Auto racing

This article is about the motorsport. For the video game,see Auto Racing (video game).“Auto race” redirects here. For other uses, see Auto race(disambiguation).“Racing cars” redirects here. For the Welsh pop band,see Racing Cars.“Race driver” redirects here. For the racing simulationvideo game series, see TOCA Race Driver.

Auto racing (also known as car racing,motor racing[1]or automobile racing) is a sport involving the racing ofautomobiles for competition.Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, racesof various sorts were organised, with the first recordedas early as 1867. Many of the earliest events were ef-fectively reliability trials, aimed at proving these new ma-chines were a practical mode of transport, but soon be-came an important way for competing makers to demon-strate their machines. By the 1930s specialist racing carshad developed.There are now numerous different categories, each withdifferent rules and regulations.

1 History

Main article: History of auto racing

The first prearranged match race of two self-poweredroad vehicles over a prescribed route occurred at 4:30A.M. on August 30, 1867, between Ashton-under-Lyneand Old Trafford, a distance of eight miles. It was wonby the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton.[2]

Internal combustion auto racing events began soon af-ter the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueledautomobiles. The first organized contest was on April28, 1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication LeVélocipède, Monsieur Fossier.[3] It ran 2 kilometres (1.2mi) from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne.On July 22,[4] 1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Jour-nal organized what is considered to be the world’s firstmotoring competition, from Paris to Rouen.[3] One hun-dred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee.[3]

The first American automobile race is generally heldto be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Heraldrace of November 28, 1895.[5] Press coverage of theevent first aroused significant American interest in the

Albert Lemaître classified first in his Peugeot Type 5 3hp in theParis–Rouen.

automobile.[5]

Fernand Gabriel driving a Mors in Paris-Madrid 1903

With auto construction and racing dominated by France,the French automobile club ACF staged a number of ma-jor international races, usually from or to Paris, connect-ing with another major city, in France or elsewhere inEurope.Brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motorracing venue, opening in June 1907.[6] It featured a 4.43km (2.75 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked cor-ners.One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile rac-ing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2.5-mile (4.02 km)-long Indianapolis Motor Speedway inSpeedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity sports venueof any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some257,000+ seated spectators.[7]

NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February

1

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A remaining section of the Brooklands track in 2007

21, 1948, with the help of several other drivers of thetime. The first NASCAR “Strictly Stock” race ever washeld on June 19, 1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida.From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a back seat toGT cars, with the FIA replacing theWorld Championshipfor Sports Cars with the International Championship forGT Manufacturers.[8]

From 1972 through 2003, NASCAR’s premier serieswas called the Winston Cup Series, sponsored by R. J.Reynolds Tobacco Company cigarette brand Winston.The changes that resulted from RJR’s involvement, aswell as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 racesa year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCAR’s“modern era”.The IMSAGT Series evolved into the American LeMansSeries, which ran its first season in 1999.[9] The Europeanraces eventually became the closely related Le Mans Se-ries, both of which mix prototypes and GTs.

2 Categories

2.1 Formula racing

Main articles: Formula racing and Open wheel carThe best-known variety of single-seater racing, Formula

Giedo van der Garde driving the Caterham CT03 at Sepang In-ternational Circuit

One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix, in-volves an annual World Championship for drivers andconstructors.In single-seater (open-wheel), the wheels are not covered,and the cars often have aerofoil wings front and rear toproduce downforce and enhance adhesion to the track.In Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonlyreferred to as “Formula”, with appropriate hierarchicalsuffixes. In North America, the “Formula” terminologyis not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport isusually arranged to follow an international format (suchas F1), a regional format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Se-ries), and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format (suchas the German Formula 3 championship, or the BritishFormula Ford).

Will Power during 2008 Indy 500 Practice

In North America, the cars used in the National Cham-pionship (currently the IndyCar Series, and previouslyCART) have traditionally been similar though less so-phisticated than F1 cars, with more restrictions on tech-nology aimed at controlling costs. The series’ most fa-mous race is the Indianapolis 500.

