ATSIR, Taipei, Taiwan November 22-24, 2013 Chandra S. Amaravadi Western Illinois University Macomb,...
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ATSIR, Taipei, Taiwan November 22-24, 2013 Chandra S. Amaravadi Western Illinois University Macomb, IL A GRAPHICAL SCHEME FOR COMPLEX KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 1
ATSIR, Taipei, Taiwan November 22-24, 2013 Chandra S. Amaravadi Western Illinois University Macomb, IL A GRAPHICAL SCHEME FOR COMPLEX KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
ATSIR, Taipei, Taiwan November 22-24, 2013 Chandra S. Amaravadi
Western Illinois University Macomb, IL A GRAPHICAL SCHEME FOR
COMPLEX KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 1
Slide 2
Introduction Relevant literature Characteristics of complex
knowledge Knowledge engineering for complex knowledge CKR-1
Conclusions Overview 2
Slide 3
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Slide 4
Introduction Knowledge representation a key issue in AI/KB
systems knowledge is a discrete component Modelling of complex
knowledge a standing problem Example tax code, EPA regulations,
investment knowledge.. Useful in knowledge-based systems, KM
Defined as deep inter-related knowledge concerning a complex
object, idea, process, behavior or system. 4
Slide 5
Some classical problems in KR primitive selection and
granularity choice of primitives primitive relationships network
partitioning selective inheritance non-monotonic reasoning &
belief revision closed world assumption probabilistic &
temporal reasoning quantification (some persons are mortal) 5
Slide 6
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Slide 7
Seminal work in the 70s & 80s Generalized representation
languages e.g. KL-One [Brachman & Schmolze 85], Loom [MacGregor
99], .Classic [Patel-schneider 91], KRS [Marcke et al. 87]
Specialized schemes adapted to a particular domain e.g. geometric
fig. [Lee 88], IR [Gomez 98; Zarri 01].. internet [Heflin et al.
99], NL [Sowa 94] Recent emphasis on procedural, ontological,
multi-paradigm schemes plus text processing procedural e.g. CBR
[Zeng et al. 06], neural nets [Kurfess 99] ontological e.g. TOB
[Zhang et al. 08], BPM [Hepp 06] multi-paradigm schemes e.g. KROL
[Shaalan et al. 99] text processing & IR schemes e.g. [Zhao et
al. 12] Relevant Literature 7
Slide 8
Modelling concepts with KL-One KL-ONE [Brachman & Schmolze
85] Ferrari blue red thing person John Mary Grand Prix car v/r val
driver Nexus 1 color manufacturer Context 1 8 race
Conceptual Graphs [Sowa 94] Leaves Van leaves BSS at 11:00 am
and goes to Elnet Subj. Van origin BSS Consider: rate making is the
process by which insurers determine the rates for each category or
classification, of similar, but independent insureds. dest. Elnet
10
Slide 11
11 Process uses DOGMA-MESS [Christeans and Moor 06] results-in
done-by uses material tool product actor
Slide 12
MULTI-NETS [Helbig 05] On July 8, 1497, Vasco De Gama led a
fleet of four ships with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon and sailed
6,000 miles to reach the shores of India 12
Slide 13
KR Features of Selected KR Schemes 13
Slide 14
Lack of continuity in KR 1995 Literature sparse for generalized
schemes business knowledge, complex knowledge, graphical schemes No
formal studies of domain characteristics Conceptual and epistemic
levels still problematic Lack of emphasis on relationships and
knowledge structuring primitives Multi-nets recent and
comprehensive Limitations of Existing Approaches 14
Slide 15
15 Limitations of Ontologies Usually in very structured domains
welding [Kitamura and Mizoguchi 2003] BPM [Hepp and Roman 2007] TOB
[Zhang 2008] Relationships are rigid and pre-visioned e.g. PROCESS
uses TOOL [Christaens and Moor 2006] e.g. PROCESS results-in
PRODUCT [ibid] Ontology visualization [Hepp 2008] very simple
notation use UML Tend not to be interchangeable
Slide 16
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Slide 17
Examples of complex knowledge Property includes real property
and personal property. Real property is lands, buildings and other
property attached to it. 1.6 A liability loss exposure is any
condition or situation that presents the possibility of a claim
alleging legal responsibility of a person or business for injury or
damage suffered by another party. 1.6 Types of insurers include
stock insuers, mutual insurers and reciprocal exchanges 1.11
Depreciation is allowance for physical wear and tear or
technological or economic obsolescence 6.14 A contract of good
faith is an obligation to act in an honest manner and to disclose
all relevant facts. 7.7 [Luthardt et al. 2005] 17
Slide 18
describe objects, events, actions, situations & concepts
objects generally concrete concepts generally abstract concepts
involve other concepts mathematical structural axiomatic logical
concepts may involve undefined concepts alternatively, elaboration
on concepts conditions and restrictions may be imposed
Characteristics of complex knowledge CK complex knowledge 18
Slide 19
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Slide 20
Knowledge Engineering for CK committed to graphical notation
representational adequacy an ideal support: concept definition,
reuse multiple definitions modularity (network partitioning) simple
and complex relationships pre-defined relationships (structural,
logical etc.) as well as arbitrary 20
Slide 21
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Slide 22
E/S CKR-1 Constructs Simple/atomic concept, object/ instance or
variable Simple event/situation Complex Concept, object Complex
Event or Activity Simple activity A A E/A Multiple Arguments (and)
Multiple Arguments (and/or) Connector for 2 or more concepts/
objects/ events Derived Concept ( Complex) Name 22
Slide 23
CKR-1 Logical Operators True if False Negation Then part of an
if Quantification = = Equivalence 23 Adapted from [Schubert
1976]
Slide 24
CKR-1 Relationships TypeFormatExamplesComments Structural
(s:)s: is_a, p_sp, has_a, cmp_of, sm_as, ag_of Amaravadi [2005]
Descriptive (d:) d-bus: d-cause: d-log: d-math: d-perm: d- prob:
d-proc: d-qual: d-quant: d-state: d-temp: d-case: -ACTS, APL..
