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~ 214 ~
International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2018; 5(1): 214-227
ISSN 2347-2677
IJFBS 2018; 5(1): 214-227
Received: 05-11-2017
Accepted: 06-12-2017
AMK Bharos
State Co-Ordinator IBCN
(BNHS), Chhattisgarh,
Gayatrinagar, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Faiz Bux
Research Scholar, Dept. of
Botany, Govt. D.B.G. P.G.
College, Kalibadi, RAIPUR,
Chhattisgarh, India
Krishnendu Basak
Nova Nature Welfare Society,
Chhoti Masjid, Byron Bazar,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Moiz Ahmed
Nova Nature Welfare Society,
Chhoti Masjid, Byron Bazar,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Akhilesh Bharos
Naturalist Singhinawa Resort,
Kanha National Park, Mandla,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Correspondence
AMK Bharos
State Co-Ordinator IBCN
(BNHS), Chhattisgarh,
Gayatrinagar, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Avian diversity and range extensions records from
Udanti-Sitanadi tiger reserve, Chhattisgarh, India
AMK Bharos, Faiz Bux, Krishnendu Basak, Moiz Ahmed and Akhilesh
Bharos
Abstract This study has been undertaken to document the avian species of the Tiger Reserve, which was formed
by clubbing of erstwhile Udanti and Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries located in Gariband and Dhamtari
districts of Chhattisgarh respectively, which is an IBA site. The location of the Udanti Sitanadi Tiger
Reserve (USTR) is in close proximity of Eastern Ghats, which affords the migration of several avian
species, extending their distribution range. The aim was to determine range extension status and diversity
of avian into USTR and adjoining forests. Study revealed presence of 246 species in forest, wetland and
other types of habitats in and around. Of which six (6) species from Eastern Ghats, three (3) species from
Western Ghats and six (6) Himalayan species were recorded extending their distribution range to USTR.
Out of 246 species, 14 IUCN species were recorded, three (3) Critically Endangered, one (1)
Endangered, and ten (10) Near Threatened. Major threats to the USTR are the future kimberlite mining
and consequent habitat destruction.
Keywords: Udanti, Sitanadi, USTR, avifauna, occurrence, range extension
Introduction
Chhattisgarh, the newly carved state from Madhya Pradesh in the year 2000, has about 44%
forest cover. It has eight forest types as per the classification laid down by Champion & Seth [14]. The overall biodiversity is very rich which attracts a good number of avian species
including from the Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and Himalayan region.
The Eastern Ghats are spread through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. They consist of
about 75,000 sq. km. with an average width of 200 km in the north and 100km in the south and
extend over a length of 1,750 km between the River Mahanadi in the north and River Vaigai in
the south, along the East Coast of India. The northern most boundary of the Eastern Ghats
consists of the Mahanadi basin and merge with the tips of the Bastar. The Eastern Ghats
supports nearly 400 species and subspecies of birds [29].
The region of study, Udanti–Sitanadi Tiger Reserve (USTR) is an Important Bird Area site,
situated 210 km, and Sitanadi Sanctuary situated 175 km South-east of Raipur. It is pre-
dominantly Sal forest intermixed with other species. The forests of USTR are connected
through the forests of Kanker, Kondagaon and Jagdalpur (Bastar) and other forests of the
Bastar region. Two major reservoirs Sondur in Gariaband district and Sikesar in Dhamtari
district exist on the periphery of the USTR and part of them are included in the study area.
The intention of this study is also to determine the distribution and range extension records of
the avifauna from Eastern and Western ghats into USTR. Studies undertaken in the past years
by Whistler & Kinnear (from 1932-1937) [45-47] and the Hyderabad State Ornithology Survey [3-7], Abdulali [1] Krishna Raju et al. [31], Price [40], Ripley et al. [42], D’Abreu [19-21] in Central
Province, Ali [8, 9] in Central India, Ali & Ripley [10], Chandra et al. [15, 16] in Madhya Pradesh
including Chhattisgarh and Bastar Plateau, Das et al. [18] Sunabeda WLS, Odisha, Daniel et al. [17] Eastern Ghat, Govindraj [25], Lahkar et al. [32] and Palei et al. [37] at Sunabeda WLS Odisha,
Srinivaslu [44] at Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary(KWS) Northern Andhra Pradesh, Selva Kumar [43]
studied the birds of Araku, Vishakhapatnam. Birds in collection of BNHS Abdulali [1] were
referred for status determination of Eastern Ghat species in USTR.
The avifauna of USTR has not been documented in the past or recent years, but only sporadic
work has been done despite its richness. The species found here includes the range extension
species from the Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and even Himalayan. The importance of this
study lies in the fact that, the Himalayan species and species from other region have been
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
recorded migrating to Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas, for
wintering. The study by Price [34] reveals that the Eastern Ghat
habitat is leading towards destruction having a serious impact
on birdlife. It is clear that there is insufficient habitat for large
numbers of some species of Palaearctic migrants to over
winter successfully. Breeding population of many forest
dwelling species are being reduced citing the example of
Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra) to near
extinction. Several range extensions to South direction
(towards Eastern Ghats) from the Simlipal Hills in Orissa
(now Odisha) are recorded. The forested area is more
important than hitherto thought as a wintering ground for
Palaearctic migrants, and in particular as a stopover for
passage migrants.
The forest connectivity exist between Simplipal Hills
(Odisha) to northern parts of Eastern ghats and westwards to
Western regions of Odisha, thence to Chhattisgarh. The
connectivity to Satpura range is through forest of Kanha
National Park, Amarkantak and Achanakmar Tiger Reserve,
and from Western Ghats through the Deccan Peninsula
including Andhra Pradesh. D’Abreu [20] has opined for the
birds of Western Ghats have a tendency to invade the Central
Provinces from this direction.
Most of the Himalayan avian species show altitudinal
movements towards the Indian Peninsula for wintering [28].
This suggests the range extension by Himalayan species into
Central India including Chhattisgarh.
This cause can be attributed to increased tendency by avian to
extend their distribution range. This status was found during
our study of USTR, where Eastern Ghat species were
recorded, owing to the remaining similar or near similar
habitat which attracted convergence of species found from
three regions mentioned above. USTR is a part of this
convergence area, this situation may probably lead to
Establishment of the individual species, further Establishment
of the species at selective Stations as opined by Hora [28] in his
‘Satpura Hypothesis’.
This study will also support future ornithological studies, as
so far no study for the region, on the matter of range
extension from Eastern Ghats and other discussed regions to
USTR were found available, hence the study attempted
becomes more pertinent. With the prevailing changes in
climate and ecological conditions this documentation was felt
essential and attains importance. The prospects of
hybridization can also not be ignored. As the species arriving
from the Himalayan zone, Eastern and Western Ghats choose
this region as remaining suitable habitat. There are prime
chances and likelihood of species hybridization and probable
speciation in time to come. Thus, the study at USTR attains
more importance and will provide a baseline data and afford
greater scope for conservation and furtherance of
ornithological studies.
General Description
The Udanti (20º 08’ 16” N, 82º 22’ 17.69” E) and Sitanadi
(20º 8’40”N, 81º 58’ 31”E) wildlife sanctuaries derive their
name from the rivers Udanti and Sitanadi which flow through
the respective sanctuaries. Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
(USTR), overlaps the districts of Gariaband & Dhamtari,
Chhattisgarh. These are two separate sanctuaries combined
together to form one Tiger Reserve as per the gazette
notification No.F8-43/2007/10-2, Dated: 20th February, 2009.
