- que, IA: Wm. C. Brown Communications,
Inc.
92 2
92 3
92 4
( 1 5 l V )
( l ~ 1 5 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 12 ) ( )
( 1~ 15 ( 2 003.5 ) ) ( 13 )
01. ………………………… 5 4 3 2 l
02. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .
…… 5 4 3 2 l
03. 1 ………………………… 5 4 3 2 l
04. …………………… …5 4 3 2 1 05. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . … 5 4 3 2 l
06. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .
. .. . .. . . . . . . ………… 5 4 3 2 l
07. 1 .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ..
.. . . . . .. . ……… 5 4 3 2 l
08. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
………… 5 4 3 2 l
09. ··························…··…·…··…···5· 4 3 2 l
10. ……………………… ………… 5 4 3 2 l
1 1. ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .
. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 5 4 3 2 l
1 2. ...………… . . . …… . . . ……... … 5 4 3 2 l
1 3. ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ……… ...
5 4 3 2 l
1 4. …………………… ………… 5 4 3 2 l
1 5. ...……...………… . . . ……... … 5 4 3 2 l
1 6. …………………… ……… 5 4 3 2 l
1 7. …… ……... … 5 4 3 2 l
1 8. …………………… ………5 4 3 2 l
1 9. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ………
5 4 3 2 l
20. …………………………… 5 4 3 2 l
21. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
………… 5 4 3 2 l
22. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .
. . . . . ………… 5 4 3 2 l
23. ……………………… ………… 5 4 3 2 l
( )
( 5 l V )
01 ·5 4 3 2 l
02. ………………………………… 5 4 3 2 l
03. ………………………5 … 4 3 2 l
04. ……………………………5 4 3 2 l 05. 1 ......... ...... 5 4 3 2 l
06. ... 5 4 3 2 l
07. ……………………………… 5 4 3 2 l 08. ... 5 4 3 2 l
09. …………………………… 5 4 3 2 l 10. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .
. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 5 4 3
2 l
1 1. …………… …………………… 5 4 3 2 l
1 2. ………… . . . …… . .. …… . .. … 5 4 3 2 l
1 3. ……………... ……………... 5 4 3 2 1
1 4. ·5 4 3 2 l
1 5. 1 ............5.
4 3 2 l
1 6. ……………………… 5 4 3 2 l
1 7. ............5. 4 3 2 l
1 8. …………………………5… 4 3 2 l
1 9. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . .. ... 5 4 3 2 l
20 . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .
. . . .. .. . 5 4 3 2 l
2 1 . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
. . .. . 5 4 3 2 l
221 .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 5 4
3 2 l
23. ·5 4 3 2 l
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. I~15 (May, 2003) Develomp entofA Scale for the
Consideration Factors in DevelopingKey Spots
ofUniversities/Colleges 15
Development of A Scale for the Con sideration Factors in Developing
Key Spots of Universities/Colleges
Han-Chen Yang
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of the
consideration factors in develop ing key sport of
universities/colleges. The background of the study was the policy
of key spor ts in the future. Through interviewing of experts, and
collection of inferences, to develop the questionnaire titled "The
Development of a Scale for the Consideration Factors in Developing
Key Sport of Universities/Colleges" by scientific method. The
subjects of this study were 40 athletic directors of univ
ersities/college s in Taiwan. And all the 40 data were valid and
were factor analyzed.
Of the several solutions extracting different numbers of factors, a
five-factor solution was found to be the most meaningful. The
factors were labeled "Resource of operation", "Effecti veness of in
sport promotion", "Team performance", "Athlete cultivation" and
"coach's capa bility" , which accounted for 27.06%, 10.48%, 6.32%,
5.78% and 4.95% of the total variance, respectively. Cronbach's
alpha of the scale was . 87. The discrimination powers of the 23
items were between.30 and 1 . 68.
Keywords: Key Sports, Consideration Factors, Sport
Development
240 206 t
8
9
1
037) 722074 227
( 1 7~ 3 1 ( 2003 .5 ) ) ( 24 ) ( )
( 1 7~ 3 1 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 29 )
1 991 ) (1 993 ) (1 997)
240
220 91.66%, 206 113 93 20.341.65
nbacha 8,3
8,2
SPSS for Window 1 1.01 t
3- 1 ( t=2.56, p<.05 ) , 1 995 ; 1 998 ;200 1 ) , Chellad urai
& Arnott(1 985) (1 995 )
3 - 1 t
n=l 13) ( n=93 )
( 46 . 72 7.93 48.29 8.06 -1.39 27 . 07 4 . 84 19.48 3.43 - . 70
26.19 4.82 26.49 4.49 -.45 19 . 06 3.52 27.54 4.90 -.86 1 6 . 25 4
. 26 14 . 59 5 . 06 2 . 56 * )t
*p<.05
3- 2 ( F 4 .63, p <. 0 5 ) 199 2; 19 94 ; 1 997 ; 200 1 ) C
helladural & Saleh ( 1 978 )
3-2
n=206
3- 3 ( F 3.2 8 ; 5.07, p<.05 ) 200 1 ) 19 95 ; 1 999 ; 2001 ) (1
997) 1 995 ; 1 999 ; 200 1 )
3-3
n=206
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
3-4
n=206
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
3- 5 ( F
= 5.52, p<.05 ) C helladurai & C arron( 19 81) Erle(1
981)
3-5
n=206
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
48.02
8.89
28.36
5.49
27.79
5.08
19.54
3.82
17.79
4.55
24.93
6.40
17.56
4.76
46.82
7.76
26.80
4.56
26.26
4.31
19.00
3.38
15.26
4.57
25.94
3.70
17.07
3.45
48.66
7.28
28.22
4.51
26.55
4.24
19.66
3.37
16.00
3.25
23.55
5.42
16.55
3.92
3- 6 ( p<.0 5 ) ( p<.05 ) ( p<.0 5 ) ( p<.05 )
3 - 6 C N = 206)
*p<.05
3- 7 ( R 0,8
8% ( F = 1 8.99, p < .0 5 ) , 3- 8 Beta29, t 4.35 ( p
= .00 ) ,
"
.08 3.88 18.99
3-8 1
( B Beta . 25 .05 .29 4 . 35 .00 )
3- 9 ( R 0,9
9% ( F = 21.80, p<.05 ) 3- 10 Beta 3 1, t 4.67 ( p = .00 )
,
( R ) 3-9
.09 4.62 21.80
3-10
( B Beta .43 . 09 . 31 4 . 67 . 00 )
(1 997 ) 95- 99
(1 995 )
(1 993 )
( 2001 ) 28-37
( 2001 ) 2001 441-45 9
(1 997 )
(1 994 ) ( 1 992 )
(1 991 ) — 79 235-252
( 1 995 )
(1 999 ) ( 1 998 )
25 71- 80
Chelladurai, P., & Carron, A. V. (1 981) . Applicability to
youth sports of the leadership scale for sports. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 53, 361-362
Chelladurai, P., & Arnott, M. (1985). Decision styles in
coaching: Preferences of basketball players. Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport, 56, 15-24.
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1978). Preferred leadership in
sports. Canadian Journal of
Applied Sport Scince, 3, 85-92.
Chelladurai, P. (1984). Discrepancy between preference and
perceptions ofleasership behav ior and satisfaction of athletes in
varying sports. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 27-41.
Erle, F. J. (1981). Leadership in competitive and recreational
sport. Unpublished master's thesis. University of Western Ontario,
London, Canada.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 17~31 (May, 2003) A Study ofCollege Volleyball
Coaches'LeadershipBehaviors and the RelevantStudyin Tema Cohesion
31
A Study of College Volleyball Coaches'Leadership Behaviors and the
Relevant Study in Team Cohesion
Yu-You Tsai Jen-Te Junior College of Medical, Nursing and
Management
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate college volleyball
coaches'leadership be havior and its relationship with team
cohesion. The participants of the study were 121 volle yball
players at the first level of the male and female sections of the
college volleyball league contests in the academic year 2001. The
research measurements were Leadership Scale for Athletic Preference
and Athletic Team C ohesion . The effective questionnaires were 206
copi es and analyzed by the following analysis methods: factor
analysis , descriptive statistics, test of independence, one-way
variance, stepwise regression analysis and Pearson product mo ment
correlation. The results showed that there were significant
differences in volleyball play ers'preferences in following
dimensions: (a)There were obvious differences shown in prefer ence
for coaches'autocratic behaviors from different gender players'the
preference for coa ches'leadership behaviors. (b)There were obvious
differences shown in the perceptions of autocratic behavior s from
different training frequency players'recognitions of coaches'lead
ership behaviors. (c)There were obvious differences shown in
preference for democratic be haviors and autocratic behaviors from
different athletic achievement players'recognitions of
coaches'leadership behaviors. (d)Coaches'leadership behavior can
effectively predict team cohesion with respect to the perceptions
of coaches'leadership behaviors concerning training and
instruction, social support, positive feedback and democratic
behavior, and preference for coaches'leadership behaviors
concerning positive feedback, democratic behavior and social
support. (e)The autocratic behavior factor of preference for
coaches'leadership behaviors in predicating team cohesion has the
8% explanatory amount for social cohesion. The positive feedback
factor of coaches'leadership behaviors in predicting team cohesion
has 9% explan atory amount for work cohesion.
