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The treatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenous communitiesof the Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India

Jyotsana Sharma a,n, Sumeet Gairola b, R.D. Gaur a, R.M. Painuli a

a Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, Indiab Department of Botany, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi 110 007, India

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 9 March 2012

Received in revised form

12 June 2012

Accepted 12 June 2012Available online 1 July 2012

Keywords:

Tharu

Bhoxa

Nomadic Gujjar

Jaundice

Medicinal plants

India

a b s t r a c t

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Inspite of tremendous advances made in allopathic medical practices,

herbs still play an important role in the management of various liver diseases. A large number of plants

and formulations have been claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. Jaundice is a symptom,

indicative of the malfunctioning of the liver. This paper provides ethnomedicinal information on the

plants used to treat jaundice by three important indigenous communities, i.e., nomadic Gujjars, Tharu

and Bhoxa of Sub-Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India.

Aims of the study: To record herbal preparations used by the studied indigenous communities in

treatment of jaundice and discuss hepatoprotective properties of the recorded plants.

Research strategy and methods: The traditional knowledge of the studied indigenous communities on

herbal preparations used for treating jaundice was collected through structured questionnaire and

personal interviews. The interviews were conducted with 91 traditional healers (29 Bhoxa, 35 Tharu

and 27 nomadic Gujjars) in Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. More than 250 research

papers reporting ethnomedicinal information on the hepatoprotective plants used by various commu-

nities from different parts of India were extensively reviewed.

Results: A total of 40 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 38 genera were recorded to be used

by the studied communities in 45 formulations as a remedy of jaundice. Bhoxa, nomadic Gujjars and

Tharu communities used 15, 23 and 9 plants, respectively. To our knowledge eight plants reported in

the present survey viz., Amaranthus spinosus L., Cissampelos pareira L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena

pubescens Wall., Ocimum americanum L., Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes

cucumerina L. have not been reported earlier as remedy of jaundice in India. Literature review revealed

that a total of 214 (belonging to 181 genus and 78 families), 19 (belonging to 18 genus and 12 families)

and 14 (belonging to 14 genus and 11 families) plant species are used as internal, external and magico-

religious remedies for jaundice, respectively by various communities in different parts of India. Most

widely used hepatoprotective plant species for treatment of jaundice in India is Boerhavia diffusa L.

followed by Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Saccharum officinarum L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach.

& Thonn., Ricinus communis L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz,

Lawsonia inermis L. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Conclusions: The plants recorded in the present survey have also been discussed in relation to

pharmacological studies and hepatoprotective phytoconstituents present in them. Most of the recorded

plants have shown hepatoprotective effects on experimental animals in earlier studies but more studies

are needed to assess hepatoprotective properties of some recorded medicinal plants viz., Averrhoa

carambola L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Mangifera indica L., Ocimum americanum

L., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L., Sphaeranthus senegalensis

DC. and Tribulus terrestris L.. The plants enumerated in this study with high number of citations and

wider distributions have given some useful leads for further biomedical research. Nevertheless more

phytochemical, pharmaceutical and clinical studies are needed to evaluate hepatoprotective properties,

efficacy and safety of all the claimed medicinal plants.

& 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Liver diseases are some of the major causes of morbidity andmortality across the world. According to WHO estimates (WHO,2008), about 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A occur annually and

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

0378-8741/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.034

Abbreviations: H, Herb; S, Shrub; Tr, Tree; Cl, Climber; Gr, Grass; P, Parasite; FL,

Fidelity level; UV, Use value. CCl4¼ Carbon tetrachloride; NA, Information not

availablen Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 8506013991.

E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Sharma).

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291


2 billion people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus.About 350 million live with chronic infection and 600,000 persons dieeach year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B.About 130–170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitisC virus, and more than 350,000 people die from hepatitis C-relatedliver diseases each year. Thus, the impact of liver disorders on theoverall population in world is considerable and they remain one ofthe serious health problems. Jaundice is the most common of all liverdisorders. Jaundice is a symptom and not a disease. It is indicative ofthe malfunctioning of the liver. It is a condition in which yellowdiscoloration of the skin and mucous membranes occurs due to anincrease in the bile pigments, bilirubin, in the blood. There are manydifferent causes of jaundice viz., hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C,hepatitis D, hepatitis E, liver cirrhosis, obstruction of bile ducts,gallstones, pancreatic cancer, alcoholic liver disease, inflammation ofthe liver, haemolytic anaemia, typhoid, malaria, yellow fever, tuber-culosis, certain medication and pregnancy.

The herbal medicines are considered to be of great importanceamong different rural or indigenous communities in many develop-ing countries (Gosh, 2003). The people whole over the world prefersherbal medicines rather than conventional medicines. According toWorld Health Organisation as many as 80% of the world’s populationdepends on traditional medicine and in India 60% of the people inrural areas use herbal medicines (WHO, 2002). During the last fewyears, the use of herbal supplements increased from 2.5% to 12%(Stickel and Schuppan, 2007). The Indian traditional medicine isbased on various systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, etc.,which are still in use to provide primary healthcare, particularly tothe rural folk. Throughout the globe, the traditional knowledgesystem has gained prime importance in context with conservation,sustainable development, and search for new utilization patterns of

plant resources. Traditional medicine system includes the knowl-edge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experi-ences of folk communities to maintain their health problems. Theindigenous communities have their own traditional medicine sys-tem with different medicinal plants and many traditional therapiesfor incurable diseases. A large number of wild and cultivated plantsare being used by them for the treatment of various ailments, thus aconsiderable amount of information on medicinal plants is availablewith these communities. Inspite of the tremendous advances made,no significant and safe hepatoprotective agents is available inmodern therapeutics. In the absence of reliable liver protectivedrugs in allopathic medical practices, herbs play an important rolein the management of various liver disorders. A large number ofplants and formulations have been claimed to have hepatoprotectiveactivity. Nearly 160 phytoconstituents from 101 plants have beenclaimed to possess liver protecting activity (Handa et al., 1986).

Keeping the aforesaid facts in view the present study wasundertaken to record herbal preparations used by three importantindigenous communities, i.e., nomadic Gujjars, Tharu and Bhoxa ofSub-Himalayan region, Uttarkhand, India in treatment of jaundiceand discuss hepatoprotective properties of the recorded plants.

2. Research strategy and methods

Many extensive and intensive field trips were undertakenbetween 2008 and 2010 in different seasons for the collection ofplants and associated ethnomedicinal information from Bhoxa,Tharu and nomadic Gujjars communities. The study area coversthese indigenous communities distributed in the Sub-Himalayanregion of Uttarakhand in parts of district Dehradun, Haridwar,

Fig. 1. Map of the study area.

J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 263


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s.

J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291264


Pauri and Udham Singh Nagar (Fig. 1). Information on the studiedcommunities and sampling size is given in Table 1. TheSub-Himalayan region is varied reservoir of biodiversity includingenormous species of plants and wildlife; it is an intermediateregion in between the Gangetic plains and the mountainousHimalaya. It supports a great variety of forests, varied in speciescomposition from east to west (latitudinal) and from lowerto higher elevations (vertical). It occupies a fairly large regionin Uttarakhand running along the southern periphery. The zonehas a long chain of narrow and low mountain ranges of about 300to 1000 m asl. Sub-Himalayan region has a width of about30–40 km standing with scattered mountains in UttarakhandHimalaya.

Ethnomedicinal information was obtained through a series ofinterviews with traditional healers, who still practiced theirindigenous system of medicine. A questionnaire was preparedwhich included the vernacular names, methods of preparation,route of administration, part(s) used, dosage, duration andrestriction on consumption of food. Interviews and discussionswere carried out using a local language for easy communicationwith the participants. Ethical clearance was not obtained and nowritten prior consent was taken from the participants, as it wasnot the requirement at the University where research wasconducted (HNB Garhwal University). However participants wereclearly informed about the objective of the study and their rightto withdraw from the study at any time. The medicinemen wererequested to accompany the authors to collect the plant speci-mens from adjoining forest areas. In some cases when theexperienced and knowledgeable persons were unable to visitthe forest area, the fresh specimens were collected from theforest with details of their habit, habitat, height of the plant,fragrance and taste, flower and fruit nature, etc., and conse-quently shown to them to obtain accurate information. The oldmen and women maintained their secrecy about the medicinaluses of plants, as in some cases they believed that if theinformation is given to any other outer person, the healing powerof medicine will diminish. Hence, special efforts were made todevelop intimacy with the people by acquiring their confidence,respecting their customs and rituals, taking part in their religiousceremonies with the help of head of the village and other personsof the area including the staff and personnel of the forestdepartment who have good relations with the people inhabitingthe forest area. Interestingly the experienced traditional healerswere capable of identifying specimens even by the vegetativeparts. The traditional healers collected different medicinallyimportant plants in different seasons of the year and they hadprecise knowledge of the flowering and fruiting period of eachplant. It has been noticed that in many cases they never take offcomplete plant for their use. They collected the required quantityof the plant and its important parts for preparation of themedicine.

Jaundice is not a disease. It is a symptom originating from liverdisorders and there may be many different causes for jaundice.But all the interviewed traditional healers identified jaundiceaccording to the symptoms regardless of the cause of the disease.The symptoms used to identify jaundice were extreme weakness,headache, fever, loss of appetite, severe constipation, nausea,yellow discoloration of the eyes, tongue, skin, and urine, dullpain in the liver region and intense itching. Only on the basis ofthese symptoms traditional healers suggested herbal remedies forthe jaundice.

The plant specimens were identified with the help of relevantfloras (Babu, 1977; Gaur, 1999). For the confirmation of identifi-cation the specimens were compared with the authentic speci-mens lodged at Herbaria of Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun(BSD), Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (DD) and HNB Garhwal

University Srinagar (GUH). The specimens were properly labelledwith detailed botanical name, vernacular name(s), family, locality,field number, date of collection and other necessary remarks anddeposited in the internationally indexed Herbarium of Depart-ment of Botany, HNB Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal(GUH).

For each species the use value (UV), as adapted by Ferreiraet al. (2009) from the proposal of Phillips et al. (2002) wascalculated. This quantitative method evaluates the relative impor-tance of each medicinal species based on its relative use amonginformants. Use value was calculated using the following formula:

UV ¼SU=n

where, U is the number of times a species is cited and n is thenumber of informants. The use value of each species is thereforebased objectively on the importance attributed by the informantsand does not depend on the opinion of the researcher (Ferreiraet al., 2009). Fidelity level (FL) was calculated using the followingformula:

FLð%Þ ¼ ðIp=IuÞ � 100

where, Ip is the number of informants who independentlyindicated the use of a species for the same major ailment and Iu

the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for anymajor ailment (Friedman et al., 1986).

To collect, analyze, evaluate and compare the ethnomedicinalknowledge about hepatoprotective plants used as remedy ofjaundice in India, more than 250 research papers reportingethnomedicinal information on the medicinal plants used byvarious indigenous communities from different parts of Indiawere extensively reviewed. In all the reviewed papers jaundicewas assessed on the basis of the symptoms only and root causeswere not considered. The collected information was furthercompared with each other to mark most widely used anddistributed plant species. Results of literature review have beengiven in Tables 4–6 and Appendix I. Literature survey was alsoconducted to gather information on the pharmacological studiesshowing hepatoprotective properties and hepatoprotective phy-toconstituents in the plants recorded for herbal remedy ofjaundice in the present survey (Table 3).

3. Results and discussion

The plant species recorded in the present study are arranged inalphabetical order (Table 2). Botanical name of each plant isfollowed by family, voucher specimen number, local name, habit,parts used, mode of preparation, fidelity level (FL) and use value(UV). Literature on the ethnomedicinal plants used to curejaundice by various communities in India was extensivelysearched and reviewed. Literature review revealed that a totalof 214 (belonging to 181 genus and 78 families), 19 (belonging to18 genus and 12 families) and 14 (belonging to 14 genus and 11families) plant species are used as internal remedy (Table 4),external remedy (Table 5) and magico-religious (Table 6) remedyfor jaundice, respectively by various communities in differentparts of India.

A total of 40 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 38genera were recorded to be used by the studied communities inthe 45 formulations as remedy for jaundice. These medicinalplants are used as hepatoprotective agents and do not directlycure the disease. 15, 23 and 9 plant species were used by Bhoxa(Table 2a), nomadic Gujjar (Table 2b) and Tharu (Table 2c)communities, respectively. Out of the 40 recorded plants, only7 plants viz. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale, Glycosmis

pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., Boerhavia diffusa L., Oxalis corniculata L.,



Table 2Plants and herbal preparations used as remedy of jaundice by the indigenous communities of Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, (a) Bhoxa community, (b) Gujjar

community and (c) Tharu community.

Species (Family), voucher specimennumber

Local name Habit Parts used and mode of preparation FLvalue(%)

UV

(a). Bhoxa communityAloe vera (L.) Burm f. (Liliaceae), GUH-

JS-20311

Banskyuda H The infusion of leaves is orally given twice a day for 10–12 days. 22.73 0.76

Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae),

GUH-JS-18838

Pili Katili H The yellowish latex of the plant along with sugar is administered internally twice a day

for 2 weeks.

28.57 0.24

Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae),

GUH-JS-18845

Santi ghass/

Puraniama

H The finely crushed roots are placed in water for whole night; this water is taken orally in

early morning, for a week.

38.89 0.62

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae),

GUH-JS-19721

Birmi H The leaf powder (3 g) along with goat milk is given orally once a day for about 8–10

days.

25.00 0.55

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae),

GUH-JS-18862

Bhangra H The leaves are crushed finely and soaked in vessel for a night; this water is taken in the

morning or twice a day for 3–4 weeks (B).