Formula Three car racing at the Hockenheimring, 2008

The other major international single-seater racing seriesis GP2 (formerly known as Formula 3000 and FormulaTwo). Regional series include Formula Nippon andFormula V6 Asia (specifically in Asia), Formula Renault3.5 (also known as the World Series by Renault, succes-sion series of World Series by Nissan), Formula Three,

2.2 Touring car racing 3

Formula Palmer Audi and Formula Atlantic. In 2009,the FIA Formula Two Championship brought about therevival of the F2 series. Domestic, or country-specific,series include Formula Three and Formula Renault, withthe leading introductory series being Formula Ford.Single-seater racing is not limited merely to professionalteams and drivers. There exist many amateur racingclubs. In the UK, themajor club series are theMonopostoRacing Club, BRSCC F3 (Formerly ClubF3, formerlyARP F3), Formula Vee and Club Formula Ford. Eachseries caters for a section of the market, with some pri-marily providing low-cost racing, while others aim foran authentic experience using the same regulations as theprofessional series (BRSCC F3).There are other categories of single-seater racing, includ-ing kart racing, which employs a small, low-cost ma-chine on small tracks. Many of the current top driversbegan their careers in karts. Formula Ford representsthe most popular first open-wheel category for up-and-coming drivers stepping up from karts. The series is stillthe preferred option, as it has introduced an aero packageand slicks, allowing the junior drivers to gain experiencein a race car with dynamics closer F1. The Star MazdaSeries is another entry-level series.

The full electric Formula Student/Formula SAE car of theEindhoven University of Technology

Students at colleges and universities can also take part insingle-seater racing through the Formula SAE competi-tion, which involves designing and building a single-seatercar in a multidisciplinary team and racing it at the compe-tition. This also develops other soft skills, such as team-work, while promoting motorsport and engineering.The world’s first all-female Formula racing team was cre-ated in 2006. The group was an assemblage of driversfrom different racing disciplines and formed for an MTVreality pilot, which was shot at Mazda Raceway LagunaSeca.In December 2005, the FIA gave approval to SuperleagueFormula racing, which debuted in 2008, whereby the rac-ing teams are owned and run by prominent sports clubssuch as AC Milan and Liverpool F.C.After 25 years away from the sport, former Formula

Racing Drivers View.

2 champion Jonathan Palmer reopened the F2 categoryagain; most drivers have graduated from the FormulaPalmer Audi series. The category is officially registeredas the FIA Formula Two championship. Most roundshave two races and are support races to the FIA WorldTouring Car Championship.

2.2 Touring car racing

Main article: Touring car racingTouring car racing is a style of road racing that is run

Opening lap of 2012 WTCC Race of Japan

with production-derived race cars. It often features full-contact racing due to the small speed differentials andlarge grids.The major touring car championships conducted world-wide are the Supercars Championship (Australia), BritishTouring Car Championship, Deutsche TourenwagenMasters (DTM), and the World Touring Car Champi-onship. The European Touring Car Cup is a one-dayevent open to Super 2000 specification touring cars fromEurope’s many national championships.The Sports Car Club of America's SPEED World Chal-lenge Touring Car and GT championships are dominantin North America. America’s historic Trans-Am Series isundergoing a period of transition, but is still the longest-running road racing series in the U.S. The National AutoSport Association also provides a venue for amateurs to

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compete in home-built factory-derived vehicles on vari-ous local circuits.

2.3 Sports car racing

Main article: Sports car racingIn sports car racing, production-derived versions of

FIA GT1 at Silverstone in 2011

sports cars, also known as grand tourers (GTs), andpurpose-built sports prototype cars compete within theirrespective classes on closed circuits. The premier cham-pionship series of sports car racing is the FIA World En-durance Championship. The main series for GT car rac-ing is the FIA GT1 World Championship. There is alsothe FIA GT3 European Championship as well as the lesspowerful GT4 European Cup. Previously, an interme-diate FIA GT2 European Championship existed, but theFIA dropped it to cut costs. Other major GT champi-onships include the Japanese Super GT championship andthe International GT Open for GT2 and GT3 cars. Thereare also national GT championships using mainly GT3and GT4 cars featuring professional and amateur driversalike.