Keywords: Coaches'leadership behavior, team cohesion, college
volleyball league contest
1 20 1 4
5 1 0 0922302763 E-mail : win54 l
[email protected]
( 33 ~ 51 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 40 ) ( )
( 3 3~ 51 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 39 )
1 975 1 998 ) 20 30
2002)
(1 974 ) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians"
1 976 50 20 20 1 0 1 998 )
( Taylor, Ward & Rippe, 1 991 ) , ( Shar key,1 997 )
20 Health Risk
Appraisals" HRA" ( Marshall, Hays & Mazel, 1 996 )
( 1 978 ) 1 998 )
27 14
2- 1
( v )t Test
( ) ( )
3-1
L
91 8 2 8 31 120 115 1 00 83%
92 2 1 0 2 1 3 40
120
1 00 t-test t2000 ) 23261 8 1 9 22 t ( p < .05 )
Kasiser (1974 ) KM O 0.5
2000 ) , KM O 1501.00 9 9
72 . 1 9%
( Orthogonal rotations ) 0.4 5
0.30 ( McAuley & Courneya, 1994 : Chelladurai&Saleh,1 980 )
2000 )
1 5 1324 11 6 12 1 621 KMO 507
234567 1.0 71.40% 2 5.4 9% 1 9.84% 1 7.06% 9.00%
0.45 0.30
3- 1 )
3-1
05
25
0.567
1.09
9.00%
71.39%
3- 1 )
( internal consistency ) Cronbach's Alpha Bryman Cramer ( 1 997 )
a80 DeVellis ( 1 991 ) N unnally ( 1 978 ) a70602000 ) , a=.83 1, a
a=.73 8, a = . 646, a =. 6 10, 3- 1 )
14 0.78 1.63 1 991 )
3- 2
2
1.7%
· ( 24 20% 85 70.8% 6 5% 5 4.2% 35000 48 40% 35001-70000 60 50%
70001-100000 6 5% 1 00000 6 5% 41 34.2% 79 65.8% 34 28.3% 51 42.5%
35 29.2% 120 )
20 100 20 40
( p < .05 ) 1- 1 3- 3 )
3 - 3
3.85
1.04
1.10
0.31
11.705.
00*
2.61
0.99
1.10
0.31
6.710
.00*
4.01
1.03
1.00
0.00
13.072.
00*
1.58
0.98
1.35
0.49
1.03
.02*
1.98
0.88
1.00
0.00
4.99
.00*
1.93
0.99
1.00
0.00
4.20
.00*
3.88
1.34
1.10
0.31
9.23
.00*
( P < .0 5 ) ( Sche ffe )
30 31- 4 0 1- 2 3- 4 )
3 - 4
( )
( P < .05 )
1- 3 3- 5 )
3-5
3 > 2
3 > 1
( P < .0 5 ) 1000 1 7000 1- 10000 1- 4 3- 6 )
3 - 6
35000
(I)
35001-
70000
(2)
70001-
10000
(3)
10001
(4)
F
( p > .05 ) ,
3- 7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
( p > .0 5 ) , 1- 7
—
( p > .05 ) , 1- 8
( p > .05 ) ,
( M=4 .00 4 .2 4 4 .53 2 .2 6 4 .59 3.7 9 ) ( M= l. 9 11. 70 1.
581. 2 1 4 .33 3.36 ) 3- 8 )
3- 8
t
30 31- 40
$ 1000 1 7000 1- 10000
30 ( Public Health Ser vice's Office for Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion ) 40 ( Sharkey, 1 997 )
30 7000 1- 1 0000 1 998 )
l
2
House Karasek 80 1 998 )
l
4
5
(1 992 ) ( 2002 )
( 2000 ) SPSS
( 1 998 ) 55 52- 61
( 1 991 ) 230 ) ( 1 998 ) 26 33-42
( 1 998 ) 26 43- 52
Marshall, G. N., Hays, R. D. & Maze}, R. (1 996) . Health
status and satisfaction with health care: results from the medical
outcomes study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
64(2) , 380-390.
Sharkey , B. J. ( 1 997 ) . Fitness and health. Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics.
Taylo r, P., Word, A. & Rippe, J. M. (1 99 1) . Exercising to
health: how much, how soo n? The Physician and Sports Medicine,
19(8), 94.
92 2
92 3
92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 33~51 (May, 2003) A Study on Heart Disease Risk
Behaviors through Staff SelfAssessing ofa Construction Company
51
A Study on Heart Disease Risk Behaviors through Staff Self
Assessing of a Construction Company
Abstract
Hsian-Chou Hong Fu Jen Catholic University
The purpose of this study was to assess the heart disease risk
behaviors in a construction company staff through questionnaire.
One hundred and twenty staff in the study. The testing instrument
was a questionnaire containing 14 questions, with an account of
heart disease risk behaviors per question. Answers were recorded on
score sheets by study staff. Analyses were conducted on differences
between gender, age, income, post, education levels and marriage.
Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between
gender groups, age groups and income groups, post groups, education
levels groups, high and low fraction groups. Baseline data from
this study can be used to plan and provide individual health
management to a con struction company staff.
Keywords: heart disease, Health risk behaviors, staff self
assessing
( 53 ~ 6 3 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 60 ) ( )
( 53~ 63 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 59 )
79 1 2- 1 0922633973 e-mail : ph004 @sinamai l.com
1 989
1 9911 9951 999
1 9911 9951 999
1
1- 1
2. B
( c ) ( c )4. D
( D D A B B A ) ( c ) ( c ) 1- 1
2- 1
1991
1
( Sche ffe ) a=.05
1 991 1 995 1 999
32 1 3- 1
3 - 1
1991
27
27%
40
41%
17
17%
15
15%
99
100%
1995
26
26%
44
45%
16
16%
13
13%
99
100%
1999
35
28%
50
41%
18
15%
20
16%
123
100%
88
27%
134
42%
51
16%
48
15%
321
100%
3- 1 19 91 B 40
( 41% A 27 ( 27% ) , C 1 7 (1 7% ) '
D 1 5 ( 1 5% )
3- 1 19 95 B 44 ( 45% ) A 26 ( 26% ) , C 16 (1 6% ) '
D 13 (1 3%
3- 1 1999 8 B 50
( 4 1% ) A 35 ( 2 8% ) D 20 ( 16% ) , C 18 ( 15% ) 3- 1
( 45 41 41 27 26 28 41 45 41 l 5 l6 13 )50
40
30
10
3- 2, ( F=33.82 0, P < .0 5 ) 3- 2 ) B A C D A C D C D
3-2
B
C
D
25% 7%, 41% 5%, 15 % 7% 13% 6%B(1 992 ) (1 993 ) (1 999 ) AC ( 200
1 )
20% 5% ' 35% 0%, 25%0%,
1 0% 5% (1 992 ) (1 995 )
(1 998 )
, IRl
BAC D
B AC D ( P<.05 ) C D
(1 988 )
(1 992 ) 14 ( 1 6 ) , 1 8-2 1
( 1 986 )
(1 986 )
(1 992 ) 32
(1 993 )
28, 61- 65
84- 99
(1 996 ) 1996 21 9-236
( 1 998 ) 1990 1994
( 1 998 ) — 1 999 31, 545- 576
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 53~63 (May, 2003) The Scoring & Shooting Area in
World Cup Women Soccer Championships (WCWSC) 63
The Scoring & Shooting Area in World Cup Women Soccer
Championships (WCWSC)
Shau-Lian Chen & Yu-Ching Tsai,
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the correlation between scoring and
shooting area. With action-recall, the subjects were 84 final-play
tapes in three WCWSCs (1991, 1995, and 1999). The data were
gathered statistically by one-way ANOVA and the conclusions
were:
1. . It showed significant difference among each shooting
area.
2. The area from the Goal to Penalty Spot could score
frequently.
3. When attacking, the best direction was from the Goal to Penalty
Spot.
