Automated Models for Building’s Re trofit

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Automated Models for Building’s Retrofit

A. Kaklauskas A. Gulbinas J. Naimaviciene L. Kanapeckiene

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania




Decision making models and methods

A thorough building refurbishment evaluation is quite difficult to undertake, because a building and its environment are complex system (technical, technological, ecological, social, comfort, esthetical, etc.), where all sub-systems influences to the total efficiency performance, and where the interdependence between sub-systems are playing a significance role.

Many decision making models and methods (cost-benefit analysis, multiple criteria analysis, the lattice method for optimisation, predicted building habitability index, an energy rating systems for existing houses, multiple criteria analysis, etc.) have been developed in the world for solving above and other problems.




Refurbishment decisions influenced on many:

• microlevel factors: deterioration and obsolescence of building, indoor environmental quality, technological, technical, the lower fuel bills for householders, health benefits (reduced cold and damp related illness);

• macrolevel factors: environmental (a less polluted environment, the saving of limited nature resources), social (increasing social equity, improving human health) and economic (increasing employment, the creation of wealth) benefits.




Air pollution and noise area (sections A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D, E-E)

Section (see Fig. 7)

Distance from the street to the river

Number of the buil-dings in the section

Air pollution Noise

Measuring units

CO Solid particles Measuring units

Near street

Near river

Alteration

every 10m

Near street

Near river

Alteration every

10m

Near street

Near river

Alteration every 10m

A-A 500 10 µg/m3 7,13 0,66 0,129 0,069 0,022 0,0009 dB 84,7 60,3 0,5

B-B 300 6 µg/m3 2,94 0,21 0,091 0,076 0,001 0,0025 dB 79,5 54,3 0,84

C-C 100 2 µg/m3 4,97 0,28 0,469 0,057 0,001 0,0056 dB 83,2 54,3 2,89

D-D 320 4 µg/m3 4,12 0,92 0,1 0,047 0,001 0,0014 dB 78 61,3 0,52

E-E 200 9 µg/m3 4,12 1,51 0,1305 0,047 0,003 0,0022 dB 78 65,2 0,64










Main Tasks

• Development and Implementation of a Building’s Refurbishment Knowledge and Device Based Decision Support System (BRKD-DSS) which makes it easy to compare various retrofitting measures and scenarios according to different systems of criteria.

• Assist designers and evaluation teams to calculate the integral efficiency of the whole building.

• Improve the life cycle cost and quality of building.• Develop BRKD-DSS that is immediately replicable at large

scale in many locations.




The BRKD-DSS tasks aims to optimize the building retrofit process by analyzing the sectional and overall performance of a building considering all the major subsystems and in particular: - The outdoor environment defining the microclimate - The building envelope - The indoor environment - The HVAC system as well as the lighting - The facilities management system




Building’s Refurbishment Knowledge and Device Based Decision Support System

Based on the analysis of the existing neural networks, information, expert and decision support systems and in order to determine most efficient versions of building refurbishment a Building’s Refurbishment Knowledge and Device Based Decision Support System(BRKD-DSS) was developed.




Building’s Refurbishment Knowledge and Device Based Decision Support System

• Decision Support Subsystem • Knowledge Subsystem • Devices Subsystem




Decision Support Subsystem




Database

The presentation of information needed for decision-making in the BRKD-DSS may be in a conceptual form (i.e. digital/numerical, textual, graphical, diagrams, graphs and drawing, etc), photographic, sound, video and quantitative forms.

In this way, the BRKD-DSS enables the decision-maker to receive various conceptual and quantitative information on building refurbishmentfrom a database and a model-base allowing him/her to analyse the above factors and to form an efficient solution.




The following tables form the BRKD-DSS’s database:

• Initial data tables. These contain general facts about the building considered and the information of its deterioration and obsolescence. The reasons for refurbishing and their significance as well as the money to be spent on it are also included.

• Tables assessing refurbishment solutions (data base of best practice). These contain quantitative and conceptual information about alternative building refurbishment solutions relating to a building’s enclosures, utilities and space planning, etc.

• Tables of multi-variant design. These provide quantitative and conceptual information on the interconnection of the elements to be renovated, their compatibility and the possible combinations as well as data on the complex multi-variant design of a building refurbishment.




Database of Best Practice

• Walls,• Windows,• Roof,• Thermal Units,• Etc.




