AX3 Index - Schneider Electric · On HV distribution networks D1 3-4 419 Operating features D1 10 427 Reclaim time D1 4.2, 10.6 420, 427 Reclosing impulse D1 10.4 427 Reset time D1

AX3 Index

Network Protection & Automation Guide

Appendix

Index

AX3A 553

B 556

C 557

D 562

E 566

F 568

G 569

H 571

I 572

J 575

L 575

M 577

N 578

O 579

P 580

Q 583

R 583

S 587

T 590

U 596

V 597

W 598

Z 598



AX 3

Schneider Electric - Network Protection & Automation Guide553

Index

Chapter Section Page (s)

A

20Hz low frequency injection source generator C8 8.2 329

A.C. electrified railway protection C10 1-9 379-394

A.C. pilot wire protection, unit protection of multi-ended feeders C5 3.1 249

Abstract service interface according IEC61850 D3 2.3 449

Acceleration scheme (distance relays) C4 3.3 238

Access point in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452

Accuracy of current transformers B2 4.1 113

Active power dependent load shedding D4 3.3 489

Additional features of numerical relays B1 6 102

Advantages vs conventional/hard-wiring according IEC 61850 D3 2.8 457

Air circuit breakers (ACBs), use in auto-reclose schemes D1 6.3.2 423

Algebra, vector A2 2 25

Analysis, symmetrical component A3 3 41

ANSI relay numbers AX2 Appendix 2 550

Anti-backspin function of motors C9 13 373

Anti-pumping devices, auto-reclose schemes D1 10.5 427

Apparent impedance seen by distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.1 252

Application of auto-reclosing D1 2 418

Application of directional overcurrent relays C1 14.3 165

Application of unit protection systems to mesh corner substations C2 8.2 196

Application of unit protection to breaker and a half substations C2 8.2 196

Applications with client-server communication according IEC 61850 D3 4.1 466

Applications with GOOSE communication according IEC 61850 D3 4.2 472

Arc flash on circuit breakers B3 5.7 135

Arc flash phenomenon C11 2 402

Arc protection and mitigation methods C11 6 407

Arc protection principles C11 7 408

Arc protection related standards C11 5 406

Arc protection: C11 1-11 401-412

Arcflashphenomenon C11 2 402

Arcprotectionandmitigationmethods C11 6 407

Arc protection related standards C11 5 406

Arc protection systems: C11 9 409

Arc protection integrated in numerical protection relays C11 9.2 409

Dedicated arc protection systems C11 9.3 410

Stand-alone arc protection systems C11 9.1 409

Causesof arcfaultsinswitchgear C11 3 403

Eliminationof thearcfault C11 10 411

AX 3

Schneider Electric - Network Protection & Automation Guide 554

Index


A

Arc protection:

Howtoavoidnuisancetrippingcausedbyswitchingarcs C11 8 409

Impacts and consequences of fault arcs C11 4 404

Theprincipleof arcprotection: C11 7 408

Fast detection of overcurrent C11 7.2 408

Fastopticaldetectionof light C11 7.1 408

To protect circuit breakers B3 5.7 135

Typical application examples C11 11 412

Arc resistance formula C3 7.3 217

Armature reaction, of synchronous machines A4 3 58

Arrangement of busbar protection schemes C6 7 269

Arrangement of CT connections:

Inhighimpedancebusbarprotection C6 8.5 276

In low impedance busbar protection C6 9.5 279

Asymmetry of synchronous machine A4 7 63

Asynchronous running C8 16.1.1 338

Attracted armature relays B1 2.1 95

Auto-close circuits D1 11 428

Automatic changeover systems for industrial/commercial networks B3 9 140

Automatic load restoration D4 4.1 490

Auto-reclosing: D1 1-12 417-428

Anti-pumping devices D1 10.5 427

Application of D1 2 418

Circuitbreakercharacteristics D1 4.1.3, 6.3 420, 423

Dead time D1 4.1, 6.4, 9 419, 423, 426

De-ionisationof faultpath D1 4.1.4, 6.2 420, 422

Delayed D1 9 426

High-speed D1 8 425

Initiation of D1 10.1 427

Lock-out D1 10.7 427

Multi-shot D1 10.9 427

Numberof shots(attempts) D1 4.3, 6.6 421, 424

On EHV lines D1 5-9 421-426

On HV distribution networks D1 3-4 419

Operating features D1 10 427

Reclaim time D1 4.2, 10.6 420, 427

Reclosing impulse D1 10.4 427

Reset time D1 4.1.5 420

AX 3


Index


A

Auto-reclosing:

Single-phase D1 7 424

Single-shot D1 6.6 424

Systemstabilityandsynchronism D1 4.1.1 419

Three-phase D1 3, 6, 9 419, 422, 426

Type of load D1 4.1.2 419

Usewithblockingschemes D1 8.1 425

Usewithtransfertripprotectionschemes D1 8.1 425

Usewithzone1extensionscheme D1 8.2 425

Auto-transformer:

Equivalent circuits A4 16 70

Feedingof a.c.electrifiedrailways: C10 6 387

Backup protection C105

6.6387391

Description C10 6.1 387

Distanceprotectionzonereaches C10 6.3 390

Distanceprotectionzonetimedelaysettings C10 6.4 391

Implicationof two-poleswitchingandauto-reclosure C10 6.5 391

Protectionphilosophy C10 6.2 389

Positive sequence equivalent circuit A4 16.1 70

Protection C7 12 299

Specialconditionsof neutralearthing,zerosequencereactance A4 16.3 71

Zero sequence equivalent circuit A4 16.2 70

Auxiliary supplies: Electrical type tests E1 3.5 499

Average rate of change of frequency protection 81RAV D4 2.5 487

AX 3


Index


B

Back-up protection: A1 9 18

Fora.c.electrifiedrailways C10 5 387

Balanced voltage system, unit protection C2 5 192

Balanced voltage unit protection scheme for Tee’d feeders C5 3.2 250

Bar primary current transformers B2 4.5.2 115

Basic circuit laws, theorems and network reduction A2 6 32

Bay unit testing asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.2.4 479

Bearing failures on motors C9 10 372

Behaviour of distance relays with earth faults C5 2.2.3 246

Bias in unit protection systems C2 4.2 191

Biased differential relays C2 4.2 191

Blocking schemes, distance protection: C4 4 240

Multi-ended feeders C5 5.3 255

Usingzone1element C4 4.1.2 241


Weak infeed conditions C4 4.2 241

Boundary characteristic of distance relay C3 2 211

Branch law A2 6.1 32

Breaker fail protectionC6

C119.6.611.2

281413

Breaker operating times D1 4.1.3 420

Broken delta connection of voltage transformers B2 2.6 109

Buchholz protection C7 15.3 301

Buchholz relay C7 15.3 301

Busbar:

Differential C6 7-10 269-282

Faults C6 2 263

Numerical: C6 10 282

Frame-earth(Howard) C6 6 266

Meshcorner C6 7.2.1 271

Schemes C6 5 266

Speed C6 3.1 264

Stability C6 3.2 264

Types of protection system C6 4 265

Principles C6 7 269

Protection C6 3-10 264-282

Highimpedance C6 8 272

Low impedance C6 9 277

Bushing current transformers B2 4.5.2 115

AX 3


Index


C

Cable circuits A4 18 73

Cable data A4 24 82

Cable gland insulation in frame-earth protection schemes C6 6.1 266

Calculation of overcurrent relay settings C1 13 163

Calculation of series impedance (overhead lines and cables) A4 19 74

Calculation of shunt impedance (overhead lines and cables) A4 20 75

Calculations, fault A3 2, 4-6 39, 43-50

Capacitor control B3 11.1 142

Capacitor protection B3 11 141

Capacitor voltage transformers: B2 3 111

Transientbehaviour B2 3.2 112

Voltage protection of B2 3.1 111

Carrier channels D2 6.3 437

Carrier unit protection systems C2 9 197

Cascade voltage transformers B2 2.8 110

Catenary back-up protection:Fora.c.electrifiedrailways C10 5 387

Catenary thermal protection:Fora.c.electrifiedrailways C10 4.1 386

Characteristic angle of a relay C1 14.2 164

Characteristic time/current curves of IDMT relays C1 4 156

Characteristics switching:AsapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.1.6 471

Characteristics:

Of circuit breakers D1 4.1.3 420

Of distance relays C3 7 216

Of generators A4 2-6 57-61

Of motors C9 2-7 361-370

Of overcurrent relays C1 4-8, 14, 16 156-159, 164, 167

Check feature for frame-earth busbar protection C6 6.4 268

Check system:

Forframe-earthprotection C6 6.4 268

Forhighimpedancebusbarprotection C6 8.3 274

For low impedance protection C6 9.3 278

Choice of dead time D1 6.4 423

Choice of harmonic (transformer protection) C7 9.2 296

Choice of reclaim time D1 6.5 424

Circuit breakers:

Arcflash B3 5.7 135

Arc protection B3 5.7 135

AX 3


Index


C

Circuit breakers:

Improved safety B3 5.7 135

Types:

Air B3 5.3 133

Miniature(MCB) B3 5.1 132

Mouldedcase(MCCB) B3 5.2 133

Oil B3 5.4 134

SF6 B3 5.6 135

Vacuum B3 5.5 134

Characteristics:

Closing time D1 4.1.3 420

Dead time D1 6.4 423

Forauto-recloseschemes D1 4.1.3, 6.3 420, 423

Interrupting time C1 11.1 161

Monitoring numerical relays B1 6.3 102

Opening time D1 4.1.3 420

Circuit laws A2 6.1 32

Circuit quantities A2 4 28

Circuit theorems A2 6.2 32

Circuit variables A2 4.1 28

Circulating current system, unit protection C2 4 190

Class X (BS3938) current transformers B2 4.4 115

Classical single-phase feeding of a.c. electrified railways: C10 3 380

Distanceprotectionzonereaches C10 3.3 381

Enhancedmodernrelaycharacteristics C10 3.5 385

Feeding diagram C10 3.1 380

Impactof trainswithregenerativebraking C10 3.6 385

Load avoidance C10 3.4 384

Protectionphilosophy C10 3.2 381

Closing impulse time D1 10.4 427

Closing time of circuit breakers D1 4.1.3 420

Combined differential and restricted earth fault protection of transformers C7 10 297

Combined I.D.M.T. and high set instantaneous overcurrent relays C1 5 157

Commissioning tests of protection relays: E2 1 517

Current transformer test: E2 1.3 518

Magnetisation curve E2 1.3.2 518

Polaritycheck E2 1.3.1 518

AX 3


Index


C

Commissioning tests of protection relays:

Insulation test E2 1.1 517

Periodic maintenance tests: E2 7 527

Frequency of inspection and testing E2 7.1 527

Maintenance tests E2 7.2 527

Primary injection tests: E2 4 524

CTpolaritycheck E2 4.3 525

CTratiocheck E2 4.2 525

Primary injection testing of relay elements E2 4.4 525

Test facilities E2 4.1 524

Protectionrelaysettingchecks E2 1.5 519

Protectionschemedesignformaintenance E2 8 528

Relay self-test procedure E2 1.2 517

Secondary injection test equipment: E2 2 520

Secondary injection test sets E2 2.2 520

Test blocks/plugs for secondary injection equipment E2 2.1 520

Secondary injection testing: E2 3 523

Schemesusingdigitalornumericalrelaytechnology E2 3.1 523

Schemesusingelectromechanical/staticrelaytechnology E2 3.2 523

Test circuits for secondary injection testing E2 3.3 524

Testingof ProtectionSchemeLogic(PSL) E2 6 526

Tripping and alarm annunciation tests E2 5 526

Voltage transformer test: E2 1.4 518

Phasingcheck E2 1.4.3 518


Ratiocheck E2 1.4.2 518

Communication links D2 1, 7.2 433, 442

Communication modelling:

IntheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Communication services:

According IEC 61850 D3 3 458

Client-server communication: D3 3.2 459

Device control D3 3.2.4 461

Event reporting and logging D3 3.2.3 460

File transfer D3 3.2.6 462

Real-time data access and retrieval D3 3.2.2 460

Self-description of device D3 3.2.1 459

AX 3


Index


C

Communication services: Client-server communication:

Setting and setting group management D3 3.2.5 462

Substitution D3 3.2.7 462

Generalcommunicationarchitecture D3 3.1 458

GOOSE communication D3 3.3 463

Sampled values D3 3.4 464

Timesynchronisation D3 3.5 465

Comparison of transfer trip and blocking schemes C4 6 242

Complex numbers A2 3.2 27

Complex quantities A2 3 26

Complex transmission circuits, protection of C5 1-7 245-257

Complex variables A2 3.1 26

Composite error of current transformers B2 2 107

Condition monitoring of transformers C7 18 307

Conditions for direction comparison, unit protection C2 3 190

Connections for directional relays C1 14, 17.1 164, 170

Contact systems for relays A1 10.1 19

Control blockintheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Control with synchrocheckasapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.1.3 469

Convention of direction of current flow, unit protection C2 2 190

Co-ordination of earth fault relays in three-phase four wire systems B3 7.2 137

Co-ordination of relays with fuses C1 12.3 163

Co-ordination problems in industrial and commercial networks B3 7 137

Co-ordination procedure for overcurrent protection relays C1 2 153

Core balance current transformer (CBCT) B2 4.5.3 115

Core faults:

In generators C8 3 317

In power transformers C7 2.6 289

Core-balance current transformers B2 4.5.3 115

Cross country fault analysis A3 4.6 46

CT polarity check for primary injection tests of protection relays E2 4.3 525

CT ratio check for primary injection tests of protection relays E2 4.2 525

Current differential protection scheme C2 8, 10 194, 197

Current distribution due to a fault A3 5 47

Current distribution factors A3 5.1 47

Current polarisation of directional earth fault relays C1 17.1.2 171

Current reversal on double circuit lines, distance protection C5 2.2.1 245

AX 3


Index


C

Current setting of a relay C1 10 161

Current transformers: B2 4-5 113-121

Accuracy B2 4.1 113

Accuracy class B2 4.2 114

Accuracy limit current B2 4.3 114

Bar primary B2 4.5.2 115

Bushing B2 4.5.2 115

ClassPX(IEC60044-1) B2 4.4 115

ClassX(BS3938) B2 4.4 115

Construction B2 4.5 115

Equivalent circuit B2 4 113

Errors B2 4.1 113

Hall-effect B2 5.2.1 125

Harmonics in B2 4.11 120

Hybrid B2 5.1.2 122

Knee-point voltage B2 4.4 115

Line current B2 4.6 116

Linear B2 4.6.3 116

Magnetisation curve E2 1.3.2 518

Magnetisation curve B2 4.4 115

Novel B2 5 121

Open circuit secondary voltage B2 4 113

Optical B2 5.1 121


Ratedshort-timecurrent B2 4.9 117

Secondary current rating B2 4.8 117

Secondary winding impedance B2 4.7 116

Summation B2 4.5.4 115

Supervision in numerical relays B1 6.2 102

Test windings B2 4.12 120

Tests E2 1.3 518

Transient response B2 4.1 113

AX 3


Index


D

D.C. voltage signalling D2 7.1 441

Data attribute intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.4 451

Data modelling according IEC61850 D3 2.4 450

Data object intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.3 451

Data reference intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.5 452

Data set intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Dead line charging D1 9.2 426

Dead time in auto-reclose schemes D1 4.1, 6.4, 9 419, 423, 426

Definite time overcurrent relay C1 9 160

Definition of:

Protection equipment A1 2 13

Protectionscheme A1 2 13

Protection system A1 2 13

Definitions of terms used in protection, control and automation AX1 Appendix 1 529

De-ionisation of fault path D1 4.1.4, 6.2 420, 422

Delayed auto-reclose scheme D1 9 426

Delta function fora.c.electrifiedrailways C10 8 392

Delta/star transformer overcurrent protection C7 6 292

Delta-connected winding of a transformer C7 2.3, 7 288, 293

Determination of sequence currents A3 3 41

Device control as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.4 461

Device numbers, list of ANSI AX2 Appendix 2 550

Differential protection:

Digital systems C2 8 194

Electromechanicalsystems C2 7 193

For sectionalised and duplicate busbars C6 7.1 269

Numerical systems C2 8 194

Of busbars C6 7-10 269-282

Of direct connected generators C8 3 317

Of generator-transformers C8 4 319

Of multi-ended feeders C5 3 249

Of parallel feeders C5 2.1 245

Of transformer feeders C2 12.2 206

Static systems C2 7 193

Usinghighimpedancerelays C2 5 192

Using low impedance relays C2 4 190

Usingopticalfibresignalling C2 8.1 195

AX 3


Index


D

Digital current differential protection systems C2 8 195

Digital relays B1 4 97

Direct and quadrature axis values of machines A4 8, 11 63, 65

Directional comparison blocking schemesC4C5

45.5

240255

Directional comparison unblocking scheme C4 5 242

Directional control of impedance type distance relays C3 7.2 216

Directional relays:

Connections C1 17.1 170

Earthfault C1 17-19 170-173

Overcurrent C1 14 164

Phasefault C1 14 164

Discrimination:

By current C1 3.2 154

By time C1 3.1 154

Time and current C1 3.3, 11 155, 161

Distance relay:

Apparent impedance seen by C5 4.1 252

Application example C3 12 230

Application problemsC3C5D1

1048

227252425

Application to:

a.c.electrifiedrailways C10 2, 6 379, 387

Multi-ended feeders C5 5 255

Parallel feeders C5 2 245

Plain feeders C3 6 215

Characteristics: C3 7 216

Amplitudeandphasecomparison C3 7.1 216

Fullycross-polarisedmho C3 7.5 219

Lenticular C3 7.4.3 219

Offsetmho C3 7.4 218

Other C3 7.9 222

Partiallycross-polarisedmho C3 7.6 220

Plain impedance C3 7.2 216

Quadrilateral C3 7.7 221

Self polarisedmho C3 7.3 217

AX 3


Index


D

Distance relay:

Performance of:

Digital types C3 3.2 213

Electromechanicaltypes C3 3.1 212

Numerical types C3 3.2 213

Static types C3 3.1 212

Schemes: C4 1-6 235-242

Acceleration C4 3.3 238

Blockingover-reachingschemes C4 4 240

Comparisonof transfertripandblockingschemes C4 6 242

Directunder-reachtransfertrippingscheme C4 3.1 237

Directional comparison unblocking C4 5 242

Linesusinghigh-speedauto-reclose D1 8 425


Permissiveover-reachtransfertripping C4 3.4 238

Permissiveunder-reachtransfertripping C4 3.2 237

Permissiveunder-reachingacceleration C4 3.3 238

Transfer trip C4 3 237



Weak infeed conditions C4 3.5, 4.2 239, 241

Zone 1 extension C4 2 236

Settings: C3 6 215

Otherzones C3 6.4 215

Reversezones C3 6.4 215

Zone 1 C3 6.1 215

Zone 2 C3 6.2 215

Zone 3 C3 6.3 215

Startersforswitcheddistanceprotection C3 8.1 224

Switcheddistanceprotectionrelays C3 8.1 224

Under-reach C3 10.3 227

Under-reachonparallellines C5 2.2.2 246

Voltage supervision in C3 10.7 228

Zones of protection C3 6 215

Current reversal on double circuit lines C5 2.2.1 245

Earthfaultimpedancemeasurement C3 9.2 225

Effectof earthingmethod C3 9 225

AX 3


Index


D

Distance relay:

Effect of source impedance C3 9 225

Example setting calculation C3 12 230

Features of C3 7, 11 216, 229

Forwardreachlimitations C3 10.5 228

Implementation C3 8 223

Minimumlengthof line C3 10.2 227

Minimum voltage at relay terminals C3 10.1 227


Over-reach C3 10.4 228


Percentageover-reach C3 10.4 228

Percentageunder-reach C3 10.3 227

Phasefaultimpedancemeasurement C3 9.1 225

Principles of C3 2 211

Distributed generation: C8 20 347

Islanding detection C8 20.3 349

Lowvoltageridethrough(LVRT) C8 20.2.2 347

Q-U protection C8 20.2.4 348

Reactive current C8 20.2 347

Underfrequencyloadshedding C8 20.2.3 348

Distribution transformer earthing of generators C8 2, 7.2.2, 7.2.3 316, 326, 327

Disturbance recorder function in numerical relays B1 6.4 102

Documentation for IED according IEC 61850 D3 2.6 455

Double busbar substation, application of auto-reclose to D1 12.1 428

Double circuit lines, current reversal on C5 2.2.1 245

Double frequency or broad band trap D2 6.3 437

Double-layer winding C8 5.1 319

Dual fed substations, earth fault protection in B3 7.2 137

Dynamic unit testing of protection relays E1 7.2 509

Dynamic validation type tests of protection relays E1 8 510

AX 3


Index


E

Earth fault impedance measurement using distance relays C3 9.2 225

Earth fault protection for entire generator stator winding C8 8 329

Earth fault protection:

Of generators C8 3, 7, 8 317, 325, 329

Of induction motors C9 6 368

Of transformers C7 6-8, 10 292-293, 297

On insulated networks C1 18 171

OnPetersenCoilearthednetworks C1 19 173

Sensitive C1 16.3, 17 169, 170

Time grading of C1 16.2 169

Using overcurrent relays C1 16-19 167-173

Withresidually-connectedCTs B3 7.1 137

Earthing arrangements for frame-earth protection C6 6.1 266

Earthing transformer protection C7 11 299

Earthing, system, effect of on zero sequence quantities A3 6 50

Effect of:

Earthingmethodsondistancerelays C3 9 225

Fault current on distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.3 253

Pre-fault load on distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.2 253

Saturationonmachinereactances A4 12 66

Source impedance on distance relays C3 9 225

Systemearthingonzerosequencequantities A3 6 50

Effective setting of earth fault relays C1 16.1 167

Effective setting of electromechanical earth fault relays C1 16.1.2 168

Electrical faults in stator windings C8 3 317

Electrical faults in stator windings C9 6 368

Electromagnetic voltage transformers: B2 2 107

Cascade type B2 2.8 110


Errors in B2 2.1 107

Protection of B2 2.4 109

Residual connection of B2 2.6 109

Transient performance B2 2.7 110

Voltage factor B2 2.2 108

Electromechanical relays B1 2 95

Electromechanical unit protection systems C2 7 193

Embedded generation C8 20 347

AX 3


Index


E

End zones of a protected feeder (distance protection schemes) C4 1 235

Engineering cycle according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453

Engineering process according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453

Environmental Type Test of protection relays: E1 6 507

Cyclictemperature/humiditytest E1 6.3 507

Enclosure protection test E1 6.5 508

Fast cyclic temperature E1 6.4 508

Humidity test E1 6.2 507

Mechanicaltests E1 6.6 508

Seismic test equipment E1 6.6 508

Temperature test E1 6.1 507

Equations and network connections for various types of faults A3 4 43

Equivalent circuits:

Auto-transformer A4 16 70

Cables A4 23 81

Current transformer B2 4 113

Induction motor C9 7 370

Overheadlines A4 23 81

Synchronousgenerator A4 2-8 57-63

Transformer A4 14-15 67-68

Voltage transformer B2 2 107

Errors:

In current transformers B2 4.1 113

In relays C1 11.2 161

In voltage transformers B2 2.1 107

Event reporting and logging in IEC 61850 as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.3 460

Evolution of IEC 61850 D3 1.4 446

Example relay setting calculations:

a.c.electrifiedrailways C10 9 394

Complex transmission circuits C5 7 257

Distance C3 12 230

Earthfault,overcurrent C1 20.2 180

Generator C8 21 350


Industrial systems B3 11 141


Parallel feeders – distance C5 7.1 257

AX 3


Index


E

Example relay setting calculations:

Parallel feeders overcurrent C1 20.3 181

Phasefault C1 20.1 175

Ring main C1 20.4 182

Transformer C7 19 308

Unit protection C2 12 204

Examples of auto-reclosing schemes D1 12 428

Examples of electromechanical unit protection systems C2 7 193

Examples of static unit protection systems C2 7 193

Extremely inverse overcurrent relay C1 7 159

F

Factors influencing HV auto-reclose schemes D1 4 419

Fast load shedding D4 3.5 489

Fault calculations A3 2-6 39-50

Fault current contribution from induction motors B3 8 139

Feeder substation protection for a.c. electrified railways C10 8 392

Ferro-resonance B2 3.3 112

File transfer as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.6 462

Flags A1 10.2 19

Forward reach limitations of distance relays C3 10.5 228

Four-switch mesh substation,auto-reclosing applied to D1 12.3 429

Four-wire dual-fed substations B3 7.2 137

Frame-earth protection (Howard protection): C6 6 266

Checksystem C6 6.4 268

Schemefordoublebusstation C6 6.3 268

Single busbar C6 6.1 266

Withsectionedbusbars C6 6.2 267

Frequency of Inspection and Testing of protection relays E2 7.1 527

Frequency Protection: D4 1-6 485-492

Activepowerdependentloadshedding D4 3.3 489

Automatic load restoration D4 4.1 490

Averagerateof changeof frequencyprotection81RAV D4 2.5 487

Fastloadshedding D4 3.5 489

Frequencysupervisedrateof changeof frequencyprotection81RF D4 2.4 486

Generator turbine abnormal protection D4 5 491

AX 3


Index


F

Frequency Protection:

Load restoration D4 4 490

Loadshedding D4 3 488

Overfrequency protection 81O D4 2.2 486

Rateof changeof frequencyprotection81R D4 2.3 486

Underfrequencybasedloadshedding D4 3.1 488

Underfrequency protection 81U D4 2.1 486

Undervoltagebasedloadshedding D4 3.4 489

Frequency shift keyed signals, protection signalling using D2 7.3 442

Frequency supervised rate of change of frequency protection 81RF D4 2.4 486

Fully cross-polarised mho relay C3 7.5 219

Fundamental theory A2 1 25

Fundamentals of protection practice A1 1-12 11-21

Fuses for use with distribution transformers C7 6.1 292

Fusing factor B3 4.3 132

G

Gas and oil surge relay (Buchholz relay) for transformers C7 15.3 301

Gas devices for protection of transformers C7 15 301

General requirements asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.2.5 482

Generator overfluxing withstand characteristics C8 14.1 335

Generator turbine abnormal protection D4 5 491

Generator: C8 1-21 315-350

Completeschemes:

For direct-connected generators C8 19.1 344

Generator-transformer units C8 19.2 345

Distributed generation C8 20 347

Earthing C8 2 316

Examples of protection calculations C8 21 350

Impedances:

Direct axis A4 8, 11 63, 65

Effect of saturation A4 11 65

Negative sequence A4 9 65

Positive sequence A4 13 66

Quadrature axis A4 5, 8, 11 60, 63, 65

Zero sequence A4 10 65

AX 3


Index


G

Generator: Impedances:

Protection:

Differential protection of direct-connected generators C8 3 317

Differential protection of generator-transformer units C8 4 319

Earthfaultprotectionforentirestatorwinding C8 8 329

Inadvertent energisation C8 13 335

Inter-turn fault C8 5 319

Loss of excitation C8 16 338

Low forward power C8 11.1 332

Negativephasesequence C8 12 333

Neutral voltage displacement C8 7.1.3, 7.2.4 326, 327

Overcurrent protection C8 6 323

Overfluxing C8 14.1 335

Overfrequency C8 14.2 336

Overheating C8 18 344

Overspeed C8 11.1 332

Overvoltage C8 9 331

Pole slipping protection C8 17 341

Reverse power C8 11.2 332

Rotorearthfaults C8 15.1 336

Rotor faults C8 15 336

Rotorshortedturnprotection C8 15.3 338

Statorearthfault C8 7, 8 325, 329

Unbalanced loading C8 12 333

Underfrequency C8 14.2 336

Undervoltage C8 10 331

Voltage controlled overcurrent C8 6.2.1 324

Voltage restrained overcurrent C8 6.2.2 324

Winding protection C8 3 317

Generator-transformer protection C8 4 319

GOOSE control blockintheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Grading margins for overcurrent relays: C1 11-12 161-162

Earthfaultrelays C1 16.2 169

Fuse to fuse C1 12.2 163

Fuse to relay C1 12.3 163

Grading margins for overcurrent relays: Relay to relay C1 12.1 162

Grading of ring mains C1 15, 20.4 166, 182

AX 3


Index


G

Ground fault neutraliser (GFN) C8 2 316

H

Hardware architecture of numerical relays B1 5.1 99

Harmonic content of inrush waveform, transformer C7 3.1 291

Harmonics 3rd & 5thfora.c.electrifiedrailways C10 8 392

Harmonics in current transformers B2 4.11 120

Heating of induction motor windings C9 3, 7 362, 370

High impedance busbar differential protection: C6 8 272

Checkfeature C6 8.3 274

CT supervision C6 8.4 274

Effective setting C6 8.2 273

Practical details of C6 8.6 276

Primary operating current C6 8.2 273


High impedance earthfaults fora.c.electrifiedrailways C10 8 392

High impedance relays in busbar protection C6 8 272

High resistance earthing of generators C8 2 316

High resistance ground with a distribution transformer C8 2 316

High speed auto-reclosing:

On EHV systems D1 6-8 422-425

On lines using distance relays D1 8 425

High voltage capacitor of line coupling equipment D2 6.3 437

History of IEC 61850 D3 1.3 446

Howard protection (frame-earth protection) C6 6 266

HRC fuse applications C7 6.1 292

HRC fuse applications B3 4 131

HRC fuses B3 4 131

Hysteresis effect B2 4.10.2 119

AX 3


Index


I

IDMT overcurrent relay C1 4 156

IEC 61850 and applications D3 1-4 445-466

IEC 61850 applications D3 4 466

IEC 61850 communication standard: D3 1-3 445-458

Abstract service interface D3 2.3 449

Data modelling: D3 2.4 450

Access point D3 2.4.6 452

Communication modelling D3 2.4.6 452

Control block D3 2.4.6 452

Data attributes D3 2.4.4 451

Data objects D3 2.4.3 451

Data reference D3 2.4.5 452

Data set D3 2.4.6 452

GOOSE control block D3 2.4.6 452

Logical devices D3 2.4.1 451

Logical nodes D3 2.4.2 451

Physicaldevice D3 2.4 450

Report control block D3 2.4.6 452

Server D3 2.4.6 452

SubNetwork D3 2.4.6 452

Engineering process: D3 2.5 453

Engineering cycle D3 2.5 453

IEDconfigurationtool D3 2.5 453

Substationconfigurationlanguage D3 2.5 453

Systemconfigurationtool D3 2.5 453

Systemspecificationtool D3 2.5 453

Globalapproach D3 2.1 447

Partsof thestandard D3 2.2 447

IEC relay symbols AX2 Appendix 2 550

IED D3 1 445

IED configuration tool according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453

Impedance notation A2 5 31

Impedances:

Fault current contribution from B3 8 139

Generator:

Direct-axis A4 11 65

Negative sequence A4 9 65

AX 3


Index


I

Impedances: Generator:

Positive sequence A4 13 66

Quadrature axis A4 5, 11 60, 65

Zero sequence A4 10 65

Induction motor:

Negative sequence C9 7 370

Positive sequence C9 7 370

Transformer:

Positive sequence A4 14, 16 67, 70

Zero sequence A4 15, 16 68, 70

Implementation of distance relays C3 8 223

Incomplete longitudinal current differential protection of generator C8 5.3 321

Incorrect relay operation, reasons for A1 4 15

Indicating lamps in protection schemes A1 10.2 19

Indication or flags A1 10.2 19

Induction motor characteristics C9 3-7 362-370

Induction motor equivalent circuit C9 7 370

Induction motor protection: C9 2-13, 15 361-373, 374

Anti-backspin C9 13 373

Bearing failures C9 10 372

Earthfault C9 6 368

Examples of C9 15 374

Faults in rotor windings C9 8 371

Locked rotor C9 4 363

Loss of load C9 12 373

Modern relay design C9 2 361

Negativephasesequence C9 7 370

Number of starts limitation C9 4.4 365


Re-acceleration C9 4.3 365

Stalling C9 4.2 365

Starting C9 4.1 364

Thermal C9 3 362

Undervoltage C9 11 372

Industrial and commercial power system protection: B3 1-13 129-150

Automaticchangeoversystems B3 9 140

Busbar arrangement B3 2 129

AX 3


Index


I

Industrial and commercial power system protection:

Capacitor control B3 11.1 142

Characteristics B3 4.1 131

Co-ordination problems B3 7 137

Discrimination B3 4.2 131

Discrimination in B3 3 130

Effect of ambient temperature B3 4.4 132

Examples of protection B3 12 146

Fault current contribution from induction motors B3 8 139

Fusing factor B3 4.3 132

HRC fuses: B3 4 131

Motor power factor correction B3 11.2 142

Power factor correction B3 11 141

Protection against overvoltage B3 10 141

Protectionagainstreversephasesequence B3 10 141

Protection against undervoltage B3 10 141

Protection of cables by B3 4.3 132

Protection of capacitors B3 11.3 142

Protection of motors by B3 4.5 132

Industrial circuit breakers B3 5 132

Industrial consumers, auto-reclosing requirements D1 4.1.2 419

Inrush waveform of transformers C7 2 287

Instantaneous overcurrent relays, characteristics of C1 5 157

Instrument transformers: B2 1-5 107-121

Capacitor voltage B2 3 111

Current B2 4 113

Electromagnetic voltage B2 2 107

Novel B2 5 121

Insulated networks, earth fault protection of C1 18 171

Insulation tests of protection relays E2 1.1 517

Interchangeability according IEC 61850 D3 2.7 456

Interference and noise, effect on protection signalling D2 6 436

Interoperability vs Interchangeability according IEC 61850 D3 2.7 456

Intertripping:

Blockingscheme:

Performance requirements D2 5.3 436

Signalling D2 4.3 435

AX 3


Index


I

Intertripping:

By d.c. signal on separate pilots D2 7.1 441

Direct tripping, signalling D2 4.1 435

For multi-terminal lines C5 5 255

For transformers C7 17 306

Intertripping, performance requirements D2 5.1 435

Methods D2 4 435

Permissive tripping:

Performance requirements D2 5.2 436

Signalling D2 4.2 435

Signalling for D2 4 435

Interturn fault protection for the generator stator winding C8 5 319

Interturn faults in power transformers C7 2.5 288

Inverse overcurrent relays:

Extremely inverse C1 7 159

IDMT C1 4 156

Very inverse C1 6 158

In-zone capacitance C7 16.1.4 304

Issues with numerical relays B1 7 104

J

Junction law A2 6.1 32

L

Lenticular characteristic of distance relay C3 7.4.3 219

Line attenuation, power line carrier communications D2 6.3 437

Line charging currentC1C2C7

18.2,198, 12

16.1.4

171-173194, 205

304

Line differential protection C2 1-13 189-207

Line trap D2 6.3 437

Lines Tapped(T-lines) C8 20.2.2 347

List of ANSI device numbers AX2 Appendix 2 550

List of IEC protection symbols AX2 Appendix 2 550

Live line reclosing D1 9.1 426

Load restoration D4 4 490

AX 3


Index


L

Load shedding D4 3 488

Local/Remote control asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.1.2 467

Lock-out in auto-reclosing schemes D1 6.6, 10.7 424, 427

Logic systems B1 6.6 103

Logical Device intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.1 451

Logical Node intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.2 451

Longitudinal zero sequence over voltage protection of generator C8 5.5 322

Loss of excitation protection for generators C8 16 338

Loss of excitation protection for synchronous motors C9 14.1 373

Loss of load protection of motors C9 12 373

Low forward power protection of generators C8 11.1 332

Low frequency injection method 100% earth fault protection of generator C8 8.2 329

Low impedance biased differential protection C6 9.6 279

Low impedance differential protection (biased):

Busbars C6 9 277

Checkfeature C6 9.3 278

CT supervision C6 9.4 279

Effective setting C6 9.2 278

For generators C8 3.1 317

For transformers C7 8 293

Primary operating current C6 9.2 278


Low speed (delayed) auto-reclosing D1 9 426

AX 3


Index


M

Machine reactances (synchronous machines) A4 8-12 63-66

Machine reactances, effect of saturation A4 12 66

Magnetically polarised armature relays B1 2.1 95

Magnetisation curve of a current transformer B2 4.4 115

Magnetising inrush in power transformers C7 3 290

Maintenance tests for protection relays E2 7.2 527

Maloperation with reverse faults, distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.4 254

Manipulation of complex quantities A2 3 26

Manual closing of circuit breakers, auto-reclosing schemes D1 10.8 427

Margins, grading for overcurrent relays C1 11-12 161-162

Mathematical operators A2 3.3 27

Maximum torque angle of relay (MTA) C1 14.2.2 165

Measuring transformers: B2 1-5 107-121


Current B2 4 113


Novel B2 5 121

Merz-Price protection systems C2 1 189

Mesh law A2 6.1 32

Mesh substation, four-switch, auto-reclosing applied to D1 12.3 429

Methods of protection signalling D2 7 441

Mho relay:

Fully cross-polarised C3 7.5 219

Lenticular C3 7.4 218

Offsetmho C3 7.4 218

Partially cross-polarised C3 7.6 220

Self-polarised C3 7.3 217

Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) B3 5.1 132

Minimum length of line for distance protection C3 10.2 227

Minimum voltage at relay terminals C3 10.1 227

Motor currents during starting conditions C9 4 363

Motor differential protection C9 5.1 366

Motor power factor correction B3 11.2 142

Motor protection C9 1-15 361-374

Motor windings, heating of C9 3 362

Moulded case circuit breakers (MCCBs) B3 5.2 133

Multi-ended feeders protection of C5 3-5 249-255

AX 3


Index


M

Multi-shot auto-reclosing D1 10.9 427

Mutual compensation C5 2.2 245

Mutual coupling, effect of on unit and distance protection schemes C5 2 245

N

Nature and effect of transformer faults C7 1 287

Negative phase sequence protection of generators C8 12 333

Negative phase sequence protection of motors C9 7 372

Negative sequence network A3 3.2 42

Negative sequence reactance:


Synchronousgenerator A4 9 65

Network connections for various types of fault A3 4 43

Network reduction A2 6.3 33

Neutral voltage displacement (NVD) protection C8 21.1.4 351

Neutral voltage displacement relay C8 7.1.3, 7.2.4 326, 327

Noise and interference in protection signalling systems D2 6 436

Non-linear resistor, use in busbar protection schemes C6 8.6.7 276

Non-unit transformer-feeder protection schemes C7 16.1 302

Notation, impedance A2 5 31

Novel instrument transformers B2 5 121

Number of shots, auto-reclosing schemes D1 4.3, 6.6, 10.9 421, 424, 427

Number of starts limitation of induction motors C9 4.4 365

Numerical busbar protection C6 10 283

Numerical busbar protection,reliability considerations C6 10.1 283

Numerical differential protection system C2 8 194

Numerical relay issues B1 7 104

Numerical relay software B1 5.2 101

Numerical relays B1 5-7 98-104

AX 3


Index


O

Offset mho distance relay C3 7.4 218

Ohm distance relay C3 7.2 216

Oil and gas devices for transformer protection C7 15 301

Oil circuit breakers (OCBs) B3 5.4 134

Opening time of circuit breakers D1 4.1.3 420

Operating features of auto-reclose schemes D1 10 427

Operation indicators A1 10.2 19

Operation of induction motors with unbalanced voltages C9 7 370

Operators in vector algebra A2 3.3 27

Optical fibre channels D2 6.5 439

Out-of-step tripping for generators C3 7.8 221

Out-of-step tripping for generators C8 17 341

Output devices, of relays A1 10 19

Overcurrent protection C1 1-21 153-185

Overcurrent relay:

90A1 quadrature connection C1 14.2 164

Calculation of settings C1 13, 16 163, 167

Definitetime C1 9 160

Directionalearthfault C1 17 170

Directionalphasefault C1 14 164

Earthfaultprotection C1 16 167


Grading margin C1 11-12 161-162

Instantaneous C1 5 157

Inversedefiniteminimumtime C1 4 156

Othercharacteristics C1 8 159

Timing error C1 11.2 161

Transientover-reach C1 6.1 158


Overcurrent starters for distance relays C3 8.1 224

Overfluxing in power transformers C7 2.8.3, 2.8.4, 13 289, 290, 300

Overfrequency protection 81O D4 2.2 486

Overhead lines: A4 18-22 73-80

Calculation of impedances A4 19-20 74-75

Data A4 24 82

Equivalent circuits A4 21-22 78-80

Withorwithoutearthwires A4 21 78

AX 3


Index


O

Overheating of generators C8 18 344

Overheating of power transformers C7 4 291

Overload protection:

Of generators C8 18 344

Of motors C9 3 362

Of transformers C7 2.8.1, 4 289, 291

Over-reach of a distance relay C3 10.4 228

Over-reach, transient, of a relay C1 6.1 158

Overshoot of overcurrent relays C1 11.3 161

Overspeed of generators C8 11.1, 14.2 332, 336

Overvoltage protection of generators C8 9 331

P

Parallel feeders, overcurrent protection of C1 14.3 165

Parallel feeders, distance protection of C5 2.2 245

Parallel feeders, unit protection of C5 2.1 245

Parallel-connected branches of the stator winding C8 5.1 319

Partially cross-polarised mho relay C3 7.6 220

Parts of IEC 61850 D3 1.2, 2.2 446, 447

Peak voltage developed by current transformers B2C6

48.6.7

113276

Percentage under-reach of distance relays C3 10.3 227

Performance of distance relays C3 3 212

Periodic maintenance tests of protection relays E2 7 527

Permissive intertrip over-reaching scheme C4 3.4 238

Permissive intertrip under-reaching scheme C4 3.2 237

Petersen coil, protection of networks earthed using C1 19 173

Phase comparison protection schemes C2 10.1, 11 197, 201

Phase comparison protection schemes for Tee’d feeders C5 3.3 251

Phase fault impedance measurement using distance relays C3 9.1 225

Phase fault overcurrent relay settings C1 13 163

Phase reversal protection B3 10 141

Phase shift due to system capacitance C2 11.1 201

Phase unbalance relays C9 7 370

Phase-phase fault analysis A3 4.2 44

Phase-phase-earth fault analysis A3 4.3 45

AX 3


Index


P

Physical device intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4 450

Plain impedance relay C3 7.2 216

Plain tone signals, protection signalling using D2 7.2 442

Pole slipping of generators C8 17 341

Polyphase systems A2 4.4 30

Positive sequence equivalent circuits:


Cables A4 23 81


Overheadtransmissionlines A4 22 80

Synchronousmachine A4 8 63

Transformer A4 14 67

Positive sequence network A3 3.1 42

Positive sequence reactance of synchronous machine A4 4, 8 59, 63

Power factor correction B3 11 141

Power line carrier communications (PLCC) technique D2 6.3 437

Power line carrier unit protection phase comparison schemes C5 3.2 250

Power quantities A2 4.3 29

Power swing blocking C3 10.6 228

Power system plant A4 1 57

Power transformer:

Measuring transformers B2 1-5 107-125

Two-winding transformers A4 14.1 67

Unit systems A1 5.2 16

Power/angle curve D1 5 421

Primary injection testing of relay elements E2 4.4 525

Primary injection tests: E2 4 524

CTpolaritycheck E2 4.3 525

CTratiocheck E2 4.2 525

Test facilities E2 4.1 524

Primary protection A1 9 18

Principles of distance relays C3 2 211

Principles of time/current grading C1 3 154

Principles of unit protection systems C2 1 189

Private pilot wires and channels D2 6.1 436

Product safety tests of protection relays: E1 5 505

CE marking E1 5.7 506

AX 3


Index


P

Product safety tests of protection relays:

Dielectricvoltagewithstand E1 5.3 505

Earthbondingimpedance E1 5.6 506

Insulation resistance E1 5.2 505

Insulationwithstandforovervoltages E1 5.4 506

Single fault condition assessment E1 5.5 506

Thermalwithstand E1 5.1 505

Production testing of relays E1 9 513

Production tests of protection relays E1 9 513

Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) in numerical relays B1 6.6 103

Protection against:

Asynchronousoperationforgenerators C8 16 338

Pole slipping for generators C8 17 341

Power swings–distance relays C3 7.8 221

Sudden restoration of supply C9 14.2 374

Protection equipment testing E1 1-7 495-509

Protection equipment, definition of A1 2 13

Protection of:

a.c.electrifiedrailways C10 1-9 379-394

Busbars C6 1-10 263-282

Capacitors B3 11.3 142

Complex transmission circuits C5 1-8 245-260

Generators C8 1-20 315-347

Motors C9 1-14 361-373

Multi-ended feeders–distance protection C5 4, 5 252, 255

Multi-ended feeders–unit protection C5 3 249


Phasereversal B3 10 141

Series compensated lines C5 6 256

Synchronousmotors C9 14 373

Transformer-feeders C7 16 302

Transformers C7 1-10 287-297

Voltage transformers B2 2.4 109

Protection performance A1 4.6 15

Protection relay B1 1-7 95-104

Protection relay setting checks E2 1.5 519

Protection requirements for busbars C6 3 264

AX 3


Index


P

Protection reset time, auto-reclose schemes D1 4.1.5 420

Protection scheme design for maintenance of protection relays E2 8 528

Protection scheme, definition of A1 2 13

Protection signalling: D2 1-7 433-441

Effect of interference D2 6 436

Effect of noise on D2 6 436

Forunitprotectionschemes D2 2 433

Intertripping D2 4 434

Methods D2 7 441

Performance requirements D2 5 435

Signallingmethods D2 7 441

Transmission media D2 6 436

Protection system, definition of A1 2 13

Pull-out protection for synchronous motors C9 14.1 373

Q

Quadrature axis machine impedances A4 5, 11 60, 65

Quadrature connected relays C1 14.2 164

Quadrilateral relay C3 7.7 221

R

Radio channels, protection signalling D2 6.4 439

Railways: C10 1-9 379-394

Autotransformer feeding C10 6 387

Catenary backup protection C10 5 387

Catenarythermalprotection C10 4 386

Classicalsingle-phasefeeding C10 3 380

Delta function C10 8 392

Example of classical system protection C10 9 394

Feeder substation protection C10 7 391

Protectionof a.c.electrified C10 1-9 379-394

Protectionphilosophy C10 2 379

Rate of change of frequency protection 81R D4 2.3 486

Rating tests as electrical type tests E1 3.1 499

Re-acceleration of induction motors: of induction motors C9 4.3 365

AX 3


Index


R

Reactances:

Auto-transformer A4 16, 17 70, 71

Cables A4 18, 20, 23, 24 73, 75, 81, 82


Overheadtransmissionlines A4 18-22, 24 73-80, 82

Synchronousmachine A4 4, 8-12 59, 63-66

Transformer A4 14-15, 17 67-68, 71

Reaction, armature, of synchronous machines A4 3 58

Real-time data access and retrieval as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.2 460

Reclaim time in auto-reclosing D1 4.2, 6.5, 10.6 420, 424, 427

Reclosing:

Delayed D1 9 426

High-speed D1 6-8 422-425

Of EHV networks D1 5 421

Of HV networks D1 3 419

Of live lines D1 9.1 426

Recommended grading margins C1 12 162

Relay burden at electrical type tests E1 3.2 499

Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA) C1 14.2.2 165

Relay Inputs at electrical type tests E1 3.3 499

Relay output contacts at electrical type tests E1 3.4 499

Relay self-test procedure of protection relays E2 1.2 517

Relay types: B1 1-5 95-98


Digital B1 4 97

Directional C1 14, 17 164, 170

Distance C3 7 216

Earthfault C1 16 167

Electromechanical B1 2 95

Numerical B1 5, 6 98, 102


ROCOF C8 20.3.2 349

Static B1 3 96

Voltagevectorshift C8 20.3.1 349

Relay:

Application of directional overcurrent C1 14.3 165

Bias(of differentialrelays) C2 4.2 191

AX 3


Index


R

Relay:

Characteristicangle(RCA)C1C3

14.27.3

164217

Characteristics:

ANSI C1 4 156

Custom C1 8 159

Definitetime C1 9 160

Distance C3 7 216


IDMT C1 4 156

IEC C1 4 156

Instantaneous C1 5 157

Neutral voltage displacement C8 7.1.3, 7.2.4 326, 327


Connections for directional elements C1 14, 17.1 164, 170

Contact systems A1 10.1 19

Current setting C1 10 161

Data management in numerical relays B1 7.2 104

Deterioration in service A1 4.5 15

Example setting calculations:

Distance C3 12 230

Generator C8 21 350


Overcurrent C1 20.1 175

Ring main C1 20.4 182

Transformer C7 19 308

Unit protection C2 12 204

Features of numerical relays B1 5-6 98-102

Flags A1 10.2 19

Grading margins C1 11-12 161-162

Installation of A1 4.3 15

Issueswithnumericalrelays B1 7 104

Maximum torque angle C1 14.2.2 165

Operation indicators A1 10.2 19

Output devices A1 10 19


Overshoot C1 11.3 161

AX 3


Index


R

Relay:

Performance,definitionfordistancerelays C3 3 212

Production testing E1 9 513

Relaycharacteristicangle C1 14.2 164

Selectivity A1 5 16

Self testing B1 5 98

Setting study, basic requirements C1 2 153

Speed of operation A1 7 17

Stability A1 6 17

Targets A1 10.2 19

Testing and commissioning B1 7.3 104

Time grading margin C1 11 161

Timing error C1 11.2 161

Transientover-reach C7 16.1.2 303

Trip circuit supervision A1 12 21

Tripping circuits A1 11 20

Type testing of E1 1-7 495-509

Voltage setting in busbar protection C6 8.6.3 276

Reliability of numerical busbar protection C6 10.1 283

Reliability of protection equipment A1 4 15

Remanence flux, effect of in a current transformer B2 4.10.2 119

Rented pilot circuits and channels D2 6.2 437

Report control block intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Requirements of the signalling channel D2 5 435

Residual compensation in distance relays C3 9.2 225

Residual current A3 6.1 50

Residual flux, effect of in a current transformer B2 4.10.2 119

Residual voltage A3 6.1 50

Residually connected voltage transformers B2 2.6 109

Resonant ground with a ground fault neutraliser C8 2 316

Restricted earth fault protection:

Of generators C8 7.3 327

Of transformers C7 7 293

Reverse faults, maloperation of distance protection schemes on C5 4.4 254

Reverse Interlocking asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.2.1 472

Reverse looking relay setting, distance relay blocking schemes C4 4.1.1 240

Reverse power protection of generators C8 11.2 332

AX 3


Index


R

Ring mains:

Example of grading C1 20.4 182

Grading of C1 15 166

ROCOF relay C8 20.3.2 349

Rotor earth fault protection for synchronous generator C8 20.3.1 349

Rotor protection (generator) C8 15 336

S

Salient pole rotor, synchronous machine A4 5 60

Saturation of current transformers B2 4.10 117

Secondary injection test equipment for protection relays E2 2 520

Secondary injection test sets for protection relays E2 2.2 520

Secondary injection testing of protection relays E2 3 523

Selection of the parameter subset asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.1.4 470

Selectivity of protection equipment A1 5 16

Self-balance differential protection of motors C9 5.2 367

Self-description of device as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.1 459