Keywords: soccer games; shooting area, World Cup, retracing motion
analysis
11 2
04) 85 11888- 1 3 1 2 0931175748 E-mail : n40330
@yahoo.com.tw
( 6 5 ~ 7 8 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 66 ) ( )
( 65~ 78 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 71 )
( Sport Sponsorship)
1 9931 9981 9991 999 ; 200 1 ; Catherwood & Van K irk , 1 992
)
( Courtside Advertisings)
( Charity ) ( Catherwoo d & Van Kirk, 1 992 )
1 9931 9981 9991 999 ;
2001 ; Catherwood & Van Kirk, 1 992 )
(1 999 ) 42 ( 57.14% ) ( 28.57% ) , 21.43% 20% 0
(1 999 ) 1 998 364 96.2%
( 200 1 ) 2001 476 16-24 87.8
( 2002 ) ( Recognition ) 10 24.1 77.2
Cuneen Hannan ( 1 993 ) ( Recognition ) ( LPGA ) 6.080.0 logo
Sandler Shani ( 1 993 ) 92' ( ambushers :
Turco ( 1 994 ) ( Recall ) ( Kodak) 78. 1 ( Pepsi ) 1 7.4%, K
ellogg's 1 2.4%, Smith's 1 1.1%,
10% ( Consum ption level )
Turco ( 1 996 ) NCAA 8 4 ( Dummy sponsors ) 1 2
Pitts ( 1 998 ) 18 2 99.5 92.3
Harshaw & Turner ( 1 999 )
logo
( 66.2% ) Mur phy (1 986 ) Arani ( 1 992 ) Brown, Sutton & Duff
( 1 993 ) (1 999 )
( 2002 ) Har shaw & Turner ( 1 999 )
41.2% ) ( 2002 ) ( Harshaw & Turner, 1 999 ) logo
28.7% ( Javalgi et al., 1 994 )
( 1 999 ) SET 57.14% 28.5%, 21.43%,
20% 0% 43
72 52 .9% 47. 1% 25 110 80.9% ; 26-35 16 1 1.8% ; 36- 45 6 4.4%
;
46 4 2.9% 82 60.3% ; 42
30.9 % ; 12 8.8%
( 90.4% ) 1 999 ) Shann on& Turley ( 1 997 ) 2002 )
2
3
4
( Recognition ) ( Recall ) : ' ( Belch & Belch, 1 993 ) ,
2.
2002
21- 38
( 1 995 ) 17, 11-23
( 1 998 ) (1 993 )
(1 999 )
( 2001 )
9, 1 53- 176
Aaker, A.D., Burtra, R. & Meyers, G. J. (1992). Advertising
Management. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Arani, A. (1992). How corporations can take advantage of Olympic
Marketing opportunities.
Sport Marketing Quarterly, 1(1), 7-12.
Belch G.E. & Belch, M.A. (1993). Introduction to Advertising
and Promotion. Home wood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Brown, S.C.; Sutton, W.A. & Duff, G. (1993). The event pyramid:
an effective management strategy. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 2(4),
29-35.
Catherwood, D.W., & Van Kirk, R.L. (1992). The Complete Guide
to Special Event Man agement. NJ.: John Willey & Sons,
Inc.
Cuneen, J. & Hannan, M.J. (1993). Intermediate measures and
recognition testing of sponsor ship advertising at an LPGA
tournament. Sport Marketing Quarterly , 2(1), 47-54.
Harshaw, M.A. & Turner, E.T. (1999). Assessing the recognition
of perimeter advertising sig nage by television viewers ofNASCAR
Winston Cup event. Sport Marketing Quar terly, 8(4), 35-41.
Javalgi, R.G., Traylor, M.B., Gross, A.C., & Lampman, E.
(1994). Awareness of sponsorship and corporate image: an empirical
investigation. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 47- 58 .
Murphy, L. (1986). The controversy behind event marketing. Sales
and Marketing Manage ment, 10, 54-56.
Pitts, B.G. (1998) . An analysis of sponsorship recall during Gay
Games IV. Sport marketing Quarterly, 7(4), 11-18.
Sandler, D.M. & Shani , D. (1993). Sponsorship and the Olympic
games: the consumer per spective. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 2(3),
38-43.
Shannon, J.R. & Turley, L.W. (1 997) . The influence of
in-arena promotions on purchase be havior and purchase intentions.
Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(4), 53-59.
Turco, D.M . (1994). Event sponsorship: effects on consumer brand
loyalty and consumption.
Sport Marketing Quarterly, 3(3), 35-37 .
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
78 Vol. 2 pp. 65~78 (May, 2003) A Study on Recognon Effects of
Corporate Courtside Advertising
A Study on Recognition Effects of Corporate Court side Advertising
— A Case Study of 91 st Acedemic Year Collegiate Athletic Games
Badminton Court Ground Spectators
Chih-Feng Lee Dai-Yeh University Jong-Cheng Lin Wan-Zao
College
Abstract
This research surveyed 136 spectators from badminton court of91st
academic-year Col legiate Athletic Games to investigate the
demographic features of spectators and to access
spectators'recognition rate of sponsor corporate courtside
advertisings. The findings of this study revealed that the
demographic features of spectators at badminton courts were: male
spectators slightly more than female, age beyond 25 years old, and
most spectators were ath letes who participated competitions.
Victor Badminton got highest recognition rate (90.4%), and then
Chi-Lih Badminton Material Store (66.2%), Yih-Dah Hospital(41.2%),
Hunter Boy Corporation(28 .7%). According to the results of this
survey, researchers also presented some concrete suggestions for
sport sponsorship and future studies.
Keywords: sport sponsorship, courtside advertising, recognition
effects
…
70 02)2538 11 11 307 1
( 79~ 95 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 90 ) ( )
( 79~ 95 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 89 )
1 992 ) 60 1 986 ) , 1 997 )
1 996 )
Kolter 7 "W" Who
WhatWhy With whomHow When and Where 1 996 ) E.K. B ( Engel, Roger,
& Paul, 1 993 ) E.K. B
1 996 )
(1 996 ) 37.99% 62.0 1% ; (1 987 )
23.5 (1 988 )
14 15 0 126 84% 89 2 8 25
( 1 987 ) ( 1 996 )
1 996 )
L 4
2 12
2 3
3 7
4 6
( correla tion analysis ) ( criterion of internal consist ency ) 30
( a=.05 ) 25 25 ( discriminatory power) ; ( Critical Ratio, CR) CR
( a=.05 1 992 )
22 8,0 1 9 82
( p<.05 ) 1 9 90,
2 ( Ch i- Square Test ) Likelihood Ration
1
(11.1%)
( 1.6%)
40001- 50000
( 0.8% )
2.
85 )
20 00 2000
(3 8.9% )
( 44 .8%
( 67.3%
( 29.7% ) ( 1 987 ) (2) Nike
2.
3.
(1) 86 Nike Reebok 4800 2000 (2) (1 988 ) 2000 (1 987 ) Nike 1 997
)
1.
(1 996 )
2.
l
……2.
1 2 Jordan Nike Jordan 3 ( Supply- chain )
(1 988 )
(1 987)
(1 997 ) 128- 134
(1 992 ) SPSS/PC (1 986 ) 13, 141- 14 4
(1 996 )
(1 996 )
(1 996 )
( 1 997 )
Engel , F. J., Roger, B.D., & Paul, M.W. (1 993) . Consumer
Behavior, Sixth Edition. Chicago: Dryden Press.
92 2
92 3
92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 79~95 (May, 2003) Research of Sports Goods Consumption
Behaviors and Brands Loyalty 95
Research of Sports Goods Consumption Behaviors and Brands
Loyalty
Ta-Cheng Hung Shih-Chien University
Abstract
The purposes of this research were to investigate
consumers'purchasing behaviors and examined the influences of
customers'brands loyalty. In addition, the research examined the
influences of customers'brands loyalty; hope to provide marketing
strategy of sport goods for INC. We use questionnaires to collect
information of sports goods consumption behaviors and
customers'brands loyalty. A total of 126 people were involved in
this investigation. The data were treated through the use of
descriptive analysis and Kai-Square analysis. Alpha coeffi cient
was set at.05 for all computations.
Results of this research are:
1. Customers think that popularity of brands and styles of products
are important.
2. Customers aren't loyal to peculiar products or brands, have
variety needs and prefer lower prices products.
3. Consumers'sport goods information is informed by friends, they
like to see basketball games, shop in sports goods stores and
prefer to seasonal shopping, non-colored products and so on.
4. . Customers like to buy sports shoes and sports bags in sports
stores, aren't loyal to pe culiar products or brands.
5. Customers of sports clothes aren't loyal to peculiar products or
brands, prefer to buy in sports boutique and have habit seeing
basketball games.
Keywords: Sports Goods, Consumption Behaviors, Brands Loyalty
— 1 74.7 1 84
1 0
69.79 77.2 7.4 1
O 1 8 38.29%, A 1 5 3 1.9 1%, B
14 2 9.78% O
1 0.6 6 6.6
87%, 1 3%
11
04)2239 164 7 610 2
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 97 )
( 100 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
47 5 1 8 24
Hewitt
174 .7
174 .6 170 17 1. 9 5 1994 ) 3
200 1
184 174 10
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 99 )
( 100 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
l
1
Edberg
Hewitt
69.78 69 68.3 70.5
7 10 1 997 ( GregRusedski ) 143 22 8.8 ( MarkPhilippoussis ) 14 2.3
227.6 8 ( Tennis 1 998 ) , 1 90 ( lvanisevic ) 1 93 ( Tennis 19 98
)
B 1
A 4
B 6
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 101 )
( 102 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
3
A 9
B 7
47 O 1 8 38.2 9%, A 1 5 31.9 1%, B 14 29.78%
0 55 0 B 50%B 99%1 995 )
7
( 104 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 103 )
Huber
7
Martinies
7
Novotna
8
Gressen
6.6
11. 23 5 10
7 4 3 ……
7
3.