The Audi R18, a Le Mans Prototype car, during an endurancerace

Sports prototypes, unlike GT cars, do not rely on road-legal cars as a base. They are closed-wheel and oftenclosed-cockpit purpose-built race cars intended mainlyfor endurance racing. They have much lower weight andmore down force compared to GT cars, making themmuch faster. They are raced in the 24 hours of Le Mans(held annually since 1923) and in the (European) LeMans series, Asian Le Mans Series and the WeatherTech

SportsCar Championship. These cars are referred to asLMP (Le Mans prototype) cars with LMP1 being runmainly by manufacturers and the slightly less powerfulLMP2 cars run by privateer teams. All three LeMans Se-ries run GT cars in addition to Le Mans Prototypes; thesecars have different restrictions than the FIA GT cars.Another prototype and GT racing championship exists inthe United States; the Grand-Am, which began in 2000,sanctions its own endurance series, the Rolex Sports CarSeries, which consists of slower and lower-cost race carscompared to LMP and FIA GT cars. The Rolex SportsCar Series and American Le Mans Series announced amerger between the two series forming the WeatherTechSportsCar Championship starting in 2014.These races are often conducted over long distances, atleast 1,000 km (621 mi), and cars are driven by teamsof two or more drivers, switching every few hours. Dueto the performance difference between production-basedsports cars and purpose-built sports prototypes, one raceusually involves several racing classes, each fighting fortheir own championship.Famous sports car races include the 24 Hours of LeMans, the Rolex 24 at Daytona, 24 Hours of Spa-Franchorchamps, the 12 Hours of Sebring, the 6 Hoursof Watkins Glen, and the 1,000-mile (1,600 km) Petit LeMans at Road Atlanta. There is also the 24 Hours of theNürburgring on the infamous Nordschleife track and theDubai 24 Hour, which is aimed at GT3 and below carswith a mixture of professional and pro-am drivers.

2.4 Production-car racing

Main article: Production car racing

Production-car racing, otherwise known as “showroomstock” in the US, is an economical and rules-restrictedversion of touring-car racing, mainly used to restrictcosts. Numerous production racing categories are basedon particular makes of cars.Most series follow the Group N regulation with a few ex-ceptions. There are several different series that are runall over the world, most notably, Japan’s Super Taikyuand IMSA's Firehawk Series, which ran in the 1980s and1990s all over the United States.

2.5 One-make racing

See also: One-Design and Spec racing

One-make, or single marque, championships often em-ploy production-based cars from a single manufactureror even a single model from a manufacturer’s range.There are numerous notable one-make formulae fromvarious countries and regions, some of which – such as

2.7 Rallying 5

the Porsche Supercup and, previously, IROC – have fos-tered many distinct national championships. Single mar-que series are often found at club level, to which theproduction-based cars, limited modifications, and closeparity in performance are very well suited. Some of thebetter-known single-make series are the Mini 7 Cham-pionship (Europe’s longest-running one make champi-onship), the Radical European Masters, John CooperMini Challenge, Clio Cup, Ginettas, Caterhams, BMWs,andMX5s. There are also single-chassis single seater for-mulae, such as Formula Renault and Formula BMW, usu-ally as “feeder” series for “senior” race formula (in thefashion of farm teams).

2.6 Stock car racing

Main article: Stock car racing

In North America, stock car racing is the most popularform of auto racing.[10] Primarily raced on oval tracks,stock cars vaguely resemble production cars, but are infact purpose-built racing machines that are built to tightspecifications and also called Silhouette racing cars.

NASCAR green flag start at Daytona International Speedway forthe 2015 Daytona 500.