27.27 0.38

Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

(Flacourtiaceae), GUH-JS-20285

Kakai/

Bhilangra

Tr The leaves are boiled in water and decoction is given orally twice a day for 15–20 days. 50.00 0.28

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.

(Rutaceae), GUH-JS-20172

Pillu S The juice of leaves is given, ½ teaspoonfuls thrice a day for 15 days. 55.56 0.31

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale

(Rubiaceae), GUH-JS-18865

Haldu Tr The decoction of bark is given orally. 100.00 0.21

Holarrhena pubescens Wall.

(Apocynaceae), GUH-JS-18830

Kuda Tr The seeds are crushed, soaked in water for a night; dried in shade made into powder,

about 2–3 g of this is taken with lukewarm water twice a for 16 days.

20.00 0.34

Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae), GUH-

JS-18843

Mehndi S The decoction of roots, ½ teaspoonfuls is taken orally, twice a day for 10–15 days. 33.33 0.41

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae),

GUH-JS-20350

Karela Cl The juice of fruits is administered internally twice a day for 2 weeks. 40.00 0.52

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz

(Bignoniaceae), GUH-JS-20273

Arula Tr The crushed bark is soaked within water in an earthen pot for a night, given orally in

early morning or 1–2 times a day for 1 week.

55.56 0.31

Physalis divaricata D. Don (Solanaceae),

GUH-JS-19756

Bhambholan H The root juice, two teaspoonfuls two times a day for 4 weeks. 33.33 0.10

Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae), GUH-JS-

18836

Sambhalu S The two teaspoonfuls infusion of leaves is taken internally, twice a day for 3 weeks. 26.92 0.90

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz

(Lythraceae), GUH-JS-20161

Dhaudi S The decoction of fruits (two teaspoonfuls) is recommended orally twice a day for 2 week. 29.17 0.83

(b). Gujjar communityAmaranthus spinosus L.

(Amaranthaceae), GUH-JS-18832

Chaleri H The ash of fruits is administered orally 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks. 33.33 0.22

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.

(Acanthaceae), GUH-JS-20326

Mamegh H The paste of leaves is mixed with sugar, made into pills of 4 g each and given internally

two times a day for 10–15 days.

40.00 0.74

Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae),

GUH-JS-18838

Pauns H After peeling the spines the whole plant is dried in shade, made into powder with sugar

and 2 g of this powder is given orally with curd twice a day for 2–3 weeks.

31.82 0.81

Averrhoa carambola L. (Averrhoaceae),

GUH-JS-20114

Kamrakt Tr The decoction of fruits is prescribed orally 2–3 times a day for 3 weeks. 66.67 0.22

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

(Cucurbitaceae), GUH-JS-20341

Kumara Cl The juice of fruits (2–3 teaspoonfuls) is given orally twice a day for 2 weeks. 100.00 0.15

Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae),

GUH-JS-18845

Peelia H The finely crushed roots are placed in water for whole night; this water is taken orally in

early morning, for a week.

40.00 0.56

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae),

GUH-JS-20309

Rahar S The juice of leaves with honey is administered internally, twice a day for 15 days. 100.00 0.11

Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae), GUH-

JS-18842

Karangal Tr Infusion of fruit is given orally, 2–3 times a day, for 15–20 days. 46.67 0.56

Cissampelos pareira L.

(Menispermaceae), GUH-JS-18827

Paadha/

Simrubel

Cl The 1/2 teaspoonfuls juice of fresh leaves is used internally twice a day for 12–15 days. 45.45 0.41

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Cuscutaceae),

GUH-JS-19749

Andarbel P The decoction of whole plant (2 teaspoonfuls) is recommended internally, 2–3 times a

day for 16 days.

23.08 0.48

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae),

GUH-JS-20293

Dhoob Gr The juice of leaves 1–2 teaspoonfuls are orally given, twice a day for a week. 50.00 0.44

Ehretia laevis Roxb. (Ehretiaceae), GUH-

JS-20101

Chamror/

Chamrod

Tr Soaked seeds are made into paste, mixed with powder of badi elaichi (Amomum

subulatum) and given orally with milk, thrice a day.

42.86 0.26

Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae), GUH-JS-

20366

Badh Tr The decoction of stem bark is recommended orally twice a day for a week. 18.52 1.00

Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

(Flacourtiaceae), GUH-JS-20285

Kaith Tr The decoction of fruits is given orally, twice a day for 2–3 weeks. 46.67 0.56

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.

(Rutaceae), GUH-JS-20172

Pillu S The juice of leaves is given, ½ teaspoonfuls thrice a day for 15 days. 75.00 0.30

Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae),

GUH-JS-20163

Amm Tr The decoction of bark is administered orally, thrice a day for 15–20 days. 29.17 0.89

Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae),

GUH-JS-20304

Tulsa H The decoction of whole plant is taken internally, thrice a day for 3–4 weeks. 25.00 0.30

Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae), GUH-

JS-20375

Khati amli H The juice of leaves is given orally, twice a day for 1–2 weeks. 55.56 0.33

Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae),

GUH-JS-20222

Ambli Tr The decoction of fruits along with sugar is taken in early morning or thrice a day for 10–

15 days.

14.81 1.00

Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae), GUH-

JS-20329

Badi

kandyalu

S The fruits are crushed and soaked in water for whole night; this water is taken in early

morning.

33.33 0.11



Argemone mexicana L., Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. andCuscuta reflexa Roxb. were used by more than one community.During the treatment of the disease, various forms of preparationswere used. Leaves were used in maximum number of prepara-tions (27.91) followed by fruits (23.26), whole plant (13.95), bark(11.63), roots (11.63), stem (9.30), and latex (2.33). Herbs (15species) were found to be the most used plants followed by trees(11 species), shrubs (7 species), climbers (5 species), parasite (1species) and grass (1 species). Two species each of Phyllanthus andSolanum were reported to be used in the present study. To ourknowledge eight plants reported in the present study viz.,Amaranthus spinosus L., Cissampelos pareira L., Ehretia laevis Roxb.,Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Ocimum americanum L., Physalis

divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes cucumer-

ina L. have not been reported earlier to be used as ethnomedicinefor treatment of jaundice in India. It was observed that duringtreatment period all the practitioners recommended patients toavoid alcohol, butter, non-vegetarian, salty, spicy and sour foods.The patients were advised to rest until the acute symptoms of thedisease subside.

Pharmacological studies on laboratory animals have shownthat most of the recorded plant species in the present survey havehepatoprotective properties (Table 3). Aqueous and powderedextracts of roots of Boerhavia diffusa L. have shown hepatopro-tective property against Thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity inWister albino rats (Rawat et al. 1997). Ursolic acids is a commontriterpenic acid found in Boerhavia diffusa L. and Solanum incanum

L.. Ursolic acids have been reported to have hepatoprotectiveactivity against carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, thiacetamide andgalactosamine damaged liver in rats (Negi et al., 2007). Aqueousleaf extract of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. has shownhepatoprotective activity against hexachlorocyclohexane inducedhepatotoxicity in Swiss albino rats (Trivedi and Rawal, 2000).Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. has andrographolide andneoandrographolide (Choudhury et al., 1987), which are wellknown hepatoprotective agents (Negi et al., 2007).

Naaz et al. (2007) recorded hepatoprotective property ofwhole plant ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach.& Thonn. on aflatoxin induced hepatotoxicity in swiss albinomice, whereas Pramyothin et al. (2006) showed hepatoprotectiveproperty of ethanol extracted dry powder of fruit of Phyllanthus

emblica L. against hepatotoxicity of ethanol in Wister albino rats.Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are potent hepatoprotectivelignans found in Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. andPhyllanthus emblica L. (Negi et al., 2007). Literature survey alsorevealed that seven species of genus Phyllanthus are usedthroughout the India in different herbal preparation as remedyof jaundice (Table 4). These hepatoprotective ligans found inspecies of genus Phyllanthus may be responsible for this hepato-protective activity and their wide use.

In the present survey it was recorded that yellow latex ofArgemone mexicana L. was used by Bhoxa community and driedwhole plant of Argemone mexicana L. was used by Gujjar com-munity as remedy of jaundice. Whereas, the alkaloid sanguinarineextracted from seeds of Argemone mexicana L. has been docu-mented to be toxic for liver (Dalvi, 1985; Ansari et al., 2005) andtoxicity from its oil causes the disease called epidemic dropsy. Butthere are reports of use of Argemone mexicana L. as an ethnome-dicinal remedy of jaundice from Uttar Pradesh (Singh et al., 2002)and Tamil Nadu (Alagesaboopathii, 2009) states of India. RecentlyDas et al. (2009) have recorded low hepatoprotective activity ofaqueous extract of whole plant of Argemone mexicana L. againstCCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wister albino rats. The possiblereason may be that dried whole plant and latex of Argemone

mexicana L. is not toxic as seeds of Argemone mexicana L. However,more studies are needed to validate any of these claims.

Lupeol is a significant lupane-type triterpene found in Averrhoa

carambola L., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., Cassia fistula L., Costus

speciosus (Koenig.) Sm., Ehretia laevis Roxb. and Ficus religiosa L.(Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994), which has shown hepatopro-tective activity (Prasad et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009).Saponin is present in Amaranthus spinosus L. (Zeashan et al., 2008)

Table 2 (continued )

Species (Family), voucher specimennumber

Local name Habit Parts used and mode of preparation FLvalue(%)

UV

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers

(Menispermaceae), GUH-JS-20354

Giloe Cl The pieces of stem are soaked in water in an earthen pot; this water is used internally, 2–

3 times a day for 15 days.

47.06 0.63

Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae),

GUH-JS-19728

Gokhru H The juice of leaves (1/2 teaspoonful) is used, twice a day for 1–2 weeks. 100.00 0.15

Trichosanthes cucumerina L.

(Cucurbitaceae), GUH-JS-20131

Jangli-

chachinda

Cl The infusion of fruits (1–2 teaspoonfuls) is taken orally twice a day for two weeks. 100.00 0.15

(c). Tharu communityAzadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae),

GUH-JS-18826

Nimba Tr The decoction of bark is prescribed orally, two teaspoonfuls, twice a day for 2 weeks. 20.00 1.00

Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.)

Suresh (Euphorbiaceae), GUH-JS-

19732

Danti/

Vanchura

S Powder of roots (2–3 g) is taken with curd and sugar twice a day for 12–16 days. 30.00 0.57

Costus speciosus (Koenig.) Sm.

(Zingiberaceae), GUH-JS-18871

Kewa H The roots are soaked in water for few hours, boiled and decoction 1/2 teaspoonfuls is

recommended, once a day for two weeks.

60.00 0.29

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Cuscutaceae),

GUH-JS-19749

Sarai–

Babiya

P The paste of seeds, about 3–4 g is recommended internally twice a day for 2 weeks. 28.57 0.60

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale

(Rubiaceae), GUH-JS-18865

Haldu Tr The decoction of bark is given orally. 66.67 0.17

Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae), GUH-

JS-20375

Amlolo H The juice of leaves is given orally, twice a day for 1–2 weeks. 33.33 0.51

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

(Euphorbiaceae), GUH-JS-19748

Jarmala H The infusion of whole plant is taken twice a day for 4 weeks. 50.00 0.51

Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanaceae),

GUH-JS-19716

Futkaiya H The decoction of whole plant is used internally, thrice a day for 3 weeks. 34.78 0.66

Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC.

(Asteraceae), GUH-JS-20344

Ghundi H The whole plant is dried in shade, made into powder with sugar; 2–3 g of this

preparation is taken with lukewarm water, twice a day for two weeks.

33.33 0.26

Abbreviations: H¼Herb; S¼Shrub; Tr¼ Tree; Cl¼Climber; Gr¼Grass; P¼Parasite; FL¼Fidelity level; UV¼Use value.



Table 3Pharmacological studies showing hepatoprotective properties and hepatoprotective phytoconstituents in the plants recorded in the present survey.

Species Plant part (s) used; extractused (dose)

Toxicant/s (dose) Experimentalanimal

Source Phytoconstituent with hepatoprotective properties

Aloe vera (L.)

Burm f.

Aerial part; aqueous

(500 mg/kg bw)

CCl4 (1 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Chandan et al.

(2007)

NA

Amaranthus

spinosus L.

Whole plant, ethanolic

(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg

bw)

CCl4 (1 ml/kg bw) Sprague–

Dawley rats

Zeashan et al.

(2008)

Flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenes, steroids and

saponins (Zeashan et al., 2008)

Andrographis

paniculata

(Burm. f.)

Nees.

Leaf; aqueous (12 mg/kg

bw)

Hexachlorocyclohexane

(500 ppm/kg bw)

Swiss albino

rats

Trivedi and

Rawal (2000)

Andrographolide and neoandrographolide (Choudhury

et al., 1987)

Argemone

mexicana L.

Whole plant; aqueous (250

and 150 mg/kg bw)


rats

Das et al.

(2009)

NA

Averrhoa

carambola L.

NA NA NA NA Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad

et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)

Azadirachta

indica A.

Juss

Tender leaf; fresh juice

(200 mg/kg bw)

Acetaminophen (2 g/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Yanpallewar

et al. (2002)

NA

Baliospermum

solanifolium

(Burm.)

Suresh

Root; alcoholic, chloroform

and aqueous (200 mg/kg

bw)

Paracetamol (2 g/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Wadekar et al.

(2008)

NA

Benincasa

hispida

(Thunb.)

Cogn.

Fruit; aqueous (NA) Nimesulide (10mg /ml/kg bw) Holtzman

albino rats

Das and Roy

(2011)

Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad


Boerhavia

diffusa L.