Walls - Database of Best Practice







Windows - Database of Best Practice




Thermal unit - Database of Best Practice




Model-BaseThe efficiency of a building refurbishment variant is often determined by taking

into many factors. These factors include an account of the economic, aesthetic, technical, comfort, legal, social and other factors. The model-base of a decision support system should include models that enable a decision-maker to do a comprehensive analysis of the available variants and to make a proper choice.

Module base provides the supports the user to develop different alternatives, based on combinations of requirements of the user. The developed measures are checked for consistency of measures combinations as well as for interference with deterioration, obsolescence and other related actions. Each alternative shows different levels of improvements to the building quality and all have variations in the projected cost. Module base allows the BRKD-DSS system user to select the most suitable refurbishment alternatives comparing which measures promote the greatest energy savings, increase building quality within the budget constraints of the building inhabitants.




The following models form the BRKD-DSS’s model base:• Search for alternatives (walls, windows, heating systems, roof, FM, etc.). • Finding out or developing alternatives and making initial negotiation table. • Multiple criteria analysis of alternatives. • Development of suggestions as to what interested parties to use and for what

reasons further negotiation should be carried out. • Negotiations based on real calculations. • Determination of the most rational variant (walls, windows, FM, roof, etc.). • Provision of recommendations for future actions to interested parties.• Computer-aided formation of versions of whole building refurbishment.• Multiple criteria analysis of alternatives. • Negotiations based on real calculations.• Selection of the most efficient alternatives of the whole building refurbishment.




Model-BaseThe more alternative versions that are investigated before making a final

decision, the greater the possibility to achieve a more rational end result. Basing oneself on the collected information and the BRKD-DSS system it is possible to perform a multiple criteria analysis of the refurbishment project’s components (walls, windows, roof, floors, volumetric planning and engineering services, etc.) and select the most efficient versions. After this, the received compatible and rational components of a refurbishment are joined into the projects. Having performed a multiple criteria analysis of the projects in this way, one can select the most efficient projects. Strengths and weaknesses of the investigated projects are also given in an analysis. Facts as to why and to what degree one version is better than another are also established. All this is done by basing oneself on conceptual and quantitative information that was collected.




Search results for specific heating system can be submitted in textual, photo/video, graphical, etc. information




Results of multiple criteria evaluation of the heating system’s alternatives




Calculation of the market value in numerical and graphic form




Selection of alternatives for automated negotiations

Alternatives whose estimated market value is lower than the price offered by the supplier may be transformed into objects of negotiations. This is done by marking the boxes .




Initiating the Negotiation Process

If the user decides that he is satisfied with the list of negotiation partners, he can press the Send button. The system sends negotiation partners messages containing the results of multiple criteria analysis and proposals to lower the sale price.




Initiating the Negotiation Process

The negotiating proposal is developed as special Web-based decision support matrix and also sent to the supplier both as an e-mail message and as a message transferred to the personal Proposal Box on the system database




During the negotiation process all negotiating parties are automatically networked with one another and can exchange offers and counteroffers via the Internet. Also private and confidential data is kept safe and secure.




Negotiation - Business Benefits

• Development and evaluation of unlimited number solutions.• Common data and knowledge bases of best practices.• Negotiators can use intelligent sub-systems for resolve disputes, agree

upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, and attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests.

• Negotiations can be performed in different places and time.• Reduction in meeting time as compared with equivalent conventional

meetings.• More open and fuller alternatives analysis based on the use of

anonymous input where appropriate. • e-Support for different optimization criteria.




Example - The initial data for multiple criteria analysis of thermal renovation of walls

