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ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION AND AFFECT
Volume 1 • NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Edited by Lester Krames, Patricia Pliner, and Thomas Alloway
Volume 2 • NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OF AGGRESSION Edited by Patricia Pliner, Lester Krames, and Thomas Alloway
Volume 3 • ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR Edited by Thomas Alloway, Patricia Pliner, and Lester Krames
Volume 4 • AGGRESSION, DOMINANCE, AND INDIVIDUAL SPACING Edited by Lester Krames, Patricia Pliner, and Thomas Alloway
Volume 5 • PERCEPTION OF EMOTION IN SELF AND OTHERS Edited by Patricia Pliner, Kirk R. Blankstein, and Irwin M. Spigel
Volume 6 • ASSESSMENT AND MODIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR Edited by Kirk R. Blankstein, Patricia Pliner, and Janet Polivy
Volume7 • SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-MODIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR Edited by Kirk R. Blankstein and Janet Polivy
Volume 8 • AGING AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES Edited by F. I. M. Craik and Sandra Trehub
Volume 9 • INFANT MEMORY Edited by Morris Moscovitch
Volume 10. AUDITORY DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Edited by Sandra E. Trehub and Bruce Schneider
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
COMMUNICATION AND AFFECT
Volume 10
AUDITORY DEVELOPMENT
IN INFANCY Edited by
Sandra E. Trehub and
Bruce Schneider Center jor Research in Human Development
Erindale College Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
IN THE STUDY OF ADVANCES
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Auditory development in infancy.
(Advances in the study of communication and affect; v. 10) Based on the proceedings of a symposium held at Erindale College, University of
Toronto in spring of 1981. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Auditory pathways- Congresses. 2. Auditory perception in children- Congresses.
3. Hearing disorders in children-Congresses. I. Treimb, Sandra, 1938- . II. Schneider, Bruce, 1941- . III. Series. [DNLM: l. Auditory Pathways-growth & development-congresses. 2. Auditory Perception-in infancy & childhood-congresses. 3. Auditory Perception- physiology- congresses. 4. Hearing Disorders- in infancy & childhood-congresses. Wl AD8801 v.IO/WV 272 A9126 1981) RF291.5.C45A84 1985 618.92'0978 84-26422 ISBN 978-1-4757-9342-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-9340-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4 757-9340-6
© 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1985
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Softcover reprint of the hardcover edition 1985 1st
Contributors
W. KEITH BERG
Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
P. A. BERNARD
Children's Hospital, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario
GORAN BREDBERG
Department of Audiology, Sadersjukhuset, S-IOO, 64, Stockholm, Sweden
RACHEL KEEN CLIfTON
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
HALLOWELL DAVIS
Central Institute for the Deaf, 818 South Euclid Street, St. Louis, Missouri
v
vi Contributors
J. J. EGGERMONT
Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
REBECCA E. EILERS
Mailman Center of Child Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
DAVID M. GREEN
Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Iv AN HUNTER-DuVAR
E. N. T. Department, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario
NEIL A. MACMILLAN
Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
GEORGE T. MENCHER
Nova Scotia Hearing and Speech Clinic, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
LENORE S. MENCHER
Co-ordinator Hearing Screening Program, Nova Scotia Hearing and Speech Clinic, Halifax, Nova Scotia
PHILIP A. MORSE
Department of Neuropsychology, New England Rehabilitation Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts
Contributors vii
DARWIN W. MUIR
Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
D. KIMBROUGH OLLER
Mailman Center for Child Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
BRUCE A. SCHNEIDER
Centre for Research in Human Development, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario
SANDRA E. TREHUB
Centre for Research in Human Development, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario
Preface
The small but growing body of information about auditory processes in infancy is a tribute to the ingenuity and persistence of investigators in this realm. Undeterred by the frequent expressions of boredom, rage, and indifference in their subjects, these investigators nevertheless continue to seek answers to the intriguing but difficult questions about the course of auditory development.
In the spring of 1981, a group of leading scholars and researchers in audition gathered to discuss the topic, Auditory Development in Infancy, at the 11th annual psychology symposium at Erindale College, University of Toronto. They came from both sides of the Atlantic and from various disciplines, including audiology, neurology, physics, and psychology. They shared their views on theory and data, as well as their perspectives from the laboratory and clinic. One unexpected bonus was an unusually distinguished audience of researchers and clinicians who contributed to lively discussion within and beyond the formal sessions.
The principal goal of the symposium was to stimulate interdisciplinary communication on developmental issues in audition, particularly as these relate to the human infant. We would like to share the fruits of this endeavor with a wider audience by means of this volume, which contains edited versions of papers presented at the symposium. The papers are grouped in four parts, each concluding with a brief commentary. Part I concerns anatomical and physiological perspectives on auditory processes in infancy and the possible relations between underlying mechanisms and observed abilities. Contributors to Part II outline the development of some basic auditory abilities and describe behavioral approaches to the measurement of auditory sensitivity. In Part III, contributors focus on pathology, outlining demographic perspectives and the application of auditory-brainstem-response procedures to the diagnosis of auditory and non-
ix
x Perface
auditory disorders. Lastly, in Part IV, attention is focused on complex auditory patterns, as well as models and mechanisms to account for the infants' processing of such patterns.