Root; aqueous and

powdered form (2 ml/kg

and 150 mg/kg bw)

Thioacetamide (100 mg/kg

bw)

Wistar albino

rats

Rawat et al.

(1997)

Ursolic acids (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Lin

et al., 1988)

Root; ethanolic (100 mg/

l00 g bw)

Country made liquor Wistar albino

rats

Rajkumari

et al. (1991)

Cajanus cajan

(L.) Millsp.

Leaf; methanolic (100 mg/

kg bw)

D-galactosamine (500 mg/kg

bw)

Wistar albino

rats

Akinloye and

Olaniyi (2011)

Cajaninstilbene acid, pinostrobin,vitexin and orientin

(Akinloye and Olaniyi, 2011), lupeol (Rastogi and

Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)Whole plant; methanolic

(250 and 500 mg/kg bw)

CCl4 (3 mg/kg bw) Swiss albino

rats

Ahsan et al.

(2009)

Cassia fistula L. Fruit pulp; aqueous

(2000 mg/kg bw)


rats

Das et al.

(2008)



Leaf; n-heptane (400 mg/kg

bw)

CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Bhakta et al.

(1999)

Centella

asiatica (L.)

Urb.

Whole plant; powder

aqueous slurry (0.7 g/kg

bw)


rats

Pingale (2008) NA

Cissampelos

pareira L.

Root; hydroalcoholic (100,

200 and 400 mg/kg bw)

CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg bw) Sprague–

Dawley rats

Surendran et al.

(2011)

NA

Costus

speciosus

(Koenig.)

Sm.

Rhizome; ethanolic

(500 mg/kg bw)


rats

Verma and

Khosa (2009)



Cuscuta reflexa

Roxb.

Whole plant;

hydroalcoholic (400 mg/kg

bw)

Paracetamol (200 mg/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Urmilesh and

Shelke (2011)

Phenolic compounds (Rastogi and Mehrotra,

1960–1994; Valan et al., 2010)

Aerial part; methanolic

(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg

bw)

Isoniazid (100 mg/kg/day bw)

and Rifambicin (100 mg/kg/

day bw)

Wistar albino

rats

Balakrishnan

et al. (2010)

Cynodon

dactylon (L.)

Pers.

Whole plant; aqueous

(500 mg/kg bw)

Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Singh et al.

(2008)

Flavonoids (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994)

Eclipta

prostrata

(L.) L.

Whole plant; ethanolic (100

and 250 mg/100 g bw)

Paracetamol (500 mg/ kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Tabassum and

Agrawal (2004)

NA

Ehretia laevis

Roxb.

NA NA NA NA Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad


Ficus religiosa

L.

Stem bark; aqueous and

methanolic (200 mg/kg bw)

Paracetamol (2 g/kg bw) Wistar albino

rats

Suryawanshi

et al. (2011)

Lupeol (triterpenoids), flavonoids, phenolic

compounds (Suryawanshi et al., 2011; Prasad et al.,

2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)

Flacourtia

indica

(Burm. f.)

Merr.

Leaf; aqueous (250 and

500 mg/kg bw)

CCl4 (1.5 ml/kgbw) Wistar albino

rats

Gnanaprakash

et al. (2010)

Phenolic compounds (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–

1994)

Glycosmis

pentaphylla

(Retz.) DC.

Leaf and bark; methanolic



rats

Ahsan et al.

(2009)

NA

Haldina

cordifolia

(Roxb.)

Ridsdale

Bark; ethanolic (250 and

500 mg/kg bw)


rats

Rakesh (2011) NA



and Tribulus terrestris L. (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994),which is also good hepatoprotective agent (Valan et al., 2010).Further pharmacological studies on some species in the presentsurvey viz., Averrhoa carambola L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena

pubescens Wall., Mangifera indica L., Ocimum americanum L.,Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanum

incanum L., Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. and Tribulus terrestris L.are needed to prove their hepatoprotective properties.

Literature review revealed that a total of 214 hepatoprotectiveplant species belonging to 181 genus and 78 families are usedinternally as remedy for jaundice by various communities indifferent parts of India (Table 4). Maximum number of speciesused for treatment of jaundice in India belonged to genusPhyllanthus (7) followed by Solanum (5), Acacia (3) and Ocimum

(3). Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating jaundice in differentstates of India are given in Appendix I. Out of 214 recordedhepatoprotective plant species most of the species were citedonly once in the reviewed literature. These plant species are notvery widely used but have been used by different communities indifferent regions of India. Pharmacological investigations have

been conducted on many of the recorded plant species. Butpharmacological studies on these lesser known plant species willcertainly result in extraction of some important active constitu-ents, which may be useful for developing effective hepatoprotec-tive medicine. Most widely used hepatoprotective plant species inIndia was Boerhavia diffusa L., which was cited in eleven studiesand noted to be used in nine states of India viz., Andhra Pradesh,Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand. Although Phyllanthus

amarus Schumach. & Thonn. was cited in fifteen studies but it wasused in seven states only viz., Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala,Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand. Tinospora

cordifolia (Willd.) Miers was cited in nine studies but was used ineight states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra,Mizoram, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.Saccharum officinarum L. was also used in eight states viz., AndhraPradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan,Sikkim and Uttarakhand. Ricinus communis L., Andrographis

paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. and Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz eachwere used in six states. Lawsonia inermis L. and Eclipta prostrata


Holarrhena

pubescens

Wall.

NA NA NA NA NA

Lawsonia

inermis L.

Leaf; aqueous (100 and

150 mg/kg bw)


rats

Sanni et al.

(2010)

NA

Mangifera

indica L.

NA NA NA NA Mangiferin (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Valan

et al., 2010)

Momordica

charantia L.

Leaf; hydroalcoholic (100

and 200 mg/kg bw)


rats

Chaudhari et al.

(2009)

NA

Ocimum

americanum

L.

NA NA NA NA Oleanolic acid (Negi et al., 2007)

Oroxylum

indicum (L.)

Kurz

NA NA NA NA NA

Oxalis

corniculata

L.

Whole plant; aqueous and

ethanolic (200 and 400 mg/

kg/day bw)

Thioacetamide (100 mg/kg

bw)

Wistar albino

rats

Das et al.

(2012)

NA

Phyllanthus

amarus

Schumach.

& Thonn.

Whole plant; ethanolic

(0.3 g/ kg bw)

Aflatoxin (66.6 g /kg bw) Swiss albino

rats

Naaz et al.

(2007)

Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin (Negi et al., 2007)

Phyllanthus

emblica L.

Fruit; ethanol extracted dry

powder (75 mg/kg/day bw)

Ethanol (4 g/kg/day bw) Wistar albino

rats

Pramyothin

et al. (2006)

Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin (Negi et al., 2007)

Physalis

divaricata D.

Don

NA NA NA NA NA

Solanum

incanum L.

NA NA NA NA Ursolic acids (Lin et al., 1988).

Solanum

americanum

Mill.

Whole plant; powder (0.2,

0.5, and 1.0 g/kg bw)

CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg bw) Sprague–

Dawley rats

Lin et al. (2008) Flavonoids, terpenoids (Subash et al., 2011)

Fruit; hydroalcoholic

(250 mg/kg bw)


rats

Subash et al.

(2011)

Sphaeranthus

senegalensis

DC.

NA NA NA NA NA

Tinospora

cordifolia

(Willd.)

Miers

Root; ethanolic (200 mg/kg

bw)

Isoniazid (50 mg/kg bw),

Rifampicin (100 mg/kg bw),

Pyrazinamide (300 mg/kg bw)

Guinea pigs Adhvaryu et al.

(2007)

NA

Tribulus

terrestris L.

NA NA NA NA Saponin (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Valan

et al., 2010)

Trichosanthes

cucumerina

L.

Whole plant; methanolic



rats and Swiss

albino rats

Kumar et al.

(2009)

NA

Vitex negundo

L.

Leaf; methanolic (200 and

250 mg/kg bw)


rats

Raj et al. (2008) Negundoside, 20-p-hydroxy benzoylmussaenosidic

acid (Tasduq et al., 2008)

Woodfordia

fruticosa (L.)

Kurz

Flower; petroleum ether,

chloroform, ethanolic and

aqueous (250 mg/kg bw)

CCl4 (1%) Wistar albino

rats

Chandan et al.

(2008)

NA

CCl4¼Carbon tetrachloride; NA¼ Information not available.



Table 4Ethnomedicinal hepatoprotective plants used internally in remedy of jaundice in India.

Family/ Species[nSynonym]

Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source

AcanthaceaeAdhatoda vasica Nees Lotha–Naga Wokha district

(Nagaland)

Leaf Leaf paste taken orally. Jamir et al., (2010)

Andrographis paniculata

(Burm. f.) Nees.

Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,

Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and

Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Leaf, young

twig

Leaves and young twigs are crushed and made

in to paste, 20–30 g paste taken three times

daily after meal for 2–3 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Bhumij, Birhore, Kheria,

Lodha, Munda, Oraon,

Paharia and Santal

Purulia district (West

Bengal)

Leaf Leaf paste together with paste of black pepper

is given in early morning for 7 days.

Chakraborty and

Bhattacharjee

(2006)

Local traditional healers Bastar district (Madhya

Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant of Andrographis paniculata and

stem barks of Azadirachta indica and

Holarrhena antidysenterica are taken in equal

quantities, pounded well and mixed in water

about 6 times by volume. A red hot brick is

then dropped in to it and filtered. The extract

thus obtained is given internally (25 ml extract

3–4 times a day for 3 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Paste of leaves is mixed with sugar, made into

pills of 4 g each and given internally two times

a day for 10–15 days.

Present study

Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,

Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,

Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,

Saharia, Mahali and Sounti

Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Whole plant Whole plant is used as a tonic and fresh juice

used.

Rout et al. (2009)

Malamalasar Parambikulam Wildlife

Sanctuary (Kerala)

Leaf Leaf juice is used. Yesodharan and

Sujana (2007)

Eranthemum roseum

(Vahl) R.Br.

Local community Satpuda hills,

Nandurbar district

(Maharashtra)

Root, leaf One cupful of infusion of dried roots and leaves

is given twice a day for one month.

Patil and Yadav

(2003)

Hygrophila schulli

(Buch.-Ham.)

M.R.Almeida & S.M.

Almeida

Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district

(Kerala)

Root, leaf Root and leaf decoction is used internally. Silja et al. (2008)

AizoaceaeTrianthema

portulacastrum L.

Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra

district (Uttar Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant extract is taken orally. Singh et al. (2002)

AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes aspera L. Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)

Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)

Local community Chandauli district (Uttar

Pradesh)

Root Root of Achyranthes aspera is given with butter

and Prosopis spicigera Linn. root.

Singh and Singh

(2009)

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Local community Shekhawati region

(Rajasthan)

Root Root extract is given orally. Katewa and Galav

(2005)

Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,

Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli

and Sawai Madhopur

districts (Rajasthan)

Root Root is crushed, squeezed and juice is given. Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Amaranthus spinosus L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Ash of fruits is administered orally 2–3 times a

day for 2–3 weeks.

Present study

Celosia argentea L. Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf extract in combination of leaves of

Achyranthes mixed with sugar and curd and

administered once in the morning for 3 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

AnacardiaceaeMangifera indica L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Bark Decoction of bark is administered orally, thrice

a day for 15–20 days.

Present study

Mech Jalpaiguri district (West

Bengal)

Bark Bark juice (4–5 spoons) mixed with one cup

milk is given in the morning on empty

stomach.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

ApiaceaeCentella asiatica (L.) Urb. Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Leaf powder (3 g) along with goat milk is given

orally once a day for about 8–10 days.

Present study


(Kerala)

Whole plant Plant extract is mixed with rhizome paste of

turmeric and given internally.

Silja et al. (2008)

Daucus carota L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Root Root juice (5–10 ml) is taken thrice daily for 2–

3 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholaris (L.) R.

Br.

Adi Lower Dibang Valley

district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Bark Water decoction mixed with Carica papaya

flower.

Tangjang et al.

(2011)

Holarrhena pubescens

Wall.

Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Seed Seeds are crushed, soaked in water for a night;

dried in shade made into powder, about 2–3 g

of this is taken with lukewarm water twice a

for 16 days.

Present study






Tabernaemontana

divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex

Roem. & Schult



Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Root Root powder (100–200 g) is boiled in water

and the extract is taken thrice a day for

2 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

AsclepiadaceaeCalotropis procera

(Aiton) Dryand.

Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone

and Ratlam districts

(Madhya Pradesh)

Root bark,

leaf

One pinch of root bark powder mixed with one

teaspoon of honey taken orally twice a day for

3–5 days. Leaf of this plant which has turned

yellow due to maturity is eaten with betal leaf

(Piper betel L.) for 3–5 days.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Cryptolepis dubia

(Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida

[nCryptolepis buchananii

Roem. & Schult.]

nLocal community Nasik district

(Maharasthra)

Root Half glass of root extract is taken orally in early

morning for 7 days before breakfast.

Patil and Patil

(2005)

Hemidesmus indicus (L.)

R. Br. ex Schult.

Local community Sivagangai district

(Tamil Nadu)

Root Root is powdered and given with honey. Shanmugam et al.

(2009)

Leptadenia pyrotechnica

(Forssk.) Decne.



and Sawai Madhopur


Whole plant Warmed up plant juice is taken orally. Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Oxystelma secamone (L.)

Karst.





Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Root Juice of root (10–15 ml) is mixed with a glass

of lukewarm water and given twice daily for

10 days.

Rout et al. (2009)

Tylophora asthmatica (L.

f.) Wight & Arn.

