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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

27/9/2016DRAFT1.8

ATLASOFTHESMALLEUROPEANISLANDS

Atlas of the ESIN Islands 1 Introduction 22 TheislandsofEurope 33 TheESINislandsofEurope 94 Sustainabilityindicators 125 TheESINislandspernation 14 ThesmallislandsofCroatia 15 ThesmallislandsofDenmark 18 ThesmallislandsofEstonia 23 ThesmallislandsofFinland 24 ThesmallislandsofFrance 28 ThesmallislandsofGreece 31 ThesmallislandsofIreland 35 ThesmallislandsofItaly 38 ThesmallislandsofScotland 40 ThesmallislandsofSweden 43 ThesmallislandsofÅland 496 References 51

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1 Introduction1.1 PurposeThepurposeofthisAtlasisto(a)presentsomebasicdataonthegeographicalfeaturesofthesmallislandsofEuropewhoaremembersoftheEuropeanSmallIslandsFederation(ESIN),andto(b)raiseawarenessofthelackofother,relevantbasicdataonthesamesmallislands.

Anislandisapieceoflandsurroundedbywater.Thisatlasisfocussedonsmallandverysmallislandsthatfallbelowthesystemofterritorialunitsforstatistics(NUTS)withintheEuropeanUnionnothavingafixedlinktotheEuropeanmainland.ESINrepresents1,640suchislandswitharesidentpopulationof359,357people.

Thesesmallislandshave3-4millionsummerresidentsandtentimesasmanyvisitors,whichcreatesaheavyhumanpressureontheislands’social,technicalandecologicalsystems.Theyarevaluablenaturalsitesofmajorimportanceforararefaunaandflora,andarenaturallypositionedtobevitalpartsoftheBlueStrategy.Smallislandsareforcedtoandhavelearnttobesustainablebecauseoftheirscarcityofresourcesandhighcostsforexternalresources.Theyhavealottogaininbeingeconomically,environ-mentallyandsociallyself-sufficient.TheybringgreatvaluetotheEuropeanCommunityandcouldbebettergovernedweretheymoreaccuratelydescribed.1.2 DelimitationsThisdraftofanAtlasofsmallEuropeanislandsisdelimitedtothosethatarecurrentlyESINmembers.1.3 MapsThemapsshowdifferentaspectsofthesmallsuchassize,distances,populationchangeandthethreatfromclimatechange.

September2016,DenisBaric,DenisBredin,CamilleDressler,MicaelaJansson,ElefteriosKechagioglou,NeilLodwick(chapter4),MaretPank,EllePuurman,LiseThillemannSørensen,RhodaTwomblyandChristianPleijel(editor)

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2 TheislandsofEurope2.1 Whatisanisland?TheEurostatpublicationPortraitoftheIslands(Eurostat,1994)proposedadefinitionofislandsincludingfivecriteria:

- anareaexceeding1km2- adistanceofatleastonekilometretothecontinent- nopermanentlinkwiththecontinent- nopresenceofanEUcapitalcity- apermanentresidentpopulationofatleast50people.

Thelatterofthesecriteriawasprimarilyincludedforreasonsofdataavailability,asitappearedimpossibletocollectdataforislandswithlessthan50inhabitants.Accordingtothesecriteria,thestudyconcludedthereare440islandsinEurope.Thispragmaticsolutiontoastatisticalchallengehastendedtobecomeadefinitionalcriterioninitsownrightwhensubsequentstudieshavereusedthesecriteria,forexam-pleintheAnalysisoftheislandregionsandoutermostregionsoftheEuropeanUnion(PlanistatEuropeandBradleyDunbar,2003).Theauthorsofthisstudyhighlightthelimitationsofsuchadefinitionintheintroductiontothereport.Theysuggestthatis-landslessthanonekilometrefromthecoastmayexperiencethesameproblemsasotherislandsandthatarchipelagos(comprisingseveralislandsredundantwhichdonotsatisfythecriteriaindividuallyareexcluded,evenifthearchipelagoasawholewouldsatisfythecriteria).

IntheFifthCohesionReport(CEC,2010),islandsaredefinedas“NUTS3regionswherethemajorityofthepopulationliveononeormoreislandswithoutfixedconnectionstothemainland,suchasabridgeoratunnel”.2.2 HowmanyinhabitedEuropeanislandsarethere?ThenumberofinhabitedislandsinEurope,bigorsmall,bridgedorun-bridged,NUTSornon-NUTS,inseas,riversandlakes,states,regions,municipalitiesorelse,is2,418witharesidentpopulationof13,9millionpeople.

Country

Totalofinhabitedislands

Whereofbig

islands

Unin-habitedislandsNumber Population

Albania 7Croatia 311 114,174 1,000Cyprus 854,000 1 Denmark 76 976,771 3 Estonia 20 51,361 2 217

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Finland 455 54,000 179,000France 188 58,674 1 FaroeIslands 12 48,574 Germany 45 345,932 Greece 144 1,078,082 4 Greenland 39 56,648 Iceland 3 332,529 1 Ireland 65 22,376 1 Italy 73 237,639 2 Latvia 5 773 Lithuania 1 1,642 Malta 2 423,382 Montenegro 2 125 Netherlands 21 1,190,015 Norway 104 356,319 Poland 3 102,237 Portugal 14 3,213,013 Romania 1 25 Russia 5 204,683 Spain 18 3,213,013 Sweden 879 220,000 2 221,800Ukraine 3 3,744 UK England 27 734,924 NorthernIreland 1 110 Scotland 86 99,623 79Orkney 21 18,664 Shetland 10 22,785 IsleofMan 1 64,679 ChannelIslands 7 125,000 Alandislands 52 28,007 6,412Sum 2,418 13,926,700

721 408,805

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2.3 StatisticsonEuropeanislands

Thenomenclatureofterritorialunitsforstatistics(NUTS)1wasestablishedbythestatis-ticalofficeoftheEuropeanCommunities,incooperationwiththeCommission’sotherdepartments,soastoestablishasingle,uniformbreakdownofterritorialunitsfortheproductionofCommunityregionalstatistics.

ThecurrentNUTS2013classificationsubdividestheeconomicterritoryoftheEuropeanCommunityinto98regionsatNUTS1level,276atNUTS2and1,342atNUTS3.OnNUTS2levelareregions,provincesandprefectures,800,000to3millionpeopleheadedbyagovernor.OnNUTS3levelareparishes,cantons,oblast,cities,countiesandmunici-palities,15,000to800,000peopleheadedbyamayor.Deviationsexistforparticulargeographical,socio-economic,historical,culturalorenvironmentalcircumstances,espe-ciallyforislandsandoutermostregions.

FifteenislandregionswithNUTS1orNUTS2statusareidentified.SixoftheseareOutermostregions.AllremainingregionsareMediterranean,exceptfortheÅlandarchi-pelago,whichisanautonomouspartofFinland.ThisleadstoadelineationandtypologyofEuropeanislandsshowedinthemap2below:

1http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Nomenclature_of_territorial_units_for_statistics_(NUTS)2GEOSPECSEuropeanPerspectivesonSpecificTypesofTerritories,FinalReport20/12/2012

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2.4 TheEuropeansmallislandsasanasset

Inregionalplanning,smallislandsaremostlyinvisibleorelsebeingportrayedandjudgedby"whattheydon'thave"includingpeople,naturalresourcesandcompetitiveadvantages.Thisrhetorichasevenbeenadoptedbyusislanderstogarnerglobalatten-tionandresources.Morerecently,wehavedevelopedacountervailingnarrativethatseesislandsocietiesasresilient,nimble,flexible,connectedandadaptabletoexternalevents.Seasareincreasinglybeingviewedasroutesandhighwaysinsteadofasbarriers.Ratherthanbeingpoverty-strickenanddestitute,manyislandsmightbemoreaccuratelydescribedasinnovativeandentrepreneurial,withagreatpotentialbecauseof(1)thevastseathatsurroundsthem,(2)themanypeoplethatusethem,(3)thelargeeco-systemsthatneedthem,and(4)thebigplacetheyoccupyinthehumanminddespitetheirsmallness.Becauseoftheirgeographiccircumstancestheyhave,throughnecessity,becomeinnovativeandentrepreneurialovertime.1IslandsarevitalforthetheEuropeanbluegrowth

‘BlueGrowth’istheEuropeanlongtermstrategytosupportsustainablegrowthinthemarineandmaritimesectors.Islandsgivetheirrespectivenationsrighttovastseaareasaswellasseabeds.Example:Islandsconstitute5,8%oftheCroatianlandbutrepresent37%ofCroatiatotalareaasanationwhentheseaisincluded.

Thebluestrategyconsistsofaquaculture,coastaltourism,marinebiotechnology,oceanenergyandseabedmining.Islandsalsoofferexcellentwind,solarandtidalopportuni-ties.Example:In2015,aSABELLAturbine12wasinstalledontheseafloorinthefamoustidalstream“Fromveur”betweenislandsOuessantandMolèneonthecoastofBrittany,connectedtoOuessantbya2,000meterunderwatercable.Itis17metershighandweighs400tonnes,builtforthishostileenvironment,pre-orientatedinthedirectionofthetidalcurrentswithaprofileofitssymmetricalbladeshelpingtocapturetheebbandflow.http://www.sabella.fr/fiche.php?id=112&lg=gb

BlueGrowthdependslargelyonthe‘wetarea’ofislands,andinhabitedislandsarevitalkeypointsforthisstrategyasbasesforcompetence,maintenanceandservice.2IslandsarevitalforEuropeanpeopleasresorts

EncyclopaediassuchasWikipediagiveafalseimpressionofthehumanpressureonsmallislands.Typically,anislandwith100residentinhabitantshavetentimesmoresummerinhabitantsandahundredtimesmorevisitors.