The largest stock car racing governing body is NASCAR(National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing).NASCAR’s premier series is the Sprint Cup Series,its most famous races being the Daytona 500, theSouthern 500, the Coca-Cola 600, and the Brickyard 400.NASCAR also runs several feeder series, including theXfinity Series and CampingWorld Truck Series (a pickuptruck racing series). The series conduct races across theentire continental United States. The NASCAR Cana-dian Tire Series conducts races across Canada and theNASCAR Toyota Series conducts races across Mexico.NASCAR also governs several smaller regional series,such as the Whelen Modified Tour. Modified cars arebest described as open-wheel cars. Modified cars haveno parts related to the stock vehicle for which they arenamed after. A number of modified cars display a “man-ufacturer’s” logo and “vehicle name”, yet use componentsproduced by another automobile manufacturer.

An ASA Late Model Series stock car on an asphalt track.

There are also other stock car governing bodies, most no-tably the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA).In the UK, British Stock car racing is also referred to as“Short Circuit Racing”. This takes place on shale or tar-mac tracks – usually around 1/4 mile long. The governingbodies for the sport are the Oval Racing Council (ORC)and BriSCA. Both bodies are made up of individual sta-dium promoters. There are around 35 tracks in the UKand upwards of 7000 active drivers. The sport is split intothree basic divisions – distinguished by the rules regard-ing car contact during racing. The most famous cham-pionship is the BriSCA F1 Stock Cars. Full-contact for-mulas include Bangers, Bombers and Rookie Bangers –and racing features Demolitions Derbies, Figure of Eightracing and Oval Racing.Semi Contact Formulas include BriSCA F1, F2 and Su-perstox – where bumpers are used tactically.Non-contact formulas include National Hot Rods, StockRods and Lightning Rods.UK Stock car racing started in the 1950s and grew rapidlythrough the 1960s and 1970s.

2.7 Rallying

Main article: RallyingRallying at international and most national champi-onship levels involves two classes of homologated road-legal production-based cars; GroupN production cars andmore modified Group A cars. Cars compete on closedpublic roads or off-road areas on a point-to-point formatwhere participants and their co-drivers “rally” to a setof points, leaving in regular intervals from start points.A rally is typically conducted over a number of “spe-cial stages” on any terrain, which entrants are often al-lowed to scout beforehand at reduced speeds compilingdetailed shorthand descriptions of the track or road asthey go. These detailed descriptions are known as pacenotes. During the actual rally, the co-driver reads the pacenotes aloud (using an in-helmet intercom system) to thedriver, enabling them to complete each stage as quickly

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Andreas Mikkelsen driving a VW Polo R WRC during the 2013Rally de Portugal

as possible. Competition is based on lowest total elapsedtime over the course of an event’s special stages, includingpenalties.The top series is the World Rally Championship (WRC),first contested in 1973, but there are also regional cham-pionships, and many countries have their own nationalchampionships. Some famous rallies include the MonteCarlo Rally, Rally Argentina, Rally Finland and RallyGB. Another famous event (actually best described as arally raid) is the Paris-Dakar Rally, conceived in 1978.There are also many smaller, club level, categories ofrallies, which are popular with amateurs, making up the“grass roots” of motor sports. Cars at this level may notcomply fully with the requirements of group A or groupN homologation. Other major rally events include theBritish Rally Championship, Intercontinental Rally Chal-lenge, African Rally Championship, Asia-Pacific RallyChampionship and endurance rally events like the DakarRally.

“Der Panzerwagen” at the 2010 Targa Tasmania

The Targa Tasmania, held on the Australian island stateof Tasmania and run annually since 1992, takes its namefrom the Targa Florio, a former motoring event held onthe island of Sicily. The competition concept is drawndirectly from the best features of the Mille Miglia, theCoupe des Alpes and the Tour de Corse. Similarly namedevents around the world include the Targa Newfoundland

based in Canada, Targa West based in Western Australia,Targa New Zealand and other smaller events.