Local community Shimoga district

(Karnataka)

Root Roots with black pepper (Piper nigrum L.),

garlic and fruits of Syzygium cumini is made

into paste and taken orally for 2–3 days.

Mahishi et al.

(2005)

AsteraceaeAjania tibetica (Hook.f. &

Thomson) Tzvelev

[nTanacetum tibeticum

Hook. f. & Thomson]

nAmchi Ladakh, Leh district

(Jammu & Kashmir) and

Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, flower NA Kala (2006)

Artemisia sieversiana

Ehrh.

Amchi Ladakh, Leh district



(Himachal Pradesh)

Shoot NA Kala (2006)

Crepis flexuosa (Ledeb.)

Benth. Ex C.B. Clarke

Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Fresh juice mixed in equal proportion of water

is taken once a day.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

Cyanthillium cinereum

(L.) H.Rob. [nVernonia

cinerea (L.) Less.]

nMullu Kuruma Wayanad district

(Kerala)



Silja et al. (2008)

Echinops echinatus Roxb. Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)

Root, seed Filtered juice of roots and seeds is used. Gupta et al. (2010)

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

[nEclipta alba (L.)

Hassk.]


(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Leaves are crushed finelly and soaked in vessel

for a night; this water is taken in the morning

or twice a day for 3–4 weeks.

Present study

Valaiyan Piranmalai hills,

Madurai and Siva Ganga

districts (Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaf juice is taken internally. Sandhya et al.

(2006)

nLocal community Kumaragiri hills, Salem

district (Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Decoction of leaves used. Alagesaboopathii

(2009)nBhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Whole plant Paste of whole plant (20–30 g) is mixed with

salt and taken once a day for 15–20 days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

nLocal community Churu district

(Rajasthan)

NA Juice is admiistered in teaspoonful doses. Parveen et al.

(2007)nChakma Namdapha National

Park, Changlang district

(Arunachal Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf extract is given. Sarmah et al.

(2008)

nLocal community Sivagangai district

(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaves of Eclipta alba, Phyllanthus amarus and

Leucas aspera are grounded and extracted. The

extract is given.

Shanmugam et al.

(2009)

Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham.

ex D. Don) DC.

Local community Mizoram Leaf Leaves are crushed with those of Plantago

asiatica and Lobelia angulata and the juice is

taken orally.

Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)

Lactuca serriola L.

(nLactuca scariola L.)

nLambani Gulbarga district

(Karnataka)

Leaf Leaf juice is used. Rajasab and Isaq

(2004)

Picris angustifolia subsp.

angustifolia DC. [nPicris

hieracioides L.]

nLocal community Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Plant extract mixed with salted curd is given in

the early morning and late night for 20–30

days.

Chandra Sekhar

and Srivastava

(2005)

Scorzonera divaricata

Turcz.


(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, shoot Decoction prepared at low temperature is

consumed orally.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

Sphaeranthus

senegalensis DC.

[nSphaeranthus indicus

L.]

Tharu Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Whole plant Whole plant is dried in shade, made into

powder with sugar, 2–3 g of this preparation is

taken with lukewarm water, twice a day for

two weeks.

Present study






nLocal community Alwar, Bharatpur,


and Sawai Madhopur


Whole plant The expressed juice of plant is given. Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Meitei East Imphal and West

Imphal districts

(Manipur)

Flower, leaf,

seed

Oral Khumbongmayum

et al. (2005)

Tanacetum himachalensis

Aswal & Mehrotra




(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf NA Kala (2006)

Taraxacum officinale

Webb

Local traditional healers Nanda Devi Biosphere

Reserve, Chamoli

district (Uttarakhand)

Root, leaf Root and leaves dried in shade and its powder

is given (2.5–5 g) twice a day.

Dangwal et al.

(2011)


(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, flower One gram powder with half glass of water is

taken.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

Youngia tenuifolia

(Willd.) Babc. &

Stebbins




(Himachal Pradesh)


AverrhoaceaeAverrhoa carambola L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Fruit Ripened fruits (2–3) are eaten daily for 15–20

days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Fruit Ripe fruit juice. Nath and

Choudhury (2010)


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Decoction of fruits is prescribed orally 2–3

times a day for 3 weeks.

Present study

Khampti Lohit district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Leaf, root,

bark, twig

Decoction of leaf, root, bark and twig is given. Sen et al. (2008)

Nocte and Wancho Tirap district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Fruit Raw. Tangjang et al.

(2011)

BerberidaceaeBerberis aristata DC.

[nBerberis chitria Ker

Gawl.]

Raji Champawat and

Pithoragarh districts

(Uttarakhand)

Root bark Semisolid of root bark is used. Negi et al. (2002)

Malani Kullu district

(Himanchal Pradesh)

Root Root extract is used. Sharma et al.

(2005)nJaunsari Dehradun district

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit, bark,

root

NA Bhatt and Negi

(2006)

Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex

DC.

Local community Almora, Bageshwar,

Champawat and


(Uttarakhand)

Root NA Gangwar et al.

(2010)

BignoniaceaeOroxylum indicum (L.)

Kurz



Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Bark Bark powder (500 g) is extracted in boiled

water and 100 ml of extract is taken thrice a

day for 2–3 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Local traditional healers West Godavari district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Stem bark Stem bark is ground well into a paste together

with turmeric, made into pills and given

internally (5 g twice a day for 5 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Lotha–Naga Wokha district

(Nagaland)

Root bark Root bark paste taken orally. Jamir et al. (2010)


(Uttarakhand)

Bark Crushed bark is soaked in water in an earthen

pot for a night, given orally in early morning or

1–2 times a day for 1 week.

Present study


Bengal)

Stem bark Two tablespoons juice of stem bark, one hen’s

egg and common salt are blended and fried;

divided into three equal pieces, given orally

thrice daily for 3 days.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

Adi Lower Dibang Valley

district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Bark Water decoction. Tangjang et al.

(2011)

BoraginaceaeCordia dichotoma G.

Forst.

Local traditional healers Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf juice is given internally (20 ml. once a day

for 3 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

BrassicaceaeRaphanus sativus L. Local traditional healers Ukhimath block,

Rudraprayag district

(Uttarakhand)

Rhizome Rhizome extract is taken orally. Semwal et al.

(2010)

Local community Mornaula reserve forest

(Uttarakhand)

Root, leaf NA Pant et al. (2009)

Local community Nawanshahar district

(Punjab)

Root NA Sidhu (2011)

Caesalpiniaceae






Bauhinia purpurea L. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal

Kacharie, Maran, Motok,

Mishing and Nepalese

Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Leaf Decoction of leaves is taken internally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Bark, leaf,

root

Water extracts of bark, leaves and root taken

two times daily after meal for 2–4 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.)

Roxb.

Savara, Khond, Santal and

other local communities

Ganjam, Puri,

Jagatsingpur,

Kendrapara, Bhadrak

and Balasore districts

(Odisha)

Leaf NA Pattanaik et al.

(2008)

Cassia fistula L. Local traditional healers Narendra Nagar block,

Tehri district

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf One teaspoonful of leaves extract is

administrated orally thrice a day after meals.

Dangwal and

Sharma (2011)


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Infusion of fruit is given orally, 2–3 times a

day, for 15–20 days.

Present study

Thai–Ahom, Sonowal



Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Fruit Infusion of fruits is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)





Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Leaf Extract of leaves is administered orally. Rout et al. (2009)



Fruit Fruit pulp is taken orally once a day. Singh et al. (2002)

Senna auriculata (L.)

Roxb. [nCassia

auriculata L.]

nLocal community Jalgaon district

(Maharashtra)

Flower bud Buds of Cassia auriculata and Cicer arietinum

are eaten 3–4 times a day.

Pawar and Patil

(2004)

Senna tora (L.) Roxb.

[nCassia tora L.]

nLocal traditional healers Godavari district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf along with five peppers is grounded well

into a paste, mixed in water and given

internally (25 g of paste in 100 ml of water,

once a day for 5 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Tamarindus indica L. Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife

Sanctuary, Chittorgarh

and Udaipur districts

(Rajasthan)

Fruit Extract of fruits is internally taken. Jain et al. (2005)

CapparaceaeCapparis spinosa L. Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Shoot Green shoots are cut and dried in shade and

powdered. The powder is taken orally twice a

day.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

CaricaceaeCarica papaya L. Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Leaf Leaf juice is used. Nath and

Choudhury (2010)

ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium album L. Local community Nawanshahar district

(Punjab)

Leaf, stem NA Sidhu (2011)

CombretaceaeTerminalia arjuna (Roxb.

ex DC.) Wight & Arn.



(Madhya Pradesh)

Stem bark Aqueous extract of the bark is given for 3 days

in the morning on empty stomach.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.

ex DC.) Wight & Arn.

Madugga Siruvani forest,

Coimbatore district

(Tamil Nadu)

Bark, leaf Decoction of the bark and leaves are used. Soudahmini et al.

(2005)

CommelinaceaeCommelina benghalensis

L.

Kurichya Kannur district, Western

Ghats (Kerala)

Whole plant Crushed juice of plant is given orally twice a

day.

Rajith and

Ramachandran

(2010)

ConvolvulaceaeArgyreia roxburghii

(Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy


Bengal)

Leaf Pills prepared from paste of 10–15 g tuber of

Stephania glabra and five leaves of Argyreia

roxburghii are dried and taken three times

daily.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.)

L.

Savara, Khond, Santal and

other local communities

Ganjam, Puri,

Jagatsingpur,

Kendrapara, Bhadrak

and Balasore districts

(Odisha)

Whole plant NA Pattanaik et al.

(2008)

Poranopsis paniculata

(Roxb.) Roberty

[nPorana paniculata

Roxb.]

nMeena Rajasthan Leaf, bark NA Meena and Rao

(2010)

CrasssulaceaeBryophyllum pinnatum

(Lam.) Oken

nTagin Subansiri district

(Arunachal Pradesh)

Leaf NA Goswami et al.

(2009)






[nBryophyllum

calycinum Salisb.]

CucurbitaceaeBenincasa hispida

(Thunb.) Cogn.

Local traditional healers Phulbani district

(Odisha)

Fruit Fruit juice is given internally (50 ml once a day

for 3 days: Sugar is added for taste).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Bhoxa and Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Juice of fruits (2–3 teaspoonfuls) is given orally

twice a day for 2 weeks.

Present study

Citrullus collocynthis (L.)

Schrad.

Garasia Sirohi district

(Rajasthan)

Fruit NA Meena and Yadav

(2010)

Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded

districts (Maharashtra)

Root Root extract is given. Kachare et al.

(2010)

Local traditional healers Chhindwara and Betul

districts (Madhya

Pradesh)

Seed Powder is given. Nath and Khatri

(2010)

Local community District Garhwal

(Uttarakhand)

Root NA Gaur (1999)

Local community Saraswati river region,

Patan district (Gujarat)

Root NA Seliya and Patel

(2009)

Coccinia grandis (L.)

Voigt



Fruit NA Seliya and Patel

(2009)


(Kerala)

Leaf, fruit NA Silja et al. (2008)

Cucumis melo L.

[nCucumis melo var.

agrestis Naudin]

nLocal traditional healers Koraput district

(Odisha)

Root Roasted meat and feathers of a bird locally

known as ‘Kaamalodi’ ‘Kangalodi’ or ‘Kangudi’

and root of the plant are ground into a paste

and given internally (20 g once a day for

3 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Cucumis sativus L. Local community Saraswati river region,



(2009)

Cucurbita pepo L. Lepcha Dzongu valley, North

Sikkim district (Sikkim)

Fruit Ripen fruits are used. Pradhan and

Badola (2008)


(Punjab)

Fruit NA Sidhu (2011)

Lagenaria siceraria

(Molina) Standl.

[nLagenaria

leucantha Rusby]

Local traditional healers Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Root Juice of root (bitter variety) is given internally

in the morning on empty stomach (10 ml. once

a day for 2 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Local community Churu district

(Rajasthan)

Leaf A decoction of leaves mixed with sugar is

given.

Parveen et al.

(2007)nLocal community Saraswati river region,



(2009)

Luffa acutangula (L.)

Roxb.

Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife



(Rajasthan)

Fruit Extract of fruits is internally taken. Jain et al. (2005)

Luffa echinata Roxb. Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded


Fruit Fruit boiled in water and prepared decoction is

taken once a day for 7–14 days.

Kachare et al.

(2010)

Momordica charantia L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Fruit, leaf Fruit and leaf juice is taken once daily for 10–

15 days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Juice of fruits is administered internally twice

a day for 2 weeks.

Present study


(Tamil Nadu)

Fruit Dried fruit pieces are fried and given with

normal diet.

Shanmugam et al.

(2009)




(2009)

Mukia maderaspatana

(L.) M.Roem.

[nMelothria

maderaspatana (L.)

Cogn.]

nMeitei East Imphal and West

Imphal districts

(Manipur)

Shoot, leaf,

seed

Oral Khumbongmayum

et al. (2005)

Trichosanthes

cucumerina L.


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Infusion of fruits (1–2 teaspoonfuls) is taken

orally twice a day for two weeks.

Present study

CuscutaceaeCuscuta reflexa Roxb. Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife



(Rajasthan)

Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is taken internally. Jain et al. (2005)

Local community Tripura Whole plant Whole plant juice with coconut water is taken

early morning for 2 weeks.

Majumdar et al

(2006)


(Uttarakhand)

Seed Paste of seeds, about 3–4 g is recommended

internally twice a day for 2 weeks.

Present study


(Uttarakhand)

Whole plant Decoction of whole plant (2 teaspoonfuls) is

recommended internally, 2–3 times a day for

16 days.