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Example:TheislandofNagu3inFinlandhas1,350all-yearresidents,8,500summerresidentswhospend30daysontheisland,30,000visitorswhospend2daysand1,700,000personstravellingthroughtheisland.

All-yearresidents 1,350 360days 492,750person-days

Summerresidents 8,500 30days 255,000person-days

Visitors 30,000 2days 60,000person-days

Travellingthrough 1,700,000 2hours 388person-days

Sum 807,750person-days

ThetotalofdayshumansspendonNagu,usingroads,electricity,ferries,healthcare,mobilephonesandwater,producinggarbage,sewageandemissionsis807,750/365dayswhichistheequivalentofapopulationof2,601persons,not1,3504.

ThisiseventruerforislandsintheMediterraneanwherethetourismpressureisex-tremelyhighwithvisitorsstayingaweek,notjust2days.Recentlyalargenumberofnewvisitorshavearrived,namelyrefugees.3IslandsarevitalforEuropeanfaunaandflora

Islandsarevaluablenaturalsitesofmajorimportanceforbirds,fishandeco-systems.EnvironmentalprogramsprotectalargeportionoftheEuropeanislandsareas.Example:OnthesixteenislandsonthecoastofBrittanywithatotalpopulationof62,000people,allaregovernedunderatleastoneenvironmentalprogram.42%oftheislands’totalareaisprotectedbyNatura2000and20%isZnieffI(ZoneNaturelled’intérêtécologiquefaunistiqueetfloristique).

Thisisanopportunityaswellasaconstraintforthelocalcommunities.4IslandsarevitalpartofEuropeanculture

Smallislandshavehadandhaveadeepsymbolicinfluenceonart,music,poetry,litera-tureandfilm.Therepresentaninvaluableculturalheritageandcloselyknitcommuni-ties.Example:“TheAranIslandsonIreland’swestcoasthavehadaninfluenceonWesternculturethatisdisproportionatetotheirsize,causedbytheirunusualculturalandphysicalhistory.“[Wikipedia]

3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagu4https://europeansmallislands.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/nagu1.pdf

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3 TheislandsofESIN3.1 WhatisESIN?TheEuropeanSmallIslandsFederation(ESIN)wasfoundedin2001asanon-politicalfederationofassociationsforsmallislandsandarchipelagosinEurope.ESINrepresentsitsmembersonissuesofmutualimportancebeforetheEuropeanUnionparliamentandinstitutions,andisalsoaforumforcomparisonofexperiencebetweenthemembers.ESINhasatpresent(2016)11membersrepresentingsmallislandsofCroatia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Ireland,Scotland,SwedenandÅland.

Ineachofthesenationsthereareassociationsrepresentingsmallislandsandarchipela-gosandthesefromthememberorganisationsofESIN.Theassociationsmusthaveastheiraimtheoverallsustainabledevelopmentofsmallislandsandtheimprovementoflivingconditionsfortheresidentsmallislandpopulationinthatcountry.Therefore,thereisonlyonememberfromeachcountry.Thismemberrepresents(a)theirownmemberislands,and(b)everysmallislandinthatnation.3.2 ESIN’sdefinitionofasmallislandESINdefines‘smallisland’throughthefollowingcriteria: a Populationnumbers

AsmallislandtoESINisinhabitedallyearroundbyatleast1butnotmorethan5,000persons.

Someofthesmallislandsareverysmallislands,bywhichwemeanislandswithapopulationof5to50to5inhabitants.Suchislands,althoughverysmall,stillhavefamiliesandworkplacesandneedservicessuchastransportation,schools,healthcare,energy,telecom,waterandwastemanagement,lawandorder.Theytypicallyhavesummerpopulationsahundredtimestheirwinterpopulationandlargenumbersofvisitors.5Bytinyislands,wemeanislandswithfewerthan5inhabitants.Mostsuchislandsareclosetothemainland,onlyhaveoneortwoinhabitantswhoarenotyoung,

5TheESPONEUROISLANDSStudy2013/2/2,ScientificReport,madethefollowingdistinctions(page175ff):

“3.4TypologyoftheislandsVerybigislands(morethan50,000inhabitants):Sicilia,Sardegna,Mallorca,Cyprus,Kriti,malta,Corse,isleofWight,Lesvos,Kerkyra,Gotland,EivissaiFormentera,Menorca,Dodecanisos(Rodos).Bigislands(between5,000and50,000inhabitants):Chios,Samos,Bornholm,Zakynthos,WesternIsles,Ork-ney,Kefalonia,Shetland,Gozo,Åland,Kyklades.Smallislands(lessthan5,000inhabitants):Kokar,Lipsi,LipariandSamso.”

Wesymphatizewiththisandwouldaddverysmallislands,whichonlyhave50to5inhabitants,andtinyislands,whichhavelessthan5inhabitants.

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theyareoffthegrids,theymanagetheirownseatransportsbuttheystillhaveneedforandtherighttotelecomconnections,healthcare,lawandorder.

b Theabsenceofafixedlink

Asmallislandhasnobridge,causewayortunneltothemainlandandisnotsituat-edinalakeorinariver.

c BeingbelowNUTScoverage

AsmallislandisnotastatisticalunitintheNUTSsystem. d Theirdryarea

Asmallislandisnobiggerthan1,000km2.Outof526islandspresentlyintheESINorganisation,19arebiggerthan500km2,49arebiggerthan100km2and336are10km2orsmaller.

Thisgoesforthe“dryarea”oftheisland–theland.Itis,however,ofgreatim-portancetoincludethe“wet”areaofanisland–thesurroundingsea–whencalcu-latingisland’semissions,theirvaluefromabluestrategyperspective,theirfishingrightsandtheireco-systems.

e Theirjurisdiction

SomeverysmallislandsaremunicipalitiesinFrance,onÅlandandinDenmark(one),butmostESINislandsaregovernedbylocalboardsorcommitteeswithverylimitedresources,whilethetruepoliticalandfinancialpowersitsonthemainlandoronalargerislandinanarchipelago.

3.3 ThesmallislandsofESINThetableonpage4showedthereare2,425inhabitedislandsinEurope.Somearebig,somehavefixedlinkstothemainland,somebelongtonationsthatstillarenotmembersofESIN.Giventhedefinitionsinchapter3.2above,ESINrepresents1,640islandssmallislandsinEuropewithatotalpopulationof359,357people:

CountryESINsmallislands

Number PopulationAlbania Croatia 311 114,174Cyprus Denmark 42 13,423Estonia 18 3,504Finland 551 8,706France 21 46,843

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FaroeIslands Germany Greece 130 65,552Greenland Iceland Ireland 30 2,911Italy 29 22,422Latvia Lithuania Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden 391 29,429Ukraine UK England NorthernIreland Scotland 70 24,025Orkney Shetland IsleofMan ChannelIslands Alandislands 46 28,240Sum 1,640 359,357

These1,640smallislandshave3-4millionsummerresidentsandtenasmanyyearlyvisitors,whichcreatesahumanpressureontheislands’social,technicalandeco-systemsequivalentofapopulationofover1millionpeople.

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TheESINislandswithmostinhabitantsareÎled’Yeu,France(5,000inhabitantson23km2),MilosinGreece(4,977inhabitants,160km2),ArraninScotland(4,629inhabitantson43km2)andČiovoinCroatia(4,455inhabitants,28km2).Theislandswiththesmallestpopulationsaretinyislandswithjust1or2inhabitants(typicallyofhighage),situatedinSwedenorFinland.Thiskindofislandlifeisbecomingrareasthoseinhabitantspassawayandtheislandbecomesuninhabited.ThebiggestoftheESINislandswhenitcomestoareaaretheScottishonestoppedbyStronsay(1,100km2,349inhabitants).Europeancountriesandself-governedregionswithsmallislandsthatarestillnotmem-bersofESINareNorway,Germany,Netherlands,theFaroeIslands,theChannelIslands,Portugal,Spain,England,WalesandNorthernIrelandandMalta.

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4 Sustainabilityindicators‘Acommunitythatmonitorsanddocumentstheresultsofitsactions,andthatregularlyreflectsonitsprogressandbarriers,learnsfromitsexperience.Itbecomesmoreresilient,morecapableofadaptingtochange,andbetterabletoimproveitseffortsandsustainitselfovertime'.