The criteria considered Measu-ring units

Signifi-cance Numerical values of criteria of the compared 1 sqm wall versions

1 2 3 ... 10 11

1 Cost -1 Lt/sqm 0.3550 160 175 360 ... 158 101

2 Annual fuel economy 1 Lt/sqm 0.1630 5.75 5.97 5.97 … 5.54 5.87

3 Tentative pay-back time -1 Years 0.2069 10.2 10.3 17.4 ... 10.3 6.9

4 Harmfulness to health 1 Points 0.0245 6.0 8.0 9.0 … 9.0 8.0

5 Aesthetics 1 Points 0.0350 5.0 6.0 8.0 … 9.0 6.0

6 Maintenance properties 1 Points 0.0342 6.4 7.4 8.2 … 5.8 6.6

7 Functionality 1 Points 0.0220 1.0 1.0 1.0 … 1.0 1.0

8 Comfortability 1 Points 0.0948 7.0 7.0 10.0 ... 7.0 5.0

9 Sound insulation 1 Points 0.0215 7.0 8.0 10.0 … 7.0 7.0

10 Longevity 1 Years 0.0875 20.0 25.0 25.0 … 25.0 20.0




Example - The multiple criteria analysis of wall versions




Example - Three best versions of solutions under consideration




Computer-aided formation of versions of building refurbishment




Fragment of formation of complex building refurbishment versions

The criteria considered

* Measu-ring units

Signifi-cance

Numerical values of criteria of thecompared building refurbishment versions

1 … 65 … 129 … 193 …

1 Cost -1 Lt/sqm 0.3900 369 ... 214 ... 230 ... 352 ...

2 Annual fuel economy 1 1000 Lt 0.0650 13.2 ... 13.5 ... 13.8 ... 13.1 ...

3 Tentative pay-back time -1 Years 0.0662 17.2 ... 15.5 ... 15.6 ... 16.5 ...

4 Harmfulness to health 1 Points 0.0145 6.25 ... 6.5 ... 6.5 ... 7 ...

5 Aesthetics 1 Points 0.0680 7.5 ... 6.3 ... 6.3 ... 7 ...

6 Maintenance properties 1 Points 0.0442 8.65 ... 7.9 ... 7.9 ... 8.15 ...

7 Longevity 1 Points 0.0875 20 ... 20 ... 20 ... 15 ...

8 Sound insulation 1 Points 0.0536 8 ... 7 ... 7 ... 8 ...

9 Comfortability 1 Points 0.0948 9 ... 7 ... 8 ... 8.5 ...

10 Planimetric and volumetric changes 1 Points 0.0310 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ...

11 The elimination of physical deterioration 1 Points 0.0522 4 ... 4 ... 4 ... 4 ...




Example - Selection of the most efficient alternatives of the building refurbishment




Knowledge Subsystem




There are four main categories of rules and procedures in the BR-KDDSS Knowledge subsystem (BR-KS):

• Formation of alternatives for the elements of a renovated building. • Formation of the criteria describing the generated alternatives. • Development of suggestions with what suppliers to use and for what

reasons further negotiation should be carried out. • Composition of comprehensively reasoned negotiation e-mail for each

of the selected suppliers. By using information inherited from previous BR-DSS calculations and predefined rules and procedures, the knowledge subsystem composes a negotiation e-mail for each of the selected suppliers, where it reasonably suggests that the price of a product should be decreased or a product of better quality should be sold for the offered price. The e-mail includes references to the calculations performed by BR-KDDSS.




Devices Subsystem




Devices in the Device Subsystem measure internal microclimate parameters (illumination, volume flow, air velocity, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, vibration impulse amplitudes) and house allergens, e.g. house dust mites, dermatophagoides pteronysinus allergen, etc. The data is passed on to the Decision Support and the Knowledge subsystems. Let us analyze the internal volume flow and relative humidity as an example. Insufficient speed of the internal volume flow determines the lack of oxygen. As a result, internal hygiene conditions are worse, flowers wither and people feel unwell and their productivity decreases. Dry air in premises causes nasal mucous to dry and creates discomfort, thus productivity and good moods decrease. The discomfort may be removed by pipetting oil into the nose. Quite a few people encounter this problem. Other microclimate parameters may be described in a similar way.




Practical application of System to the VGTU main university building




At the moment the windows in VGTU are replaced. Total cost of

windows replacement is 106 501 €.



















Alternative windows of 5 companies according to 16 indicators were analyzed:

• Price • Mechanical strength and stiffness• Reliability• Thermal transmittance Up of profile• Thermal transmittance Uw of double glazing unit• Emission ability of low emissive glass coating • Parameter Rw of air sound isolation• Air leakage, when pressure difference Dp = 50 Pa• Waterproof-ness• Guarantee period• Longevity• Light transmission of double glazing unit• Pay-back period• Duration of works• Quantity of windows with two opening positions (horizontal and vertical) (in percent of the area of all

windows)• Quantity of windows with closing infiltration air vent or the third opening position (in percent of the area

of all windows


































Conclusions

The presented Building’s Refurbishment Knowledge and Device Based Decision Support System enables to form up to 100,000 of alternative versions. The system allows to determine weak and strong points of each building refurbishment project and its constituent parts and provide negotiation facilities. Calculations are made to find out by what degree one version is better than the other and reasons are disclosed why it is so. Landmarks are set for efficiency increase of project versions. All this is done argumentatively, basing oneself on indexes under investigation, as well as on their values and weights.




Thank you for your attention!

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Automated Models for Building’s Re trofit