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Atmosphere and Climate

Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

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Page 1: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Atmosphere and Climate

Page 2: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Atmosphere 

• Thin layers of gas that surround and protect the Earth

• Makes life on Earth possible– Protects life from harmful radiation

– Allows visible light to reach Earth for photosynthesis

Page 3: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Early Atmosphere 

• Poisonous atmosphere that contained helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, methane, chlorine, nitrogen 

• Oxygen was added by producers (cyanobacteria) via photosynthesis, which began about 4 mya

Page 4: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Current Composition of Atmosphere

Page 5: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Layers of Atmosphere

Page 6: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Troposphere

• Extends from Earth to 10km• Contains 90% of atmospheric gases • Most weather occurs in troposphere• Temperature decreases with height

Page 7: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Stratosphere 

• From 10km to 50km• Air is less dense and does not have swirling turbulence of the troposphere

• Contains the ozone layer in the upper stratosphere

• Temperature increases with altitude (from ‐80˚ to 0˚C)

Page 8: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Mesosphere 

• From 50km – 90km• Temperature decreases with altitude (from 0˚ ‐120˚C) and is the coldest layer of the atmosphere

• Ice clouds occur here • Meteors burn up in this layer 

Page 9: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Thermosphereaka Ionosphere • Extends from 90km to between 500 ‐ 1000km 

• Outer Space ‐ +100km • Temperature climbs sharply (until about 25km), then increase steadily– Can be about 200˚C hotter during the day– Temperatures range from 500˚ to 2000˚C in the upper thermosphere

– Thermosphere expands when heated, “puffs up”

Page 10: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Thermosphereaka Ionosphere  

• Molecules become ionized at these temperatures

• High energy photons from sun remove electrons from gases, creating ions 

• Northern and Southern Lights (auroras) – Ions or charged particles collide with atoms and molecules, excit‐ing them to higher energy levels,release colored light as they returnto lower energy levels 

Page 11: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Traffic in the Thermosphere

• International Space Station

• US Space Shuttle• Satellites (24,500)

Page 12: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 13: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Exosphere

• Extends from about 500km • This is a picture which shows the Earth, its atmosphere (the clouds are likely in the troposphere and stratosphere), the limb of the Earth (the dark blue curve/edge which is the mesosphere and thermosphere), and the dark blue to black region of space (where our exosphere extends out to...).   Image courtesy of NASA

Page 14: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 15: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Climate• Average weather in a particular area over long periods of time

• Includes:– Temperature data 

• Highs and lows, records

– Precipitation data• Totals, highs and lows, records 

– Humidity– Wind

• Determines types organisms that are found in an area

Page 16: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Latitude 

– Measured in degrees, and is a factor in the amount sunshine an area receives and how intense it is

• Position of Earth as compare to the Equator)– Distance from sun which varies from 147 million km to 156 million km

Page 17: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Tilt of the Earth on its Axis– Causes seasonality  – Varies from 21.75˚ to 24.25˚

– Current tilt is 23.5˚– Periodicity is 47,000 years– Large tilt causes warming in poles and smaller temperatures differences in summer hemisphere

Page 18: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 19: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Air Circulation 

• Properties of air:  – Cold air sinks and warms as it sinks

– Warm air rises and cools as it rises

– Warm air holds more moisture than cool air 

Page 20: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Air Circulation • Air mass – large body of air that has similar temperatures and moisture content– can be equatorial, tropical, polar, arctic, continental, or maritime

• Air Pressure – 99% of atmosphere is within 32km of Earth and gravity is exerted on it;– Pressure decreases with altitude– Low pressure – cloudy and stormy weather– High pressure – usually means fair weather 

Page 21: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Lawrenceville, GA 33.96°N 84°W

Page 22: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Ocean Currents • 2 Types – surface (to 400m) and deep water• Surface currents are caused by: 

– Solar heating – causes water to expand, ocean is 8 cm deeper at the equator

– Specific heat of water  ‐ oceans hold large amounts of heat, which in turn affects climate

– Rotation of the Earth – causes seasons, changes in amount and intensity of sunlight and changes in temperatures

Page 23: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Ocean Currents 

– Winds – blow and move surface water• El Nino – exchange of warm and cool water masses; Eastern Pacific is warmer than normal