UnitedNations,2007

4.1 KeychallengesforislandcommunitiesSmallislands,especiallythosewithapopulationof1,000inhabitantsorless,facethechallengeofbeingdistant(forexampleaccesstomainlandservices,costandexpendi-ture),thechallengeofbeingsmall(forexamplemigratoryissues,economicdevelopmentanddiversification),thechallengeofgovernanceandjurisdictionandthechallengeofclimatechange,forexamplecoastal/marinepollution,landmanagement.Anumberofindividualislanddevelopmentplansandassociatedpoliciesincorporatemanyorifnotalloftheabove.The2007SENSORReportonSustainabilityinEuropeanIslandsfocusesonsustainabilityissuesinrelationtoEuropeanislands.IthelpstounderpinArticle182intheAmsterdamTreaty,theEuropeanUnionCohesionPolicyandStrategiesrelatingtoregionaldevelop-mentfunding.Importantissueshighlightedinreportinclude:- Sizeandpopulationofislandsdictatesthattherearedifferentprioritiesandchal-lengesinrelationtosocial,economic,governanceandenvironmentalsustainability

- “Theneedtodevelopcomparabledata-setsandsustainabilityissueswhichmaybeusedtoinformpolicydecisionsatEULevel”.

- 16sustainabilityindicatorsselected-now“fitforpurpose”orrequiringcloserscru-tinyanddefinition?

- Theneedtorecognisethattherearedifferentsustainabilitychallengesre:coldandwarmwaterislands(Page19&27)

4.2 PurposeofsustainabilityindicatorsEarlywarningsignals–“changeanalysis”ToidentifyweaknessesandstrengthsSupportingandinfluencingfuturedecisionmakingprocessSupportingevidenceincorporatedintostrategic/policydevelopmentandapplicationProvidingpublicandstakeholderinformation4.3 KeychallengesforislandcommunitiesWhatconstitutesa“goodindicator”?Itshouldbe(a)Technicallyrobust;(b)Sensitivetochange,canberegularlyupdated;(c)Relevant,meaningful,availableandunderstoodbyall;(d)Complementary–directcorrelationwithotherindicators(forexample,ashort-

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ageofsocialhousingonanislandmayhaveadirectrelationshipwithmigratorytrends;Levelsoftourismmayhaveaparticularimpactonemploymentopportunitiesandthemaintenanceofanislandsenvironment;(e)Comparability–measuring“likewithlike”.4.4 AplethoraofsustainabilityindicatorsCurrent/futuredevelopmentofESINsustainabilityindicators–whatisthe“fit”?Avoid-ingrepetitionandconfusion.Aneedtobemindfulofotherdata-setswhichareinopera-tionsuchas:- National/regional–establishedbynationalgovernmentsandspecificservicede-partments(oftenusedforexampleinregionalplanning).

- Localgovernment–measuringeffectivenessoflocalstrategiesandpolicieswhichmayandareoftendirectlycorrelatedtoislandcommunities.

- Individualislands–supportinglocaldevelopmentplanning

Islandsize

Sustainabilityindicator

Verybigisland

Pop50,000andmore

Bigis-land

Pop50,000to5,000

Mediumisland

Pop5,000to1,000

Smallisland

Pop1,000to50

Verysmallisland

Poplessthan50

Warmwaterisland

Coldwaterisland

SOCIAL

Annualpopulationchange–migratorygrowth/reduction

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Percentofpopulationover65

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Percentislandhomeswithinternet/broadbandcon-nections

ü ü ü ü ü

Annualpercentageofislandstudentsprogress-ingtofurthereducation

ü ü ü ü ü ü

AccesstoIslandemergen-cy/healthcareprovision

ü ü ü ü ü

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Percentstockofsocialhousingavailableforislandresidents

ü ü ü ü ü

Percentofislandsresidentsspeakingalternativelan-guagetothemajorityofeachstate’spopulation*

ü ü ü ü ü

GOVERNANCE

NumberofislandresidentswhovoteinNational/localelections

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Establishmentofanindi-vidualislandlocaldevel-opmentplaninconjunctionwithallresidents

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

ECONOMIC

Sectortypeemployment ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Unemploymentrates ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Annualtotaloftouriststoanisland ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Numberofsocialenter-prisesonIsland

ü ü ü ü ü

%ofislandpopulationemployedin

- agriculture/farming

- fishingindustry

ü ü ü ü ü ü

ENVIRONMENTAL

Coastlineandfishing

- Europeanblueflag

- status/bathingwatersdirective

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

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Annualislandprecipita-tionrate ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Percentoflandsustaina-blymanagedbyNatura2000

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Percentofislandresi-dencesservedbyislandrenewableenergyre-sourced

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Percentofislandsewagetreated ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

Domesticwaterquality ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

4.5 ManagingandadministeringESINsustainabilityindicatorsWhooverseesandcoordinatestheprocess?IdentifyingtheroleofIslandFederationsforexampledatasupplyReportingproceduresandcommunicationsWhataboutotherstakeholdersandtheirrolesandexpertise?Explainingindetailwhatarethekeycomponentsofeachagreed‘indicator’4.6 ConclusionsTheproposedlistofislandsustainabilityindicatorsasoutlinedinAppendixAhavebeendesignedtoaddmaturitytothoseinitiallyestablishedin“SensorReport”2007,areun-dertheownershipofESINandareopentoregularmonitoring,evaluationandchallenge,sitalongsideandreinforcethesevenkeyprinciplesenshrinedintheEuropeanCommis-sion’s“2020Strategy”andthe2021-2029EUprogramme,andcanactasobjectiveevi-denceintheapplicationofEuropeanCommissionsupportaswellasinfluencingfuturestrategyandpolicywhichdirectlyeffectsislandcommunities.

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5 ESINislandspernationThispartoftheAtlaspresentsthesmallislandsofthe11membernationsofESIN:Cro-atia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Ireland,Scotland,SwedenandÅland.TheESINmemberorganisationofeachofthesecountriesisrepresentingallthesmallislandsofitsnationbeforeESIN,whetherallsmallislandsmayormaynotbemembersofthatorganisation.Thepresentationsincludeanintroduction,howtheislandsareadministrated,thena-tionalsmallislandorganisation(=ESINmemberorganisation),ashortbriefoninfra-structure,andwhatisontheiragenda.Thereisatableincludingallthesmallislandswithapopulationasdefinedonpage9-10above.

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Mapofsomeofthe311inhabitedCroatianislands

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KomižaonVis

4.1 ThesmallislandsofCroatiaTheCroatianislandsarethesecondlargestarchipelagooftheAdriaticandtheMediterraneanSea.Thereisatotalof1,246islandswhereof311inhabitedallyearby114,174islanders.Theycov-er3,259km2whichis5,8%ofCroatianlandbut37%ofCroatia,includingthewatersurface.AccordingtoprofessorNenedStarcoftheEkonomskiInstituteZagreb6:“Therearehypoinsularisedbridgeis-lands,urbansubarchipelagos,small“drained”hyperinsularizedislands(upto25km2,upto250islanders),twois-landsonone,resilientislands,peninsu-lasasislands,outerfishermen’sislands.Allarelosingeconomicversatility;(Al-most)allarespecialisingintourism;(Almost)alltendingtowatersupplydependency;Diminishingeconomicmarginalityattheexpenceofselfreli-ance;Tooclose(andtooweaktoescape

6LecturegivenattheISISA2016conferenceonLesvos.

mainlandinfluence;Tooweaktoinflu-enceanythingonmainland.Tooclosetoraisecuriosity,aproperinterest;Islandnessdenied;Insularityoverseen;Tooclosetoavoid(su-per)imposedmainlanddevelopmentpolicies;Tooexposedtomainlandpoli-ciestodeveloptheirspecificislandpoli-cy;Wellarticulatedparticularislandidentities;“Bilateral”communicationwiththemainland;Archipelagoidentityintraces.Recallingtheislandsustainability(andresilience):Centuriesoldman-madeenvironment,scarceresources,multi-skilledislanders,minimaloutreach,min-imalexchangewiththemainland,highdegreeofselfsuffiency,“enforced”sus-tainability(sustainorperish).Figuresquoted(alltoooften):- Decliningbirthrate,newcomerskeepthepopulationstable- Demographicstructuregettingworseandworse- Out-migrationfrom1920’son,

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- Ruraldecline,smallscaleurban-ruraldivide”

GovernanceTherearefourlayersofgovernanceinCroatia.Administratively,theislandsbelongtodifferentmainlandregionsandhavebilateralcommunicationwiththethese.Themayorsvisitthegovern-mentinZagrebtonegotiateforprojectsandfunding,competingwitheachother.Thecooperationbetweentheislandsisweak.Thesmallerthemunicipalities,themorepowertothecountiesandthestate.Onlythreemunicipalitieshavemayorswho”refusetogotoZagreb”andwhodeveloptheirislandsontheirown.In1997,theNationalIslandDevelop-mentProgramwasdevelopedonthemainlandandontheislandsincluding49islandand4coastal–islandand3peninsulartownsandmunicipalitiesin7coastalcounties(AdriaticNUTS2re-gions),stating:- IslandsareequalpartsofCroatiaintermsofdevelopmentpolicy- Islandisasystem- Islandisadevelopmentunit- Islandresourcesaretobeusedfullyandsustainably- Stateandcountydminsitrationandlocalself-governmentaretoplayanactiveroleinislanddevelopment- Islanddevelopmentmanagementistobecontinuous.