Present study








Whole plant NA Seliya and Patel

(2009)

CyperaceaeCyperus rotundus L. Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Tuber Tubers ground with triphal (fruits of Terminalia

chebula, Terminalia bellirica and Emblica

officinalis) and the extract administered in

2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 5 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

DilleniaceaeDillenia indica L. Local community Mizoram Fruit, bark Fruit is boiled and the water is taken. Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)

EbenaceaeDiospyros montana Roxb. Local traditional healers Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Stem bark Dried stem bark is kept overnight in water,

pounded and boiled. 25 ml of the decoction

thus obtained is heat—treated by dropping a

red hot piece of earthen pot, filtered and given

internally (20 ml once a day for 5 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Local traditional healers Sagar Talukk, Shimoga

district (Karnataka)

Bark, leaf Bark paste is mixed with cow’s milk and taken

orally in morning, for a week. Likely leaves

ground wiith jaggery and boiled in water into

decoction. Daily two teaspoonfuls of decoction

is taken orally daily, for 4–5 days.

Rajakumar and

Shivanna (2010)

EhretiaceaeEhretia laevis Roxb. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Seed Soaked seeds are made into paste, mixed with

powder of badi elaichi (Amomum subulatum)

and given orally with milk, thrice a day.

Present study

ElaeagnaceaeElaeagnus rhamnoides

(L.) A. Nelson

[nHippophae

rhamnoides L.]

nLahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Fruit The juice extracted from 5 kg of fruit pulp is

boiled at low temperature with half litre of

water till it gets solidified. Tablets are made

and two tablets are given.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

Hippophae tibetana

Schltdl.


(Himachal Pradesh)

Fruit Dried fruits are crushed and boiled in water to

prepare a decoction. The decoction obtained is

taken.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha indica L. Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaves crushed with sugar candy and curd

taken orally early in the morning for 3 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

Baliospermum

solanifolium (Burm.)

Suresh [nBaliospermum

montanum (Willd.)

Mull.Arg.]


(Uttarakhand)

Root Powder of roots (2–3 g) is taken with curd and

sugar twice a day for 12–16 days.

Present study

nLocal community District Garhwal

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf, root Leaf and root decoction is given. Gaur (1999)

Croton persimilis Mull.

Arg. [nCroton

oblongifolius Roxb.]

nBhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Stem bark Stem bark of C. oblongifolius, Curcuma longa

and ripen fruits of Averrhoa carambola

(2:1:2 g) are crushed together and boiled in

water, extract is taken thrice a day for 2–3

weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Euphorbia hirta L. Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta in combination

with leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus, sugar

and curd is administered in two spoonfuls

thrice a day for 2–3 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

Euphorbia neriifolia L. Local community Shekhawati region

(Rajasthan)

Latex Luke warm latex with common salt. Katewa and Galav

(2005)

Jatropha curcus L. Local traditional healers Shahjahanpur district

(Uttar Pradesh)

Leaf Tender leaf paste mixed with curd is given. Sharma et al.

(2010)

Mallotus philippensis

(Lam.) Mull-Arg.

Local community Kunihar forest division,

Solan district (Himachal

Pradesh)

Seed Dried seed powder is made into tablets and

given orally with cold water.

Verma and

Chauhan (2007)

Mallotus roxburghianus

Mull.Arg.

Mizo Aizwal and Kolasib

forest division,

Ngengpui and Palak

Wildlife Sanctuaries

(Mizoram)

Twig Twigs are boiled and the soup is taken daily/

drunk one cup (100 ml) twice daily.

Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a, 2010b)

Local community Mizoram Twig Twigs are boiled and the soup is taken daily/

drunk one cup (100 ml) twice daily.

Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a, 2010b)

Phyllanthus amarus

Schumach. & Thonn.

Local community Bhuldhana district

(Maharashtra)

Whole plant Extract, one spoonful per day for 3 days. Ahirrao and Patil

(2010)

Local traditional healers Ranchi district

(Jharkhand)

Whole plant Whole plant infusion is taken orally with cold

water.

Chandra et al.

(2007)



Leaf Decoction of leaves is used internally. Jain et al. (2005)







(Rajasthan)

Local traditional healers Nanded district

(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaves are ground well and mixed with glass

full of cow milk and taken orally three times

daily till cured.

Kachare and

Surywanshi (2010)

Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant extract mixed with curd and

given in two spoonfuls twice a day for a week.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

Local traditional healers Kancheepuram district

(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Fresh leaves are ground and mixed with a cup

of cow or goat’s milk and taken internally.

Muthu et al. (2006)

Local community Satpuda hills,

Nandurbar district

(Maharashtra)

Leaf Two teaspoonful of 10 g leaf powder is given

with water twice.

Patil and Yadav

(2003)


(Uttarakhand)

Whole plant Infusion of whole plant is taken twice a day for

4 weeks.

Present study

Irula Kodiakkarai reserve

forest, Thanjavur


Branch, leaf Raw branchlets and leaves eaten for 7 days. Ragupathy and

Newmaster (2009)

Local community Southern districts

(Tamil Nadu)

Whole plant Plant extract is given orally. Rajendran et al.

(2008)

Valaiyan Piranmalai hills,

Madurai and Siva Ganga

districts (Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaf paste mixed with buffalo urine, 200 ml

per day for three days, taken internally.

Sandhya et al.

(2006)

Local community Muriyad wetland,

Vembanad–Kol, Ramsar

site (Kerala)

Whole plant Whole plant paste or chopped leaves are used. Sanilkumar and

Thomas (2007)


(Kerala)



Silja et al. (2008)

Kattunayaka Mudumalai Wildlife

Sanctuary, Nilgiri


Whole plant 15 ml whole plant juice is taken orally in

empty stomach along with tumbler’s goat

milk.

Udayan et al.

(2007)


Sanctuary (Kerala)

Root Fresh roots. Yesodharan and

Sujana (2007)

Phyllanthus asperulatus

Hutch.

Local traditional healers Sirkakulam district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant is made into a paste and given

internally. Alternatively, its juice is mixed in

curd and given (25–50 g of whole plant once a

day for 3 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Phyllanthus emblica L.

[nEmblica officinalis

Gaertn.]

Meitei East Imphal and West

Imphal districts

(Manipur)

Fruit Oral Khumbongmayum

et al. (2005)


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Decoction of fruits along with sugar is taken in

early morning or thrice a day for 10–15 days.

Present study

Local traditional healers Rajasthan NA Given with buttermilk. Sharma and Kumar

(2007)nLocal community Almora, Bageshwar,

Champawat and


(Uttarakhand)

Bark Bark decoction is given. Gangwar et al.

(2010)

nSapera Khetawas, Jhajjar

district (Haryana)

NA NA Panghal et al.

(2010)

Phyllanthus fraternus

G.L. Webster

Local community Bijagarh, West Nimar

district (Madhya

Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant extract. Mahajan (2007)

Local community Mizoram Whole plant Juice of whole plant is used. Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)





Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Whole plant About 10 g paste of whole plant is given thrice

daily for one week.

Rout et al. (2009)



(Madhya Pradesh)

Whole plant One plant ground without water and made

into a tablet. One tablet a day for 3 days to be

taken orally. Root paste with water given

internally on empty stomach for 3 days.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Phyllanthus niruri L. Local traditional healers Chhindwara and Betul

districts (Madhya

Pradesh)

Whole plant Decoction is taken. Nath and Khatri

(2010)

Taungya Gorakhpur and

Maharajganj districts

(Uttar Pradesh)

Root 1–2 teaspoon of fresh roots juice taken twice a

day.

Poonam and Singh

(2009)

Karen Webi and Karmatang

villages, Mayabunder,

Middle Andaman

(Andaman and Nicobar)

Whole plant Plant paste mixed with sugar candy, diluted by

adding goat milk and filtered in muslin cloth is

taken internally for 3 days at early morning.

Sharief et al. (2005)



Whole plant Singh et al. (2002)






Fresh juice (20 ml) or powder (10 g) of whole

plant is given orally with water daily in

morning for 3–4 days.

Local community Jharkhand Leaf, bark Leaf and bark juice is given as tonic. Vidhyrthy and

Gupta (2007)

Phyllanthus urinaria L. Madugga Siruvani forest,

Coimbatore district

(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaf decoction (20 ml twice a day) is used. Soudahmini et al.

(2005)

Phyllanthus virgatus G.

Forst.

Kani Kouthalai area,

Tirunelveli district

(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Paste of leaf is taken along with the leaves of

Ricinus communis, Centella asiatica and Calamus

rotang.

Ayyanar and

Ignacimuthu

(2005)

Ricinus communis L. Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaf juice mixed with a cup of milk is used. Gupta et al. (2010)


(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaves juice 5 ml in 100 ml cow milk with

sugar given orally on empty stomach for 5 to

7 days.

Kachare and

Surywanshi (2010)


(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf paste administered in one spoonful with

buttermilk early in the morning for 5–7 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

Andha and Bhil Hingoli district

(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaf juice is mixed with cow milk and hot

quartz is put in it and then drunk it without

water and salt.

Patil and Biradar

(2011)



(Madhya Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf ground with equal quantity of jaggery and

made into small tablets like grain of maize.

Two tablets three times a day for 3 days to be

given orally (for adults) and two tablets for

two times a day for 3 days for children.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Local traditional healers Shahjahanpur district

(Uttar Pradesh)

Leaf Tender leaf paste mixed with curd is given. Sharma et al.

(2010)


(Kerala)

Leaf Leaf juice with 7 cumin seeds is given

internally.

Silja et al. (2008)


Champawat and


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit NA Gangwar et al.

(2010)

Rural women Rudraprayag and

Chamoli districts

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit NA Uniyal and Shiva

(2005)

FabaceaeAbrus precatorius L. Local community Saraswati river region,


Root NA Seliya and Patel

(2009)

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Local traditional healers Phulbani district

(Odisha)

Leaf Leaf juice mixed with honey is given internally

(25 ml thrice a day for 3 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)


(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Juice of leaves with honey is administered

internally twice a day for 15 days.

Present study

Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Leaf Leaf juice is used. Nath and

Choudhury (2010)

Cicer microphyllum

Benth.




(Himachal Pradesh)

Seed NA Kala (2006)

Crotalaria juncea L. Local traditional healers Chhattisgarh Leaf 200 g leaf paste is taken with a cup of water

twice a day for one week.

Tirkey (2006)

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. Kani Kottoor reserve forest,

Agasthyavanam,

Thiruvananthapuram

district (Kerala)

Bark Extract of 200 g bark after removing outer

dead layer is consumed with coconut milk.

Vijayan et al.

(2007)

Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone


(Madhya Pradesh)

Leaf One teaspoon decoction of leaf mixed with one

glass of water to be taken orally twice a day for

8 days. Leaves ground with small amount of

water and paste applied on the whole body.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Glycine max (L.) Merr. Local community Mornaula reserve forest

(Uttarakhand)

Seed Seed paste is soaked in water for overnight,

cooked in iron vessel and given to the patient

orally.

Pant et al. (2009)

Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Malasar Coimbtore district

(Tamil Nadu)

Root Root powder is taken internally. Kumar et al. (2007)

Pongamia pinnata (L.)

Pierre

Local community Kalyaran and

Shervarayan Hills,

Eastern Ghats (Tamil

Nadu)

Leaf NA Kadavul and Dixit

(2009)

Trigonella emodi Benth. Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, flower One spoon of powder is taken twice a day for a

week.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

FlacourtiaceaeFlacourtia indica (Burm.

f.) Merr.


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Decoction of fruits is given orally, twice a day

for 2–3 weeks.

Present study

Bhoxa Leaf Present study






Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaves are boiled in water and decoction is

given orally twice a day for 15–20 days.



Fruit About 30–50 ml fruit juice is given daily. Singh et al. (2002)


Shervarayan Hills,


Nadu)

Fruit NA Kadavul and Dixit

(2009)



and Sawai Madhopur


Fruit NA Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

GentianaceaeGentiana leucomelaena

Maxim.

Local community Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Plants are ground along with boiled water and

small portion of petals of Polemonium

caeruleum L. and Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook.)

Ma. are added to the above combination. This

mixture mixed with boiled cow milk or curd

(prepared from Goat’s milk) is given empty

stomach in the early morning for 15–22 days.

Chandra Sekhar

and Srivastava

(2005)

Gentiana tubiflora

(G.Don) Griseb.


(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant is ground with little amount of

salted curd and made into a paste. This paste is

given at night (before going to bed) for 40–45

days.

Chandra Sekhar

and Srivastava

(2005)


(Himachal Pradesh)

Aerial part The fresh juice of aerial parts is mixed with

equal quantity of water and about half glass of

the mixture is taken orally in morning hours.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

Gentianella

moorcroftiana (Wall. ex

Griseb.) Airy Shaw

[nGentiana

moorcroftiana Wall. ex

G. Don]

nLahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Aerial part Juice extracted by crushing fresh aerial parts is

taken in empty stomach.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

nAmchi Ladakh, Leh district



(Himachal Pradesh)


Gentianopsis detonsa

(Rottb.) Ma.


(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Plants are ground along with boiled water and

small portion of petals of Polemonium

caeruleum L. and Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook.)

Ma. are added to the above combination. This

mixture mixed with boiled cow milk or curd

(prepared from Goat’s milk) is given empty

stomach in the early morning for 15–22 days.

Chandra Sekhar

and Srivastava

(2005)


(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, flower The fresh juice extracted is taken orally. Singh and Lal

(2008)

Gentianopsis paludosa

(Hk.f.)


(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, flower The powder prepared from leaves and flowers

is mixed with flower powder of Jaeschkea

oligosperma, root powder of Aconitum

hererophyllum and Picrorhiza kurrooa in equal

quantity and about half spoon of the mixture is

given orally with water.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

Swertia chirata (Roxb.)