• La Nina – Eastern Pacific is cooler than normal

– Gravity – pushes water down a pressure gradient

– Coriolis effect – causes water to  move toward the right in Northern Hemisphere 

Page 24: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Topography of Local Area  

• Elevation – Every 90mrise in elevationequals a 100km shift north in latitude and biome simil‐arity 

Page 25: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Rain Shadow Effect

Page 26: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Urbanization and Deforestation 

• Heat island effect – pavements and roofs are dry and non‐permeable – Can heat to 27 – 50˚C hotter than air temperature– Strongest effect during the day when the sun is shining 

– Remains present at night due to slow release of heat from urban infrastructure 

Page 27: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 28: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 29: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Composition of Atmosphere

• Greenhouse effect – caused by 3 major gases– Water vapor (largest contributor), carbon dioxide and methane 

• Ozone layer 

Page 30: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 31: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Greenhouse Effect– Gases have increased by 25% over last 150 years– Anthropogenic – caused or produced by humans– Natural processes can absorb 6.1 billion metrictons but thereare 3.2 billion metric tons addedeach year

Page 32: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 33: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Sources of Greenhouse Gases • CO2: 

– Cellular Respiration– Burning of fossil fuels, plants or organic materials– Deforestation impacts CO2 levels because there is less organisms to remove it from the atmosphere; often cleared trees are burned 

• Methane – Wetlands, fossil fuels, landfills and livestock – Rice cultivation – waterlogged field are ideal for anaerobic methanogens (growth of bacteria that produce methane) breaking down organic soil matter

Page 34: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Sources of Greenhouse Gases 

• Nitrous oxide – fossil fuels, fertilizers, animal waste and deforestation

• Ozone – absorbs infrared energy of the sun at ground level

• CFCs – from foams, aerosols, refrigerants and solvents; break down ozone layer and allow more UV light to reach Earth 

Page 35: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

CO2 versus Temperature 

Page 36: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Greenhouse gases sources in US (2001):

Page 37: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Consequences of Global Warming 

• Gradual increase of the temperature of Earth– May increase by 2˚C by 2050

• Oceans will absorb more heat energy, causing hurricanes and typhoons, changing ocean currents, changing rainfall amounts

• Agriculture – some fertile areas may receive less rainfall such as the American Midwest

• Sea levels increase – due to warming of polar regions, coastal areas will flood

Page 38: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Natural Ozone Production 

• Formed naturally in the stratosphere by UV radiation – 90% of ozone is in stratosphere 

– Absorbs 99% of incoming solar UV radiation 

Page 39: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Conditions that Lead to Ozone Depletion 

• Ozone layer thinning is primarily over the Antarctic region – In long dark winter over Antarctic, polar vortex forms and isolates cold air

– When temperatures reach ‐80˚C, polar stratospheric clouds of water and nitric acid form

– On the surface of these clouds, CFCs are converted to free chlorine molecules (Cl2)

– When sunlight returns in spring, Cl2 is split into Cl atoms by UV radiation, which then attacks ozone

Page 40: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Ozone Layer Depletion

Page 41: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Consequences of Ozone Depletion • Allows more UV radiation to reach the Earth’s surface– Can damage DNA and cause skin cancer, cataracts, weaken immune systems 

Page 42: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Consequences of Ozone Depletion 

• Can kill phytoplankton (base of food chains in aquatic ecosystems), and damage developmental stages of fish, shrimp, crabs, amphibians and other animals 

• Can cause decreased crop yields, damage to plant form, seeds, nutrient distribution and developmental cycles in plants 

Page 43: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation
Page 44: Atmosphere and Climate - Collins Hill High School and Climate 2013.pdf · atmosphere • Ice clouds occur here ... Consequences of Global Warming ... • Allows more UV radiation

Montreal Protocol

• Chlorine atoms remain in stratosphere for long periods of time

• Estimate that 1 chlorine atom can destroy 10,000 molecules of ozone

• International agreement to sharply limit the production of ozone‐destroying chemicals like CFCs– Eliminated most CFCs by 1995– US banned all substances that pose a threat to the ozone layer by 2000

• Considered an environmental success story