Thedevelopmentprogrammesetupgoalslike:Sustainabledevelopment:productionwithintheislandecosystemcarryingcapacity,returnsoninvestments,ac-ceptablesocialdynamicspreserved

Islandsaresociallysatisfactorypopulat-ed:theislandcommunityispermanentlyattractivetoitsmembersduetoitssize,sexandqualificationstructure,livingstandardandthewayoflife.Decisionmakingimpliesparticipationofis-landers.Stayofpresentpopulation,returnofpri-marilyyounger,economicallyactiveis-landerswhohavelefttheislands(stateofaffairs:youngislandersprefermainlandurbancenterstoislands).Islandinvestmentconditionsbalancewithinvestmentconditionsonthemain-land(stateofaffairs:islandinvestmentsare30-100%higherthancomparablemainlandinvestments).Maximumpossibleextentofdiversifica-tionofislandeconomy(stateofaffairs:tendencytomonosectoraltourismeconomy).Fullphysicalaccessibilityofislandre-sources(stateofaffairs:overgrownvineyardsandolivegroves,impassablefieldlanes).Fullaccessibilityofislandresourcesinlegaltransactions(stateofaffairs:out-datedcadastreandlandbooks).NationalislandorganisationOtocniSaborhttp://www.otocnisabor.hr/

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Croatiansmallislandswithapopulationofatleast5all-yearresidents:

Resident

population

Areakm2

Arbanija(Čiovo) 374

BabinoPolje 270 Bajčići 131 Banj 193 Banjol 1,907 BarbatnaRabu 1,242 Barušići 25 Baška 981 Batomalj 141 Belej 55 Beli 47 Betina 697 Biševo 15 5,9Blato 3,570 Blato 39 Bobovišća 65 Bogomolje 100 Bogovići 317 Bol 1,609 Boljenovići 87 Borovik 12 Bošana 41 Božava 116 Brbinj 76 Brgulje(Molat) 48 Brijesta 58 Broce 87 Brusići 40 Brusje 194 Brzac 178

Čara 616 Caska 25 Česvinica 55 Čižići 113 Cres 2,289 405,7Ćunski 165 Dančanje 27 Dinjiška 137 Dobrinj 109 Dobropoljana 279 Dol 311 Dol 130 DonjaBanda 149 DonjaVrućica 33 DonjeSelo 159 DonjiHumac 157 Drače 93 Dračevica 89 DračevoPolje 13 DragaBašćanska 253 Dragove 36 Dragozetići 20 DrvenikMali 87 3,4DrvenikVeliki 150 11,7DubaPelješka 44 DubaStonska 36 Duboka 13 Dubrava 133 Filozići 6 Gabonjin 201 Gajac 84 Garica 156 Gdinj 133

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Gorica 90 GornjaVrućica 46 GornjeSelo 238 GornjiHumac 271 Gostinjac 77 Goveđari 151 Grmov 2 Grohote 449 GrominDolac 3 Hlapa 63 Hodilje 190 Hvar 3,771 Ilovik 85 5,5Ist 182 16,5IvanDolac 39 Ivanje 3 Jagodna 30 Janjina 203 Jelsa 1,801 Jezera 886 Jurandvor 299 Kali 1,638 Kampelje 8 Kampor 1,173 Kaprije 189 7Klanice 50 Klimno 116 Kolan 379 KolanjskiGajac 17 Koločep 163 2,4Komiža 1,397 Korčula 2,856 Korita 46 Kornati 19 32,4

Kornić 433 Košljun 47 Kozarica 28 Kraj 281 Krapanj 170 Kras 227 Kremenići 75 Kučište 217 Kukljica 714 KunaPelješka 223 Kustići 139 Lakmartin 24 Lastovo 350 40,8Linardići 139 Ljutići 9 Lopar 1,263 Lopud 249 4Lovište 228 Ložišća 139 Loznati 40 Lubenice 12 Luka 153 Luka 123 Lukoran 503 Lumbarda 1,213 Lun 307 Jezera 886 Jurandvor 299 Kali 1,638 Kampelje 8 Kampor 1,173 Kaprije 189 7Klanice 50 Klimno 116

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Kolan 379 KolanjskiGajac 17 Koločep 163 2,4Komiža 1,397 Korčula 2,856 Korita 46 Kornati 19 32,4Kornić 433 Košljun 47 Kozarica 28 Kraj 281 Krapanj 170 Kras 227 Kremenići 75 Kučište 217 Kukljica 714 KunaPelješka 223 Kustići 139 Lakmartin 24 Lastovo 350 40,8Linardići 139 Ljutići 9 Lopar 1,263 Lopud 249 4Lovište 228 Ložišća 139 Garica 156 Gdinj 133 Gorica 90 GornjaVrućica 46 GornjeSelo 238 GornjiHumac 271 Gostinjac 77 Goveđari 151

Grmov 2 Grohote 449 GrominDolac 3 Hlapa 63 Hodilje 190 Hvar 3,771 Ilovik 85 5,5Ist 182 16,5IvanDolac 39 Ivanje 3 Jagodna 30 Janjina 203 Jelsa 1,801 DragaBašćanska 253 Dragove 36 Dragozetići 20 DrvenikMali 87 3,4DrvenikVeliki 150 11,7DubaPelješka 44 DubaStonska 36 Duboka 13 Dubrava 133 Filozići 6 Gabonjin 201 Gajac 84 Garica 156 Gdinj 133 Gorica 90 GornjaVrućica 46 GornjeSelo 238 GornjiHumac 271 Gostinjac 77 Goveđari 151 Grmov 2

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Grohote 449 GrominDolac 3 Hlapa 63 Hodilje 190 Hvar 3,771 Ilovik 85 5,5Ist 182 16,5IvanDolac 39 Ivanje 3 Jagodna 30 Janjina 203 Jelsa 1,801 Jezera 886 Jurandvor 299 Kali 1,638 Kampelje 8 Kampor 1,173 Kaprije 189 7Klanice 50 Klimno 116 Kolan 379 KolanjskiGajac 17 Koločep 163 2,4Komiža 1,397 Korčula 2,856 Korita 46 Kornati 19 32,4Kornić 433 Košljun 47 Kozarica 28 Kraj 281 Krapanj 170 Kras 227 Kremenići 75

Kučište 217 Kukljica 714 KunaPelješka 223 Kustići 139 Lakmartin 24 Lastovo 350 40,8Linardići 139 Ljutići 9 Lopar 1263 Lopud 249 4Lovište 228 Ložišća 139 Loznati 40 Lubenice 12 Luka 153 Luka 123 Lukoran 503 Lumbarda 1,213 Lun 307 MaleSrakane 2 MaliIž 215 MaliPodol 3 MaliSton 139 Malinska 965 Mandre 395 Maranovići 43 MarinjeZemlje 63 Maršići 10 Martinšćica 132 Maslinica 208 Mastrinka 947 Merag 10 Metajna 236 Metohija 157

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Miholašćica 36 Milčetići 245 Milna 830 Milna 104 Milna 30 Milohnići 87 Milovčići 124 Mirca 321 Miškovići 59 Molat 107 22,2Mrljane 249 Mundanije 520 Muraj 42 Murter 2,025 Murvica 21 Nakovanj 3 Nečujam 171 Nenadići 157 Nerezine 353 Nerežišća 616 Neviđane 376 Njivice 1,115 Novalja 2,358 NovoSelo 152 OkrugDonji 268 OkrugGornji 3,081 Okuklje 31 Olib 140 26,2Omišalj 1,868 Orebić 1,979 Orlec 92 Oskorušno 101 Ošljak 29 Osobjava 36

Osor 60 Oštrobradić 86 Palit 1,687 Pasadur 100 Pašman 392 60,1Pernat 8 Pijavičino 113 Pinezići 196 Pitve 69 PliskoPolje 19 Podgorje 171 Podhumlje 32 Podobuče 34 Podselje 19 Podšpilje 11 Podstražje 40 Polače 113 Poljana 294 Polje 300 Poljica 74 Poljica 59 Pomena 52 PopovaLuka 27 Porat 192 Porozina 29 Postira 1,429 Potirna 23 Potočnica 11 Potomje 252 Povlja 332 Povljana 759 Pražnica 371 Predošćica 3 Preko 1,286

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Premuda 64 8,7Prožura 40 ProžurskaLuka 40 PrvićLuka 164 PrvićŠepurine 239 Pučišća 1,529 Punat 1,860 PuntaKriža 63 Pupnat 391 Putniković 82 Rab 437 Račišće 432 Radići 175 Rasopasno 104 Rava 117 3,6Risika 148 Rivanj 31 3,6Rogač 126 Rogačić 12 Ropa 37 Rudina 70 Rudine 5 Rukavac 66 Sabljići 21 Sali 740 Saplunara 67 Savar 53 Selca 846 SelcakodBo-gomolja 6 SelcakodStarogGrada 17 Sestrunj 48 15,1Silba 292 14,1Šilo 384

Šimuni 165 ŠipanskaLuka 212 Skrbčići 146 Škrip 172 SkrivenaLuka 33 Slatine 1,106 Smokvica 916 Smokvica 55 Sobra 131 Soline 47 Soline 38 Sparagovići 114 Splitska 368 SrednjeSelo 104 Sreser 192 Stanković 252 StaraBaška 113 StaraNovalja 286 StaraVas 90 StariGrad 1,885 Stivan 40 Stomorska 245 Ston 549 Strilčići 3 Sućuraj 357 Suđurađ 207 Sumartin 474 Supetar 3,213 SupetarskaDraga 1,099 Susak 151 3,8Sutivan 822 Sutomišćica 336 Sužan 84 SvetaNedjelja 131