-CAU, RSLTS, ANS, QUES. - GT, LT, LE, EQ, NOT.. - SUM, AVG.. -GRNT,
RVK, LIC, PMT.. -PR, EX, NX.. -LP, NXT, PRV, INP -GOOD, BAD, ACCU,
ERR -VOL, AREA, WGHT.. -ST, BT, WT -BFR, AFR, DUR, AT, ALWY -OBJ,
INST, AGNT, SUB Experience Schank and Abelson [1977], Axelrod
[1976], Schubert et al. [1979], Prescott et al. [2010], Riddle
[1996]. Allen [1983], Fillmore [1967], property relationships (p:)
p: rp: e: or p: number of members rp: minimum number of members.
from experience and traditional KR work. 24
Slide 25
Representing simple knowledge An unnatural event is an
earthquake, fire, flood, storm.. E E E E Unnatural event E E Flood
Fire s: is - a 25
Slide 26
Board of directors Elected officials person position voting
s:cmp-of s:is-a rp: method of appointment s:cmp-of Simple Knowledge
is not Always Simple The BOD consists of elected officials
[Luthardt et al. 2005] 26
Slide 27
Derived Concepts and Descriptive Relationships DAMAGE c c rp:
ST Damaged Entity damageY d-temp: AFTR Damaged Entity X rp: ST
d-state:WT Damage is defined as worsening of the state of an entity
27
Slide 28
Complex Knowledge with Elaboration, Relationships &
Variables DAMAGE c c rp: ST Damaged Entity damageY Damaged Entity X
rp: ST e:CAU E E Unnatural event Worsening of state is caused by an
unatural event d-temp: AFTR d-state:WT 28
Slide 29
More Relationship Types and Multiplicity LOSS1 c c d-case: OBJ.
E E Unnatural event damage A A Damage damage Damaged entity
d-cause: CAU Loss is damage to an entity as a result of an
unnatural event. Note that damaged entity can be a person,
livestock etc. [Luthardt et al. 2005] 29
Slide 30
LOSS 2 c c d-log:GT d-temp: AFTR Damaged entity value Damaged
entity value Damaged entity value Damaged entity value T1 T2 p:
time Another way to represent loss: Multiplicity e:CAU E E
Unnatural event Loss can be a decrease in value of a damaged entity
30
Slide 31
User Defined Concepts and Variables Insurance coverage is the
legal obligation of underwriter to compensate insured in the event
of a loss here insured suffers loss COVERAGE1 c c rp: loss amount
Insureddamage E E Loss damageLAMOUNT d-case: SUBJ 31
Slide 32
COVERAGE2 c c e: loss amount UnderwriterdamageInsured damage
LAMOUNT d-bus PP Underwriter compensates insured for loss amount
User Defined Concepts.. 32
Slide 33
COVERAGE Coverage1damageCoverage2 Coverage = Coverage1 and
Coverage2 Propositions with User Defined Concepts 33
Slide 34
insured insurer d-bus: COCO d-bus: LERQ insurancepolicy An
insurance policy defines in detail the rights and duties of both
parties to the contract: the insured and insurer. Concept
Definition & Extension 34 rights duties
Slide 35
insured coverage Time period s:has-a insurancepolicy+ rp:DUR
Adding to Concept Definition.. 35 An insurance policy provides
coverage for a specified time period.
Slide 36
USA law requirement States State insurance department insurer
Rate filing X Y Policy form many A s:ag-of s:sm-as d-proc: FILE
s:has-a d-bus:APL d-cause:OBJ d-log: SIM e-method s:is-a More
complex knowledge.. many states require insurers to file their
policy forms with the state department in a manner similar to the
method used for rate filing. 36
Slide 37
Can we represent this ? Indemnify means to restore a party who
has suffered loss to the same financial position that the party
held before the loss. Liability insurance covers liability loss
exposures. It provides for payment on behalf of the insured for
injury to others or damage to others property for which the insured
is legally responsible. Replacement cost is the cost to repair or
replace property using new materials of like kind and quality with
no deduction for depreciation. Salvage rights are the insurers
rights to recover and sell or otherwise dispose of insured property
on which the insurer has paid a total loss or a constructive total
loss. 37
Slide 38
EVALUATION AND CONCLUSIONS 38
Slide 39
Result (n = 50)Number of cases% Percentage successful3978%
Partially successful 1 2% Could not represent1020% Evaluation of
Expressivity in CKR-1 Quantitative Evaluation 39
Slide 40
Qualitative Evaluation CriteriaComments selective inheritanceno
reasoning with defaultsno probabilistic knowledgeyes encoded as d-
probrelationship. beliefsno prepositionsyes negationyes
quantificationyes quantification operator; conjunctions,
disjunctions, and/oryes temporal reasoningsome temporality included
incomplete knowledgeyes 40
Slide 41
graphical method designed for abstract, complex, specialized
domains abstractions/partitioning multiple methods of definition
some integration of ideas; elements of: logical & partitioned
networks case frames & concept graphs designed also for
usability and re-usability graphical can be used in multiple
domains (FR) modularization very flexible -- arbitrary concepts
& relationships some limitations (FR) Conclusions Note: FR
Future Research 41