Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
ATM OCN 100 - Fall 2000 LECTURE 8. ATMOSPHERIC ENERGETICS: RADIATION & ENERGY BUDGETS A. INTRODUCTION: What maintains life? How does Planet Earth maintain a habitable environment?. B. ENERGY (HEAT) BUDGETS. Energy budget philosophy INPUT = OUTPUT + STORAGE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 11
ATM OCN 100 - Fall 2000 ATM OCN 100 - Fall 2000 LECTURE 8LECTURE 8
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGETICS:ATMOSPHERIC ENERGETICS: RADIATION & ENERGY BUDGETSRADIATION & ENERGY BUDGETS
A. INTRODUCTION:A. INTRODUCTION:– What maintains life?What maintains life?– How does Planet Earth maintain a habitable How does Planet Earth maintain a habitable
environment?environment?
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 22
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 33
B. ENERGY (HEAT) BUDGETSB. ENERGY (HEAT) BUDGETS
Energy budget philosophyEnergy budget philosophy
INPUT = OUTPUT + INPUT = OUTPUT + STORAGE STORAGE
Planetary annual energy budget Planetary annual energy budget
– Short wave radiation components Short wave radiation components
– Long wave radiation components Long wave radiation components
– Non radiative components Non radiative components (where)...(where)...
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 44
Background - The Earth, The Sun &Background - The Earth, The Sun &The Radiation Link The Radiation Link
INPUT -- Solar RadiationINPUT -- Solar Radiation– From Sun radiating at temperature From Sun radiating at temperature 6000 K; 6000 K; – Peak radiation Peak radiation m;m;– Solar Constant Solar Constant 22cal/cmcal/cm22/min or 1370 W/m/min or 1370 W/m22
OUTPUT -- Terrestrial radiationOUTPUT -- Terrestrial radiation– Emitted from earth-atmosphere system;Emitted from earth-atmosphere system;– Radiating temperature Radiating temperature – Peak radiation region Peak radiation region m.m.
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 55
Planetary Radiative Energy Budget Planetary Radiative Energy Budget From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens PointFrom Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 66
PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSPLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSShort Wave ComponentsShort Wave Components
Disposition of solar radiation in Disposition of solar radiation in Earth-atmosphere systemEarth-atmosphere system
– ReflectedReflected
– ScatteredScattered
– AbsorbedAbsorbed
– TransmittedTransmitted ImplicationsImplications
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 77
PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSPLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSLong Wave ComponentsLong Wave Components
Disposition of long radiation inDisposition of long radiation in Earth-atmosphere system Earth-atmosphere system
– EmittedEmitted
– AbsorbedAbsorbed
– TransmittedTransmitted
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 88
PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSPLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSLong Wave Components Long Wave Components (con’t.)(con’t.)
Atmospheric Atmospheric oror “Greenhouse” Effect “Greenhouse” Effect– BackgroundBackground– ““Greenhouse Gases” [HGreenhouse Gases” [H22O, COO, CO22, CH, CH44]]
ImplicationsImplications
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 99
PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSPLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSNon-Radiative ComponentsNon-Radiative Components
Disposition of non-radiative fluxes in Disposition of non-radiative fluxes in Earth-atmosphere systemEarth-atmosphere system
Types of non-radiative fluxesTypes of non-radiative fluxes
– Sensible heat transportSensible heat transport– Latent Heat transportLatent Heat transport
ImplicationsImplications
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1010
PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETS PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETS (con’t.)(con’t.)
ANNUAL AVERAGEANNUAL AVERAGE
Input = OutputInput = Output
Absorbed solar = Emitted Absorbed solar = Emitted terrestrialterrestrial
LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTIONLATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION– Input & Output CurvesInput & Output Curves– Energy surplus & deficit regionsEnergy surplus & deficit regions– Meridional energy transport inMeridional energy transport in
Atmosphere & Oceans Atmosphere & Oceans
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1111
OCEAN CURRENTSOCEAN CURRENTS
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1212
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1313
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1414
ENERGY BUDGETS ENERGY BUDGETS (con’t.)(con’t.)
LOCAL ENERGY BUDGETSLOCAL ENERGY BUDGETS THE FORCING (Energy Gain)THE FORCING (Energy Gain)
– Radiative ControlsRadiative Controls LatitudeLatitude CloudsClouds
– Air Mass ControlsAir Mass Controls Warm Air Advection & Cold Air AdvectionWarm Air Advection & Cold Air Advection
THE RESPONSETHE RESPONSE– Temperature & Temperature VariationsTemperature & Temperature Variations
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1515
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1616
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1717
ENERGY BUDGETS ENERGY BUDGETS (con’t.)(con’t.)
FACTORS TO CONSIDERFACTORS TO CONSIDER in the Thermal Response in the Thermal Response– Albedo (reflectivity)Albedo (reflectivity)– ConductivityConductivity– Specific HeatSpecific Heat
Quantity of heat required to change Quantity of heat required to change temperature of a unit mass of substance by temperature of a unit mass of substance by 1 Celsius degree. 1 Celsius degree.
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1818
Thermal Conductivity Example: Thermal Conductivity Example: Change in Snow Cover Change in Snow Cover
See Figure 3.6, Moran & Morgan (1997)See Figure 3.6, Moran & Morgan (1997)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.00000 0.00100 0.00200 0.00300 0.00400 0.00500
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY in SNOW [cal/cm2/sec/Co/cm]
SN
OW
DE
NS
ITY
[gm
/cm
3]
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 1919
TEMPERATURE RESPONSETEMPERATURE RESPONSE forfor substances with differing specific substances with differing specific
heatsheatsSee Table 3.2, Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 3.2, Moran & Morgan (1997)
TEMPERATURE RESPONSE TO ENERGY ADDED
___ WATER ___ WOOD ___ SAND ___ AIR
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
HEAT ADDED [calories per gram]
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E o
f S
YS
TE
M [
de
g C
]
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2020
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2121
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2222
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2323
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2424
ENERGY BUDGETSENERGY BUDGETS (con’t) (con’t)
Local energy budgets Local energy budgets Features of local energy budgetsFeatures of local energy budgets
– AnnualAnnual Summer maximum temperatureSummer maximum temperature Winter minimum temperatureWinter minimum temperature
– DiurnalDiurnal Afternoon maximum temperatureAfternoon maximum temperature Pre-dawn minimum temperaturePre-dawn minimum temperature
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2525
ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000ATM OCN 100 Fall 2000 2626