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SvetiAnton 149 SvetiIvan 72 SvetiIvanDobrinjski 47 SvetiJakov 77 SvetiPetar 14 SvetiVidDobrinjski 61 SvetiVid-Miholjice 261 Svirče 407 Tisno 1,287 Tkon 763 Tomislavovac 104 Tribulje 54 Trpanj 598 Trstenik 117 Turčić 22 Uble 222 Ugljan 1,278 Unije 88 16,9Ustrine 22

Valun 65 Vantačići 214 VelaLuka 4,137 VeleSrakane 3 1,2VeliIž 400 VeliLošinj 901 VeliRat 60 VeloGrablje 7 Verunić 40 Vidalići 22 Vidovići 2 Viganj 283 Vir 3,000 22,1Vis 1,672 89,7Vlašići 272 Vodice 7 Vrana 12 Vrbanj 498 Vrbnik 948

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

Mapofthe27smallislandsthataremembersofSammenslutningenafDanskeSmåøer

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4.2 ThesmallislandsofDenmarkAsacountryofislands,mostconnectedbybridgesandtunnels,Denmarkalsohas42inhabitedislandswithoutafixedlink.Theislandsvarygreatlyinregardtosizeandpopulationaswellasinaccessibility.Ferryridesvaryfromonly2minutesto3hours.UniquecoastalnatureisthegreatestassetoftheislandsandthesmallDanishislandsarepopularholidaydestinations.Therehasbeenanalmostcontinuousex-odusfrommostoftheislands,partlyasaresultofthe“rationalization”ofthesocie-ty,especiallyinthe1960ies,whentheflowfromruralareastourbanlifewasatitslimit.Duringthepast5decadesthequestionofemployment,flexibletransportarrangementsforcommuting,education-andinmoderntimesinfra-structurelikebroadbandandmobilecon-nectivity-arecentraltothesettlementofnewislandersandretentionofislanders.However,thedemographicpattern–moreoldpeopleinhabittheislandsthanbabiesborn–isthebiggestchallengetothedecreasingoftheislandpopulation.

TheDanishgovernmenthastriedtostopthisdecreaseinpopulationfromtheis-lands,forexamplebysubsidizingtheop-erationoftheferriestoislands.Theis-landswhichhavefocussedonastronglocallybasedbrandarethosethathavesucceededbest.AdministrationAdministratively,mostoftheislandsbe-longtoalocalauthority(municipality)onthemainland.OnlySamsø,LæsøandFanøarelocalauthorityareasintheirownright.Afewsmallerislandsarena-turereservesorprivately/governmen-tallyowned.NationalislandorganisationTheDanishSmallIslandsOrganisationSammenslutningenafDanskeSmåøerwww.danske-smaaoer.dkwasfoundedin1974bytheislandersthemselves.Itorganizes27smallislandswithall-year-populationsfrom7to850inhabit-ants.Thememberislandshavenolocalauthority,butarepartsoflargermunic-ipalities.Theorganizationisrundemo-craticallybyaboardofislanderswith

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themaintasktopreserveanddevelopthesocietiesofthesmallislandsasplac-esforall-year-residents,andtobethevoiceoftheislandersinthepoliticallandscape.InfrastructureMostislandsareconnectedtothemainland/largerislandsbypublicferryroutes.Apartfromtheverysmallestones,allislandsareconnectedtothegridandwatersupply.Healthcarevariesfromislandtoisland,andnotallhaveschoolsontheisland.AgendaMostimportantissuesaretourismde-velopment,ferryservices,broadbandandmobileinfrastructureandemploy-ment.

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Danishsmallislands:

Residentpopulation

Areakm2

Agersø 174 6,8Anholt 145 22,0Askø/Lilleø 46 4,2Avernakø 114 6,0Barsø 22 2,5Birkholm 12 0,9Bjørnø 34 1,5Bogø 24 6,3Christiansø 91 0,4Drejø 65 4,2Egholm 44 6,0Endelave 167 13,0Eskilsø 6 1,4Fanø 3290 56,0Fejø 442 16,0Femø 119 11,5Fur 765 22,0Hjarnø 106 3,5Hjortø 7 1,0

Laesø 1817 118,0Lilleø 7 0,1Lindholmen 1 0,1Livø 7 3,3Lyø 101 6,0Mandø 43 7,6MiddelgrundsFort 1 0,1Nekselø 19 2,2Omø 156 4,5

Orø 846 15,0Saltholm 2 16,0Samsø 3710 114,3Sejerø 351 12,4Skarø 32 2,0Strynø 186 5,0StoreOkseø 2 0,1Taerø 1 1,8Trekroner 1 0,0Tunø 114 3,5Vejrø 4 1,6Venø 195 6,8Vorsø 1 0,6Årø 155 5,7

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

Mapofthe18smallEstonianislands

IceroadfromHiiumaatomainland

4.3 ThesmallislandsofEstoniaEstoniaisacountryrichinislands:2,355islandsandisletslieonitsBalticcoastsandinLakePeipus.Generally,theislandsliequiteclosetothemainland.Thevastmajorityoftheseislandsaretiny(under100km2)withsmallpopulationsandonlytwo–SaaremaatogetherwithMuhu,andHii-

umaatogetherwithKassari,connectedbycauseways–exceed1,000km2.Fortyoftheseislandshavebeeninhabit-edforhundredsofyears.BeforeWorldWarII,Estonia´sislandswerehometo78,000peopleincluding6islandswithapproximately3,000inhabitantspopu-latedmainlybyethnicSwedes.Someof

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Estonia'ssmallislandsaredispersedalongthecoastwestofTallinn,somearehiddenbetweenthebigSaaremaaandHiiumaaislandsintheMoonsound,andonelonelyislandisunder10hectares.Thereisarapidtransitionsince1992tomarketeconomy:freemarketpriceshavereplacedfixed-pricedgoodsandservices–difficultiesforsmallinsularsocietiesinadjustmenttothesechanges.Today,thetotalpopulationoftheislandsisconsiderablyless.AccordingtotheEstonianPopulationRegister,atpresentthetotalnumberofpeoplelivingontheEstonian20inhabitedislandsstandsatapproximately48,000,amountingtoroughly3,7%ofthenationaltotal.Theactualnumberofpermanent(yearround)islands´populationisestimatedtobeupto10%smallerthanindicatedintheofficialrecords.Thishastodowiththepossibilitytoenjoythetravel/ferryfareconcessiongrantedtosmallislandresidents,ortoexpresstheirsolidaritywithandsupporttoalocalmunicipali-ty/community,numeroussummeris-landershaveregisteredtheirislandhomestobetheirpermanentorusualresidenceeveniftheydonotlivetherepermanently.Asarule,islandstendtobescarcelypopulatedwithanaveragepopulationdensityofamaximumof12people/km2.Thereisoneexception:Kihnu,whosepopulationdensityis39people/km2.Thereisatendencytorepopulatethepreviouslyuninhabitedmilitaryislands(Naissaar,Osmussaar,Pakriislands).Administration

SaaremaaandHiiumaaareregionalau-thorities(counties),Muhu,Piirisaar,RuhnuandVormsiareparishes.NationalislandorganisationTheAssociationofEstonianIslands,foundedin1992,isavoluntarynon-profitorganizationofrepresentativesoftheresidentsofislands.Itsaimistopreserveandrestoreper-manentsettlementonsmallislands,http://saared.ee/?lang=en.InfrastructureForcomprehensiveschoolsandregularall-yeararoundferrytransports,seetablebelow.“S”standsforsummertraf-ficonly.Dependingonwinterconditionsthereareice-roadsinwintertime.AgendaThePermanentlyInhabitedSmallIslandsActenteredintoforcein2004.ThereisaSmallIslands’Programmetosupportre-establishmentofinfrastructure.AspecialSmallIslandsCommissionexists,headedbytheMinistryofRegionalAf-fairs.Astateprogrammesupportingtheculturalheritageofislandhasbeenlaunchedandapositionof“islandwatch-ers”hasbeencreatedonanumberofsmallislands.Thenationalprogrammesaimingtosup-porttheculturalactivityandtraditionallifestyleofKihnuandManõjapeoplewasstartedin2007,andtheUNESCOOralandIntangibleHeritageofHumanityofKihnuCulturalSpacewasproclaimedin2003.