2.8 Drag racing

Main article: Drag racingIn drag racing, the objective is to complete a given

Jet-propulsed dragster in Tarlton, South Africa

straight-line distance, from a standing start, ahead of avehicle in a parallel lane. This distance is traditionally ¼mile (400 m), though ⅛ mile (200 m) has become pop-ular since the 1990s. The vehicles may or may not begiven the signal to start at the same time, depending onthe class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday carto the purpose-built dragster. Speeds and elapsed timediffer from class to class. Average street cars cover the¼ mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a top fuel dragstertakes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to 530km/h (329 mph). Drag racing was organized as a sport byWally Parks in the early 1950s through the NHRA (Na-tional Hot Rod Association). The NHRA was formed todiscourage street racing.When launching, a top fuel dragster will accelerate at 3.4g (33 m/s²), and when braking parachutes are deployedthe deceleration is 4 g (39 m/s²), more than the SpaceShuttle experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over 8miles (13 km) away and can generate a reading from 1.5to 3.9 on the Richter scale.[11]

Drag racing is two cars head-to-head, the winner pro-ceeding to the next round. Professional classes are all firstto the finish line wins. Sportsman racing is handicapped(slower car getting a head start) using an index (a loweste.t. allowed), and cars running under (quicker than) theirindex “break out” and lose. The slowest cars, bracket rac-ers, are also handicapped, but rather than an index, theyuse a dial-in.

2.9 Off-road racing

Main article: Off-road racingIn off-road racing, various classes of specially modified

2.11 Historical racing 7

Rod Hall in a Hummer H3 during a Best in the Desert race

vehicles, including cars, compete in races through off-road environments. In North America these races oftentake place in the desert, such as the famous Baja 1000.Another format for off-road racing happens on closed-course short course tracks such as Crandon InternationalOff-Road Raceway. In the 1980s and 1990s, short coursewas extended to racing inside stadiums in the MickeyThompson Entertainment Group; this format was revivedby Robby Gordon in 2013 with his Speed Energy For-mula Off-Road series.In Europe, “offroad” refers to events such as autocrossor rallycross, while desert races and rally-raids such asthe Paris-Dakar, Master Rallye or European “bajas” arecalled “cross-country rallies.”

2.10 Kart racing

A sprint kart race in Atwater California hosted by the Interna-tional Karting Federation

Main article: Kart racing

The modern kart was invented by Art Ingels, a fabricatorat the legendary Indianapolis-car manufacturer Kurtis-Kraft, in Southern California in 1956. Ingels took a smallchainsaw engine and mounted it to a simple tube-framechassis weighing less than 100 lb. Ingels, and everyoneelse who drove the kart, were startled at its performancecapabilities. The sport soon blossomed in Southern Cal-

ifornia, and quickly spread around the world. Althoughoften seen as the entry point for serious racers into thesport, kart racing, or karting, can be an economical wayfor amateurs to try racing and is also a fully fledged inter-national sport in its own right. A large proportion of pro-fessional racing drivers began in karts, often from a veryyoung age, such as Michael Schumacher and FernandoAlonso. Several former motorcycle champions have alsotaken up the sport, notablyWayne Rainey, who was paral-ysed in a racing accident and now races a hand-controlledkart. As one of the cheapest ways to race, karting is see-ing its popularity grow worldwide.Despite their diminutive size, karting’s most powerfulclass, superkart, can have a power-to-weight ratio of 440hp/tonne.

2.11 Historical racing

Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Monterey, 2008

Main article: Historic motorsport

As modern motor racing is centered on modern tech-nology with a lots of corporate sponsors and politics in-volved, historical racing tends to be the opposite. Becauseit is based on a particular era it is more hobbyist oriented,reducing corporate sponsorship and politics. Events areregulated to only allow cars of a certain era to participate.The only modern equipment used is related to safety andtiming. A historical event can be of a number of dif-ferent motorsport disciplines. Notably some of the mostfamous events of them all are the Goodwood Festival ofSpeed and Goodwood Revival in Britain and MontereyHistoric in the United States. Championships range from“grass root” Austin Seven racing to the FIA Thorough-bred Grand Prix Championship for classic Formula Onechassis.While there are several professional teams and drivers inhistorical racing, this branch of auto sport tends to be con-tested by wealthy car owners and is thus more amateurand less competitive in its approach.