Of which, the Core I of the Tiger Reserve was declared as
Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary under the gazette notification
No./15/4/83/10/2, Dated: 9th March, 1984 and Core II of the
Tiger reserve, Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, Dhamtari Dist.
was declared as sanctuary under the gazette notification
No./5093-3725/X/2/74, Dated: 1st November, 1974 by the
then undivided Government of Madhya Pradesh. The
geographical area of the tiger reserve is 1842.54 sq. km. out
of which 851.09 sq. km. is Core Area and 991.45 sq. km. is
Buffer Area.
The USTR includes ranges of Tourenga, Mainpur, Indagaon
and Kulhadighat of Udanti Forest Division, parts of
Dhawalpur range of East Raipur Forest Division, Gariaband
District, and parts of Sankara range of Dhamtari Forest
Division, Dhamtari District. The eastern periphery of Udanti
Sanctuary forms an interstate boundary amidst Chhattisgarh
and Odisha. Both these sanctuaries are connected by 30 km
corridor of good forest cover and form a compact forest for
free movement of wildlife, particularly the Avifauna, hence it
is regarded as an allied IBA (Important Bird Area).
The forest types of USTR are Dry Tropical Peninsular Sal
forest and Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Mixed forest [14].
The dominant plant species is Sal (Shorea robusta) mixed
with species of Terminalia, Anogeissus, Pterocarpus, and
Bamboo. Teak (Tectona grandis) is also found in Udanti. Sal
forest covers about 34%, Miscellaneous forest occupies
61.55% and Teak covers 4.4% the latter being an introduced
species into the area [29].
Methodology
The study area covered the hilly and plain forest area, parts of
Sondur (20º 11’ 41” N, 82º 6’ 6’ E) and Sikasar (20º 28’ 45”
N, 82º 18’ 53”E) reservoirs, rivers Udanti, Sitanadi, and
Dasin and several small wetlands, along with surrounding
agricultural lands.
The study area was visited several times earlier, but serious
avian study was undertaken and documented periodically
between October 2000 to October 2017, the sites were
intermittently visited several times and avifauna was
observed, adapting to different modes like tracking for
random line-transect(varying from 100m to 1 km), vehicle
drives, surveys using Direct sighting and Calls (for data
collection) [10], Point count method (Point of fixed radius of
100m or visibility dependant, for minimum 30 minutes to 60
minutes following Look and See method [13], segmentation of
surveyed blocks for bird count, and random or local
information based Nest and Roost count, summing up to
arrive at an assessed population and segregation of the species [30] with the aid of binoculars (Olympus 8-16x40 Zoom) and
images obtained by the DSLR cameras, for identification
purpose. Difficult species were got identified by BNHS-
ENVIS. The study was carried out at different hours of the
day to obtain maximum prudent study and covering all
seasons. For elaborative studies, local community
(knowledgeable and keen observer only) was interacted to
obtain optimum information about the birdlife. They were
enquired for the local identification, sightings, migration,
population, breeding, habitat and food in different seasons for
various avifauna.
Year wise intermittent visits to USTR and recorded number of
species have been tabulated in the table.
To determine the range extension status, the avian species
observed were examined with various studies as mentioned
above, pertaining to Eastern Ghats, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
and available information of Chhattisgarh and Madhya
Pradesh.
The recorded birds were grouped into Resident (R), Migratory
(M), Local Migratory(LM) categories. Global conservation
status was worked out according to the IUCN Red Data Book
(Birdlife International 2014-2015) Rahmani [41], Ali and
Ripley [10] and Grimmett et al. [26, 27]. The nomenclature of the
avifauna was done following Praveen et al. [39].
Result and Discussion
This study revealed presence of 246 avian species of which
some of the species come under different categories of IUCN
Red Data Book 2015 and Wildlife (Protection) Act -1972.
During the study period commencing from year October 2000
to October 2017 of which 2010-17 were the years of intensive
study, intermittently the sites were visited several times and
avifauna were observed, adapting to different modes as
discussed above, 246 species were recorded comprising of 17
orders, 66 families.
To determine the status for each family. The number of
species as recorded in each family, with percentage (in
brackets) determined, with respect to each family-wise
species sighted, is as below:
Threskiornithidae – 1 (0.4), Anatidae – 2 (0.8),
Phalacrocoracidae – 3 (1.2), Phasianidae – 11 (4.4),
Anhingidae – 1 (0.4), Podicipedidae – 1 (0.4), Burhinidae – 1
(0.4), Columbidae – 7 (2.8), Recurvirostridae – 1 (0.4),
Caprimulgidae – 3 (1.2), Charadriidae – 3 (1.2), Apodidae –
5 (2.0), Jacanidae – 2 (0.8), Cuculidae – 11 (4.4),
Scolopacidae – 3 (1.2), Rallidae – 4 (1.6), Turnicidae – 3
(1.2), Ciconiidae – 3 (1.2), Pandionidae – 1 (0.4), Ardeidae –
9 (3.6), Accipitridae – 23 (9.2), Falconidae – 2 (0.8),
Tytonidae – 1 (0.4), Psittaculidae – 3 (1.2), Strigidae – 7
(2.8), Pittidae – 1 (0.4), Bucerotidae – 2 (0.8),
Campephagidae – 6 (2.4), Upupidae – 1 (0.4), Oriolidae – 3
(1.2), Picidae – 11 (4.4), Vangidae – 1 (0.4), Ramphastidae –
2 (0.8), Aegithinidae – 1 (0.4), Corvidae – 3 (1.2), Meropidae
– 4 (1.6), Dicruridae – 5 (2.0), Monarchidae – 2 (0.8),
Coraciidae – 1(0.4), Rhipiduridae – 1(0.4), Dicaeidae – 2
(0.8), Alcedinidae – 3 (1.2), Laniidae – 3 (1.2), Nectariniidae
– 3 (1.2), Irenidae- 2 (0.8), Ploceidae – 1 (0.4), Estrildidae –
4 (1.6), Passeridae – 2 (0.8), Motacillidae – 8 (3.2),
Emberizidae – 1 (0.4), Stenostiridae – 1 (0.4), Zosteropidae –
1 (0.4), Paridae – 2 (0.8), Leiothrichidae – 1 (0.4), Alaudidae
– 5 (2.0), Sittidae – 2 (0.8), Cisticolidae – 6 (2.4), Sturnidae –
6 (2.4), Acrocephalidae – 4 (1.6), Muscicapidae – 17 (6.8),
Hirundinidae – 6 (2.4), Turdidae – 1 (0.4), Pycnonotidae – 1
(0.4), Phylloscopidae – 6 (2.4), Sylviidae – 2 (0.8) Timaliidae
– 1 (0.4)
The most abundant species belonged to families Accipitridae
– 23 (9.2), Muscicapidae – 17 (6.8) Picidae – 11 (4.4),
Cuculidae – 11 (4.4) Motacillidae – 8 (3.2) Columbidae – 7
(2.8), in commensuration with the type of existing habitat.