Estoniansmallislands:

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

Resident

population

Areakm2

ComprehensiveSchool

Regularferrytransports

Abruka 32 8,8 xAegna 10 2,9 SKassari 286 19,3 Kessulaid 2 1,7 Kihnu 490 16,4 x xKräsuli 2 0,2 Manilaid 51 1,9

Manõja 30 xMuhu 1923 198,0 x Naissar 9 18,6 SOsmussaar 2 4,7 Pakri 5 24,5 Piirisaar 96 7,8 xPrangli 128 6,4 x xRuhnu 120 11,4 x xVahase 1 0,7 Vilsandi 22 8,8 Vormsi 325 92,9 x x

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SuomenlinnaislandinHelsinki

4.4 ThesmallislandsofFinland

Finlandhas76,000islandswithanareaover½hectaresinlakes,riversandalongthecoasts,wheretheyformvastarchipelagosinwheretheoutermostislandscanbeveryremotefromthemainland.Itisthecountrywiththehigh-estnumberofislandsinEurope7.JustasFinlandissparselypopulated,soaretheislands:549areinhabitedallyear

7SoisaloisalargeislandofSavoineasternFinland,surroundedbylakesKallavesi,Suvasvesi,Kermajärvi,Ruokovesi,HaukivesiandUnnukka.Withanareaof1,640km2,itisconsideredthelargestislandinFin-landandthelargestlakeislandinEurope.Itissur-roundedbywateronallsides,butbecausewaterlevelsdiffersubstantially,Soisaloisnorealisland.TheheightdifferencebetweenKallavesiinthenorthandHaukivesithesouthissixmeters,whichgivesrisetopowerfulrapidsbetweensomeofthelakes.IfoneacceptsthatanislandcanbesurroundedbywaterwithcompletelydifferentheightlevelshalfofsouthernFinlandcanberegardedasanisland.ThesecondlargestislandSääminginsaloisalsosur-roundedbyseverallakes,butitswaterlevelsdonotdifferanditisseparatedfromthemainlandbyanartificialchannel.

roundby8.706people.Ona10km2is-landwhichwouldhaveapopulationof1,000inItalyorGreece,thereare10peopleinFinland.The551inhabitedislandshave15.000vacationhouseswithabout60,000summerresidents,makingsummerpop-ulationstypicallyseventimesthewinterpopulation.Fiveislandshavemorethan400resi-dents:BergöinMalax,Karlö(Hailuoto),Sveaborg(Suomenlinna)inHelsinki,Na-guStorlandandKorpochurchland.Halfoftheislands(309)onlyhaveoneortworesidents.Oftheislands,230areover100hectares,79are50-100hectaresand128aretiny,under10hectares.AdministrationTheislandsofFinlandbelongtothere-gions…NationalislandorganisationFÖSSwasfoundedin….?

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InfrastructureTheaveragedistancetoaplacewithamainlandroadis5kmwithamedianof1km.Onmorethanhalfoftheislands,is-landersmanagetheirownseatransports.Theremainingonesareservedby21cableferriesand41ferries.63%haveaccesstoelectricalgrids,32%havebroadbandconnection,andonethirdoftheislandshavesomesortofroad.Thenumberofschoolshasdiminishedfrom

16to12since1990andthenumberofgroceryshopsfrom26to14.Agenda

Thefollowingtableshows85(outof551intotal)Finnishislandshavingmorethan5all-yearresidents,summingupto7,020winterand27,272summerinhab-itants:

All-yearpopulation

Part-timepopulation

Areakm2

Ahvensaari 15 260 5,2Ampuminmaa 5 236 0,9Asla 5 804 16,2Aspö 85 32 0,9Attu 10 692 12,0Bergö 497 160 21,8BiskopsöKimito 8 204 7,2

BiskopsöPar-gas 19 176 2,6

Björkö 72 248 5,3Byön 8 128 1,9Bötesön 5 64 0,8

Eskö-Järvön-Ängsön 36 532 7,6

Granholm-Brändholm 9 12 0,2

Gyltö 16 0 2,9Haapasaari 23 304 0,4HailuotoKarlö 983 272 195,4

Haverö 18 284 4,2Heisala 15 88 4,9Hevosaari 15 328 1,2Hitislandet 65 280 4,1Houtskär 350 896 34,7Högsar 20 340 7,3Högsåra 47 172 5,3Iniö 108 172 74,1Jumo 54 168 3,6Jurmo 11 36 2,8Järvistensaari 5 424 0,9Kalvön 10 0 2,3Kasnäs 64 364 8,0Kaunisaari 8 384 4,1Keistiö 41 128 10,0Kirjais 31 248 10,2Kirkonmaa 21 252 8,0Kolko 15 140 3,5

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Korpokyrk-land 656 2152 63,9

Kuggö 10 48 1,2Kuutsalo 40 844 7,7Käldö 6 4 1,6Lailuoto 11 104 0,6Lillpellinge 55 296 2,8Lömsö-Kivimo 33 208 5,9

Maskinnamo 5 212 3,9Mielisholm 70 480 5,9Mossala 68 76 7,2NaguLilland 296 1324 38,4NaguStorland 924 2296 72,9Norrkulla 14 0 3,7Norrskata 76 840 14,4Nötö 12 204 3,9Orslandet 57 364 11,6Pakainen 17 220 5,9Palva 56 300 2,9Partensaari 6 72 0,6Pensar 24 160 3,1Pettu 11 516 9,1Pirttisaari 12 208 1,6Raissiluoto 10 16 0,9Ramsö-Kaldö 18 152 2,2Rosala 142 416 8,2Ruotsalainen 20 204 3,3

Salavinen-Vähämaa 29 60 4,8

Samsaari 6 32 0,8Sandö 6 160 3,8Saverkeit 43 212 8,6Simsalö 32 148 1,0Själö 7 0 0,2Skärlandet 190 564 13,6Sommarö 11 140 3,3Sorpo 16 116 4,6Stenskär 8 8 0,4StSve-djeholmen 6 0 0,1

Storpellinge 178 688 12,9Suomenlinna 799 0 0,8Söderkulla 14 532 3,8Talosmeri 10 60 0,5Torsö 18 680 9,2Utö 33 112 0,8Vallmo 5 256 2,3Vartiosaari 23 148 0,8Vartsala 96 1804 31,0Vattkast 24 228 4,7Velkuanmaa 33 352 7,1Vänö 20 20 1,9Åselholm 17 104 3,5Älgsjölandet 9 304 6,6

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

MapoftheFrenchAtlanticislandsarrangedbydryarea,adoptedafterID-ÎlesMagazine

TheportofMolène

4.5 ThesmallislandsofFranceTheFrenchcoastlineisdottedwithsmallislands.Thelargest–Oléron,RéandNoirmoutier–arebridgedwithpopula-tionsover10,000,21ofthemareinhab-itedandunbridged=smallislandsintheESINmeaningoftheword.TheyaresituatedontheAtlanticcoastoutsideBrittanyandontheMediterrane-ancoast.Incomparisonwithotherwisesimilarmunicipalitiesonthemainland,thesesmallislandcommunitiesarebetterpro-videdwithcertainservices,particularlyeducationalandhealthservices,andwithlocalshops.TypicalofthisistheÎlesduPonant(WesternIsles)middleschoolsystem(,)whichstandsasasymboloftheislanders’determinationtostopthede-populationoftheirislands.Becauseoftheirisolation,islandcom-

munitiesaremorevulnerabletoalackofbasicservicesthanthoseonthemain-land,wheresuchservicesmaybefoundinaneighbouringvillage.Becauseofthis,therearemorepublicservicesavailablepercapitaontheislands;inversely,mar-ketforcesdictatethatwheretheyarenotsubsidized,private-sectorservicesarelessfrequentlyavailablethanonthemainland.Theleadingeconomicfeatureremainstourism.Fortheislandsasawhole,thebeds/populationratioexceeds3:1,andinthecaseofArzandBréhattheratiois6:1.OneveryislandexceptBelle-île,HouatandGroizthereisastarkcontrastbetweenthegrowthinthemarketforholidayhomesandthedeclineinthenumberoffirsthomes.Thedevelopmentoftourist-relatedemploymentmaybemakingsomecontributiontothepreven-

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tionofdepopulation,butisdoingnothingtoconsolidatetheeconomyintheformofsteadyjobs.AdministrationNationalislandorganisationLesÎlesduPonant(“theWesternIsles)wasfoundedin…

InfrastructureSchoolsFerriesEnergyWaterandsewageAgenda

Frenchsmallislands(nonOutre-mer):

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

IndicatorName W

interpopulation

Summerpopulation

Dryareakm2

Populationdensity

(peopleperkm2 )

%popover65years

Unem

ploymentrate

GDPpercapita

Waterabsractionrate

(m3 )

%agriculturaluse

%Natura2000land

Energyconsum

pkW

h/capita

Virtualdistance

Îled'Yeu 4,636 x4,6 23,3 196 20 10 406,000 5 40 4,890 18

Belle-Île 5,293 x5,4 85,6 62 20 13 403,000 34 59 4,553 16Groix 2,233 x3,9 14,8 150 27 17 / 25 50 4,326 14Ouessant 877 x4,1 15,6 57 26 14 70,000 13 45 4,260 25île-aux-Moines 611 x7 3,2 193 33 10 61,000 3 57,7 4,792 0,5Batz 494 x5 3,1 166 24 12 38,000 43 0 3,779 3Bréhat 406 x9,3 3,1 131 21 8 50,184 7 43 5,391 3,5Porquerolles 200 / 12,5 16 Houat 246 x4,5 2,9 86 28 19 20,000 0,1 95 4,502 16Molène 169 x5,1 0,8 248 34 12 / 1 57 2,919 12Île-d'Arz 249 x9,4 3,3 75 35 6 26,000 11 83 4,398 3Aix 245 x7,7 1,3 203 33 18 / 7 0 3,948 3Sein 216 x6,3 0,6 338 36 11 / 0 70 2,926 23ÎleduLevant 186 0,9 Hoëdic 119 x9,6 2,1 58 25 11 12,000 50 96 4,048 24îledesEmbiez 127 0,9 ÎleSt-Honorat 56 0,6 Port-Cros 48 0,7