This volume and the symposium on which it is based would not have been possible without generous financial assistance from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, The Laidlaw Foundation, and Erindale College. We would also like to express gratitude to several individuals for their assistance in the organization and operation of the symposium: Dale Bull, Leigh Thorpe, Shannon Thompson, and Betty MacKenzie. Finally, we apologize to the contributors for unforeseen delays, primarily at the editorial level, in the publication of this volume.
SANDRA E. TREHUB
BRUCE A. SCHNEIDER
Contents
PART I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPING EAR
CHAPTER 1
The Anatomy of the Developing Ear
Go RAN BREDBERG
3
The Gross Anatomy of the Ear ............................ 4 The Cochlear Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Implications for Auditory Development ..................... 18 References ............................................ 19
CHAPTER 2
Physiology of the Developing Auditory System
J. J. EGGERMONT
Introduction Maturation in the Cat Maturation in Humans
21
21 23 34
General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References ............................................ 43
xi
xii Contents
COMMENTARY
Introductory Comments on the Anatomy and Physiology of the Developing Auditory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
IVAN HUNTER-DuvAR
PART II. BASIC AUDITORY PROCESSES IN INFANCY
CHAPTER 3
The Development of Infants' Auditory Spatial Sensitivity
DARWIN W. MUIR
51
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Responses to Sounds in the Horizontal Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Responses to Sounds in the Vertical Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Auditory Localization of Infants with Auditory or Visual
Handicaps ........................................... 69 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
CHAPTER 4
The Precedence Effect: Its Implications for Developmental Questions 85
RACHEL KEEN CLIFTON
General Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Hypothesis 1: Directional Responding toward Precedence-Effect
Stimuli Will Be Slower to Develop in Infancy Than the Responding to Sounds from a Single Source ............... 88
Hypothesis 2: Temporal Parameters Influencing the Precedence Effect Will Differ among Infants, Preschoolers, and Adults ... 91
Summary .............................................. 96 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Contents xiii
CHAPTER 5
Behavioral Assessment of Basic Auditory Abilities 101
BRUCE A. SCHNEIDER AND SANDRA E. TREHUB
Measuring Absolute Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102 Masking in Infants ...................................... 105 Incremental Thresholds and Binaural Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Toward a Theory of Auditory Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 References ............................................ 113
CHAPTER 6
Physiological Measures of Auditory Sensitivity: Near-Threshold Intensity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
W. KEITH BERG
References
COMMENTARY
Commentary on Chapters 3, 4,5, and 6
DAVID M. GREEN
PART III. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 7
Auditory Pathologies in Infancy
GEORGE T. MENCHER AND LENORE S. MENCHER
124
127
133
Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Results of the Nova Scotia Newborn Hearing Screening Project 148 Associated" Auditory" Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 References ............................................ 154
xiv Contents
CHAPTER 8
The Efficacy of Brainstem Response Audiometry in the Diagnosis of Meningitis and Other CNS Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
P. A. BERNARD
Introduction ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . Method .............................................. . Results Discussion Conclusion References
CHAPTER 9
Electric Response Audiometry in Young Children
HALLOWELL DAVIS
157 158 160 161 163 164
165
Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Auditory Screening in the Neonatal Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 The Infant's ABR Audiogram ............................. 169 Juvenile Sensory Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Perspective ............................................ 174 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
COMMENTARY
To BER or Not to BER: That Is the Question 177
J. J. EGGERMONT
References 179
Contents
PART IV. AUDITORY PATTERN PERCEPTION
CHAPTER 10
Auditory Pattern Perception in Infancy
SANDRAE. TREHUB
Relations within Patterns
xv
183
185 Relations between Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 References ..................................... . . . . . .. 192
CHAPTER 11
Infant Speech Perception: Environmental Contributions
REBECCA E. EILERS AND D. KIMBROUGH OLLER
Backdrop ............................................ . An Interpretative Model ................................ . The Data ............................................ . Conclusion References
CHAPTER 12
Infant Speech Perception: Nature's Contributions
PHILIP A. MORSE
Nature's Contributions: From Human Adults to Infants to
197
197 199 207 211 212
215
Nonhumans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216 Cross-Language Studies: The Importance of Salience .......... 221 Auditory Information Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223 Infant Speech Perception and Human Nature ................. 225 References .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
xvi Contents
COMMENTARY
What Sort of Psychophysics Is Infant Psychophysics? 231
NEIL A. MACMILLAN
Discrimination and Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Training and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 234 Scaling and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236 References .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
INDEX 241