3> 5
( Muster ) ( R usedski ) ( lvanisevic ) 70 ( Conors ) ( M cenroe
)
1994)
( 106 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 109 )
1 85 76
50
1 978 15 1 73 65 1
200 1
18 4 77
200
18 0
70 18 0 60
18 0 60
( )
100 20
1 8 1 9 20~ 24
( 5 (1 1 6 (1 2 1 (1 3 2 (1 4 3 (1 5 1 (1 6 2 (1 7 3 (1 8 )… 6
6.6
2002
2002 2000 )
200
4 3:2 2 25
(1 994 ) 73, 39~ 47
( 1 995 ) 1 ' 91
(1 998 ) 24 ~ 28
( 1 995 ) 91 40
( 2000 ) 495
Tennis ( 1 998 ) TheTopof50rro , 20, 77
Tennis ( 1 998 ) 21, 32
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
110 Vol. 2 pp. 97~110 (May, 2003) A Study of Stature, Blood Type,
Starting Age to PlayTennis, HabitualStriking Hand for Class-A
TennisPlayers
A Study of Stature, Blood Type, Starting Age to Play Tennis,
Habitual Striking
Hand for Class-A Tennis Players
Yeong-An Lin Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and
Technology
Abstract
The aim of this research is to explore the stature difference of
class-A tennis players be tween our nationals and foreigners.
Similarly a series of analysis shown in the research include blood
type, starting age to play tennis and habitual striking hand are
discussed herein. The re search takes forty-seven collegiate
students from sports department as the subjects. The con clusions
are as follows:
1. The average height ofnational tennis players is 174.7cm, while
worldwide top-ten ten nis players, 184cm, which is 10cm
higher.
2. The average weight of national tennis players is 69, 79kg, while
world wide top-ten players, 77.2kg, which is 7.41kg heavier.
3. . Among national players, blood type O (18 persons) occupies
38.29%; blood type A (15 persons) occupies 31.91%; blood type B (14
persons) occupies 29.78%. Blood type Os prevail.
4. As for starting age to play tennis, top-ten national tennis
players, on average, start to play tennis at the age of 10.6 while
worldwide top-ten male tennis players, at the age of 6; fe male
tennis players, at the age of 6.6.
5. In all, 87% players use their right hands as forehand strike;
13% players use their left hands as forehand strike.
Keywords: stature, blood type, habitual striking hand, starting age
to play tennis
( 120 1 11~ 1 27 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 111~ 127 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 117 )
F
1 999 ) 3565
BMI
BMI
WHO 1 999 )
89 1289 1071 677 52 8
3565 84 11 23 l 2 34 5 1 600 800
(=)1 994 ) : (1) ( Cardiovascular endurance ) (2) ( Muscular
fitness ) (3) ( Flexibility ) (4) ( Body composition )
89
1 289 10 71 677 52 8 3565
89 9 l 3
90 1 0 2 90 10 1 3 2
(1 0 2 0 6
(1 0 9 0 13 1600 800
84 11 23
T Pearson
a=.05
89 3565
89
89 12 89 171.38+5.72 65.6 8+12. 1 6
1 9.07+0.79 10 71 1 58.96+4.97
5 1.70+7.95 1 8.88+0.66 677 1 71.43+5.5 1 65.85 +9.92 24.05 +3.34
52 8 1 59 .55+4 .84 51. 1 0+6.5 1 22.6 8+2.66
89
89
286.63+33.7 4
22 .33+3.71, 34. 13+9.32
30 20.38 +3.32 60 35.85 +5.73
225.22 +26.82 1 600 497 .84+66 .13
20.4 5+2.95, 35.2 8+8.64 30 1 5.06 +2.90 60
26.07 +5.79 1 62. 1 9+1 9.2 1 800
286 .63+33 .74 22.38 +3 .00, 32 .34 +7.4 6
30 20. 1 1+3.50 60 36. 1 2+6.68 222 .04+21.69 1 600 514 . 9 8+55.67
20.06+2.26, 30 .97+8.35 30 1 5.83 +2.76 60
27.24 +6. 13 1 58.07 +1 7.6 1 800
296.01+28.03
89
89 T a=.05
89
P<.05
89 22.33 +3.7 1, 22 . 38+3.00, T
( P>.05 ) 34. 13+9.32 32.34 +7 .46 T ( P<.05 ) 30 60
20.38+3.32 35.85 +5.73 30 60
20.11+3.50 36. 1 2+6.68 T 30 60 ( P>.05 ) 225 .22+26 .82
222.04+2 1.69 T ( P<.05 ) 1 600 497.84 +66. 13 514 .9 8+55.67 T
1 600 ( P<.05 )
89
P<.05
89 20 .45+2.95, 20.06+2.26 T ( P<.05 )
35.2 8+8.64 30.97 +8.35 T ( P<.05 ) 30 60 1 5.06 +2.90 26.07
+5.79 30 60
1 5.83+2.76 27.24 +6. 13 T
( P<.05 ) 16 2. 1 9+19 .2 1
1 58.07 +1 7.6 1 T ( P<.05 ) 800 286 .63+33.74 296.0 1+ 28.03 T
800 ( P<. 05 )
B M I
Pearson
P<.05
BMI ( P<.05 ) 1 600m ( P<.05 ) 800m
5%
( 1600 55- 60 ( 1600 4 5- 50 5- 10 5 ( 30 60 35- 40% (3 0 60 4 5-
50 50- 55 10- 1 5
5 5 55- 60 50- 55 5- 10 5 45- 50
35- 40 5 10- 1 5 55- 60 45- 50 5- 10 5
800
( 800 45- 50 ( 800 40- 45 5% 5- 1 0 (3 0 60
40- 4535- 40(3 0 60 40- 4545- 50 5- 10 10- 15 5- 1 0 5 50- 55
25-305 20-25 50- 55 40-45 5 5 45- 5050- 555 5
BMI BM I BMI
89 3565
1. ( P<.05 )
2. ( P<.05 ) BMI ( P<.05 )
L BMI ( P<.05 ) 1 600m
2 ( P<.05 ) 800m
2
(1 992 ) 20, 1-7 (1 992 )
(1 993 )
(1 994 ) 1994
(1 996 ) 145- 160
(1 980 )
( 1 992 ) 30-39
(1 997) 46- 59
( 1 986 )
(1 997 ) 208-2 1 6
( 1 994 )
( 1 993 )
(1 995 ) (1 993 )
16, 373-390
( 1 998 ) 4 97- 1 48
( 1 982 ) 240-257
(1 993 )
( 1 989 )
(1 989 )
Ekelund, L.G., Haskell, E.L. ,& Johnson, J.L.(1988). Physical
fitness as a predictor ofCardio vascular mortality in asymptomatic
north american men. New English JournalMedi cine, 319 , 1379- 1384
.
Meredith, C.N., Zackin, M.J., Frontera, W.R., & Evans, W.J.(1
987) . Body compositionAnd aerobic capacity in young and
middle-aged endurancetrained men. Medicine& Sci ence Sports
Exercise, 19(6), 557-563.
Simpson, S. (1989). The effects of participation in physical
education activities uponHealth related physical fitness. Journal
of human movement studies (Edinburgh), 17( 4), 153-163.
Sobolaki, J., Kornitzer, M., & Backer, G.D.(1 987) . Protection
against ischemic heart Disease in the Belgian physical fitness
study: Physical fitness rather than physical Activity? American
Journal Epidemiol, 125(4) , 601-610.
Vaccaro, P. Clinton, M.( 1 981) . The effects of aerobic dance
conditioning on the body Compo sition and maximal oxygen uptake of
collage women. Journal Sports Medicine,21,
291-294.
Wehrenberg, W.B., & Costello, M.(1993) . Clinical evaluation of
the backmate lowerLumbar rehabilitation system: Result of a
preliminary study. Journal Orthopedic & Sports Physical
Therapy, 17(40), 185-190.
Willford, H.N ., Blessing , D .L. , Barksdale, J.M. & Smith ,
F.H .( 1 988). The effects of aerobic dance training on serun
lipids, lipoproteins and cardiopulmonary function.Journal Sports
Medicine, 28( 2), 151-157.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 111~127 (May, 2003) Comparison of Fitn ess Levels
between Students Attended Day and Night School at VIT 127
Comparison of Fitness Levels between Students Attended Day and Ni
School at VIT
Jui-Chuan Yang & Wen-Yi Lee Van Nung Institute of
Technology
ABSTRACT
Based on the recent reports from the Ministry of Education in 1999,
the overall fitness levels of our collegiate students were lower
than that of the students from the USA, Japan, and Mainland China.