Self-testing (of numerical relays) B1 5 98

Sensitive earth fault protection:

Of generators C8 7.1.2 325

Of motors C9 6 368

Overcurrent C1 16.3, 17-19 169, 170-173

Sensitivity of protection equipment A1 8 17

Sequence networks A3 3 41

Sequence reactances:


Cables A4 23 81


Overheadtransmissionlines A4 18-22 73-80

Synchronousgenerator A4 8-10 63-65


Series compensated lines, protection of C5 6 256

Series sealing, relay tripping circuits A1 11.1 20

Server IntheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Setting and setting group management as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.5 462

Setting of overcurrent relay C1 10 161

AX 3


Index


S

SF6 circuit breakers, use in auto-reclose schemes D1 6.3.3 423

Shunt fault equations A3 4 43

Shunt reinforcing with series sealing, relay tripping circuits A1 11.3 20

Shunt reinforcing, relay tripping circuits A1 11.2 20

Sign conventions A2 4.2 29

Signalling performance requirements D2 5 435

Signalling, protection D2 1-7 433-441

Simulation hardware of protection relays E1 8.2.1 511

Simulation software of protection relays E1 8.2.2 511

Simulator applications of protection relays E1 8.2.3 512

Single frequency line trap D2 6.3 437

Single-phase auto-reclosing D1 7 424

Single-phase open circuit fault analysis A3 4.5 46

Single-phase systems A2 4.4 30

Single-phase to earth fault analysis A3 4.1 44

Single shot auto-reclosing D1 4.3, 6.6 421, 424

Single switch substation, auto-reclose applied to D1 12.2 429

Software modifications - regression testing of protection relays E1 7.9 510

Software Type Testing of protection relays E1 7 509

Software version control in numerical relays B1 7.1 104

Software/Hardware integration testing of protection relays E1 7.5 509

Software/Software integration testing of protection relays E1 7.4 509

Speed of protection equipment A1 7 17

Split phase transverse current differential protection of generator C8 5.2 320

Stabilising resistance C2 4.1 190

Stability of protection equipment A1 6 17

Stalling of induction motors C9 4.2 365

Standard IDMT overcurrent relays C1 4 156

Standby transformer, auto-close schemes D1 11.1 428

Star/delta theorem, Kennelly’s A2 6.2 32

Star-connected winding of a transformer, impedance earthed C7 2.1 287

Star-connected winding of a transformer, solidly earthed C7 2.2 287

Starting protection for induction motors C9 4.1 364

Starting relays for switched distance protection C3 8.1 224

Static differential protection systems C2 7 193

Static relays B1 3 96

Static unit testing of protection relays E1 7.1 509

AX 3


Index


S

Stator protection:

For generators C8 3 317

For induction motors C9 3, 6 362, 368

Stator windings, electrical faults in:

Generators C8 3 317

Induction motors C9 3, 6 362, 368

Steady-state theory of synchronous machines A4 4 59

SubNetwork intheIEC61850datamodel D3 2.4.6 452

Substation Configuration Language (SCL) according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453

Substation control asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.1.1 466

Substitution as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.7 462

Sub-transient reactance of generators A4 8, 11 63, 65

Sudden restoration of supply, synchronous motor protection C9 14.2 374

Summation arrangements, unit protection C2 6 192

Superposition theorem A2 6.2 32

Supervision of trip circuits A1 12 21

Switch-on-to-fault feature C3 6.4 215

Symmetrical component theory A3 3 41

Synchronism check relay D1 9.2 426

Synchronous machines: A4 2 57

Armature reaction A4 3 58

Asymmetry A4 7 63

Cylindrical rotor A4 4 59

Direct axis reactances A4 4-11 59-65

Negative sequence reactance A4 9 65

Quadrature axis reactances A4 5, 11 60, 65

Reactances A4 4-12 59-66

Salient pole rotor A4 5 60

Saturation, effect on reactances A4 12 66

Steady-statetheoryof A4 4 59

Transient analysis A4 6 61

Zero sequence reactance A4 10 65

Synchronous motor protection: C9 14 373

Low forward power protection C9 14.2.2 374

Out-of step protection C9 14.1 373

Protection against sudden restoration of supply C9 14.2 374

Underfrequency protection C9 14.2.1 374

AX 3


Index


S

System configuration tool according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453

System earthing, effect of on zero sequence quantities A3 6 50

System fault studies A3 5 47

System specification tool according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453

System tripping angles, unit protection schemes C2 11.2 201

System Zo/Z1 ratio A3 6.2 50

System ZS/ZL ratio, distance relay performance C3 4 213

System-wide interlocking asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.2.2 474

T

Tank-earth protection (transformers) C7 14 300

Targets A1 10.2 19

Tee’d feeder unit protection schemes C5 3.2-3.3 250-251

Telephone type pilots D2 6.1, 6.2 436, 437

Teleprotection signalling systems D2 3 433

Terminology AX1 Appendix 1 529

Test block E2 2.1 520

Test blocks/plugs for secondary injection equipment for protection relays E2 2.1 520

Test facilities for primary injection to protection relays E2 4.1 524

Test plug E2 2.1 520

Testing of Protection Scheme Logic of protection relays E2 6 526

Tests:

Commissioning E2 1 517

Equipment, secondary injection tests E2 2 520

Maintenance E2 7.2 527

Primary injection E2 4 524

Production E1 9 513

Protectionschemelogic E2 6 526

Secondary injection E2 2, 3 520, 523

Tripping and alarm annunciation E2 5 526

Type:

Dynamic validation E1 8 510

Electrical E1 3 499

Electromagnetic compatibility E1 4 500

Environmental E1 6 507

Product safety E1 5 505

AX 3


Index


T

Tests: Type:

Software E1 7 509

Theorems, circuit A2 6.2 32

Theory:

Current transformer B2 4 113

Synchronousmachine A4 2-12 57-66


Voltage transformer B2 2 107

Thermal protection:

Of a.c.electrifiedrailwaycatenary C10 4 386

Of generator C8 18 344

Of motor C9 3 362

Of transformer C7 4, 18 291, 307

Thévenin’s theorem A2 6.2 32

Third harmonic voltage method 100% earth fault protection of generator C8 8.1 329

Three terminal lines, protection of C5 3 249

Three-phase auto-reclosing D1 3, 6, 9 419, 422, 426

Three-phase fault analysis A3 4.4 45

Three-phase fault calculations A3 2 39

Time grading of earth fault relays C1 16.2 169

Time multiplier setting (TMS) C1 4 156

Time synchronisation in numerical relays B1 6.5 103

Time synchronisation of relays C2 8.1 195

Time/current characteristics of overcurrent relays C1 4 156

Traceability of verification and validation tests of protection relays E1 7.8 510

Transactor C2 5 192

Transfer trip distance protection schemes: C4 3 237

Directunder-reachscheme C4 3.1 237

Permissiveover-reachscheme C4 3.4 238

Permissiveunder-reachscheme C4 3.2 237

Permissiveunder-reachingaccelerationscheme C4 3.3 238

Weak infeed conditions C4 3.5 239

Transformer:

Condition monitoring C7 18 307

Core faults C7 2.6 289

Equivalent circuits A4 14-15 67-68

Faults, nature and effect C7 2 287

AX 3


Index


T

Transformer:

Impedances A4 17 71

Instrument: B2 1-5 107-121


Current B2 4 113


Magnetisinginrush C7 3 290

Novel B2 5 121

Overheating C7 4 291

Overload conditions C7 2.8.1 289

Overvoltage conditions C7 2.8.3 289

Positive sequence equivalent circuit A4 14 67

Protection: C7 5-15 292-301

Buchholzrelay C7 15.3 301

Combineddifferentialandearth–fault C7 10 297

Delta/star connected C7 8 293

Delta-connected windings C7 7 293



Intertripping C7 17 306

Oil and gas devices C7 15 301


Overfluxing C7 13 300

Overload protection C7 2.8.1 289

Restrictedearthfault C7 7 293

Tank-earth C7 14 300

Thermal C7 4, 18 291, 307

Reactances:

Positive A4 14, 17 67, 71

Zero A4 15, 17 68, 71

Zero sequence equivalent circuit A4 15 68

Transformer-feeder protection of C2C7

12.216

206302

Transient analysis of synchronous machines A4 6 61

Transient factor of a current transformer B2 4.8 117

Transient fault D1 1 417

Transient instability in unit protection systems C2 4.1 190

AX 3


Index


T

Transient over-reach of a relay C1 5 157

Transient reactance of generator A4 6, 8.2 61, 64

Transient response:

Of a capacitor voltage transformer B2 3.2 112

Of a current transformer B2 4.10 117

Of a voltage transformer B2 2.7 110

Translay ‘S’ static circulating current unit protection C2 7.2 193

Translay balanced voltage electromechanical unit protection system C2 7.1 193

Transmission line with or without earth wires A4 21 78

Transmission lines:

Data A4 24 82

Equivalent circuit A4 18-22 73-80

Series impedance A4 19, 22 74, 80

Shuntimpedance A4 20, 22 75, 80

Transmission media interference and noise: D2 6 436

Opticalfibrechannels D2 6.5 439

Powerlinecarriercommunicationstechniques D2 6.3 437

Privatepilotwiresandchannels D2 6.1 436

Radiochannels D2 6.4 439

Rentedpilotwiresandchannels D2 6.2 437

Transmission of disturbance recording asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.1.5 470

Transverse zero sequence current differential protection of generator C8 5.4 321

Trip circuit supervision A1 12 21

Tripping and alarm annunciation tests for protection relays E2 5 526

Tripping circuits A1 11 20

Turns compensation of a current transformer B2 4.1.2 113

Turns compensation of a voltage transformer B2 2.1 107

Type testing of protection relays: E1 1-7 495-509

Accreditation E1 1.7.1 496

Accredited labs E1 1.7 496

Accredited type test reports E1 1.7.2 497

Commissioning tests E1 1.4 495

Dynamic unit testing E1 7.2 509

Dynamic validation type tests E1 8 510

Electrical type tests: E1 3 499

Functional tests E1 2 498

AX 3


Index


T

Type testing of protection relays:

Electromagnetic compatibility tests: E1 4 500

a.c. ripple on d.c. supply E1 4.2 501

Conducted and radiated emission E1 4.9 503

Conducted disturbance induced by RF - immunity tests E1 4.11 504

Dampedoscillatorymagneticfield E1 4.12.3 505

d.c.anda.c.voltagedipandshortinterruption E1 4.1 501

Electrostaticdischargetest E1 4.8 502

Fast transient test E1 4.5 502

Gradualshut-down/start-upfora.c.&d.c.powersupply E1 4.3 501

Magneticfieldtests E1 4.12 504

Power frequency interference E1 4.7 502

Electromagnetic compatibility tests:

Powerfrequencymagneticfieldtests E1 4.12.1 504

Pulsedmagneticfield E1 4.12.2 505

Radiated,radio-frequency,electromagneticfieldimmunitytest E1 4.10 504

Slow&fastdampedoscillatorywave E1 4.4 501

Surge immunity test E1 4.6 502

Environmental type test of protection relays: E1 6 507

Cyclictemperature/humiditytest E1 6.3 507

Enclosure protection test E1 6.5 508

Fast cyclic temperature E1 6.4 508

Humidity test E1 6.2 507

Mechanicaltests E1 6.6 508

Seismic test equipment E1 6.6 508

Temperature test E1 6.1 507

IEC61850 accreditation and recognition E1 1.8.1 497

IEC61850certificateandreportaccredited E1 1.8.2 497

IEC61850 communication testing E1 1.8 497

Periodicmaintenancechecks E1 1.5 495

Product safety tests of protection relays: E1 5 505

CE marking E1 5.7 506

Dielectricvoltagewithstand E1 5.3 505

Earthbondingimpedance E1 5.6 506

Insulation resistance E1 5.2 505

Insulationwithstandforover-voltages E1 5.4 506

Single fault condition assessment E1 5.5 506

AX 3


Index


T

Type testing of protection relays: Product safety tests of protection relays:

Thermalwithstand E1 5.1 505

Reference standards E1 1.1 495

Routine factory production tests E1 1.3 495

Softwaremodifications-regressiontesting E1 7.9 510

Software type testing E1 7 509

Software/hardwareintegrationtesting E1 7.5 509

Software/software integration testing E1 7.4 509

Static unit testing E1 7.1 509

Traceabilityof verificationandvalidationtests E1 7.8 510

Type test reports E1 1.6 496

Type tests E1 1.2 495

Unit testing environment E1 7.3 509

Use of microprocessor-based simulation equipment E1 8.2 510

Use of power system analogue models E1 8.1 510

Validation testing E1 7.7 509

Verificationtesting E1 7.6 509

Types of busbar protection systems C6 4 265

Typical applications with IEC61850: D3 4 466

Applicationswithclient-servercommunication: D3 4.1 466

Characteristicsswitching D3 4.1.6 471

Controlwithsynchrocheck D3 4.1.3 469

Local/remote control D3 4.1.2 467

Selectionof theparametersubset D3 4.1.4 470

Substation control D3 4.1.1 466

Transmission of disturbance recording D3 4.1.5 470

ApplicationswithGOOSEcommunication: D3 4.2 472

Bay unit testing D3 4.2.4 479

General requirements D3 4.2.5 482

Reverse interlocking D3 4.2.1 472

System-wide interlocking D3 4.2.2 474

Uniqueness of control D3 4.2.3 477

Typical examples of time and current grading, overcurrent relays C1 20 175

AX 3


Index


U

Unbalanced loading (negative sequence protection): of generators C8 12 333

Unbalanced loading (negative sequence protection): of motors C9 7 370

Underfrequency based load shedding D4 3.1 488

Underfrequency protection 81U D4 2.1 486

Underfrequency protection of generators C8 14.2 336

Under-power protection of generators C8 11.1 332

Under-reach of a distance relay C3 10.3 227

Under-reach of distance relay on parallel lines C5 2.2.2 246

Undervoltage based load shedding D4 3.4 489

Uniqueness of control asapplicationwithIEC61850 D3 4.2.3 477

Unit protection schemes:

Current differential C2 4, 10 190, 197


Line differential C2 1-13 189-207


Parallel feeders C5 2.1 245

Phasecomparison C2 11 201

Signalling in D2 2 433

Tee’d feeders C5 3.2-3.3 250-251

Translay C2 7.1, 7.2 193, 193

Usingcarriertechniques C2 9 197

Unit protection: C2 1-13 189-207

Balanced voltage system C2 5 192

Circulating current system C2 4 190

Digital protection systems C2 8 194

Electromechanicalprotectionsystems C2 7 193

Numerical protection systems C2 8 194

Static protection systems C2 7 193

Summation arrangements C2 6 192

Unit testing environment of protection relays E1 7.3 509

Unit transformer protection (for generator unit transformers) C8 4.2 319

Use of microprocessor based simulation equipment of protection relays E1 8.2 510

Use of power system analogue models of protection relays E1 8.1 510

AX 3


Index


V

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) B3 5.5 134

Validation testing of protection relays E1 7.7 509

Van Warrington formula for arc resistance C3 7.3 217

Variation of residual quantities A3 6.3 51

Vector algebra A2 2 25

Verification testing of protection relays E1 7.6 509

Very inverse overcurrent relay C1 6 158

Voltage and phase reversal protection B3 10 141

Voltage controlled overcurrent protection C8 6.2.1 324

Voltage dependent overcurrent protection C8 6.2 324

Voltage distribution due to a fault A3 5.2 49

Voltage factors for voltage transformers B2 2.2 108

Voltage limit for accurate reach point measurement C3 5 214

Voltage restrained overcurrent protection C8 6.2.2 324

Voltage transformers: B2E2

2-31.4

107-111518

Capacitor B2 3 111

Cascade B2 2.8 110


Errors B2 2.1 107

Phasingcheck E2 1.4.3 518


Ratiocheck E2 1.4.2 518

Residually-connected B2 2.6 109

Secondary leads B2 2.3 109

Supervision in distance relays C3 10.7 228

Supervision in numerical relays B1 6.2 102

Transient performance B2 2.7 110

Voltage factors B2 2.2 108

Voltage vector shift relay C8 20.3.1 349

AX 3


Index


W

Warrington, Van, formula for arc resistance C3 7.3 217

Wattmetric protection, sensitive C1 19.2 174

Wound primary current transformer B2 4.5.1 115

Z

Zero sequence equivalent circuits:

Auto-transformer A4 16.2 70

Synchronousgenerator A4 10 65

Transformer A4 15 68

Zero sequence network A3 3.3 43

Zero sequence quantities, effect of system earthing on A3 6 50

Zero sequence reactance:

Of cables A4 24 82

Of generator A4 10 65

Of overheadlines A4 21, 24 78, 82

Of transformer A4 15, 17 68, 71

Zone 1 extension scheme (distance protection) C4 2 236

Zone 1 extension scheme in auto-reclose applications D1 8.2 425

Zones of protection A1 3 13

Zones of protection, distance relay C3 6 215

Documents

AX3 Index - Schneider Electric · On HV distribution networks D1 3-4 419 Operating features D1 10 427 Reclaim time D1 4.2, 10.6 420, 427 Reclosing impulse D1 10.4 427 Reset time D1