Augmenting WordNet for Deep Understanding of Text Peter Clark, Phil Harrison, Bill Murray, John Thompson (Boeing) Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton Univ)

Augmenting WordNet for Deep Understanding of Text

Peter Clark, Phil Harrison, Bill Murray, John Thompson (Boeing)Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton Univ)Jerry Hobbs (ISI/USC)

“Deep Understanding”• Not (just) parsing + word senses• Construction of a coherent representation of the scene

the text describes• Challenge: much of that representation is not in the text

“A soldier was killed in a gun battle”

“The soldier died”“The soldier was shot”“There was a fight”…

“Deep Understanding”



BecauseA battle involves a fight.Soldiers use guns.Guns shoot.Guns can kill.If you are killed, you are dead.….

How do we get this knowledge into the machine?How do we exploit it?

“Deep Understanding”



BecauseA battle involves a fight.Soldiers use guns.Guns shoot.Guns can kill.If you are killed, you are dead.….

Several partially useful resources exist.WordNet is already used a lot…can we extend it?

The Initial Vision• Our vision:

Rapidly expand WordNet to be more of a knowledge-base

Question-answering software to demonstrate its use

The Evolution of WordNet

• v1.0 (1986)– synsets (concepts) + hypernym (isa) links

• v1.7 (2001)– add in additional relationships

• has-part• causes• member-of• entails-doing (“subevent”)

• v2.0 (2003)– introduce the instance/class distinction

• Paris isa Capital-City is-type-of City– add in some derivational links

• explode related-to explosion

• …• v10.0 (200?)

– ?????

lexicalresource

knowledgebase?

Augmenting WordNet

• World Knowledge– Sense-disambiguate the glosses (by hand)– Convert the glosses to logic

• Similar to LCC’s Extended WordNet attempt– Axiomatize “core theories”

• WordNet links– Morphosemantic links– Purpose links

• Experiments

Converting the Glosses to Logic

Convert gloss to form “word is gloss”

Parse (Charniak)

“ambition#n2: A strong drive for success”

LFToolkit: Generate logical form fragments

strong drive for success

strong(x1) & drive(x2) & for(x3,x4) & success(x5)

Lexical output rulesproduce logical form

fragments



Parse (Charniak)


Identify equalities, add senses




A strong drive for success

strong(x1) & drive(x2) & for(x3,x4) & success(x5)

x2=x3

x1=x2

Lexical output rulesproduce logical form

fragments

Composition rulesidentify variables

x4=x5



Parse (Charniak)




ambition#n2(x1) → a(x1) & strong#a1(x1) & drive#n2(x1) & for(x1,x2) & success#a3(x2)

Converting the Glosses to Logic• Sometimes works well!• But often not. Primary problems:

1. Errors in the language processing2. Only capture definitional knowledge3. “flowery” language, many gaps, metonymy, ambiguity;

If logic closely follows syntax → “logico-babble”

“hammer#n2: tool used to deliver an impulsive force by striking”hammer#n2(x1) →

tool#n1(x1) & use#v1(e1,x2,x1) & to(e1,e2) & deliver#v2(e2,x3) & driving#a1(x3) & force#n1(x3) & by(e3,e4) & strike#v3(e4,x4).

→ Hammers hit things??

Augmenting WordNet

• World Knowledge– Sense-disambiguate the glosses (by hand)– Convert the glosses to logic– Axiomatize “core theories”


• Experiments

Core Theories

• Many domain-specific facts are instantiations of more general, “core” knowledge

• By encoding this core knowledge, get leverage• eg 517 “vehicle” noun (senses), 185 “cover” verb (senses)

• Approach:– Analysis and grouping of words in Core WordNet– Identification and encoding of underlying theories

Composite Entities: perfect, empty, relative, secondary, similar, odd, ...Scales: step, degree, level, intensify, high, major, considerable, ...Events: constraint, secure, generate, fix, power, development, ...Space: grade, inside, lot, top, list, direction, turn, enlarge, long, ...Time: year, day, summer, recent, old, early, present, then, often, ...Cognition: imagination, horror, rely, remind, matter, estimate, idea, ...Communication: journal, poetry, announcement, gesture, charter, ...Persons and their Activities: leisure, childhood, glance, cousin, jump, ...Microsocial: virtue, separate, friendly, married, company, name, ...Material World: smoke, shell, stick, carbon, blue, burn, dry, tough, ... Geo: storm, moon, pole, world, peak, site, village, sea, island, ...Artifacts: bell, button, van, shelf, machine, film, floor, glass, chair, ...Food: cheese, potato, milk, break, cake, meat, beer, bake, spoil, ... Macrosocial: architecture, airport, headquarters, prosecution, ...Economic: import, money, policy, poverty, profit, venture, owe, ...

Core Theories

Augmenting WordNet

• World Knowledge– Sense-disambiguate the glosses (by hand)– Convert the glosses to logic– Axiomatize “core theories”


• Experiments

Morphosemantic Links• Often need to cross part-of-speech

T: A council worker cleans up after Tuesday's violence in Budapest.H: There were attacks in Budapest on Tuesday.

(“attack”) attack_v3 aggression_n4 (←“violence”)

“aggress”/“aggression”derivation link

• Can solve with WN’s derivation links:

Morphosemantic Links• But can go wrong!