IUCN STATUS (Rahmani, 2013)
CR- Critically Endangered -3 Species
White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Indian Long
Billed Vulture (Gyps indicus), Red-
headed Vulture (Sarcogyps calvus). Earlier the population of
these species was abundant, but due to impact of Diclofenac,
the population declined drastically and since year 2005 no
vultures were recorded. There was no information about
occurrence of these species of vulture from the USTR for
about a decade. Since 2015, there is information about an
occasional occurrence of (Gyps bengalensis) from the
periphery of Dhawalpur area of protected area.
EN –Endangered- 1 Species
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) existed in good
numbers during the start of survey but subsequently its
population declined. This species also probably suffered the
impact of Diclofenac and disappeared, but since last two years
(2015) 4 birds are being seen irregularly in Kulhadighat
range, latest sighting was in April 2017.
NT –Near Threatened- 10 Species
Under this category following species have been recorded
time to time
Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-headed Ibis
(Threskiornis melanocephalus), Oriental Darter (Anhinga
melanogaster), Indian Spotted Eagle (Clanga hastata), Pallid
Harrier (Circus macrourus), Grey-headed Fish Eagle
(Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus,) Malabar Pied Hornbill
(Anthracoceros coronatus), Laggar Falcon (Falco jugger),
Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala),
Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria)- have been
recorded sporadically.
BIOME -28 Species
A Biome is defined as a major regional ecological community
characterised by distinctive life forms and principal plant
species. No system of global biome classification has been
found which can be adequately used as a basis for generating
bird species lists. The category applies to groups of species
which largely shared distributions of greater than 50,000 sq.
km., which occur mostly or wholly within all or part of a
particular biome and are therefore, of global importance [29].
Following 28 species were identified in this category
Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Common Quail (Coturnix
coturnix) Rain Quail (Coturnix coromandelica) Painted
Francolin (Francolinus pictus), Painted Spurfowl
(Galloperdix lunulata), Yellow-legged Green Pigeon (Treron
phoenicopteru) Indian Nightjar (Caprimulgus asiaticus)
Sirkeer Malkoha (Phaenicophaeus leschenaultia) Yellow-
wattled Lapwing (Vanellus malarbaricus) White-eyed
Buzzard (Butastur teesa) Mottled Wood Owl (Strix ocellata)
Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) Lesser Golden-
backed Woodpecker (Dinopium benghalense) White-naped
Woodpecker (Chrysocolaptes festivus), Yellow-crowned
Woodpecker (Dendrocopos mahrattensis), Brown-headed
Barbet (Megalaima zeylanica), Small Minivet (Pericrocotus
cinnamomeus), Black-winged Cuckoo shrike (Coracina
melaschistos), Common Woodshrike (Tephrodornis
pondicerianus) White-bellied Drongo (Dicrurus
caerulescens), White-browed Fantail (Rhipidura aureola)
Indian Bushlark (Mirafra erythroptera) Jungle Prinia (Prinia
sylvatica) Ashy Prinia (Prinia socialis), Jungle Babbler
(Turdoides striatus) Brahminy Starling (Sturnus pagodarum)
Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), (Islam and Rahmani,
2004)
Feeding Habit
Based on the feeding habits, avian have been classified and
found as :
Carnivorous – 59 (23.99%), Frugivorous – 5 (2.03%),
Granivorous – 9 (3.65%), Insectivorous – 105 (42.68%),
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
Insectivorous/Omnivorous – 5 (2.03%), Nectarivorous – 4
(1.63%), Omnivorous – 52 (21.14%),
Omnivorous/Grainivorous – 1 (0.40%), Omnivorous /
Insectivorous – 3 (1.22%), Omnivorous/Piscivorous -3
(1.22%). The feeding habit of the avian species correlate and
commensurate with the type of existing habitat in the study
area.
Highest number of birds were found as insectivorous and least
granivorous.
Range Extension and Eastern Ghat, Western Ghat and
Himalayan Species to USTR
Based on the studies of authors mentioned above the
occurrence status in Eastern Ghats, Vishakhapatnam district,
Simlipal hills, Araku Valley, Sunabeda WLS (Odisha), Kawal
WLS Andhra Pradesh, and Hyderabad State were examined
and following species were found to extend their distribution
range from Himalayas, Eastern and Western Ghats into
USTR. Some of the species have been mentioned to occur in
Eastern and Western Ghats both, there is possibility of their
migration or range extension from Eastern Ghats more than
the Western Ghats hence the name of the species appears in
both Eastern and Western Ghats categories below. The
probable migration route of Himalayan species is either to
Eastern and Western Ghats following different routes and
through Vindyachal–Satpura Ranges to the Peninsular India
as opined by D’Abreu [19-21], Hora [28], Islam and Rahmani [29]
and Salim Ali [2-10].
The identified species in these categories for Eastern Ghats
are Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) Blue-bearded Bee
Eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) White-bellied Woodpecker
(Dryocopus javensis) Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera
longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda )
Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys), and
Western Ghat were Heart Spotted Woodpecker (Hemicircus
canente) White-bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis)
Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra)
Himalayan species were Fulvous–breasted Woodpecker
(Dendrocopus macei) Black-winged Cuckoo Shrike
(Coracina melaschistos) Blue-capped Rock Thrush
(Monticola cinclorhynchus) Little Spider Hunter
(Arachnothera longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher
(Muscicapa ruficauda ) Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis
poliogenys)
It is evident from the above that some of the species belong to
more than one regions of Range extensions, and are recorded
in USTR.
Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis)
Regularly recorded in Eastern Ghat [40], Araku,
Vishakhapatnam [43] where it is stated to occur in good
numbers, Ali [10] mentions it as resident, widely but patchily
distributed in evergreen and moist deciduous forest, of
Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Bastar (now in Chhattisgarh).
The species has not been found in study of avian in adjacent
Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) (20º 24’ to 20º 19’ N
and 82º 20’ to 82º 44’ E ) in Naupada district of Odisha,
which shares its western borders with USTR of Chhattisgarh [37], Srinivasulu [44] has recorded the species in KWS, Andhra
Pradesh. This location is on the southern border of
Chhattisgarh and about 200 km away from KVNP, at USTR it
was first seen by us in May 1998 and subsequently
irregularly.
It is regularly seen in KVNP and Machkote range forest of
Bastar district but was not recorded northwards till year 2014,
when a bird was seen and photographed at USTR (Moiz
Ahmed), thereby the establishment in its possible northward
distribution range extension or patchy occurrence. USTR is
located about 200 km north of KVNP.
The documentation of the species at USTR suggests the
northwards extension in its distribution range.
Blue-Bearded Bee Eater (Nyctyornis athertoni)
The species has been described as resident, local and
scattered, found over most of peninsular India, including
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. It affects
secondary evergreen and moist –deciduous forest biotope,
especially broken foothills country with overgrown ravines,
occasionally forest clearing with a few scattered trees. Breeds
overall February to August, varying locally, nests in
horizontal tunnel bored into precipitous outscoured alluvial
banks of forest ravines and streams [10]. In Eastern Ghats,
Price [40] found the species as conspicuous and noisy between
April and August. Rare in January and February when birds
probably moved to lower elevation.
The species has been recorded in the past and in subsequent
years in USTR mostly in summer months, last sighting was
on 5th June 2016, but nesting could not be ascertained.