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MtSaint-Michel 41 4,0 10 0 / / 100 / 2,5GdÎleChausey 4-6 0,7 / / / / 100 / 16,5ÎleStMarguerite 16 2,7

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PopulationchangeonGreekislands1951-2011,percentperisland[AtlasofGreekIslands,UniversityoftheAegean2015]

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4.6 ThesmallislandsofGreeceGreecehas130inhabitedsmallislandswithatotalof65,552inhabitants.TherearefiveislandregionsinGreece:fourofthemareNUTS2.7islandsbelongtoAthens.CreteisNUTS2,ZakynthosisNUTS3.Theislands’economiesaremainlybasedontheexploitationoflocalresourcesthroughtourism.Thereareotherbusi-nesses,particularlyinthefoodandbev-erageindustry(wine,Ouzo,olives),buttheyhavedifficultyfunctioningbecauseofhightransportcosts,longdistancesfrommajormarketsandlackofqualifiedpersonnel.Thetourismindustryhasbigseasonalfluctuations:overcrowdinginpeaksea-sonandunderactiveduringtheremain-ingtime.Thefinancialcrisisafter2009hashadamajorinfluenceontheeconomyoftheislands:thetaxexemptionsappliedonislandsunder3,100inhabitantssince1990havebeenabolishedorreducedduetotheMemorandaofAgreementsrequiredbyGreece’slenders.Ontopofthis,atsunamiofrefugeeshittheislandsin2015.AdministrationGreeceusedtohavea”oneisland–onemunicipality”principlewithverysmallmunicipalities(forexampleGavdos98inhabitants).GreecewasregardedasthemostcentralistcountryoftheEuropeanUnion,withmanysmallermunicipalities,especiallyruralandislandcommunities,beingextremelyunderstaffedandde-privedofanypossibilityoffulfillingtheirtasks.Therewas(is?)aperenniallackofhumanandfinancialresources.Islands

usedtohaveoneofficial–amunicipalitysecretary–whodideverything.Islandswereconsequentlytotallydependentonhigherlevelsofadministrationandonlycleanedroadsandprovidedwaterthem-selves.In1997,theKapodistriasreformsharplyreducedthenumberofsmallmunicipali-tiesfrom6,000to1,034throughcompul-sorymergers.TheKallikratisreformtookthisastepfurther,madethem325andreducedtheiremployeesby50%.Thefollowingfinancialcrisiscouldnothavecomeatamoreinconvenienttime.Onmediumislands,mayorssaythere-formhasbeenacceptable:onsmallis-landstheysayitisacatastrophe.NationalislandorganisationTheHellenicSmallIslandsNetwork(HSIN)isanon-profitorganisationforislandmunicipalities,communities,socialinstitutions,unions,associations,othersocial-public-privatesectorentitiesandindividuals.ItprovidesallkindsoflegalservicesforsustainabledevelopmentoftheislandsandsubsidiarysupportthemunicipalitiesinmatterspertainingtotheGreeksmallislandsresponsibilitiesatnational,Europeanandgloballevel.Sustainabledevelopmentisthenet-work'smainpurpose,meaningeconomicdevelopmentwithrationaluseofdevel-opmentresourceswithrespecttomain-tainingsocialcohesionandwithrespecttothenaturalandculturalenvironmentandultimatelytothequalityoflifeoftheislanders.InfrastructureSchoolsFerries

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Energy:mostsmallislandsinGreekareoffthegird,typicallyproducingenergywithWater,sewage…

Agenda

Thefollowingtablecomprises80smallGreekislandswithapopulationofatleast5all-yearresidents/(thereareanadditional~50withlessthan5resi-dents):

Residentpopulation

Areakm2

Adelfoi 11 1Agathonissi 185 14AgiosEfstratios 270 43Agistri 398 12Alatas 5 1Alkionides 35 1Alonissos 2,750 130Amorgos 1,634 121Amoulani 499 7Anafi 262 38Angistri 1,142 13Antikythira 70 20Antiparos 811 35Antipaxos 61 4Arkoi 54 7Astypaleia 1,066 97Chalki 272 28Delos 9 3

Dokos 8 12Donoussa 112 13Elafonisos 1,041 20Ereikousa 33 4Farmakonisi 74 4Folegandros 572 32Fourni 1,366 30Gavdos 115 30Gyali 10 5Hydra 1,982 50Ios 1,659 108Iraklia 117 18Ithaka 3,107 96Kalamos 465 25Kasos 1,084 70Kastellorizo 492 12Kastos 120 6KeaTzia 1,783 104Kimolos 910 36Koufonissi 280 6Kyriamadi 26 Kythira 3,017 278Kythnos 1,620 99Lipsi 602 16Maganisi 1,041 22Mathraki 297 3Meganission 1,240 20Megisti 271 9Milos 4,302 151Nisiros 950 42

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Oinoussai 689 14Othonoi 631 10Passas 5 2Patmos 2,720 34Paxi 2,207 25Peristera 5 15Poros 3,504 23Prassonission 47 2Psara 433 40Pserimos 76 15Ro 15 1Samothraki 2,859 178Sarakino 5 1Saria 22 20Schoinoussa 120 8Serifos 1,089 73

Sifnos 2,625 74Sikinos 259 41Skorpios 5 1Skyros 2,590 210Spetses 3,618 22Stepsopoula 11 2Symi 2,268 58Telendos 92 5Thirassia 234 9Thymania 145 10Tilos 780 65Tourlis 35 1Trikeri 91 3Trizonia 126 3Yali 16 5

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

BereIsland

4.7 ThesmallislandsofIreland

AllbuttwoofIreland’sIslandsareoffthewestcoastofthecountry,fromCountyDonegalinthenorth-westtoCountyCorkinthesouth-west.IfweexcludeIslandsthatareuninhabit-edorareconnectedbybridges/cause-waystothemainland,thereare31withatotalpopulationof3,039(accordingtothe2011census).Inbreakingdownthetotalpopulationintogroups,therearetwoIslandswithapopulationover500,twowithpopula-tionsbetween200-500,8Islandswithapopulationbetween50and200and19Islandspopulationwith1to50people.Theislandsrangeindistancefromthemainlandfrom13kmofheavyseatoafewhundredmeters.Many,whilerela-tivelyclosetothemainland,haveaccesslimitedbylargetidalfluctuations,strongcurrentsandinappropriatelandingare-as.Halfoftheislandshave‘inish’aspartoftheirname.IntheIrishlanguage,‘inish’or‘inis’meansisland:InisMórmeansBigisland,InisBóFinnemeanstheislandwithofthewhitecow.AnotherIrishwordforislandis“oileán;”thisdesig-natesotherGaeltachtislands.WhileEng-lishisthepredominantspokenlanguageonthemainland,manyoftheislandshave,becauseoftheirisolation,retainedtheiruseoftheIrishlanguage.ThisisparticularlytruefortheOileáinÁrainn,OileánThoraí,ÁrainnMhórandOileán

Chléire.Theislandshaveadecliningpopulationlargelyduetomigrationtothemainlandorimmigrationoverseas,regardedbymanyislandersasaneconomicnecessity.Migrationishigheramongfemales;over-all,thereare83womenper100menontheislands.AdministrationTheislandshavenolocalautonomy,eachbeingapartofanadjacentmainlandcounty.NationalislandorganisationTheIrishIslandsFederation–ComdháilOileáinnahÉireann–istherepresenta-tivebodyfortheoff-shoreIslandsofIre-land.Theorganisationsupportssustain-able,permanentcommunitiesonIre-land’sislandsthroughadvocacyofIs-land-proofedpolicies,enlighteninglocalandnationalgovernmentonchallengesandneedsoftheIslandsandactingasaconduitforconcernsofIslanders.InfrastructureSchools:LargerIslandshaveprimaryandsecondaryschoolswhilesmallerIslandshaveonlyprimary,withsecondaryschoolstudentshavingtotraveltothemainlandforeducation.Ferries:ExceptfortheverysmallislandstherearesubsidisedferryservicestotheIslands.Energy:Islandsareconnectedtothena-tionalelectricitygrid.Thereisresearch

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beingdoneonrenewableenergyre-sourcesonsomeIslands.AgendaThereisanurgentneedforrecognitionandresolutionbylocalandnationalgov-ernmentofchallengesfacedbyIslandsonanon-goingbasis,year-to-year.TherehasbeennoformalProgrammeforIs-landsformanyyears,corefundingforIslandDevelopmentCompaniesandforCo-opsisnotguaranteedintothefutureandthereislittleIsland-proofingofGov-ernmentpoliciesandprogrammes.

Severefinancialcutstoallprogrammesanduncertaintyoffuturefundinghindersustainabilitywhilethelackofayear-on-yearinfrastructuralprogrammethreat-ensprogresspreviouslymadetoaccess,coastalerosionprotectionandotherstructuraladvances.ComhdháilOileáinnahÉireanncontinuestohighlightthesethreatstothefutureofIreland’sIslands.