T: Paying was slowH1: The transaction was slowH2: *The person was slow [NOT entailed]

“pay”/“payment”payment_n1 (→ “transaction”)(“pay”) pay_v1

“pay”/“payer”payer_n1 (→ “person”)(“pay”) pay_v1

Problem: The type of relation matters for derivatives! (Event? Agent?..)

A pays B → The payment (event-noun) by A A is the payer (agent-noun) of B

etc.

Morphosemantic Links• Task: Classify the 22,000 links in WordNet:

• Semi-automatic process– Exploit taxonomy and morphology

• 15 semantic types used– agent, undergoer, instrument, result, material, destination,

location, result, by-means-of, event, uses, state, property, body-part, vehicle.

Verb Synset Noun Synset Relationshiphammer_v1 hammer_n1 instrumentexecute_v1 execution_n1 event (equal)sign_v2 signatory_n1 agent

Experimentation

http://www.muppets.com/

Task: Recognizing Entailment• Experiment with WordNet, logical glosses, DIRT• Text interpretation to logic using Boeing’s NLP system

• Entailment: T → H if:– T is subsumed by H (“cat eats mouse” → “animal was eaten”)– An elaboration of T using inference rules is subsumed by H

• (“cat eats mouse” → “cat swallows mouse”)

• No statistical similarity metrics


“soldier”(soldier01),“kill”(…..object(kill01,soldier01),“in”(kill01,battle01),modifier(battle01,gun01).

isa(soldier01,soldier_n1), isa(……object(kill01,soldier01)during(kill01,battle01)instrument(battle01,gun01)

Initial Logic Final Logic

Successful Examples with the Glosses• Good example

T: Britain puts curbs on immigrant labor from Bulgaria and Romania.H: Britain restricted workers from Bulgaria.

14.H4

Successful Examples with the Glosses• Good example

T: Britain puts curbs on immigrant labor from Bulgaria and Romania.H: Britain restricted workers from Bulgaria.

WN: limit_v1:"restrict“: place limits on.

→ ENTAILED (correct)

14.H4

T: Britain puts curbs on immigrant labor from Bulgaria and Romania.

H: Britain placed limits on workers from Bulgaria.

T: The administration managed to track down the perpetrators.H: The perpetrators were being chased by the administration.

56.H3

Successful Examples with the Glosses• Another (somewhat) good example

T: The administration managed to track down the perpetrators.H: The perpetrators were being chased by the administration.

WN: hunt_v1 “hunt” “track down”: pursue for food or sport

→ ENTAILED (correct)

56.H3

T: The administration managed to pursue the perpetrators [for food or sport!].H: The perpetrators were being chased by the administration.

Successful Examples with the Glosses• Another (somewhat) good example

Unsuccessful examples with the glosses• More common: Being “tantalizingly close”

T: Satomi Mitarai bled to death.H: His blood flowed out of his body.

16.H3


T: Satomi Mitarai bled to death.H: His blood flowed out of his body.

16.H3

bleed_v1: "shed blood", "bleed", "hemorrhage": lose blood from one's body

WordNet:

So close!

Need to also know: “lose liquid from container” → “liquid flows out of container”

usually

T: The National Philharmonic orchestra draws large crowds.H: Large crowds were drawn to listen to the orchestra.

20.H2


T: The National Philharmonic orchestra draws large crowds.H: Large crowds were drawn to listen to the orchestra.

20.H2

WN: orchestra = collection of musicians WN: musician: plays musical instrument WN: music = sound produced by musical instruments WN: listen = hear = perceive sound

WordNet:

So close!


Success with Morphosemantic Links• Good example

T: The Zoopraxiscope was invented by Mulbridge.H*: Mulbridge was the invention of the Zoopraxiscope. [NOT entailed]

66.H100

(“invent”) invent_v1 invention_n1 (“invention”)

“invent”/ “invention”derivation link

But need an agent (X verb Y -> X is agent-noun of Y)Got: result-noun (“invention” is result of “invent”)

So no entailment (correct!)

WordNet too permissive!:

T: The president visited Iraq in September.H: The president traveled to Iraq.

54.H1

Successful Examples with DIRT• Good example

DIRT: IF Y is visited by X THEN X flocks to YWordNet: "flock" is a type of "travel"

Entailed [correct]

T: The US troops stayed in Iraq although the war was over.H*: The US troops left Iraq when the war was over. [NOT entailed]

55.H100

Unsuccessful Examples with DIRT• Bad rule

DIRT: IF Y stays in X THEN Y leaves X

Entailed [incorrect]

Overall Results• Note: Eschewing statistics!

• BPI test suite (61%):

Correct Incorrect

When H or ¬H is predicted by:

Simple syntax manipulation 11 3

WordNet taxonomy + morphosemantics 14 1

WordNet logicalized glosses 4 1

DIRT paraphrase rules 27 20

When H or ¬H is not predicted: 97 72

“Straight-Forward”



Correct Incorrect







Useful



Correct Incorrect







Occasionallyuseful



Correct Incorrect







Often useful but

unreliable

• RTE3: 55%

Summary

• “Understanding”– Constructing a coherent model of the scene being described– Much is implicit in text → Need lots of world knowledge

• Augmenting WordNet– Made some steps forward:

• More connectivity

• Logicalized glosses

• But still need a lot more knowledge!

Thank you!

Documents

Augmenting WordNet for Deep Understanding of Text Peter Clark, Phil Harrison, Bill Murray, John Thompson (Boeing) Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton Univ)