8 7 SEE ALSO

2.12 Other categories

See also Category:Auto racing by type

• Autocross

• Autograss

• Banger racing

• Board track racing

• Demolition derby

• Dirt speedway racing

• Dirt track racing

• Drifting (motorsport)

• Folkrace

• High Performance Drivers Education

• Hillclimbing

• Ice racing

• Legends car racing

• Midget car racing

• Mini Sprint

• Monster truck

• Pickup truck racing

• Rallycross

• Road racing

• Short track motor racing

• Slalom

• Solar car racing

• Sprint car racing

• Wheelstand Competition

3 Use of flags

Main article: Racing flags

In many types of auto races, particularly those held onclosed courses, flags are displayed to indicate the gen-eral status of the track and to communicate instructions tocompetitors. While individual series have different rules,and the flags have changed from the first years (e.g., redused to start a race), these are generally accepted.

4 Accidents

For the worst accident in racing history see 1955 LeMansdisaster. (See also Deaths in motorsports)

5 Racing-car setup

Main article: Racing setup

In auto racing, the racing setup or car setup is the set ofadjustments made to the vehicle to optimize its behaviour(performance, handling, reliability, etc.). Adjustmentscan occur in suspensions, brakes, transmissions, engines,tires, and many others.

6 Racing driver

Racing drivers at the highest levels are usually paid by theteam, or by sponsors, and can command very substantialsalaries.Contrary to what may be popularly assumed, racingdrivers as a group do not have unusually good reflexes.During countless physiological (and psychological) eval-uations of professional racing drivers, the two character-istics that stand out are racers’ near-obsessive need to con-trol their surroundings (the psychological aspect), and anunusual ability to process fast-moving information (phys-iological). In this, researchers have noted a strong corre-lation between racers’ psychological profiles and those offighter pilots. In tests comparing racers tomembers of thegeneral public, the greater the complexity of the informa-tion processing matrix, the greater the speed gap betweenracers and the public. Due partly to the performance ca-pabilities of modern racing cars, racing drivers require ahigh level of fitness, focus and the ability to concentrateat high levels for long periods in an inherently difficultenvironment. The racing drivers mainly complain aboutpains in the lumbar, shoulder and neck regions.[12]

In particular, racing cars such as formula cars andsports prototypes that generate a substantial amount ofdownforce are able to corner at speeds that impose ex-tremely large g-forces on drivers.[13] Formula 1 driversroutinely experience g-loadings in excess of 4.5 g.[14]

7 See also

• List of auto racing tracks

• Motorcycle racing

• Race track

• Racing video game

9

8 References[1] Macmillan Dictionary

[2] “Isaac Watt Boulton”. www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved2016-07-27.

[3] Rémi Paolozzi (May 28, 2003). “The cradle of motor-sport”. Welcome to Who? What? Where? When? Why?on the World Wide Web. Forix, Autosport, 8W.

[4] Le Petit Journal, publishing of monday 23 july 1894

[5] Michael L. Berger (2001). The automobile in Americanhistory and culture: a reference guide. Greenwood Pub-lishing Group. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-313-24558-9.

[6] Sammy Davis (August 17, 1967). “How Brooklandsstarted”. Autocar. Vol. 127 no. 3731. p. 43.

[7] “Stadium List :: 100 000+ Stadiums”. World Stadiums.Retrieved 2013-09-02.

[8] Denis Jenkinson, Automobile Year Book Of Sports CarRacing, 1982

[9] Perez, A.J. (August 30, 2007). “LeMans series showcasesprototype race cars”. USA Today. Gannett Company. Re-trieved August 20, 2008.

[10] Fryer, Jenna (November 8, 2007). “Addition of IndyCarchamp Hornish will give Penske third Cup team”. ESPNNews Services. Charlotte, North Carolina: ESPN InternetVentures. Associated Press. Retrieved February 8, 2009.