Based on common observation, the students attending night school
have less opportunity to engage regular exercises. It is therefore,
important to understand the fitness lev els of students attending
night school and compare those data with the data of day school stu
dents. Three thousand five hundred and sixty five VIT students
participated in the study. Stan dardized fitness tests were used
and the results showed:
1. . Both male and female day school students demonstrated better
flexibility, power and cardiovascular endurance than their
counterpart attending night school. However, night school female
students demonstrated better than day school female students on
strength and strength endurance .
2. Male student had a positive correlation between age and BMI
value, strength and strength endurance, but a negative correlation
between age and cardiovascular endurance. Fe male students had a
positive correlation between age and strength , but a negative
correlation between age and cardiovascular endurance, flexibility
and power.
Keywords: Fitness, Day School, Night school
1 999
02)2903 1111 3073
( 132 129~ 136 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( 1 999 )
( 129~ 1 3 6 ( 200 3 .5 ) ) ( 1 999 131 )
1 999
1 999 6 1 7 26
( 1 979) (1 983) 60- 80(1 983)
AB
4.42
1- 3 A
· ( 1.00 1.00 0. 8 5 0.85 0.28 0.14 )
1- 4 A
10.85
5.42
3.85
3.57
3.42
3.28
2.42
0.71
11.2
8.42
1- 6 A
( 11.57 8 . 57 6.14 3.57 2.42 2.28 0.57 )
1- 7 A
36.71
31.71
29.57
28.42
26.71
26.14
19.42
1- 1 1- 7 1- 8 A
3
2
2
2
2
3
6
4
4
3
3
3
8
5
5
7
6
7
8
4
3
7
5
7
6
6
3
5
7
2
4
4
4
7
8
6
8
8
8
7
5
7
3
6
5
5
5
1 8 8 1
1-9 A
2-1 B
( 1 2.33 1.33 1.00 0 . 66 0.5 0.5 )
2-2 B
· ( 1 0.33 0.33 0 . 1 6 0.16 0.16 )
2-3 B
( 1 0.83 0.5 0 . 33 0.33 0 . 1 6 0.16 )
2-4 B
1
10.33
7.33
5.16
5.00
4.33
2.66
1.50
( 134 129~ 13 6 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 1 999 )
( 129~ 1 36 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 1 99 9 1 33 )
2 - 6 B
( 1 5.83 5.33 4.00 3.66 1.33 0.33 )
( 1 32.00 31.83 26.66 26.66 24.00 21.16 20.33 ) 2 - 7 B
2- 1 2- 7 2- 8 B
5
6
4
6
6
6
7
1
2
4
1
2
2
2
6
3
6
3
4
4
5
7
3
2
7
7
7
6
1
6
2
5
3
3
4
2
3
7
4
5
5
3
4
2
1
1 7 7 1
I
45
42
32
27
25
17
16
2
3
4
5
6
7
49
A B 1- 9 2- 9 )
( 1 979 ) ( 1 979 )
(1 983 ) (1 983 )
92 2 92 3 92 4
( 129~ 1 36 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 1 99 9 135 )
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
136 Vol. 2 pp. 129~136 (May, 2003) A Study ofthe
Relationshipbetween PitchingAbilityandGma e Resultofthe 1999
JuniorWmo enWorld Softball Championship
A Study of the Relationship between Pitching Ability and Game
Result of the 1999 Junior Women World Softball Championship
Chao-Liang Ni
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between
pitching ability and game result in softball. Data were collected
from games played by the 15 teams participating in the 1999 Junior
Women World Softball Championship. Analyses of the data revealed
that the final eight teams had stronger pitching ability than those
who were not in the finals. Pit ching ability was showed to have a
significant effect on softball game results.
Keywords: softball, pitching ability
( 140 1 37~ 153 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( ( PST ) ) ( )
( 1 37~ 1 53 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( ( PST ) ) ( 141 )
II
, PST ) 1 1 970
5 10 02)26362004 e-mail :
[email protected] pc.edu.tw
( psychological skills ) ( psychological characteristics ) (
psychomotor ability ) 2002 ) ,
50% 80%~ 90% (Weinberg & Gould, 1 999 ) —
Mahoney , 1989 ; Mahoney & Avener,1977 ; 2000 )
( Greenspan & Feltz,1989 ; Weinberg & Comar, 1 994 ; 2000 ;
200 1 )
84
1
360
2000
u...,
91.09
- B
( 32 )
( 148 1 37~ 153 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( ( PST ) ) ( )
( 1 37~ 1 53 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( ( PST) ) ( 149 )
( Greenspan & Fe ltz , 1 989 ; Weinb erg & C omar , 1 994 ;
2000 ; 200 1 )
— 3 5 1 5 20 8
( 2001 ) ( 200 1 ) 52 31 (3 ) ,
67- 74
( 1 995 ) 94, 53-60 ( 2001 )
( 2002 ) 16 (3 ), 67- 72 ( 2000 )
( 200 1 ) 2002 31
(3 ), 27-32
( 1 987 )
( 2002 ) 62, 36-4 1 ( 2002 ) 62, 24-30 (1 997)
33, 1 40- 1 46
( 2002 ) 59, 93- 1 00
( 2000 ) 30 (3 ), 75- 81 ( 200 1 ) 31
( 3 ) , 45- 46
(1 991 )
( 2001 ) 14
( 4 ) , 71- 80
( 2000 )
( 2001 ) 57, 123- 129
( 2002 )
Greenspan, M.J., & Feltz, D.F. ( 1 989 ) . Psychological
interventions with athletes in com petitive situation : A review.
The Sport Psychologist, 3, 21 9-236 .
Hellstedt, J.C. ( 1 987 ) . Sport psychology at a ski academy :
Teaching mental skills to yo ung athletes. The Sport Psychologist,
1, 56-68.
Mahoney, M.J. ( 1 989 ) . Psychological Predictors of elite and
non-elite performance in Olympic weightlifting. International
Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 1- 12.
Mahoney, M. J., & Avener, M. ( 1 977 ) . Psychology of the
elite athlete : An exploratory stu
dy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135-141.
Orlick, T., & McCaffery, N. ( 1 991 ) . Mental training with
children for sport and life. The Sport Psychologist, 5, 322-334
.
Weiss, M.R. ( 1 991 ) . Psychological skill development in children
and adolescents. The Sport Psychologist, 5, 335-354 .
Weinberg, R.S., & Comar, W. ( 1 994 ) . The effectiveness of
psychological interventions in competitive sport. Sports Medicine,
18, 406- 418 .
Weinberg, R. S., & G ould, D. ( 1 999 ) . Foundations of Sport
and Exercise Psychology
2nd Ed.
Williams, M .J . ( 1 993 ) . Applied Sport Psy chology. Mayfield
Publishing Company.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 13 7~153 (May, 2003) A Study of Current Researches of
Psychological Skills Training(PST} 153
A Study of Current Researches of Psychological Skills Training
PST
Ching-Yu Wang Fu Jen Catholic University
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to discuss current researches
of Psychological Skills Training ( PST ) in the field of Psychology
in Taiwan, and to collect and analyze the relevant researches in
these ten years . The development of Sport Psychology began in the
last 19th century, grew and was utilized by the competition sport
in the middle 1970s. Many rese arches approved that PST can aid or
advance the sport performances. There are more and more pertinent
researches and application of Sport Psychology in Taiwan , but the
evolution of Sport Psychology, no matter in teaching or in
professional researches, wasn't mature. We expect the further
application of science can make great strides in the performances
of our national ath letes.
Keyowrds: psychological skills training(PST), psychomotor ability,
arousal, con centration, anxiety, imagery
Locke 1 968 Tayl er Smiddy Drucker Ryanbs ( Lock & Lattham, 1
990 ) ( l 968~ l 994 ) 400 1 985
37 79 — 90 Locke
27 10
Locke
02)2903 1111 3058
( 166 1 55~ 175 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 1 55~ 1 75 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 159 )
1 960
( Bandura & Schunk, 1 98 1 )
( congnitive ) ( affective ) ( psychomotor ) ( goal- setting )
Harris ( 1 984 )
( Locke et al., 19 81 )
( Locke & Latham, 19 85 ) : 1. ( direction and activity ) ; 2 (
effo rt ) ; 3. ( persist ence ) ; 4. ( task strategy decelopment
)
( Gould, 1998 ; Murphy, 1 996 ) l 2 3. 4 56 7. 8. 9 1011
l
Locke 19 68 Tayler
Smidd y DruckerRyanbs ( Locke & Lattham, 1990 ) ( 1 968 — 1 994
)
400 ( Locke & Latham, 1 990 ) 1 985
Miner (1 984 ) 32
Pinder ( 19 84 )
Locke ( 1 981 ) 110 99
Mento (1 987 ) Tubbs ( 19 86 ) Locke
Weinb erg, Weinberg
Weinberg ( 1 993 ) ( ceiling effect ) Locke Latham ( 1 985 )
Locke ( 1 991 ) Locke l . 2. 310 4 5 6 7
Weinberg Weigand ( 1 993 ) Locke Latham 1. Hall Byrne 55 Boyce ( 1
992 ) 43B oyce ( 1 990 ) 1 6.7Weinberg(1 990 ) 24 2 3Locke Weinberg
et al. ( 1 990 ) Weinberg et al. ( 1 991 ) B ar-Eli ( 1 993 )
Locke Weinberg Weigand ( 1 993 ) Locke
( imagination) ( innovation ) ( generalization )
Weinberg l 2 3.