Buch. -Ham. ex C.B.

Clarke


Champawat and


(Uttarakhand)

Flower,

stem, root

NA Gangwar et al.

(2010)

Geranium pratense L. Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant About one spoon of powder is taken orally

with water.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

HypoxidaceaeCurculigo orchioides

Gaertn.



Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Root Water extract of root is taken two times daily

after meal for 2–4 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)


(Andhra Pradesh)

Rhizome Rhizome extract given with curd in two

spoonfuls twice a day for about a week.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)


(Rajasthan)

Root/ tuber Tubers are washed and cut into slices and

dried and than given in doses of 180 gains

beaten up with an equal quantity of sugar in a

glass of milk until it forms thick mucilage.

Parveen et al.

(2007)

Local community District Garhwal

(Uttarakhand)

Rhizome NA Gaur (1999)

LabiataeScutellaria prostrata

Jacquem. ex Benth.




(Himachal Pradesh)

Shoot NA Kala (2006)






LamiaceaeLeucas aspera (Willd.)

Link


(Rajasthan)

Leaf, flower Juice of leaves and flowers mixed with milk is

given.

Parveen et al.

(2007)

Kunabi Uttara Kannada district,

(Karnataka)

Leaf NA Harsha et al.

(2002)

Mentha arvensis L. Bodo Sonitpur district

(Assam)

Leaf Leaves are put in water for 6–8 h; decanted

extract is given once in a day for a week after

breakfast.

Saikia et al. (2010)

Mentha spicata L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Leaf Powdered dry leaves are eaten with chilli

powder and chapati for 10–12 days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Ocimum americanum L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is taken internally,

thrice a day for 3–4 weeks.

Present study

Ocimum basilicum L. Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone


(Madhya Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant except root cut into small pieces

and boiled with water and allowed to cool.

One cup of this extract given orally twice only.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

[nOcimum sanctum L.]

nGond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)


Volkameria inermis L.

[nClerodendrun inerme

(L.) Gaertn.]

nPeriyapattinavar, Irular and

Fisherman

Pichavaram mangrove

forest, Cuddalore


Leaf NA Ravindran et al.

(2005)

LiliaceaeAloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

[nAloe barbadensis Mill.]


(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Infusion of leaves is given orally twice a day

for 10–12 days.

Present study

nLocal community Kumaragiri hills, Salem


Whole plant Juice of the whole plant is taken. Alagesaboopathii

(2009)

Asparagus racemosus

Willd.

Local community Sundargarh district

(Odisha)

Root Root decoction mixed with sugar candy is

ingested.

Girach et al. (1998)

Local community Sundargarh district

(Odisha)

Root Root decoction wirth sugar is given orally. Girach et al. (1998)





Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Tuber Tuber made into paste and taken internally. Rout et al. (2009)

Karens Webi and Karmatang

villages, Mayabunder,

Middle Andaman

(Andaman and Nicobar)

Root Paste of fresh root with sugar candy, diluted

with water is taken twice a day for 7 days.

Sharief et al. (2005)



Root Dried root powder (5 to 10 g per day) is used

orally as a tonic.

Singh et al. (2002)



and Sawai Madhopur


Root Roots are cut into pieces; gruel is prepared

with rice and taken by the patient.

Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

LythraceaeLagerstoemia speciosa

(L.) Pers.

Local community Mizoram Root Decoction of root is taken. Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)

Lawsonia inermis L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Bark, leaf Bark and leaves (500 g) are crushed together

and boiled in water. Decoction is taken two

times daily after meal for 2–4 weeks.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Local traditional healers Phulbani district

(Odisha)

Root Root along with some pepper is ground well,

mixed in 50 ml of rice wash and given in the

morning on empty stomach (5 g of rootþ3 or

4 peppers once a day for 3–7 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Local community Shekhawati region

(Rajasthan)

Leaf Leaf extract mixed with sugar is given. Katewa and Galav

(2005)

Bhil, Dhanka, Kolidhor, Naika

and Rathwa

Panchmahals district

(Gujarat)

Leaf Leaf decoction. Painuli and

Maheswari (1994)


(Rajasthan)

Leaf One gram of fresh leaves and three black

peppers are made into paste in 50 ml of cow’s

milk and it is taken for 1 month.

Parveen et al.

(2007)


(Uttarakhand)

Root Decoction of roots, ½ teaspoonfuls is taken

orally, twice a day for 10–15 days.

Present study





Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Root Extract of root is given twice a day as health

tonic for liver and general weakness.

Rout et al. (2009)



and Sawai Madhopur


Leaf One gram of fresh leaves and three black

peppers are made into paste in 50 ml of cow’s

milk and it is taken for 1 month.

Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Woodfordia fructicosa

(L.) Kurz.


(Andhra Pradesh)

Stem bark Stem bark ground with bark of Bauhinia

racemosa and Oroxylum indicum and the

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)






poultice administered in two spoonfuls banana

fruit twice a day for 5–7 days.


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Decoction of fruits (two teaspoonfuls) is

recommended orally twice a day for 2 week.

Present study

MalvaceaeGossypium herbaceum L. Local traditional healers Nanded district

(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaves juice given orally. Kachare and

Surywanshi (2010)

Sida cordifolia L. Mech Jalpaiguri district (West

Bengal)

Root Half cup root juice and half tablespoon sugar

candy mixed together is given once daily till

cured.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

MelastomataceaeMelastoma

malabathricum L.


Shervarayan Hills,


Nadu)

Root NA Kadavul and Dixit

(2009)

MeliaceaeAzadirachta indica A.

Juss.



Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Leaf One kg powder of fresh, mature air-dried

leaves is boiled in water and 5ml extract is

taken once daily for 15–20 days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)


(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaf extract is given orally. Patil and Biradar

(2011)


(Uttarakhand)

Bark Decoction of bark is prescribed orally, two

teaspoonfuls, twice a day for 2 weeks.

Present study


(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Young leaves are fried with Carum nothum and

salt and powdered. The powder is given

internally with milk.

Shanmugam et al.

(2009)

MenispermaceaeCissampelos pareira L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf ½ teaspoonfuls juice of fresh leaves is used

internally twice a day for 12–15 days.

Present study

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.

Theob.



(Madhya Pradesh)

Fruit One fruit rubbed with 50 ml of water and

made into paste and one teaspoon of sugar.

This is equal to one dose. This preparation is to

be given orally twice only.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Coscinium fenestratum

(Goetgh.) Colebr.


Sanctuary (Kerala)

Root, stem Root and stem paste. Yesodharan and

Sujana (2007)

Stephania glabra (Roxb.)

Miers


Bengal)

Tuber Pills prepared from paste of 10–15 g tuber of

Stephania glabra and five leaves of Argyreia

roxburghii are dried and taken three times

daily.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

Tinospora cordifolia

(Willd.) Miers

Local traditional healers Koraput district

(Odisha)

Stem Starch obtained from stem is mixed in equal

quantity of sugar and given internally (8 g

with water once a day for 7 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)


(Andhra Pradesh)

Fruit Dry fruit powder is mixed with honey and

administered in two spoonfuls once in

morning for 5–7 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)


(Rajasthan)

Stem Stem juice is given either alone or mixed with

honey.

Parveen et al.

(2007)


(Maharashtra)

Leaf Extract of leaves is given orally. Patil and Biradar

(2011)



(Uttar Pradesh)

Fruit 1–2 teaspoon of fruits paste given twice a day. Poonam and Singh

(2009)


(Uttarakhand)

Stem Pieces of stem are soaked in water in an

earthen pot; this water is used internally, 2–3

times a day for 15 days.

Present study



and Sawai Madhopur


Whole plant Plant juice is given. Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Sapera Khetawas, Jhajjar

district (Haryana)


(2010)

Local community Mizoram Stem, root NA Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)

MimosaceaeAcacia catechu (L. f.)

Willd.



Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Bark Bark (1–3 g) is mixed with water and the

extract is taken two times daily untill cured.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Acacia concinna (Willd.)

DC.



(Uttar Pradesh)

Leaf Leaves powder given internally thrice a day. Poonam and Singh

(2009)

Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile.

[nAcacia arabica (Lam.)

Willd.]



Leaf Pounded leaves (50 g) are given daily for 3 to

4 days with butter milk.

Singh et al. (2002)

nGond Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)






Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)nSapera Khetawas, Jhajjar

district (Haryana)


(2010)

Mimosa himalayana

Gamble





Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Root Extract of root is given in small doses. Rout et al. (2009)

MoraceaeArtocarpus chaplasha

Roxb. [nArtocarpus

chama Buch. -Ham.]

nLocal community Barak Valley, Cachar,

Karimganj and

Hailakandi districts

(Assam)

Bark Bark extract is used. Barbhuiya et al.

(2009)

Ficus benghalensis L. Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)

Aerial root Powder of aerial roots. Gupta et al. (2010)

Sapera Khetawas, Jhajjar

district (Haryana)


(2010)

Ficus religiosa L. Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)



(Uttarakhand)

Stem bark Decoction of stem bark is recommended orally

twice a day for a week.

Present study



and Sawai Madhopur


Leaf 2–3 leaves of Ficus religiosa with 2 leaves of

Azadiracta, kept in a betel leaf and chewed.

Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Morus alba L. [nMorus

australis Poir.]

nMech Jalpaiguri district (West

Bengal)

Leaf Leaf juice mixed with one cup of curd is given

once in a day till cured.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

MoringaceaeMoringa oleifera Lam. Local traditional healers Ranchi district

(Jharkhand)

Leaf Leaf infusion is taken orally with cold water. Chandra et al.

(2007)

MusaceaeMusa paradisiaca L. Local community Sivagangai district

(Tamil Nadu)

Stem Interior stem portion of Musa paradisiaca and

fruits of Lablab purpureus are prepared as a

vegetable curry and given with diet.

Shanmugam et al.

(2009)

MyrsinaceaeArdisia paniculata Roxb. Mizo Aizwal and Kolasib

forest division,

Ngengpui and Palak

Wildlife Sancturaries

(Mizoram)

Root Crushed root in combination with Smilax

ovalifolia and Bridelia tomentosa is boiled with

water and taken.

Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010b)

Maesa indica (Roxb.) A.

DC.




Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Root Ash infusion of roots is given orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

NelumbonaceaeNelumbo nucifera

Gaertn.



and Sawai Madhopur


Stem bark Stem bark extract. Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

NyctaginaceaeBoerhavia diffusa L. Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem


Whole plant Decoction of the whole plant is taken. Alagesaboopathii

(2009)

Jaunsari Dehradun district

(Uttarakhand)

Root, whole

plant, leaf

Root decoction, plant infusion, leaf extract. Bhatt and Negi

(2006)

Local traditional healers Manas National Park

(Assam)

Leaf Infusion of leaves is taken orally. Das et al. (2009b)

Local community Meghalaya Leaf Leaf juice is given internally. Dolui et al. (2004)




(Rajasthan)

Root Decoction of roots is taken internally. Jain et al. (2005)

Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded


Leaf Tender leaves are eaten like vegetable. Kachare et al.

(2010)

Pawara Satpuda hills,

Nandurbar district

(Maharashtra)

Root Decoction of root is taken orally thrice a day. Kosalge and

Fursule (2009)


(Andhra Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant extract mixed with sugar and

curd and administered once early in the

morning for 7 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)


(Uttarakhand)

Root Finelly crushed roots are placed in water for

whole night; this water is taken orally in early

morning, for a week.

Present study


(Kerala)

Leaf Leaf extract is used internally. Silja et al. (2008)

Local community Leaf NA Mahajan (2007)






Bijagarh, West Nimar

district (Madhya

Pradesh)

Bougainvillea spectabilis

Willd.

Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem


Leaf Leaves juice is given. Alagesaboopathii

(2009)

Mirabilis jalapa L. Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem


Leaf Leaf juice mixed with water used. Alagesaboopathii

(2009)

OleaceaeFraxinus micrantha

Lingelsh.

Bhotia Dharchula region,

Pithoragarh district

(Uttarakhand)

Stem bark Root of Rubus foliolosus D. Don mixed with

inner bark infusion of Fraxinus micrantha is

taken.

Garbyal et al.

(2007)

OrchidceaeOberonia ensiformiis

(Sm.) Lindl.

Khond Visakhapatnam district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Root, tuber,

leaf

Root, tuber and leaf paste is used orally. Rao et al. (2006)

Vanda tessellata (Roxb.)

Hook. ex G. Don




(Rajasthan)

Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is taken internally. Jain et al. (2005)

OxalidaceaeOxalis corniculata L. Gujjar and Tharu Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Juice of leaves is given orally, twice a day for

1–2 weeks.

Present study



site (Kerala)

Whole plant NA Sanilkumar and

Thomas (2007)

Oxalis debilis var.

corymbosa (DC.)

Lourteig [nOxalis

corymbosa DC.]

nJaintia North Cachar hills

district (Assam)

Whole plant Entire plant is crushed and the extract is taken

thrice daily.

Sajem and Gosai

(2006)

PandanaceaePandus tectorius

Parkinson



site (Kerala)

Root NA Sanilkumar and

Thomas (2007)

PapaveraceaeArgemone mexicana L. Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Latex Yellowish latex of the plant along with sugar is

administered internally twice a day for

2 weeks.

Present study


(Uttarakhand)

Whole plant After peeling the spines the whole plant is

dried in shade, made into powder with sugar

and 2 g of this powder is given orally with curd

twice a day for 2–3 weeks.

Present study



Whole plant Plant juice is used orally, in 20 ml doses for

3 to 4 days.