[11] “Herbert’s engine thunders to 3.9 on Richter scale”.NHRA.com. July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2010.

[12] Koutras C, Buecking B, Jaeger M, Ruchholtz S, HeepH (2014). “Musculoskeletal injuries in auto racing: aretrospective study of 137 drivers.”. Phys Sportsmed.42 (4): 80–6. doi:10.3810/psm.2014.11.2094. PMID25419891.

[13] “Driving a Race Car Takes Strength and Stamina : TheseAthletes Travel in Fast Lane but Keep Fit”. Los Ange-les Times. Indianapolis: Tribune Publishing. AssociatedPress. May 19, 1985. Retrieved February 24, 2013.

[14] Norton, Charlie (May 10, 2010). “Formula One driversfeel the G-force”. The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph MediaGroup. Retrieved April 11, 2013.

9 External links

Media related to Automobile racing at Wikimedia Com-mons

Sanctioning bodies

• Motor Sports Association (MSA UK)

• American Le Mans Series (ALMS)

• Indy Racing League (IRL)

• World Rally Championship (WRC)

• Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)

• Grand American Road Racing Association

• International Hot Rod Association (IHRA)

• International Motor Sports Association (IMSA)

• National Auto Sport Association

• National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing(NASCAR)

• National Hot Rod Association (NHRA)

• SCORE International Off-Road Racing

• Sports Car Club of America (SCCA)

• United States Auto Club (USAC)

• Formula One (F1)

• Confederation of Australian Motorsport (CAMS)

10 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text• Auto racing Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing?oldid=732944447 Contributors: Robert Merkel, Tarquin, Jeronimo,

Rmhermen, Enchanter, SimonP, Ericd, Patrick, RTC, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Liftarn, Ahoerstemeier, KAMiKAZOW, BigFat-Buddha, Andres, Samw, Jacques Delson, GRAHAMUK, Charles Matthews, Crissov, WhisperToMe, Timc, Jnc, VeryVerily, Denel-son83, Gentgeen, Nufy8, Robbot, NightCrawler, Moriori, RickDikeman, Romanm, Mayooranathan, Merovingian, Spike, Millis, Wikibot,Wereon, Alan Liefting, Trixie, DocWatson42, Wolfkeeper, Abigail-II, Marcika, Everyking, Yekrats, Dawidl, Solipsist, JillandJack, Sd-100,Bobblewik, Golbez, Ryanaxp, SonicAD, Wmahan, Chowbok, Slowking Man, Quadell, Noe, SamH, J3ff, Rlquall, Icairns, Sam Hocevar,Peter bertok, AAAAA, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Loganberry, Pak21, Amoore, Andrewferrier, LindsayH, Mani1, Bender235, Pc13,JoeSmack, Brian0918, El C, Mwanner, Shanes, Femto, Dralwik, Smalljim, Reinyday, Shenme, Juzeris, SpeedyGonsales, Rlobkovsky,Ranveig, Alansohn, Polarscribe, Atombaby, Hoary, Mrmiscellanious~enwiki, Mrholybrain, Hu, TVSRR, Snowolf, Oneliner, Velella, Sci-urinæ, Gene Nygaard, Drbreznjev, Recury, CINCABF, Dennis Bratland, Tom.k, Gordonfan, Mwalcoff, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Camw,Mazca, -oo0(GoldTrader)0oo-, Lincher, BlankVerse, MONGO, Ruziklan, Dysepsion, AJB83, Scottanon, Graham87, Captain Spyro,BD2412, John Anderson, Ciroa, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Jake Wartenberg, Commander, Josiah Rowe, SMC, Boccobrock, Brighteror-ange, The wub, Tedd, FlavrSavr, Motorhead, FlaBot, RCRC, Dusty78, Nivix, Soundwave106, Czar, Jakg, KFP, Fresheneesz, SportsInternet Destination, Sinasohangir, BMF81, Chobot, DVdm, Bgwhite, Gwernol, YurikBot, Wavelength, Drdisque, RobotE, RussBot,Chuck Carroll, AKADriver, Bill52270, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Royalbroil, David R. 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10.2 Images 11

boy00010009, KasparBot, KaBoom100, OoSnazzyJazzyoO, Deeeeeeeeeee, Chinsskype, Rousers500 and Anonymous: 771