Giannini ( 1 988 ) l 2.3 4.
Hall (1 987 ) Locke
Carron ( 1 980 ) Steer ( 1 988 ) Locke Latham ( 1 990 )
37 Locke 27 73% ) Locke 1 0 27%) Locke 14 5
Locke 27
( 1 998 ) 18 0
( 1 998 ) 93
(1997) 120
( 1 997 ) 240 l. 2
(1 997 ) ,
169
(1 997 ) 1 29
(1 997 ) 1 47 1 2.
(1 996 ) 45 ( P<.05)
(1 996 ) 240
(1 996 ) , 90
(1 996 ) 135
( 1 996 ) ,
48
( 1 995 ) 109 l 2
(1 995 ) 45
( 1 995) 1 6
(1 995 ) 60
90
( 1 995 )
( 1 994 ) ,
(1 994 ) 18 0
(1 994 ) 78
(1 994 ) 12 0 l
2
( 1 994 )
(1 993 ) 1 80
(1 993 ) 1 99
(1 980 ) , 1 80
1.
13.
17.
Locke 10
(1 999 ) 69
(1 996 ) 1 80
(1 996 ) 40
(1 996 ) 62
( 1 995 ) ,
1 20
( 1 994 ) 80
(1 994 ) , 1 20
(1 993 ) , — 69
(1 993 ) 1 92
(1 992 ) 10 5
1.
Locke 14
Boyce ( 1 992 ) 1 81 20.4
Boyce ( 1 992 ) 90
Tenebaum (1 991 )
214
Boyce ( 1 990 ) 90
2- 5
Frierman (1 990 ) , 72
Wein berg (1 988 ) 235
2
Hall Byrne ( 1 988 ) 54
Hall ( 1 987 )
Giannini (1 985 ) ,
Burton ( 1 983 )
Nelson ( 1 978 ) ( realistic norm group ) , ( ficti tious norm
group ) ( obtainable goal group )
Harari ( 1 969 ) ( self-r efem ce )
Locke Bryan ( 1 967 )
1.
4.
Locke 5
H o we Poole ( 1 992 ) 79 ( 12
Weinberg ( 1 990a )
Miller McAuley ( 1 987 )
Weinberg (1 986 ) ,
Weinberg (1 985 ) , 96
1.
(1 995 )
(1 993 ) —
(1 997 ) 23, 335-346
( 1 997 )
1, 73- 94
( 1 994 )
(1 995 ) 20, 4 39-46 1
(1 997 )
32, 1 71- 181
(1 994 )
129- 1 44
(1 995 )
7, 285- 305
6, 261- 306
(1 996 ) 9, 165- 185
(1 994 )
(1 995 )
87, 66-69
(1 999 ) 15, 211-221
(1 993 ) 16, 423- 436 ( 1 990 )
23, 121- 132
( 1 998 ) 26:4, 61- 72
(1 996 )
(1 990 ) 23, 1 07- 1 21
( 1 994 ) 87- 88
(1 996 ) 18, 81- 1 26
( 1 998 )
45 1-4 63
(1 997 ) 57- 73
(1 996 ) 213- 231
(1 994 ) 293- 302
(1 994 )
(1 992 ) 26, 9823- 9848
(1 996 )
(1 996 )
(1 995 ) 19, 53-6 2
(1 995 ) 21, 135- 1 49
( 1 995 )
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D.H. (1981). "Cultivating competence;
self-efficacy, and intrinsic in terest through proximal
self-motivation", Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 41,
586-598.
Barnett, M.L., & Stanicek, J.A. (1979). "Effect of goal-setting
on achievement in archery", Research Quarterly, 50, 328-332.
Bar-Eli, M., Levy-Kolker, N., Tenenbaum,G., & Weinberg, R.
(1993). Effect of goal difficulty on performance of aerobic,
aerobic and power tasks in laboratory and field settings. "Journal
of Sport Behavior, 16", 17-32.
Boyce, B.A. (1990). "The effect of instructor set goals upon skill
acquisition and retention of a selected shooting task", Journal of
Teaching in Physical Education, 9(2), 115- 122.
Boyce, B.A. (1992a). "The effects of goal proximity on skill
acquisition and retention of a shooting tash in a field-based
setting", Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14,
298-308.
Boyce, B.A. (1992b). Effects of assigned versus participant-set
goals on skill acquisition and retention of a selected shooting
task. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 220-234.
Burton, D. (1984). Evaluation of goal-setting training on selected
cognitions and performance of collegiate swimmers. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.
Carron, A.V. (1980). Motivating the athlete. In W.F.Straub (ed.),
Sport Psychology an Analy sis of Athlete Behavior 38-48 . New York:
Vouvement Publications
Frierman, S.H., Weinberg, R. S., & Jackson, A. (1990) . "The
relationship between goal prox imity and specificity in bowling :A
field experiment", The Sport Psychologist, 4. 145-154.
Giannini, J.M., Weinberg, R.S., & Jackson, A.J. (1988). The
effects of mastery, competitive and cooperative goaks on the
performance of simple and complex basketball skills, Journal of
Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 408- 41 7.
Gould, D. (1998). Goal setting for peak performance. In J. Williams
(Ed.), Applied Sport
Psychology:Personal Groth to Peak Performance(2nd ed., 182-196).
Mountain View, CA :Mayfield.
Hall, H.K., & Byrne, T. (1988). "Goal setting in sport:
Clarifying recent anomalies", Journal of Sport Psychology, 10,
184-198.
Hall, H.K., & Byrne, T. (1 988) . Goal setting in sport:
Clarifying anomalies . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,
10, 189-192.
Hall, H.K., Weinberg, R. S. , & Jackson, A. (1987). "Effects of
goal specificity, goal difficulty and information feed back on
endurance performance" , Journal of Sport Psychol ogy, 9, 43- 54
.
H arris, D.V. (1 969) . Sports Psychology: Mental Skill for
Physical People, New York: Leisure Press.
Harris, D. V., & Harris, B.L. (1984). The Athlete's Guide to
Sport Psychology: Mental Skills for Physical People. Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics.
Howe, B., & Poole, R. (1992). Goal proximity and achievement
motivation of high school boys in a basketball shooting . task.
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 248-255.
Locke, E.A. (1966) . " The relationship of intentions to level of
performance", Journal of Ap plied Psychology, 50, 50-66 .
Locke, E.A (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and
incentives. Organizational Be havior and Human Performance, 3, 1
57- 1 89.
Locke, E.A.( 1 991) . Problems with goal-setting research in sport
and their solutions. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,
13, 11- 316 .
Locke, E.A. & Bryan , J.F. (1 967) . Performance goals as
determinists oflevel ofperformance and boredom. Journal of Applied
Psychology. 67,512-514.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1985). "The application of goal
setting to sports", Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 205-222.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. ( 1 990) . A Theory of Goal Setting
and Task Performance, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Locke, E.A., Shaw , K.N ., Sarri , L. M., & Latham, G.P. ( 1
981) . Goal Setting andTask Per formance: ,Psychological Bulletin,
90, 125-152.
Mento, A. J., Steel , R.P., & Karren, R. J. (1987). A
meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting . on task
performance: 1966-1984. Organizational Behavior and Human De-
cision Processes, 39, 52-83.
Miller, J.T., & Mcauley, E. (1987). "Effects of a goal-setting
training program on basketball freethrow self-efficacy and
performance", Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 103-113.
Miner, J.B.(1984). The validity and usefulness of theories in an
emerging organizational sci ence. Academy of Management Reviews,
9,296-306.
Murphy, S. (1996). The Achievement Zone. New York: G.P. Putnam's
Sons.
Nelson, J.A. (1978). Motivating effects of the use of norms and
goals with endurance testing.
Reserarch Quarterly, 49,317-321.
Steers, R. M., (1988). Organization Behaviour, (3rd ed.). Glenview,
IL:Scott, Foresman and Company.