Heart Spotted Woodpecker (Hemicircus canente)
The species has been described as resident, sparsely
distributed, but locally uncommon, found in Western Ghats,
forested hills of Satpura in Madhya Pradesh, through Chanda
( Now Chandrapur in Maharashtra) and Bastar district (now in
Chhattisgarh), Odisha and further to North Eastern states.
Species affects moist deciduous and secondary evergreen
forest, partial to teak and bamboo jungle. Keeps singly or in
pairs commonly with Pigmy woodpeckers, hunts on thin
terminal branches rather than on trunks in woodpeckers
characteristic manner [10]. It has also been recorded from
Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) (20º 24’ to 20º 19’ N
and 82º 20’ to 82º 44’ E ) in Naupada district of Odisha,
which shares its western borders with USTR of Chhattisgarh
and from Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) North Andhra
Pradesh [44].
The species has been seen by us, at a location near Deojhar
Amli tank of Udanti segment, in pairs on 1st May 1999, 12th
May 2007 and in subsequent years. In fact every time their
calls first attracted attention, later the birds were seen. It is
also commonly seen in Kanger Valley National Park (KVNP)
and adjacent Machkote Range of Bastar Forest Division of
Bastar district and very recently in August 2017, at Bailladilla
hills of Dantewada district (Ravi Naidu Pers comm.) situated
about 200 Km west of KVNP.
The species distribution in Bastar has been mentioned by Ali
and Ripley [10] but no mention in further north about 300 km
away, where it has been recorded in USTR several times,
these sightings suggest its northward distribution range
extension, beyond which it has not been recorded so far.
White-Bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis)
In India this species is resident, found in Western Ghat to
Kerala, south Gujarat (Surat Dangs), a specimen was procured
in Bastar district (JBNHS 49;787), eastern Madhya Pradesh,
therefore species possibly extending right across the central
peninsula along the Satpura mountain. The distribution is not
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
uncommon but very local, thinly distributed rare or sporadic
in it’s range, inhabits plains, foothills, affects climax and
secondary forest in evergreen and moist deciduous biotope.
Species is very sensitive to deforestation and other
anthropological activities [10]. In bordering Kawal WLS of
Andhra Pradesh the species is rare and probably a resident
breeder [44].
The species was first sighted in Udanti segment of the USTR,
in May, 1987 [12] thereby confirming its occurrence here and
completing the distribution arc forming the localities of Surat
Dangs – Satpura – Vishakhapatnam (Jyotimamidi
Vishakhapatnam hills) where it was recorded by Ripley and
Beeher (JBNHS 84;558). Subsequently the species has been
recorded by us several times in the years 1997, 1998, 2001,
2004, 2005, 2016, 2017 in both the segments i.e. Udanti and
Sitanadi WLS, which were clubbed to form a Tiger Reserve.
Since, it has been sighted in all the seasons, it leads to
conclusion that species breed here and defines range
extension.
Fulvous –Breasted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus macei)
This species has been recorded in Sunabeda Wildlife
Sanctuary (SWS) in Naupada district of Odisha [32]. Its
occurrence has been mentioned as resident in Himalaya –
West Bengal, Odisha up to 18 0 N in Andhra Pradesh, and it
affects all types of open forests and wooded country and hills [10, 26, 27]. Whistler and Kinnear [45-47] in North Eastern Ghat.
Price [40] recorded its occurrence and found uncommon but
regularly seen on 5th July when a juvenile was being fed by a
female. The species has been recorded at USTR on 26th
December, 1994 and several other times including 6th
February 1997 and also at KVNP which suggest its range
extension from Eastern Ghats.
Black-Winged Cuckoo Shrike (Coracina melaschistos)
Price [34] found this species as an uncommon winter visitor,
occasionally recorded in December and March in Eastern
Ghats. Ali [10] mentions occurrence in Himalayan East to
Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim, Bangladesh, does not breed in lower
foothills, wintering in Terai Duars adjacent plains and
straggling in the peninsula through Odisha, Madhya Pradesh
and Andhra Pradesh south to Mysore, affects open forest
abandoned land and groove.
The species has been recorded in USTR in 2005. Suggesting
its marginal westwards distribution range extension.
Blue-Capped Rock Thrush (Monticola cinclorhynchus)
Occurrence status as common, summer visitor (breeding) in
Himalayas to North eastern states, Winters mostly in Western
Ghats, Tapti river to Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamilnadu. Also recorded in cold weather in Madhya Pradesh [10, 18]. Price [40] recorded it from October to March in Eastern
Ghats where it extends the winter range from south east
Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattisgarh).
This species has been recorded in Eastern Ghats [40, 45-47],
Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS), North Andhra Pradesh [44],
Kanha National Park (KNP) Madhya Pradesh D’Cunha [22]
also by Newton et al. [35] and Barnawapara Wildlife
Sanctuary, Balodabazar-Bhatapara district of Chhattisgarh
(Bharos unpublished).
The species was seen in December, 2014 and photographed at
Udanti Segment and identification confirmed by BNHS-
ENVIS (Tambe).The sightings at USTR and Barnawapara
confirm that the species extends distribution range, spends
winter and is found Patchily in Chhattisgarh.
Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra)
Salim Ali (1989) mentions, that in India the species is
distributed in Western Ghats. Eastern Ghats at Lamasingi in
Vishkhapatnam district [31]. In North Eastern states and affects
moist –deciduous and evergreen biotope; dense forest as well
as glades and margins, secondary growth, heavy jungle along
rivers. In north Andhra Pradesh occurrence of Little Spider
hunter in the northern parts of the Eastern ghats is of
zoogeographical interest since these species are considered as
Himalayan / South-east Asian relicts [42].At Kawal Wildlife
Sanctuary (KWS) species is probably resident, uncommon,
and breeds. Flocks of three to eight birds regularly seen in
mixed feeding flocks with Sunbirds, Oriental White Eye and
Flycatchers [44]. Price [40] mentions collection of specimen In
Eastern Ghats in March 1971 and March 1972 and presence
noted in September, mostly along water courses in April and
January. Whistler et al. [47] mentions occurrence in south
Eastern Ghat, further quotes about collection of a specimen
from Eastern Ghats, which suggested its distribution range
extension from the North Andhra Pradesh [31]. Srinivaslu [44]
describes it as uncommon, probably a resident breeder in
KWS where flocks of 3 to 8 individuals regularly seen in
mixed feeding flocks with Sunbirds, Oriental White Eyes and
Flycatchers near Ali Nagar wetland, along the core area
boundary.
Our sighting of a solitary bird close to small river Sitanadi in
Sitanadi segment on 15th May 1996, along with Purple
Sunbirds is the only known occurrence record from
Chhattisgarh and suggests that the species has extended its
distribution range, North and westwards from North Andhra
Pradesh and Eastern Ghats respectively to USTR, located at
more than 400 Km aerial distance.
Rusty Tailed Flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda )
Whistler and Kinnear [45-[47] recorded its occurrence in Eastern
Ghats. A summer breeder in Himalaya and wintering recorded
at Nagpur, along the Western Ghats and as spring passage in
April recorded at Raipur [10]. Price [40] mentions about a single
passerby recorded on 4th April in Eastern Ghats. and inhabits
edges of forest [10]. The species was recorded at location
Sitanadi, Forest Rest House on 14th May 2007 and also at
Mandhar, Raipur on dated 9th January 2015, thereby
confirming occurrence of this Himalayan species, though
uncommonly This sighting suggests its range extension to
further 200 Km to south-east of Raipur, at USTR.