Singh et al. (2002)

Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem


Seed NA Alagesaboopathii

(2009)

PiperaceaePiper betle L. Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,


and Sawai Madhopur


Leaf Two leaves of Azadiracta and 2–3 leaves of

Ficus religiosa are kept in Piper betle leaf and

given for chewing.

Upadhyay et al.

(2010)

Piper nigrum L. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal



Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Fruit Powder of fruits is given orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

PlantaginaceaePlantago major L. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal



Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Leaf Pills of leaf paste are used internally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

Jaintia North Cachar hills

district (Assam)

Leaf An equal proportion of crushed leaves and raw

milk (w/v) is mixed and taken in an empty

stomach for almost a week.

Sajem and Gosai

(2006)

PlumbaginaceaePlumbago zeylanica L. Santhal Tripura Leaf Leaf juice is used. Majumdar et al

(2006)


Bengal)

Root Making a hole in a potato (Solanum tuberosum),

about 1.2 cm root of Plumbago zeylanica is

inserted, roasted, peeled off the potato and

given orally once a day for three days.

Sarkar and Das

(2010)

PoaceaeCynodon dactylon (L.)

Pers.


(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Juice of leaves 1–2 teaspoonfuls are orally

given, twice a day for a week.

Present study


(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaves of Cynodon dactylon

and Phyllanthus amarus are grounded with the

fuits of Piper nigrumand extracted. The extract

is given.

Shanmugam et al.

(2009)

Desmostachya bipinnata

(L.) Stapf



Root Root paste is used internally. Jain et al. (2005)







(Rajasthan)

Local community Meerut district (Uttar

Pradesh)

Root Root infusion is given twice a day. Tomar (2009)

Oryza sativa L. Local traditional healers Phulbani district

(Odisha)

NA 20 ml of honey is mixed in 80 ml of extract and

given internally (100 ml once a day for two

days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)




Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Straw Ash infusion of straw is given orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

Saccharum officinarum L. Lotha–Naga Wokha district

(Nagaland)

Stem, culm Stem or culm chewed. Jamir et al. (2010)

Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Stem Stem juice is given. Nath and

Choudhury (2010)

Local community Mornaula reserve forest

(Uttarakhand)

Stem Full glass of juice is given to the patient twice/

thrice.

Pant et al. (2009)

Lepcha Dzongu valley, North


Stem Juice is given. Pradhan and

Badola (2008)



(Madhya Pradesh)

Stem Four to six internodes to be eaten on empty

stomach in the morning followed by 500 ml

milk for 4–5 days. One glass of stem juice is

advisable.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Nocte and Wancho Tirap district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Stem Water decoction. Tangjang et al.

(2011)



and Sawai Madhopur


Whole plant Plant juice and jaggery are given orally. Upadhyay et al.

(2010)


(Punjab)

Stem NA Sidhu (2011)

PolygonaceaePolygonum tortuosum D.

Don.


(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant paste mixed with curd (prepared

from Goat’s milk) is given empty stomach for

15–22 days.

Chandra Sekhar

and Srivastava

(2005)


(Himachal Pradesh)

Aerial part Powder obtained from aerial parts is

consumed orally with water.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

PortulacaceaePortulaca oleracea L. Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant dried and made into powder and

administered in two spoonfuls early in the

morning for about 15 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)




Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Root Infusion of roots is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

Bhotia Pithoragarh district

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Leaves are cooked without spice and oil and

taken with food.

Samal et al. (2010)



Whole plant Plant juice is given orally, 50 ml per day. Singh et al (2002)

PunicaceaePunica granatum L. Sapera Khetawas, Jhajjar

district (Haryana)


(2010)


(Punjab)

Seed NA Sidhu (2011)

RanunculaceaeAconitum rotundifolium

Kar. & Kir.


(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant Juice extracted by crushing is taken orally with

equal volume of water.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

RhamnaceaeZiziphus jujuba Mill. Local community Baramulla district

(Jammu & Kashmir)

Seed Decoction prepared by grinding the seeds in

salty water is taken orally, with a dosage of

two spoons thrice a day, for two months

duration.

Khan et al. (2004)

RosaceaeAcomastylis elata (Wall.

ex G. Don) F. Bolle

[nGeum elatum Wall. ex

G. Don]

nLocal community Lahaul–Spiti district

(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf extract (2–3 spoonful) mixed with boiled

cow milk or curd is given empty stomach for

15–22 days.

Chandra Sekhar

and Srivastava

(2005)

Rosa webbiana Wall. ex

Royle


(Himachal Pradesh)

Fruit The juice extracted from the flowers is mixed

with small quantity of water and consumed

daily.

Singh and Lal

(2008)

RubiaceaeHaldina cordifolia

(Roxb.) Ridsdale

[nAdina cordifolia

(Roxb.) Hook. f.]




(Rajasthan)

Stem bark Paste of stem bark is orally taken for

treatment.

Jain et al. (2005)

Bhoxa and Tharu Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Bark Decoction of bark is given orally. Present study






Bhil and Bhilala Jhabua district (Madhya

Pradesh)

Stem bark Stem bark pounded overnight and the

decoction is given twice a day.

Wagh and Jain

(2010)nBhil, Dhanka, Kolidhor,

Naika and Rathwa

Panchmahals district

(Gujarat)

Stem bark Stem bark decoction. Painuli and

Maheswari (1994)

Ixora acuminata Roxb. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal



Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Leaf Infusion of leaves is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

Ixora pavetta Andr. Mannedora, Kondadora,

Jatapu and Savara

Koria hills,

Vizianagaram district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Stem bark Two spoonfuls of stem bark extract is

administered daily twice for 9 days.

Babu et al. (2010)

Mitragyna parvifolia

(Roxb.) Korth.

Bhil, Dhodiya, Koli, Konkni,

Pateliya, Gond, Gamit, Valvi,

Talvi, Rathava, Varli and

Kolcha

Saputara and Purna

forests (Gujarat)

Leaf NA Ji et al. (2007)

Morinda citrifolia L. [n

Morinda coreia Buch.-

Ham.]

nBhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone


(Madhya Pradesh)

Root Five grams of fresh or dry root ground with

half cup of cold milk or water. This dose is

given orally twice a day for 2–3 days.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Oldenlandia croymbosa L. Gond Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Whole plant Whole plant decoction given with a glass of

buttermilk in three spoonfuls twice a day for

about 5 days.

Madhu and Swamy

(2010)

Pavetta indica L. Local community District Garhwal

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf NA Gaur (1999)

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex

Fleming

Local traditional healers Narendra Nagar block,

Tehri district

(Uttarakhand)

Root A decoction of roots (10–20 g) as one dose is

used 2–3 times daily.

Dangwal and

Sharma (2011)

RutaceaeAegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Local community Satpuda hills,

Nandurbar district

(Maharashtra)

Leaf A teaspoonful of leaf juice taken once for

7 days.

Patil and Yadav

(2003)


(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaf powder is given orally in milk of Goat. Shanmugam et al.

(2009)

Glycosmis pentaphylla

(Retz.) DC. [nGlycosmis

arborea (Roxb.) DC.]


(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Juice of leaves is given, ½ teaspoonfuls thrice a

day for 15 days.

Present study

nTripuri and Reang Tripura Bark Fresh bark is pounded and half cup of bark

decoction is given oraly in early morning for

3 weeks.

Das et al. (2009a)

nMeitei East Imphal and West

Imphal districts

(Manipur)

Root, leaf Oral Khumbongmayum

et al. (2005)

Zanthoxylum nitidum

var. nitidum

[nZanthoxylum

hamiltonianum Wall. ex

Hook. f.]

nThai–Ahom, Sonowal



Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Root Decoction of roots is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

SaururaceaeHouttuynia cordata

Thunb.

Nyishi Arunachal Pradesh Whole plant 3–4 fresh plants are eaten twice daily. Srivastava (2010)

SaxifragaceaeSaxifraga flagellaris

Willd.




(Himachal Pradesh)

Leaf, stem NA Kala (2006)

ScrophularaceaeScoparia dulcis L. Local community Mizoram Whole plant Whole plant is crushed and the juice is taken. Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)

Nyishi Arunachal Pradesh Whole plant Paste of the plant mixed with 2 g of Curcuma

longa rhizome with water and taken twice

daily.

Srivastava (2010)

Scrophularia dulcis L. Adi and Nyishi Lower Dibang Valley

district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Leaf Water decoction with Sugar is given. Tangjang et al.

(2011)

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle

ex Benth.

Local traditional healers Ukhimath block,


(Uttarakhand)

Root Dried root decoction along with black pepper

and honey is given.

Semwal et al.

(2010)


Champawat and


(Uttarakhand)

Root NA Gangwar et al.

(2010)

Tolcha and Bhotiya Dzongu valley, North


Root/

Rhizome

NA Nautiyal et al.

(2003)

Verbascum chinense (L.)

Santapau


(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaves powder, prepare tablets take in

morning on empty stomach.

Kachare and

Surywanshi (2010)

Simaroubaceae






Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)

Bark Bark powder is used. Gupta et al. (2010)

SmilacaceaeSmilax guianensis

Vitman [nSmilax

macrophylla Willd.]

nLocal community Barak Valley, Cachar,

Karimganj and

Hailakandi districts

(Assam)

Stem, young

leaf

Dried powder is used. Barbhuiya et al.

(2009)

SolanaceaeCapsicum annuum L.

[nCapsicum frutescens

L.]

nKani Kottoor reserve forest,

Agasthyavanam,

Thiruvananthapuram

district (Kerala)

Fruit Sun dried coconut fruits with 100 g fruits of

this plant and 1 g Curcuma longa, 5 g Allium

sativum is made into paste, and following a

long procedure medicine is prepared.

Vijayan et al.

(2007)

Physalis angulata var.

angulata [nPhysalis

minima L.]

nMeena Rajasthan Whole plant NA Meena and Rao

(2010)

Physalis divaricata D.

Don


(Uttarakhand)

Root Root juice, two teaspoonfuls two times a day

for 4 weeks.

Present study

Solanum americanum

Mill. [nSolanum nigrum

L.]

nBhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Fruit Aromatic water extracted from powder of

fruits is taken twice daily for 15–20 days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

nLocal traditional healers Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Equal quantities of leaf of Solanum nigrum,

Ricinus communis and Boerhavia diffusa are

ground together into a paste and given

internally (10 g once a day for 7 days).

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

nTharu Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is used internally,

thrice a day for 3 weeks.

Present study

nRural women Rudraprayag and

Chamoli districts

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf, branch Leaf paste and branches. Uniyal and Shiva

(2005)

Solanum anguivi Lam.

[nSolanum indicum L.]

nRaji Champawat and


(Uttarakhand)

Root Decoction of root is taken. Negi et al. (2002)

Solanum incanum L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Fruits are crushed and soaked in water for

whole night; this water is taken in early

morning.

Present study

Solanum spirale Roxb. Adi Lower Dibang Valley

district (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Root Water decoction with Carica papaya. Tangjang et al.

(2011)

Solanum virginianum L.

[nSolanum surattense

Burm. f.]

Gond Bhandara district

(Maharashtra)


nMannedora, Kondadora,

Jatapu and Savara

Koria hills,

Vizianagaram district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Root bark,

leaf

Root bark pound with stem bark of Moringa

oleifera, paste given orally twice a day for

2 days.

Babu et al. (2010)

nRural women Rudraprayag and

Chamoli districts

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit NA Uniyal and Shiva

(2005)

UlmaceaeCeltis timorensis Span. Meitei East Imphal and West

Imphal districts

(Manipur)

Leaf Oral Khumbongmayum

et al. (2005)

UrticaceaeDendrocnide sinuata

(Blume) Chew

Local community Mizoram Root Root is boiled along with crabs and the water

is taken.

Rai and

Lalramnghinglova

(2010a)

Urtica dioica L. Amchi Ladakh, Leh district



(Himachal Pradesh)

Whole plant NA Kala (2006)

VerbenaceaeVitex negundo L. Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Two teaspoonfuls infusion of leaves is taken

internally, twice a day for 3 weeks.

Present study




Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Leaf Infusion of leaves is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

ViolaceaeViola pilosa Blume Local community District Garhwal

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit NA Gaur (1999)

ViscaceaeViscum monoicum Roxb.

ex DC.

Local traditional healers Western Ghats (Kerala) Seed Seeds are boiled in water and the decoction is

given to patients.

Shanavaskhan

et al. (2012)

ZingiberaceaeCostus speciosus

(Koenig.) Sm.


(Uttarakhand)

Root Roots are soaked in water for few hours, boiled

and decoction ½ teaspoonfuls is

recommended, once a day for two weeks.

Present study









Dibru–Saikhowa

Biosphere Reserve

(Assam)

Rhizome Infusion of rhizome is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.

(2005)

Curcuma angustifolia

Roxb.

Local traditional healers Bastar district (Madhya

Pradesh)

Tuber Fifty grams of milky white powder obtained

from tuber and 50 g of 3 years old Tamarind

are soaked in 250 ml. of water, kept overnight

and filtered. To this liquid, 250 ml of milk and

sufficient sugar is added and given internally.

Hemadri and Rao

(1984)

Curcuma longa L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,


Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Rhizome Paste of rhizome (15–25 g) is mixed with cow

milk and taken once daily for 12–15 days.

Badgujar and Patil

(2008)

Zingiber montanum

(J.Konig) Link ex

A.Dietr. [nZingiber

purpureum Rosc.]

nLocal traditional healers Chhindwara and Betul

districts (Madhya

Pradesh)

Root Paste is given. Nath and Khatri

(2010)

Zingiber officinale Rosc. Local traditional healers Nanded district

(Maharashtra)

Rhizome Dry rhizome powder with cow milk given

orally, for 10 days.