Tenebaum, G., Pinchas, S., Elbaz, G., Bar-Eli, M., & Weinberg,
R.(1991). Effect of goal prox imity and goal specificity on
muscular endurance performance: A replication and ex tension.
Journal of Sport and Exercise, 14,174-187.
Tubbs, M.E. (1986). Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of
the empirical evidence.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 474-483.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L., Garland, H., & Jackson. A (1990a).
"Effect of goal difficulty and positive reinforcement on enduracne
performance" , Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 12,
144-156.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L., Garland, H., & Jackson, A. (1990) ,
"Goal setting and competition:A reaction to Hall and Byrne".
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 92-97.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L.D., & Jackson. A (1990b), "Goals and
competition: A reaction to Hall and Byrne" . Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 12, 92- 96.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L.D., Longino, J., & Jackson, A. (1988).
"Effect of goal proximity and specificity on endurance performance
of primary-grade children", Journal of Sport & Exercise
Psychology, 10, 81-91.
Weinberg, R.S., Bruya, L., Jackson, A., & Carland, H. (1986).
"Goal difficulty and endurance performance: A challenge to the goal
attainability assumption", Journal of Sport Be havior. 10. 2,
282-292 .
Weinberg, R. S., Bruya, L.D., & Jackson, A. (1985), "The
effects of goal proximity and goal specificity on endurance
performance" , Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 296-305
Weinberg, R.S., Fowler, C., Jackson, A., Bagnall, J.M., &
Bruya, L. (1991). "Effect of goal
difficulty on motor performance: Areplication across task and
subjects", Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12,
160-173.
Weinberg, R.S., & Weigand, D.(1993). "Goal setting in sport and
exercise: A reaction to Loc ke", Journal of Sport & Exercise
Psychology, 15, 88-96.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 155~ 175 (May, 2003) The Investigation in Goal Setting
Theory in Sport Research Field 175
The Investigation in Goal Setting Theory in Sport Research
Field
Mei-Hsueh Huang Fu Jen Catholic University
Abstract
The goal setting theory was proposed by Locke who integrated
Tayler, Simiddy and Drucker , and Ryanbs'point of view in 1 968 .
The goal setting theory is frequently examined in organization and
industry psychology related studies. More than 400 reports pported
that the specific and difficult goal setting methods improve
athletic performance better no goal set ting, general goal setting,
or just doing one's best After 1985, psychologist started to
investi gate the relationship between goal setting and sports
performance systematically.
A total of 37 studies were found examining the goal setting theory
in Taiwan. Sport in volved in these studies include table tennis,
badminton, tennis, basketball, rugby, volleyball, soccer, golf ,
bowling, archery, dart, press-up, standing jump , sit- up,
stepping, triple jump, soft ball, etc, Among the above
studies,27reports have shown consistent results with Lockes find
ings,with the rest lOreports proposing no significant
effects.
This study was to discuss the goal setting theory and to
investigate inquiries goal setting in sports field in order to
provide some useful information for coaches and athletes. The
results of this study is expected to help them to set and achieve
actual goals effectively.
Keywords: goal setting, athletic performance
1 968 Locke
5 1 0 02)2903 1111 3386 e-mail : phed2022@mails. fju.edu.tw
( 180 1 77~ 188 ( 20 03 .5 ) ) ( )
( 1 77~ 1 88 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 187 )
( goal setting theory ) 1 950 Locke ( 1 968 )
25 30 30 30 1 968 Locke
( Locke, 1 968 )
Locke Latham ( 1 985 )
Locke
( Locke & Latham, 1 990 ) Locke ( 1 981 )
1600 8 8
1 989 ; 1 992 ; 1 993 ; Weinberg, 1 988 ) ,
60 60
1 995 )
1 600
8 7 50 7 50
(Locke & Latham, 1 984 ) l l
( ) ( ) ( ) 7 1600 1600 1 0 5 5
( )
Bandura ( 1 982 ) Weinberg, Bruya, Longina & Jackson ( 1 988
)
90 10 0.5
2 0.5 1 0 20
30 30
1 989 ) ,
…
5.
6.
1600 1 600
1 600 1 600 8
30
l 3 30 130
2
3 1600
1600 l 4 2 4 2 8
1 1 6 0 0
4
1 600
4
5
1 600
3
8 2
2 1 6 0 0
2
1 600
10
1 5
7 20
2, 2 l 0 8
7 20
4 5 1 0
( F, P )`
(1 989 )
(1 993 ) 6 ( 4 ) •1 85 ( 1 995 )
(1 989 ) 18 ( 2 ) , 767 (1 992 ) 5 ( 4 ) , 374
Bandura, A.( 1 982) . Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency.
American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Locke, E.A.(1 968) .Towarda theory of task motivation and
incentives . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3, 15
7- 18 9
Locke, E.A. & Latham, G.P.(1 984). Goal setting : A
motivational technique that wor k. Eng- lewood Cllifs, N . J.:
Prentice-Hall.
Locke, E.A. & Latham, G.P(l 985). The application of goal
setting to sports, Journal of Spor t,Psychology, 7, 205-222.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P.( 1 990) . Work motivation and sati
sfaction: Light at the and of the tunnel .Psychological Science, 1,
240-246.
Locke, E.A.; Shaw, K.N.; Saari , L. M.; & Latham, G.P.(1 981) .
Goal setting and task perform ance : (1969-1980). Psychological
Bulletin, 90( 1) , 125-152.
Weinberg , R. S.(1 988). The Mental Advantage: Developing your
Psychological Skill in Tennis .C hampaign, IL: Human
Kinetics.
Weinberg, R.S., L.D., Longina, J., & Jackson, A.(1988). Effect
of goal proximity and speci ficity on endurance performance of
primary grade children. Journal of Sport Exer cise Psychology, 10,
8 1- 89 .
Willis, J.D.,& Campbell, L.F.(1992). Exercise Psychology. Human
Kinetics.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
188 Vol. 2 pp. 177~188 (May, 2003) The Application of Goal Setting
Theory to Exercise
The Application of Goal Setting Theory to Exercise
Hung- Liang Chang Fu-Jen Catholic University
The goal setting theory has been successfull pplied to each and
every enterprise in vari ous industries since Locke advanced it in
1968. This theory has been verified to be the most effective and
important approach to encourage the employees, boost the working
morale, in crease the productivity and even raise the performance
of sport.
However, it is rarely to see the goal setting theory being applied
to the exercise. In view of this, this paper hereby seeks to
introduce how the goal setting theory could be applied to the
exercise by adopting the method of literature reviews and takes the
examples for supple mentary explanations, and ultimately expects to
be beneficial to the exercise enthusiasts somewhat.
Keywords: goal setting theory, exercise, physical fitness
( ) ( _ 4 n )
1
1 984 597 67 4 1 (1 5 2 1 5
5 1 0 0937649760 e-mail : a8908605 @stmai l.fju.edu.tw
( 200 1 89~ 202 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( )
( 1 89~ 202 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 197 )
— ( asthma) ( 2002 ) 8°C 1 987 )
1 970
- ( http://www.cookherb.com )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( ` ) ( 5 ) ( )2001 )
1 996 )
…
( http://www.cookherb.com ) l 2 3 42000 )
( antigen ) ( mast cell ) — E ( immunoglobulin E IgE ) ( allergen)
( mediator ) , ( hista mine ) ( leukotriene ) ( prostaglandins ) (
early asthmatic reaction, EAR ) 4~ 6 … ( late asthmatic reaction,
LAR )
1 997 ; 2000 )
…
http:l/21 6.239.33.1 00 )
l …
2 …3 Penicillin, sul fa …
4 …
5 …
6 …
7 …
8…
9
PEF
( < 60 > 30 > 1 > 1 1 60-80 > 30 )
> 1 1 < 2 > 80 <20
2000
… IgE .J °
( exerci se- induced asthma, EIA)
1 996 ) Exercise-in duced Asthma EIA, ( exercise-induced bronchocon
striction, EIB ) , Mahler ( 1 993 ) EIA 6~ 8 6~ 10 1 996 ) 1 989 )
EIA
EIA … 30~ 60 http://www.asthma.org.tw )
http://www.o2.com .tw )
EIA … 1 2 34 1 994 )
1 ( re s pi rato ry heat loss, RHL)
http: //www . o2.com.tw ) 1 978 Strauss
RH L X [ 0.0 OO 3O4 x — 0. 58 x
— 1 989
2 ( re s pira to ry water loss, RWL)
EIA ( degranulation )
( mast cell ) …RHL RWL ( irritant receptor ) ( neurological
pathway) 1 995 )
4
Hudgel ( 1 989 ) l ( maximal expiratory flow rate ) ( FEV l. 0/FVC
) 2 ( airways resistance ) 3 ( carbon monoxide ) ( carbon dioxide
partial pressure-Pco2 ) 4 ( stati c lung volume ) 1 994 )
1
2
…1 993 )
…… l 23 …4 …5 …6
EIA 1 234 19 86 ; 1 989 ; 199 6 ;
200 1 )
3 4 ( warm-up ) ( cold-down ) 5
6 5
7
10
l
2…
3
4 ( vibration ) 1 5-20
( z-agonist ) ( anticholin ergic agents ( theophyline ) ( cortico
seroid )
5 10
1 991 ; http://www.sportsnt.com .tw
( ) ( ) 1996 ; 199 1
1 989 ; 1 996 )
l
2 50 80 1 : l 1 : 2 2 4
3 20~ 90
4 2-3 4- 5
5
6 5- 1 5
7
8 30 Bate2- adrenegic agonist
1 984 597 67 EIA, 39 28 4 1 (1 5 2 1 5 29 1 986 )
13.0 % 1 998 ) 87 74 .2
1 4. 1 1 0.2 25 1 999 )
(1 987) 2 ( 2 ) , 14- 15 (1 993 ) : 4, 38-45
(1 986 ) 3, 21- 25
1 998 —87
http://www.o2 .com.tw
http:// www.asthma.org.tw
(1 996 ) 6 (1 ) , 3 1, 4- 9
(1 995 ) 1, 139- 155
(1 989 ) 32 ( 6 ) , 85- 86
( 1 989 ) 14, 77- 84 ( 2000 ) 31 ( 4 ) 265-2 71
(1 991 ) —
http:! /21 6.239 .33 . 1 00
( 2000 ) 16 (1 ) , 62, 25-29
( 1 999 ) : 19, 29-4 1
( 1 997) 15 ( 3 ) , 116, 39- 44
( 200 1 ) : 12 ( 3 ) , 234-238
( 2002 ) 1 97,
( 2000 ) 44, 14- 16 (1 994 ) 13, 59-64
(1 996 ) (1 999 ) 40 A, 16- 1 7
(1 996 ) : 7 (1 ) , 13, 66- 74 (1 995 ) 5 ( 2 ) , 139- 1 48http ://
www.sprotsnt.com.tw
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
202 Vol. 2 pp.189~202 (May, 2003) Study of Asthma and
Exercise
Study of Asthma and Exercise
Tsung-Chih Kuo Fu Jen Catholic University
ABSTRART In Taiwan, asthma is a quite general hereditary disease.