Pale-Chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys)
Ali [10] has described it as common, resident in the Eastern
Ghats from northern Odisha and north-eastern Andhra
Pradesh (Vishakhapatnam district). The species affects
secondary deciduous and evergreen forest, whereas Grimmett
et al. [26, 27] mentions it as occurring in Himalayan foothills
extending to Arunachal, also Eastern Ghats, Odisha and
Andhra Pradesh. Price [40] during his study in Eastern Ghats
saw a fledged young in 1971 and 1972, which suggests it’s
breeding there.
We saw an adult bird of this Himalayan species at Sitanadi
segment on 26th December 2004, which suggests its
occurrence and marginal range extension from Eastern Ghats
and Odisha to USTR. The bird was perched on a small tree,
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
silent and offered sufficient opportunity for observation with
aid of a binocular and identification. To this date it remains
the only sighting, possibly at other times may have been
either overlooked or misidentified.
We recorded a bird of this species at USTR on 15Th May 1996
too, which suggests its distribution range extension in spring.
Other significant and noticeable Eastern Ghats species
recorded in USTR -11 Nos
Painted Francolin (Francolinus pictus) At KWS Srinivasulu [44] as common resident breeder recorded along the scrub and
forest edge. Rudy –breasted Crake (Porzana fusca) at KWS,
Srinivasulu [44] Rare once sighted near Kadam Reservoir.
Probably a straggler or has been overlooked due to its
secretive nature. Brown Crake (Amaurornis akool), Sunabeda [37] Occurrence mentioned, Water Cock (Gallicrex cinerea) At
KWS Srinivasulu [44] found it a Common resident breeder but
recorded in small numbers near Kadam reservoir and its
adjoining area. This conspicuous species though present but
uncommonly seen, was recorded at Sondur reservoir on
16thNov 2016, Drongo Cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris),
Srinivasulu [44] recorded at KWS as rare, single record from
teak plantation in November 1998. Ali [10] describes its
Occurence in Himalaya throughout the better wooden parts of
peninsula. Status probably varies from locality to locality
between breeding nomadism and local migration effects open
secondary forest plantations, etc and sometimes dense
evergreen forest. Brown Hawk Owl(Ninox scutulata),
Whistler and Kinnear [45-47] mention occurrence in south
Eastern Ghat, whereas Selva [43] found its status as uncertain
in Araku Valley. Rufus Fronted Prinia (Prinia buchanani) at
KWS, Srinivasulu [44] found it as uncommon, probably a
resident breeder frequently met with in small groups on forest
floor. Ruby Throat (Luscinia calliope), Price [40] Wide spread
winter visitor recorded between 19th October to 2nd April.
Large-billed Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus magnirostris), Price [40] Commonly recorded on passage between 29 September
and 21 October and 6th April to 27th April. Tickle’s Leaf
Warbler (Phylloscopus affinis) Ali [10] mentions that the
species occur on the Eastern side of peninsula is not known to
occur below the Chhota Nagpur area to Raipur and Anantgiri
in between these two areas west and east there is not previous
record. Yellow Browed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus),
Price [40] wide spread winter visitor in Eastern Ghats.
Conclusion
The study revealed presence of 246 species comprising of
Resident(R), Migratory (M) and Local Migratory (LM)
species. Under IUCN Red Data List (2015), 14 species were
recorded including Critically Endangered (CE) – 03 numbers,
Endangered (E) - 01 number and Near Threatened (NT) -10
numbers. Eight species like Dryocopus javensis,
Arachnothera longirostra, Cyornis poliogenys, Ictinaetus
malayensis, Dendrocopus macei, Muscicapa ruficauda,
Nyctyornis athertoni, Coracina melaschistos, were found
extending their distribution range from Eastern Ghats and
Western Ghats to USTR.
The study further revealed presence of 6 range extension
species -- Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) Blue-bearded
Bee Eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) White-bellied Woodpecker
(Dryocopus javensis) Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera
longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda )
Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys) from Eastern
ghats; 3 range extension species-- Heart Spotted Woodpecker
(Hemicircus canente) White-bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus
javensis) Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra from
Western Ghats; and 6 range extension species-- Fulvous–
breasted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus macei) Black-winged
Cuckoo Shrike (Coracina melaschistos) Blue-capped Rock
Thrush (Monticola cinclorhynchus) Little Spider Hunter
(Arachnothera longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher
(Muscicapa ruficauda ) Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis
poliogenys) from Himalayan region, migrating across the
Deccan peninsula. There was apprehension about range
extension from these regions to USTR, which was confirmed
now. There is possibility of increase in range extension
species in USTR in future as per ‘Satpura hypothesis’ [28].
The importance of this study lies in the fact that, the
Himalayan species and species from other region have been
recorded migrating to Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas, for
wintering. The study by Price [40] reveals that the Eastern Ghat
habitat is leading towards destruction having a serious impact
on birdlife. It is clear that there is insufficient habitat for large
numbers of some species of Palaearctic migrants to over
winter successfully. Breeding population of many forest
dwelling species are being reduced citing the example of
Little Spider hunter to near extinction. This cause can be
attributed to increased tendency by avian to extend their
distribution range. This status was found during our study of
USTR, where Eastern Ghat species were recorded, owing to
the remaining similar or near similar habitat which attracted
convergence of species found from three regions mentioned
earlier. USTR is a part of convergence area
This study will also support future ornithological studies, as
so far no study for the region, on the matter of range
extension from Eastern Ghats to USTR were found available,
hence this attempted study becomes more pertinent. With the
prevailing changes in climate and ecological conditions this
documentation was felt essential and attains importance. The
prospects of hybridization can also not be ignored. As the
species arriving from the Himalayan zone, Eastern and
Western Ghats choose this region as suitable habitat. There
are prime chances and likelihood of species hybridization and
probable speciation in time to come. Thus the study at USTR
attains more importance and will provide a baseline data and
afford greater scope for conservation and furtherance of
ornithological studies.
Threats
Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary was mainly constituted to protect
the remnant population of Wild Buffalo, this species is
struggling for survival mainly because of anthropological
causes, which are applicable to avian as well.
There are about 50 villages with more than 16000 human
population and more than 10000 cattle. The major hazard is
burning of major area every year during summer by villagers
poses a grave threat to all wild life especially the ground
nesting birds which generally breed during summer.
Another major threat is the existence of Kimberlite pipe
within the area of the Protected area. These Kimberlite are
very likely to be mined in near future and may cause large
scale harm to wild life and ecology of the protected area [29].
Poaching with use of Fire arms, traditional bows and arrows,
catapult, traps and snares and poison continue to be in used
for the purpose.