10.2 Images• File:1894_paris-rouen_-_albert_lemaître_(peugeot_3hp)_1st.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

4/41/1894_paris-rouen_-_albert_lema%C3%AEtre_%28peugeot_3hp%29_1st.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:http://www.mininova.org/tor/533187 Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050' data-file-height='590' /></a>

• File:2011_FIA_GT1_Silverstone_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/2011_FIA_GT1_Silverstone_2.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: FIA GT1 Original artist: ToNG!?

• File:2012_WTCC_Race_of_Japan_(Race_1)_opening_lap.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/2012_WTCC_Race_of_Japan_%28Race_1%29_opening_lap.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: photo taken by Morio Original artist:Morio

• File:Andreas_Mikkelsen_-_WRC_Portugal_2013_(8647047945).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Andreas_Mikkelsen_-_WRC_Portugal_2013_%288647047945%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Andreas Mikkelsen - WRCPortugal 2013 Original artist: Tiago J. G. Fernandes from Portimão, Portugal

• File:AtwaterSat394.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/AtwaterSat394.jpg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Colbyskart12

• File:Audi_R18_e-tron_quattro_at_2013_Le_Mans.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Audi_R18_e-tron_quattro_at_2013_Le_Mans.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: KAM_5118 Original artist: kevinmcgill from Den Bosch,Netherlands

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• File:Auto_Racing_Black_White.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Auto_Racing_Black_White.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Auto_Racing_Blue.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Auto_Racing_Blue.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Denelson83 assumed (based on copyright claims).

• File:Auto_Racing_Chequered.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Auto_Racing_Chequered.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Auto_Racing_Green.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Auto_Racing_Green.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Auto_Racing_Oil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Auto_Racing_Oil.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Auto_Racing_Orange_Circle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Auto_Racing_Orange_Circle.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Nomachine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Originalartist: No machine-readable author provided. Denelson83 assumed (based on copyright claims).

• File:Auto_Racing_White.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Auto_Racing_White.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Auto_Racing_White_Cross.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Auto_Racing_White_Cross.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Auto_Racing_Yellow.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Auto_Racing_Yellow.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:BrettSontag2010LateModelRockfordSpeedway.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/BrettSontag2010LateModelRockfordSpeedway.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Royalbroil

• File:Brooklands_Members’{}_Banking_from_bridge.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Brooklands_Members%27_Banking_from_bridge.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JohnChapman (Pyrope)

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• File:Fernand_Gabriel_Mors_Paris-Madrid_1903.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Fernand_Gabriel_Mors_Paris-Madrid_1903.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Formel3_racing_car_amk.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Formel3_racing_car_amk.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: selfmade photo at Hockenheim 2008 Original artist: user:AngMoKio

• File:Giedo_van_der_Garde_2013_Malaysia_FP1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Giedo_van_der_Garde_2013_Malaysia_FP1.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Morio

• File:Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG Li-cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nascarking

• File:In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/corkracing/5412216243/ Originalartist: Glen Duncombe

12 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Longford_extreme_slide_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Longford_extreme_slide_2.jpgLicense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MercStar Racing

• File:Monterey_Historic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Monterey_Historic.jpg License: CC BY2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as IMG_0628 Original artist: Simon Davison

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:Tkgd2007

• File:Stockmini.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Stockmini.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Szxycj at English Wikipedia

• File:Tarlton-Drag_racing-004.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Tarlton-Drag_racing-004.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NJR ZA

• File:Three-wide_multiple_row_back.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Three-wide_multiple_row_back.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nascarking

• File:URE05e.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/URE05e.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:Own work Original artist: Marvin Raaijmakers

• File:Will_Power_Indy_500.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Will_Power_Indy_500.jpg License:CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as DSC_5216 Original artist: Carey Akin

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