Because there are hasty wheeze and dyspenea when it happened,
people think that the people with asthma can not exercise. Under
the cause and result, it made that the healthy situation of
sufferers did not improve, even indirectly increases the symptoms
of disease. However, asthma is just a dyski nesia, it can not limit
the congenital athletic ability. According to statistics form Los
Angeles Olympic Game, 67 of 597 athletes have symptoms with
exercise-induced asthma, and 41 of them were top ranked athletes
(including of 15 pieces of gold medal, 21 pieces of silver medal
and 5 pieces of bronze medal). As a consequence, doing the fit
exercise has more positive medical value in the ideal environment
and in concert with medical control. Besides, asthma is also the
most general chronic disease in school children, the knowledge and
conduct about asthma are must to have for each teacher. The
incidence and seriousness is rising yearly, it is not only to
increase familial burden, but also to expend much medical treatment
and social cost. So , in order to increase cognition of asthma, it
is the tidal current that worker of education should be
consolidated with health and education of asthma.
Keywords: asthma, exercise, exercise-induced asthma
… ATP DNA …
833 840 07)73 1 0606 32 1 e-mail : volleyballwmy @yahoo.com
.tw
( 206 20 3~ 208 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( )
( 20 3~ 208 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 207 )
DNA (neculear DNA, nDNA ) DNA (mit ochondrial DNA, mtDNA ) ( sup
eroxide dismutase, SOD ) ( H2 O FentonDNA DNA ( Henle & Linn, 1
997 )
(Jenkins, 1 988 )
3 ( MDA ) 2002 )
ATP (Ji, 2000 ) Ashton ( 1 998 ) ( respiratory exchange ratio, RER
) 1.23 ESR
…1 987 ) Alessio (1 993 ) Radak ( 2000 ) Poulsen ( 1 996 ) Okamura
( 1 997 ) 2000 MDA 2000 ) ;
DNA
ne ) C ( bilirubin )
( Yu, 1 994 )
E 2000 )
( C P )`
( up-regulation)
( 2002 ) DNA 16 ( 3 ) , 1~ 8
( 2000 ) 14 (3 ) ,
94~ 1 00
( 2000 ) 4 6
( 2000 ) 13 ( 4 ) , 91 ~ 97Alessi o, H. M. ( 1 993 ) .
Exercise-induced oxidative stress . Medicine and Science in
Sports
and exercise, 25, 218~224.
Ashton, T., Rowlands, C. C., Jones, E., Young, I. S., Jackson, S.
K., Davies , B., & Peter, J. R. ( 1 998 ) . Electron spin
resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centred radicals in
human serum following exhaustive exercise. European Journal of
Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology, 77,
498~502.
Henle, E. S., & Linn, S. ( 1 997 ) . Formation, prevention, and
repair of DNA damage by iron
/ hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 19095~ 1
9098 .
Ji, L. L. ( 2000 ) . Exercise and free radical generation-the role
of the impact on mitochon dria. Advance in Exercise and Sport
Physiology, 6( 3) , 67~ 74.
Okamura, K., Doi, T., Hamada, K., Sakurai, M., Yoshioka, Y.,
Mitsuzono, R., Sumida, S., & Sugawa-Katayama, Y. ( 1 997 ) .
Effect ofrepeated exercise on urinary 8-hydroxy-de oxyguanosine
excretion in human. Free Radical Research, 26(6), 507~514.
Poulsen, H. E., Loft, S., & Vistisen, K. ( 1 996 ) . Extreme
exercise and oxidative DNA modi fication. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 14(4) , 343 ~ 346.
Radak, Z., Pucsuk, J., Boros, S., Josfai, L., & Taylor A. W. (
2000 ) . Changes in urine 8-hy droxy-deoxyguanosine levels of
super-marathon runners during four-day race period. Life Sciences,
66(18), 1763 ~ 1767.
Yu, B. P. ( 1 994 ) . Cellular defenses against damage from
reactive oxygen species. Physio logical Reviews, 74, 139~
162.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
208 Vol. 2 pp. 203~208 (May, 2003) Volleyball Activity and
Oxidative Inure
Volleyball Activity and Oxidative Injure
Ming-Yang Wang & Wem-Tien Chuang Cheng-Shiu Institute of
Techinology
Abstract
Volleyball activity, according to the metabolic system of energy
inside human body, is one of anaerobic sporting events. At the
initial state of action, respiration rate in the cellular
mitochondria increases dramatically. Ten-fold amount of oxygen is
required for oxidative phosphorylation to generate enough quantity
of ATP to meet the energy demand for human body. During this
process, more free radicals are also produced. Free radicals would
induce the structural change of human DNA. Publications of clinical
studies have confirmed that Jar ge amount of free radicals be the
original causes of severe chronic diseases including cancer,
atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and Parkinson's disease. There
fore, athletes , undergoing high ly-competitively training exercise
and top-level completion, have to pay attention to adjust the
training intensity according to their own physical state and take
antioxidants as a supplement to prevent any oxidant injure
occurred.
Keywords: volleyball, oxidative injure, free-radical
i…
02)2903 1111 2235
( )
( 209~ 22 1 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 213 )
2lO 209~ 221 ( 2003.5 )
( 1 967 )
1 988 2 3 1 992 3 2 2000
2000 2 50%,
…
20 00 l ( KO ) ( The World Taekwondo Fede ratiW.T.F. 1 998 )
1
1 994 ) ( Baechle, 1 994 ) (1 998 ) 1 997 ( 24.28% ( 28.08% ) (
9.20%( 5.17% ) 1 2.56%6. 11% 1 999 )
( 214 209~ 221 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 209~ 22 1 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 213 )
! 3 } 3 2 c::) ; c::)
( WTF )
( WTF ) 2003
21 988 ) 1 999 ) 2 )
( ) ( 3 4 5 6 ) ( )-----
( )
( I 2 ) ( )
1 3 ) 1 993 )
( ) ( I ) ( ) I
1 I I J 1
( ) I I I
——- 1 1 1 I
3
2 4 )
1 993 )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( _ ) ( )
( l _ | ) ( l _ | ) ( A _ | ) ( + | l ) ( A _ | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ^ )
4
3 5 )
1 1 1 1 1 I
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5
( 216 209~ 22 1 ( 20 03 .5 ) ) ( )
( 209~ 22 1 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 217 )
l
2 3 4
6 )
l
2. …
( 1. 2 3 · 4 ) ……
( )
· ( 1 · 2 3 4 ) ( ) ( )
( 1 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( 3 )
6
2000 2004
( 218 209~ 22 1 ( 20 03 .5 ) ) ( )
( 209~ 22 1 ( 2003.5 ) ) (