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
Mitigation
1. Habitat conservation 2. Avoidance of mining and other development activities
3. Control on poaching and breaking the trade-links 4. Awareness education and involvement of community in
conservation
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
S. No. Order Family Shelduck Scientific Name Status IUCN Feeding Habits Location
1 Anseriformes Anatidae Lesser Whistling
Duck Dendrocygna
javanica R, C LC Omnivorous
2 Anseriformes Anatidae Cotton Teal Nettapus
coromandelianus R, C LC Omnivorous
3 Galliformes Phasianidae Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous
4 Galliformes Phasianidae Common Quail Coturnix coturnix R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous
5 Galliformes Phasianidae Rain Quail Coturnix
coromandelica R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous
6 Galliformes Phasianidae Blue-breasted Quail Synoicus chinensis R, O LC Omnivorous
7 Galliformes Phasianidae Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica R, C LC Omnivorous
8 Galliformes Phasianidae Painted Bush Quail Perdicula
erythrorhyncha R, C LC Omnivorous
9 Galliformes Phasianidae Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus Stray LC, Biome Omnivorous
10 Galliformes Phasianidae Grey Francolin Francolinus
pondicerianus R, C LC Omnivorous
11 Galliformes Phasianidae Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus R, C LC Omnivorous
12 Galliformes Phasianidae Red Spurfowl Galloperdix
spadicea R, C LC Omnivorous
13 Galliformes Phasianidae Painted Spurfowl Galloperdix lunulata R, O LC, Biome Omnivorous
14 Phoenicopteriformes Podicipedidae Little Grebe Tachybaptus
ruficollis R, C LC Omnivorous
Kulhadighat,
South Udanti
15 Columbiformes Columbidae Rock Pigeon Columba livia R, C LC Granivorous
16 Columbiformes Columbidae Oriental Turtle
Dove Streptopelia
orientalis R, C LC Granivorous
17 Columbiformes Columbidae Eurasian Collared
Dove
Streptopelia
decaocto R, C LC Granivorous
18 Columbiformes Columbidae Red Collared Dove Streptopelia
tranquebarica R, C LC Granivorous
19 Columbiformes Columbidae Spotted Dove Streptopelia
chinensis R, C LC Granivorous
20 Columbiformes Columbidae Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis
R, C LC Granivorous
21 Columbiformes Columbidae Yellow-legged
Green Pigeon
Treron
phoenicopterus R, C LC, Biome Granivorous
22 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus R, C LC Insectivorous
23 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus
asiaticus R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
24 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis R, C LC Insectivorous
25 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne
coronata R, C LC Insectivorous
26 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae White-rumped
Spinetail Zoonavena sylvatica R, C LC Insectivorous
27 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis
R, C LC Insectivorous
28 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba M, O LC Insectivorous sondur
29 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Common Swift Apus apus R, C LC Insectivorous
30 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R, C LC Carnivorous
31 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Sirkeer Malkoha Taccocua
leschenaultii R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous
32 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus M, C LC Omnivorous
33 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Asian Koel Eudynamys
scolopaceus R, C LC Omnivorous
34 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii
R, C LC Omnivorous
35 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis
merulinus R, C LC Omnivorous
36 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Grey-bellied
Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus
R, C LC Omnivorous
37 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R, O LC Omnivorous Kulhi Ghat
Banjari Bhata
38 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Common Hawk
Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius R, C LC Omnivorous
39 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus R, O LC Omnivorous
40 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus R, C LC Omnivorous
41 Gruiformes Rallidae White-breasted
Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus
R, C LC Omnivorous
42 Gruiformes Rallidae Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio R, C LC Omnivorous
43 Gruiformes Rallidae Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus R, C LC Omnivorous
44 Gruiformes Rallidae Common Coot Fulica atra R, M, C LC Omnivorous
45 Pelecaniformes Ciconiidae Painted Stork Mycteria
leucocephala R, UC NT
Omnivorous/ Piscivorous
46 Pelecaniformes Ciconiidae Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans R, C LC Omnivorous/
Piscivorous
47 Pelecaniformes Ciconiidae Woolly-necked
Stork Ciconia episcopus R, UC VU
Omnivorous/ Piscivorous
48 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Black-crowned Nycticorax R, C LC Carnivorous
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
Night Heron nycticorax
49 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R, C LC Carnivorous
50 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Red naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R, C LC Carnivorous
51 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R, C LC Carnivorous
52 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Grey Heron Ardea cinerea R, C LC Carnivorous
53 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Purple Heron Ardea purpurea R, C LC Carnivorous
54 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Great Egret Ardea alba R, C LC Carnivorous
55 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia R, C LC Carnivorous
56 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Little Egret Egretta garzetta R, C LC Carnivorous
57 Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus R, UC NT Carnivorous
58 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger R, C LC Carnivorous
59 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo R, O LC Carnivorous
60 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis R, O LC Carnivorous
61 Pelecaniformes Anhingidae Oriental Darter Anhinga
melanogaster R, O NT Carnivorous
62 Charadriiformes Burhinidae Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus
oedicnemus R, C LC Carnivorous
63 Charadriiformes Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus
R, C LC Insectivorous/ Omnivorous
64 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius M, C LC Insectivorous/
Omnivorous
65 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Yellow-wattled
Lapwing Vanellus
malarbaricus R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous
66 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Red-wattled
Lapwing Vanellus indicus R, C LC Omnivorous
67 Charadriiformes Jacanidae Pheasant-tailed
Jacana Hydrophasianus
chirurgus R, C LC Omnivorous
68 Charadriiformes Jacanidae Bronze-winged
Jacana Metopidius indicus R, C LC Omnivorous
69 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii M, UC LC Insectivorous/ Omnivorous
70 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Little Stint Calidris minuta M, O LC Insectivorous/
Omnivorous
71 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos M, C LC Insectivorous/ Omnivorous
72 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus R, UC LC Omnivorous
73 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Yellow-legged
Buttonquail Turnix tanki R, UC LC Omnivorous
74 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator R, C LC Omnivorous
75 Accipitriformes Pandionidae Osprey Pandion haliaetus M, O LC Carnivorous Sikaser, Sondur
76 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R, C LC Carnivorous
77 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Oriental Honey
Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus M, C LC Carnivorous
78 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Egyptian Vulture Neophron
percnopterus R, UC EN Carnivorous
79 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Crested Serpent
Eagle Spilornis cheela R, C LC Carnivorous
80 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Short-toed Snake
Eagle Circaetus gallicus R, UC LC Carnivorous
81 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus R, RARE CE Carnivorous
82 Accipitriformes Accipitridae White-rumped
Vulture Gyps bengalensis R, RARE CE Carnivorous
83 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Indian Vulture Gyps indicus R, RARE CE Carnivorous
84 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Changeable Hawk
Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus R, C LC Carnivorous
85 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis R, O LC Carnivorous Kulhadighat
Chhindola
86 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Indian Spotted
Eagle Clanga hastata M, O NT Carnivorous