Kachare and

Surywanshi (2010)

ZygophyllaceaeBalanites aegyptiaca (L.)

Delile

Lambani Gulbarga district

(Karnataka)

Fruit Fruit powder is mixed with soap nut powder

(Sapindus laurifolia), cardamom, ginger and

clove and the mixture is used.

Rajasab and Isaq

(2004)

Balanotis roxburghii L. Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded


Seed The tablets of mixture of seeds of Balanotis

roxburghii with Piper nigrum and jaggery are

made & taken once a day for 3 days.

Kachare et al.

(2010)

Peganum harmala L. Local community Churu district

(Rajasthan)

Seed Powder of seeds. Parveen et al.

(2007)

Tribulus terrrestris L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Leaf Juice of leaves (1/2 teaspoonful) is used, twice

a day for 1–2 weeks.

Present study

Local community Southern districts

(Tamil Nadu)

Leaf Leaf juice is used internally. Rajendran et al.

(2008)

n Synonym given in original publication; NA¼ Information not available.

Table 5Ethnomedicinal plants used externally in remedy of jaundice in India.

Family/species[nSynonym]

Ethnic/Indigenous group Region (State) Part(s) used Preparation and application Source

AnacardiaceaeMangifera indica L. Local community Tripura state Bark Bark paste boiled in water is used during bath. Majumdar

et al. (2006)

AsteraceaeEclipta prostrata (L.)

L. [nEclipta alba (L.)

Hassk.]

Local traditional healers Adilabad district (Andhra

Pradesh)

Seed Dehusked Ricinus communis seed and root of Eclipta

alba are rubbed on a stone and the paste thus

obtained is applied to the eyes.

Hemadri and

Rao (1984)

BrassicaceaeBrassica nigra (L.) K.

Koch.


Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Seed Massage seed oil on hands and legs thrice daily for

1–2 weeks.

Badgujar and

Patil (2008)

Brassica rapa L.

[nBrassica

campestris L.]

nLocal traditional healers Ukhimath block,


(Uttarakhand)

Seed Warm seed oil applied externally. Semwal et al.

(2010)

CucurbitaceaeCoccinia grandis (L.)

Voigt


Bathuri, Kharia, Gond, Mankdia,

Pauri–Bhuyan, Saharia, Mahali

and Sounti

Mayurbhanj district

(Odisha)

Root Paste of root used as eye drops once a day for three

days.

Rout et al.

(2009)

Luffa acutangula (L.)

Roxb. [nLuffa

acutangula var.

amara C.B. Clarke]


Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Fruit Fruit in the form of very fine powder is taken in

body through nose for one week.

Badgujar and

Patil (2008)



(Madhya Pradesh)

Leaf, fruit Two to three drops of leaf or green fruit juice

without using water are dropped into one of the

nostrils for 4 days.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Local community Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa,

Dholpur, Karouli and

Sawai Madhopur districts

(Rajasthan)

Leaf, stem,

seed

Leaves, stem and seeds are crushed, strained in

cloth and inhaled.

Upadhyay

et al. (2010)

nLocal traditional healers Nanded district

(Maharashtra)

Fruit



(L.) L. each were used in five states. Whereas Cassia fistula L.,Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Phyllanthus

emblica L., Phyllanthus niruri L., Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.and Asparagus racemosus Willd. each were used in four states.Generally these hepatoprotective ethnomedicinal plants whichare cited in more studies and widely used are more likely to bemore biologically active.

It is interesting to point out here that all the 40 plants used byall the three communities were used internally and none of theplant in any preparation was used externally. However literaturereview revealed that a total of 19 plant species belonging to 18genus and 12 families are used externally for the treatment of thejaundice in India (Table 5). Most common externally used plantwas Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., which was used in MadhyaPradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In all the records its admin-istration was through nose only. External remedies ranged from

taking bath in extract to administration through nostrils andeyelids (Table 5).

Some interesting information on magico-religious beliefsrelated to treatment of jaundice by these communities was alsonoted during the survey. It was observed that Bhoxa communityused root pieces (1 cm each) of Boerhavia diffusa L. as garlandand tied them around the neck of infants suffering from jaundice.They believed that the size of garland increases automatically asthe disease cures, which may take few days. The same procedureis done for the treatment of jaundice in adults as well as in infantsby nomadic Gujjars, but root of Boerhavia diffusa L. is takenon Sunday morning only. It is believed that if roots are taken onany other day then they become useless. Gujjars tied garlandof 21 fruits of Solanum virginianum L. around the neck ofpatient suffering from jaundice. It is believed that with thecure of disease the garland becomes loose and increases in size.



Ethnic/Indigenous group Region (State) Part(s) used Preparation and application Source

Fruit extract is poured in nose and patient is

allowed to sit down in sunlight yellow fluid runs

through his nose.

Kachare and

Surywanshi

(2010)

EuphorbiaceaeJatropha gossypiifolia

L.

Savara Srikakulam district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf paste of Jatropha gossypifolia and Tinospora

cordifolia with water with a pinch of turmeric is

applied on the face and the decoction is

administered continuously during day and night

for 3 consecutive days.

Rao et al.

(2010)

Ricinus communis L. Local traditional healers Adilabad district (Andhra

Pradesh)

Seed Same use as given in Eclipta prostrata. Hemadri and

Rao (1984)

FabaceaeDalbergia volubilis

Roxb.



(Madhya Pradesh)

Leaf Leaves ground with small amount of water and

paste applied on the whole body.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Flemingia

macrophylla

(Willd.) Merr.

[nFlemingia

wightiana Graham]

Local traditional healers Chhattisgarh state Leaf Tender leaf paste is applied on eyelids before

bedtime for 7–8 days.

Tirkey (2006)

Pongamia pinnata (L.)

Pierre


(Maharashtra)

Leaf Leaves juice in combination with Lawang, Wang

Bhasma, Lendi Pimpali, Piper longum juice pour in

nose of patient.

Kachare and

Surywanshi

(2010)

LamiaceaeLeucas aspera

(Willd.) Link

Local community Sivagangai district (Tamil

Nadu)

Leaf Leaf is pasted and applied externally on head. Shanmugam

et al. (2009)

LecythidaceaeCareya arborea Roxb. Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone


(Madhya Pradesh)

Stem bark Bark extract in hot water is used for bath by a lady

who has developed jaundice after delivery.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

LygodiaceaeLygodium flexuosum

(L.) Sw.

Mannedora, Kondadora, Jatapu

and Savara

Koria hills, Vizianagaram

district (Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Leaf paste is applied all over the body for 7 days. Babu et al.

(2010)

MenispermaceaeStephania japonica

(Thunb.) Miers


Bengal)

Leaf Legs are massaged with leaf decoction at night. Sarkar and Das

(2010)


(Willd.) Miers

Savara Srikakulam district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Leaf Same use as given in Jatropha gossypiifolia. Rao et al.

(2010)

ViscaceaeViscum angulatum

B.Heyne ex DC.

Local traditional healers Western Ghats (Kerala) Branch Branches are made into a paste and wrapped in

cloth. This bundle is put in boiled water applied

over the inflamed body and face.

Shanavaskhan

et al. (2012)

ZingiberaceaeCheilocostus speciosus

(J. Konig) C. Specht

[nCostus speciosus

(J. Konig) Sm.]

nBhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone


(Madhya Pradesh)

Root Take bath with root powder boiled in water, or root

powder rubbed on body.

Samvatsar and

Diwanji (2000)

Curcuma zedoaria

(Christm.) Roscoe.



(Uttar Pradesh)

Rhizome Rhizome crushed in water and bath taken in it once

a day.

Poonam and

Singh (2009)

n Synonym given in original publication.



Gujjars also placed fruits of Solanum virginianum L. under the bedcover of the person suffering from jaundice. They believed thatwith the cure of disease color of fruit automatically changes.Both Bhoxa and nomadic Gujjars tied garland made up of thestem pieces of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers around theneck of patient suffering from jaundice and placed stem pieces

below the bed for treatment of jaundice. Literature review alsorevealed that a total of 14 plant species belonging to 14 genusand 11 families are used in magico-religious remedies for jaun-dice by various communities in different parts of India (Table 6).Most commonly used plant species for this purpose wereBoerhavia diffusa L. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.

Table 6Plants used in magico-religious remedies for jaundice in India.


Ethnic/Indigenousgroup

Region (State) Part(s) used Preparation and application Source

AraceaeAcorus calamus L. Local community Garhwal district

(Uttarakhand)

Rhizome Garland of rhizome is tied round the neck or belly. Gaur (1999)

AizoaceaeTrianthema

portulacastrum L.

Local traditional

healers

Nanded district

(Maharashtra)

Stem Stem pieces are worn round the neck. Kachare and

Surywanshi

(2010)

ConvolvulaceaeArgyreia roxburghii

(Wall.) Arn. ex

Choisy


Bengal)

Branch One branch each of Natsiatum hypericum and Argyreia roxburghii

and one branch with tuber of Stephania glabra twisted together like

a garland is hung round the patient’s neck; used for seven days by

changing regularly till recovery.

Sarkar and

Das (2010)

Ipomoea aquatica

Forssk


Bengal)

Stem Necklace prepared from small pieces of stem is stuck round the

head of the patient.

Sarkar and

Das (2010)

FabaceaeDalbergia volubilis

Roxb.



(Madhya Pradesh)

Branch Twenty-one branch pieces of 1/2 in. (length) are worn as garland. Samvatsar

and Diwanji

(2000)

IcacinaceaeNatsiatum

herpeticum Buch.

-Ham. Ex Arn.


Bengal)

Branch Same use as given in Argyreia roxburghii (Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy Sarkar and

Das (2010)

LamiaceaeRoylea cinerea (D.

Don) Baill.

Local community Garhwal district

(Uttarakhand)

Branch Pieces of branches made into beads and garlanded by infants to

avoid jaundice.

Gaur (1999)

MenispermaceaeStephania glabra

(Roxb.) Miers


Bengal)

Tuber Same use as given in Argyreia roxburghii (Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy Sarkar and

Das (2010)


(Willd.) Miers

Bhoxa, Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Stem Tie garland made up of the stem pieces round the neck of the

patient and place stem pieces below the bed.

Present

study

Tharu Devipatan division

(Uttar Pradesh)

Aerial root Aerial root pieces are worn round the neck. Kumar et al.

(2006)

MoraceaeFicus hispida L. f. Local traditional

healers

Adilabad district

(Andhra Pradesh)

Root A necklace made of small bits of root is made to wear round the

neck by the patient.

Hemadri

and Rao

(1984)

Morus alba L.

[nMorus australis

Poir.]

nMech Jalpaiguri district (West

Bengal)

Root Root pieces tied with a string are hung round the neck. Sarkar and

Das (2010)

NyctaginaceaeBoerhavia diffusa L. Bhoxa, Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region

(Uttarakhand)

Root Root pieces (1 cm each) are tied as garland round the neck. Present

study

Local Healers Beed and Nanded


Root A garland made of piece of its root is worn. Kachare

et al. (2010)



(Madhya Pradesh)

Root Root pieces of suitable size are tied in a thread and this is worn as

necklace for 1 week.

Samvatsar

and Diwanji

(2000)

PlumbaginaceaePlumbago zeylanica

L.

Bhil, Gavit, Kokani,

Mavachi, Padvi, Tadvi,

Valvi and Vasave

Jalgaon, Dhule and

Nandurbar districts

(Maharashtra)

Root Root pieces (4 cm long, 2–3 pieces) are tied together and worn in

the neck with cotton thread for 15–20 days.

Badgujar

and Patil

(2008)

SolanaceaeSolanum

virginianum L.

[nSolanum

surattense Burm.

f.]


(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Tie garland of 21 fruits around the neck of the patient and its fruits

are kept under the bed cover.

Present

study

nLocal community Garhwal district

(Uttarakhand)

Fruit Fruits garlanded round the neck of infants. Gaur (1999)

n Synonym given in original publication.



4. Conclusions

Most of the recorded plants have shown hepatoprotectiveeffects on experimental animals in earlier studies however morestudies are needed to assess hepatoprotective properties of someof the recorded medicinal plants viz., Averrhoa carambola L.,Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Mangifera indica

L., Ocimum americanum L., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis

divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L., Sphaeranthus senegalensis

DC. and Tribulus terrestris L. (Table 2). A comparision of plantsrecorded in the present study with earlier studies suggests thateight plants reported in the present survey viz., Amaranthus

spinosus L., Cissampelos pareira L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena

pubescens Wall., Ocimum americanum L., Physalis divaricata D.Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes cucumerina L. havenot been reported earlier as remedy of jaundice in India(Table 4). Herbal medicines derived from plant extracts arebeing increasingly utilized to treat a wide variety of clinicaldiseases but very little knowledge is available regarding theirmodes of action. The traditional uses of medicinal plants inhealthcare practices provide clues to new areas of research fornew biological compounds and discovery of new drugs. Never-theless there is no doubt that more phytochemical, pharmaceu-tical and clinical studies are needed to evaluate hepatoprotectiveproperties, efficacy and safety of all the claimed medicinalplants.

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Bhoxa, Gujjar and Tharu traditionalhealers for providing valuable information and sharing theirknowledge with us. We are also grateful to local people for theircooperation during the field surveys. One of the authors SumeetGairola is thankful to University Grants Commission, India forproviding financial support under Dr. D.S Kothari PostdoctoralFellowship.

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Author's personal copy - ugcdskpdf.unipune.ac.inugcdskpdf.unipune.ac.in/Journal/uploads/BL/BL100313-A-1.pdf · Author's personal copy ... To record herbal preparations used by the