87 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax R, C LC Carnivorous
88 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata R, C LC Carnivorous
89 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus M, O LC Carnivorous
90 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Western Marsh
Harrier Circus aeruginosus M, C LC Carnivorous
91 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus M, O NT Carnivorous
92 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Shikra Accipiter badius R, C LC Carnivorous
93 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis M, O LC Carnivorous
94 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Grey-headed Fish
Eagle Icthyophaga ichthyaetus
R, O NT Carnivorous Sondur
95 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black Kite Milvus migrans R, C LC Carnivorous
96 Accipitriformes Accipitridae White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous
97 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Common Buzzard Buteo buteo R, O LC Carnivorous
98 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Long-legged
Buzzard Buteo rufinus R, O LC Carnivorous
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
99 Strigiformes Tytonidae Common Barn Owl Tyto alba R, C LC Carnivorous
100 Strigiformes Strigidae Jungle Owlet Glaucidium
radiatum R, C LC Carnivorous
101 Strigiformes Strigidae Spotted Owlet Athene brama R, C LC Carnivorous
102 Strigiformes Strigidae Collared Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena R, C LC Carnivorous
103 Strigiformes Strigidae Mottled Wood Owl Strix ocellata R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous
104 Strigiformes Strigidae Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica R, O LC Carnivorous Bhatigarh
105 Strigiformes Strigidae Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo R, C LC Carnivorous
106 Strigiformes Strigidae Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis R, C LC Carnivorous
107 Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Malabar Pied
Hornbill
Anthracoceros
coronatus R, O NT Omnivorous Kulhadighat
108 Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Indian Grey
Hornbill Ocyceros birostris R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous
109 Bucerotiformes Upupidae Common Hoopoe Upupa epops R, C LC Insectivorous
110 Piciformes Picidae Northern Wryneck Jynx torquilla O-LM LC Insectivorous Jugad
111 Piciformes Picidae Heart-spotted Woodpecker
Hemicircus canente R, O LC Insectivorous
112 Piciformes Picidae Lesser Golden-
backed Woodpecker
Dinopium
benghalense R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
113 Piciformes Picidae Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus
R, O LC Insectivorous
114 Piciformes Picidae Lesser Yellow-
naped Woodpecker Picus chlorolophus R, O LC Insectivorous
115 Piciformes Picidae Streak-throated
Woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus UC LC Insectivorous
116 Piciformes Picidae White-bellied
Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis R, O LC Insectivorous Kalajhar
117 Piciformes Picidae White-naped Woodpecker
Chrysocolaptes festivus
R, O LC, Biome Insectivorous
118 Piciformes Picidae Brown-capped
Pygmy Woodpecker
Dendrocopos
moluccensis R, O LC Insectivorous
119 Piciformes Picidae Fulvous-breasted
Woodpecker Dendrocopos macei R, O LC Insectivorous LOC
120 Piciformes Picidae Yellow-crowned
Woodpecker
Dendrocopos
mahrattensis R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
121 Piciformes Ramphastidae Brown-headed
Barbet Psilopogon zeylanicus
R, C LC, Biome Frugivorous
122 Piciformes Ramphastidae Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon
haemacephalus R, C LC Frugivorous
123 Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-bearded Bee-
eater Nyctyornis athertoni R, O LC Insectivorous Sitanadi
124 Coraciiformes Meropidae Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis R, C LC Insectivorous
125 Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-tailed Bee-
eater Merops philippinus R, O LC Insectivorous
126 Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-cheeked Bee-
eater Merops persicus R, O LC Insectivorous
127 Coraciiformes Coraciidae Indian Roller Coracias
benghalensis R, C LC Insectivorous
128 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R, C LC Carnivorous
129 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R, C LC Carnivorous
130 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae White-throated
Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R, C LC Carnivorous
131 Falconiformes Falconidae Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus M, O LC Carnivorous
132 Falconiformes Falconidae Laggar Falcon Falco jugger R, O NT Carnivorous Deodhara
133 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Plum-headed
Parakeet
Psittacula
cyanocephala R, C NT Frugivorous
134 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Alexandrine
Parakeet Psittacula eupatria R, C NT Frugivorous
135 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Rose-ringed
Parakeet Psittacula krameri R, C LC Frugivorous
136 Passeriformes Pittidae Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura M, C LC Insectivorous
137 Passeriformes Campephagidae White-bellied
Minivet
Pericrocotus
erythropygius R, UC LC Insectivorous Kalajhar
138 Passeriformes Campephagidae Small Minivet Pericrocotus
cinnamomeus R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
139 Passeriformes Campephagidae Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus
flammeus R, UC LC Insectivorous
140 Passeriformes Campephagidae Large Cuckooshrike Coracina javensis R, C LC Insectivorous
141 Passeriformes Campephagidae Black-winged Cuckooshrike
Lalage melaschistos R, O LC, Biome Insectivorous LOC
142 Passeriformes Campephagidae Black-headed
Cuckooshrike Lalage melanoptera R, C LC Insectivorous
143 Passeriformes Oriolidae Black-hooded
Oriole Oriolus xanthornus R, C LC Omnivorous
144 Passeriformes Oriolidae Eurasian Golden
Oriole Oriolus oriolus R, C LC Omnivorous
145 Passeriformes Oriolidae Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis M, O LC Omnivorous Kulhadighat
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
146 Passeriformes Vangidae Common
Woodshrike
Tephrodornis
pondicerianus R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous
147 Passeriformes Aegithinidae Common Iora Aegithina tiphia R, C LC Insectivorous
148 Passeriformes Dicruridae Black Drongo Dicrurus
macrocercus R, C LC Insectivorous
149 Passeriformes Dicruridae Ashy Drongo Dicrurus
leucophaeus R, C LC Insectivorous
150 Passeriformes Dicruridae White-bellied
Drongo
Dicrurus
caerulescens R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
151 Passeriformes Dicruridae Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus
hottentottus R, UC LC Insectivorous
152 Passeriformes Dicruridae Greater Racket-
tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus R, C LC Insectivorous
153 Passeriformes Rhipiduridae White-browed
Fantail Rhipidura aureola R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
154 Passeriformes Laniidae Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus M, O LC Carnivorous
155 Passeriformes Laniidae Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus R, C LC Carnivorous
156 Passeriformes Laniidae Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R, C LC Carnivorous
157 Passeriformes Corvidae Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda
R, C LC Carnivorous
158 Passeriformes Corvidae House Crow Corvus splendens R, C LC Omnivorous
159 Passeriformes Corvidae Large-billed Crow Corvus
macrorhynchos R, C LC Omnivorous
160 Passeriformes Monarchidae Black-naped
Monarch Hypothymis azurea R, C LC Insectivorous
161 Passeriformes Monarchidae Indian Paradise-
flycatcher
Terpsiphone
paradisi LM, C LC Insectivorous
162 Passeriformes Dicaeidae Thick-billed
Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile R, C LC Nectivorous
163 Passeriformes Dicaeidae Pale-billed
Flowerpecker
Dicaeum
erythrorhynchos R, C LC Nectivorous
164 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera
longirostra LM, O LC Omnivorous Sitanadi
165 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Purple-rumped
Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica R, C LC Nectivorous
166 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus R, C LC Nectivorous
167 Passeriformes Irenidae Golden-fronted
Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons R, C LC Insectivorous
168 Passeriformes Irenidae Jerdon's Leafbird Chloropsis jerdoni R, C LC Insectivorous
169 Passeriformes Ploceidae Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus R, C LC Omnivorous
170 Passeriformes Estrildidae Red Munia Amandava
amandava R, C LC Omnivorous
171 Passeriformes Estrildidae Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica R, C LC Omnivorous/
Insectivorous
172 Passeriformes Estrildidae Scaly-breasted
Munia Lonchura punctulata R, C LC
Omnivorous/
Insectivorous
173 Passeriformes Estrildidae White-rumped
Munia Lonchura striata R, UC LC
Omnivorous/ Insectivorous
174 Passeriformes Passeridae House Sparrow Passer domesticus R, C LC Omnivorous/
Granivorous
175 Passeriformes Passeridae Yellow-throated
Sparrow Gymnoris
xanthocollis R, C LC Omnivorous
176 Passeriformes Motacillidae Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus
indicus M, O LC Insectivorous
177 Passeriformes Motacillidae Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis M, O LC Insectivorous
178 Passeriformes Motacillidae Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus R, C LC Insectivorous
179 Passeriformes Motacillidae Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea M, C LC Insectivorous
180 Passeriformes Motacillidae Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola M, UC LC Insectivorous
181 Passeriformes Motacillidae Eastern Yellow
Wagtail
Motacilla
tschutschensis M, C LC Insectivorous
182 Passeriformes Motacillidae White-browed
Wagtail Motacilla
maderaspatensis R, C LC Insectivorous
183 Passeriformes Motacillidae White Wagtail Motacilla alba M, C LC Granivorous
184 Passeriformes Emberizidae Crested Bunting Melophus lathami R, UC LC Granivorous Near Sikaser
185 Passeriformes Stenostiridae Grey-headed
Canary-flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis
M, C LC Insectivorous
186 Passeriformes Paridae Cinereous Tit Parus cinereus R, C LC Insectivorous
187 Passeriformes Paridae Yellow-cheeked Tit Machlolophus
spilonotus R, O LC Insectivorous
188 Passeriformes Alaudidae Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes
phoenicura R, C LC Insectivorous
189 Passeriformes Alaudidae Ashy-crowned
Sparrow Lark Eremopterix griseus R, C LC Insectivorous
190 Passeriformes Alaudidae Singing Bushlark Mirafra cantillans R, C LC Insectivorous
191 Passeriformes Alaudidae Indian Bushlark Mirafra erythroptera R, UC LC, Biome Insectivorous
192 Passeriformes Alaudidae Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis R, C LC Insectivorous
193 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Rufescent Prinia Prinia rufescens UC LC Insectivorous
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
194 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii R, C LC Insectivorous
195 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
196 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
197 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Plain Prinia Prinia inornata R, C LC Insectivorous
198 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R, C LC Insectivorous
199 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Booted Warbler Iduna caligata M, C LC Insectivorous
200 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Blyth's Reed
Warbler
Acrocephalus
dumetorum M, C LC Insectivorous
201 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus
agricola R, UC LC Insectivorous
202 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Clamorous Reed
Warbler
Acrocephalus
stentoreus M, C LC Insectivorous
203 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Streak-throated
Swallow
Petrochelidon
fluvicola M, C LC Insectivorous
204 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Red-rumped
Swallow Cecropis daurica M, C LC Insectivorous
205 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii M, C LC Insectivorous
206 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica M, C LC Insectivorous
207 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne
concolor R, C LC Insectivorous
Kulhadighat
Range Tarajhar
208 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Plain Martin Riparia paludicola R, O LC Insectivorous
209 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R, C LC Omnivorous
210 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Yellow-browed
Warbler Abrornis inornata M, O LC Insectivorous
211 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus
collybita M, C LC Insectivorous
212 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Sulphur-bellied
Warbler
Phylloscopus
griseolus M, O LC Insectivorous
213 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Tickell's Leaf
Warbler Phylloscopus affinis M, O LC Insectivorous
214 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Large-billed Leaf
Warbler
Seicercus
magnirostris M, O LC Insectivorous
215 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Greenish Leaf
Warbler Seicercus
trochiloides M, C LC Insectivorous
216 Passeriformes Sylviidae Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca M, C LC Insectivorous
217 Passeriformes Timaliidae Tawny-bellied
Babbler Dumetia hyperythra R, O LC Insectivorous
218 Passeriformes Sylviidae Yellow-eyed
Babbler Chrysomma sinense R, UC LC Insectivorous
219 Passeriformes Zosteropidae Oriental White-eye Zosterops
palpebrosus R, C LC Insectivorous
220 Passeriformes Leiothrichidae Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
221 Passeriformes Sittidae Chestnut-bellied
Nuthatch Sitta castanea R, C LC Insectivorous
222 Passeriformes Sittidae Velvet-fronted
Nuthatch Sitta frontalis R, O LC Insectivorous
223 Passeriformes Sturnidae Rosy Starling Pastor roseus M, C LC Omnivorous
224 Passeriformes Sturnidae Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra R, C LC Omnivorous
225 Passeriformes Sturnidae Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous
226 Passeriformes Sturnidae Chestnut-tailed
Starling Sturnia malabarica R, C LC Omnivorous
227 Passeriformes Sturnidae Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R, C LC Omnivorous
228 Passeriformes Sturnidae Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus R, O LC Omnivorous
229 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Indian Robin Saxicoloides
fulicatus R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous
230 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Oriental Magpie
Robin Copsychus saularis R, C LC Insectivorous
231 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Asian Brown
Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica M, C LC Insectivorous
232 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Rusty-tailed
Flycatcher
Muscicapa
ruficauda M, O LC Insectivorous LOC
233 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Pale-chinned Blue
Flycatcher Cyornis poliogenys L, M, O LC Insectivorous Sitanadi
234 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Tickell's Blue
Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae R, C LC Insectivorous
235 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus M, O LC Insectivorous
236 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Bluethroat Luscinia svecica M, C LC Insectivorous
237 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Malabar Whistling
Thrush
Myophonus
horsfieldii R, UC LC Insectivorous
238 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Red-breasted
Flycatcher Ficedula parva M, C LC Insectivorous
239 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Ultramarine
Flycatcher
Ficedula
superciliaris M, C LC Insectivorous
240 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Little Pied Flycatcher
Ficedula westermanni
M, UC LC Insectivorous
241 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Black Redstart Phoenicurus
ochruros M, C LC Insectivorous
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies
242 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Blue-capped Rock
Thrush
Monticola
cinclorhyncha M, C LC Insectivorous Godana
243 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius M, C LC Insectivorous
244 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus M, C LC Insectivorous
245 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R, C LC Insectivorous
246 Passeriformes Turdidae Orange-headed
Thrush Geokichla citrina R, C LC Insectivorous
Status
R = 189 M = 50 LM = 05 STARY & UC = 2
Abbreviations:
L = Local M = Migratory LM = Local
Migratory O = Occassional C = Common
R =
Resident
UC -
Uncommon
Acknowledgement
Authors are sincerely thankful to Dr. Asad Rahmani Ex.
Director, Bombay Natural History Society for encouragement
and valuable guidance to undertake this study, PCCF
Wildlife, APCCF Wildlife, Other Forest Officers and Staff of
Chhattisgarh state Forest Department for their permissions
and cooperation to conduct studies. Thanks to Dr. R. P.
Mishra, Area Officer Wildlife Trust of India, for his
suggestions and technical assistance in preparation of study
paper. Thanks to Shri Ameet Mandavia for certain
photographs of range extension species and other members of
Chhattisgarh Wildlife Society Ajeet Bharos, N. D. Agrawal,
and Nova Nature Welfare Society Members especially Suraj
MAT, Avinash Mourya, Aijaz Ahmed for field co-operation
and sharing their observations.
Thanks to BNHS-ENVIS for identification of species. We
also extend our thanks to Nitin Tamboli for typing the script
and Aminuddin Raza for maps and mapping, and several
others for direct / indirect help and co-operation in study and
drafting the manuscript.
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