Irishsmallislands:

Residentpopulation

Areakm2

ÁrrainMhór 516 43,0BereIsland 210 12,0ClareIsland 160 130,0Clynish 4 7,0CollanmoreIsland 0 38,0Dursey 6 20,0Gabhla 15 Heir 22 97,0InisBigil 24 20,0Inishbofin(Gal) 180 4,0Inishbofin(Don) 36 4,0

InisÓirr 249 32,0Inishbeg 8 13,0InishfreeUpper 9 30,0Inishkeeragh 7 30,0Inishlyre 3 5,0InishMeáin 157 50,0InishMór 824 108,0Inishmulclohy 6 18,0Inishnee 43 96,0Inishturk 53 25,0Islandmore 0 12,0LambayIsland 6 6,0LongIsland 6 36,0OileánChléire 125 121,0OweyIsland 0 RaithlinIsland 100 99,0RutlandIsland 0 9,0SherkinIsland 106 151,0ToryIsland 144 14Whiddy 20 10,0

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SealevelriseisaseverethreattoislandsascanbeseenonthismapofaworstcasescenarioforItalybytheyear2100,showingtheimpactofclimatechangeandtheresultingmeltingof

polarice,themovementoftectonicplates,earthquakesandvolcanicactivity

Source:"Coastalstructure,sea-levelchangesandverticalmotionofthelandintheMediterranean"(2015)NationalInstituteofGeophysicsandVolcanology,SpecialPublication388oftheGeologicalSocietyofLondon

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ScogliettooutsideElba

4.8 ThesmallislandsofItalyBesidesthetwolargeItalianislandsSici-lyandSardegna,thereareanumberofsmallislandsoffthecoastoftheItalianpeninsula:1Thoseoppositethecentral-southerncoastofTuscany,whicharecollectivelyknownastheArchipelagoToscano:Montecristo,Giglio,Pianosa(ElbaistoobigtobeincludeintheESINsmallis-lands);2OfftheLatiancoastthearchipelagoofthePonziane,betweenthesouthandsouth-westlimitsoftheGulfofGaeta;3IntheGulfofNaples:Procida,IschiaandCapri;4TheTremitiarchipelago(SanNicola,SanDominoandCapraia)whichliessome20kmfromthenorthGarganocoast;5TheEgadiarchipelagotothewestofSicily:Favignana,MarettimoandLevanzo;6Pantelleria7ThePelagiearchipelago(LampedusaandLinosa)8TheEoileislands:Lipari,Aicudi,Filicu-di,Panarea,Vulcano,StromboliandSa-lina;

9ThesmallerislandssurroundingSarde-gna,someofwhichformsmallarchi-pelagos:LaMaddalena,Budelli,Capre-ra,Razzoli,SantaMaria,SantoStefanoandSpargli,whileSanPietroislinkedtohemainland.AdministrationNationalislandorganisationANCIMwasfounded…InfrastructureSchoolsFerriesEnergyWaterandsewageAgenda

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Italiansmallislandswithapopulationofatleast5all-yearresidents:

Residentpopulation

Areakm2

Alcudi 120 5,0Barbana 50 1,0Burano 2777 21,0Capraia 406 19,0Caprara 496 3,0Favignana 4383 37,0Filicudi 235 9,5Giannutri 27 2,6Giglio 1447 24,0Giudecca 255 3,0IsolaSMichele 15 0,5

Levanzo 450 5,8Linosa 433 5,4Marettimo 684 12,3Nisida 300 1,0Panarea 280 3,4Pianosa 10 10,0Ponza 3212 7,0SStefano 10 4,0Salina 4000 27,0SanDomino 215 2,6SanNicola 119 2,0Stromboli 400 12,2Tavolara 25 5,0Torcello 20 1,0Ustica 1330 8,0Ventotene 708 1,5Vivara 5 1,0Vulcano 10 25,0

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

4.9 ThesmallislandsofScotlandTherearemanyislandsoffthecoastofScotland,withtheWesternIslesandthenorthernarchipelagosofOrkneyandShetlandthatbetweenthemaccountingformostoftheislandsoftheUnitedKingdom.Inadditiontothese,therearemanymoreScottishislands,themainonesbeingtheClydeislands,theIsleofBute,theArgyllIslandsandtheislandsoftheHighlandregion.1 TheWesternIslesconsistofachainofislands,13thatareinhabited,stretch-ingsome200kmfromtheButtofLewisinthenorthtoVatersayinthesouth.Theyarelocatedinthenorth-westpe-ripheryofEurope,partoftheNorthAt-lanticfringe.2 Orkneyliesjust10kmfromtheScottishmainland.FormerlyanoldNorsejarl-domwhichwaspledgedtoScotlandin1468,OrkneystillretainsstrongNordictraditionsthatmakesthisarea,alongwiththatofShetland,quitedifferentculturallyfromtherestoftheHigh-landsandtheislandsofScotland.3 TheShetlandIslandsformthemostnortherlypartoftheUnitedKingdom,withabout100islandswhereof15in-habited.4 TheClydeIslandshavetwomaincen-tresofpopulation:ArranandGreatCumbrae.ArranhasmajortransportlinkswiththecentralbeltofScotland,

althoughitisgeographicallyclosesttotheKintyrePeninsulaofArgyll.5 TheIsleofButeissituatedontheouterreachesoftheFirthofClyde.6 TheArgyllIslandsincludeabout20inhabitedislandsofwhichprincipallyIslay,Jura,Colonsay,Mull,Iona,TireeandColl.Themostpopulatedisland–Islay–hasasomewhatmorediversifiedeconomy,includingwhiskydistilling,fishing,quarrying,forestry,commercialpeatcuttingandacreamery.Thelarg-estislandisMull,whichhasavariedtopography,whileJuraisamountain-ousislandwithsmallstripsofflatlandontheeastcoast.7 TheislandsoftheHighlandregionin-cludeSkye,hum,MuckandCanna.AdministrationNationalislandorganisationTheScottishIslandsFederation…InfrastructureSchoolsFerriesEnergyWaterAgenda

Scottishsmallislandswithapopulationofatleast5all-yearresidents:

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Residentpopulation

Areakm2

Arran 4,629 43Baleshare 58 910Barra 1,174 6Benbecula 1,303 8Berneray,NUist 138 1Bressay 368 3Bruray 24 55Burray 409 903Canna 12 1Coll 195 8Colonsay 124 4Easdale 59 20EastBurra 76 515Eday 160 3Egilsay 26 650Eigg 83 3EileanTioram 6 2Eriskay 143 703Erraid 6 187FairIsle 68 768Fetlar 61 4Flodaigh 7 145Flotta 80 876Gigha 163 1Graemsay 28 409GreatBernera 252 2

GreatCumbrae 1,376 1Grimsay 169 833Grimsay(South) 20 117HolyIsle 31 253Housay 50 163Hoy 419 13Inchmurrin 8 120InnisChonain 5 8Iona 177 877Islay 3,228 62IsleofEwe 7 309Jura 196 37Kerrera 34 1Lismore 192 2Luing 195 1Muck 27 559MuckleRoe 130 2NorthRonaldsay 72 690NorthUist 1,254 30Oronsay 8 543PapaStour 15 828PapaWestray 90 918Raasay 161 6Rousay 216 Rùm 22 5Sanday 494 10Sanday 9 5Scalpay 291 184Seil 551 653Shapinsay 307 1SouthRonaldsay 909 3SouthUist 1,754 5SouthWalls 41 32

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Stronsay 349 1,100Tiree 653 3Trondra 135 8Ulva 11 275Unst 632 2Vatersay 9,6 12

WestBurra 776 960Westray 588 743Whalsay 1,061 5Wyre 29 2Yell 966 311Rousay 216 21

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

MapshowingthegendersituationonthesmallislandsoftheStockholmarchipelago

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4.10ThesmallislandsofSwedenSwedenhas392all-yearinhabitedsmallislandsalongitscoastswith220,000islanders.AdministrationNationalislandorganisationSkärgårdarnasRiksförbund–SRF–theNationalAssociationfortheSwedishArchipelago)wasestablishedin1982andcovers,amongotherthings,mattersrelatingtoemployment,housingandtransportation.DuringApril,SuneFogel-

strömfromMöjaislandtookoveraschairmanafterBengtAlmkvist,whohasbeentheleaderofSRFalmostfromitsstartupnearlythirtyyearsago.InfrastructureAgenda

Swedishsmallislands:

Residentpopulation

Areakm2

Askö 1 6,3Asperö 415 0,9Aspö 455 8,0Aspö(Värmdö) 2 0,6Aspöja 26 1,7Badholmen 2 0,0Barnholmen 1 0,1Bastuholmen 2 1,0

Bedarön 7 1,8Bergö 4 0,1Berkön 2 0,6Beten 1 0,5Betsö 2 0,6Birkö 5 0,2Bispgrund 1 0,2Biskopsön 2 0,8Björkholmen 2 0,0Björkö(Haninge) 7 2,9Björkö(Öckerö) 1,476 5,5Björkö(Birka) 9 4,0Björnholmen 2 1,3Blidö 597 21,5Bohus-Malmön 236 5,2

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Bokö 4 0,3Bokö(Alingsås) 2 0,6Brattön 3 1,4Brommö 3 13,3Bryggholmen 10 3,0Brunskär 7 0,2Brännö 823 4,4Bullerholmen 2 0,0Bullerön 1 0,8Bålsön 3 3,1Daggungarna 2 0,0Degerön 1 4,2Duvholmen 8 0,0Dyngön 2 0,9Dyrön 245 11,0Dävensö 2 3,9Edholma 8 0,6Edholma 8 0,5Edholmen(Nynäshamn) 2 0,0Edlunda(ÖGran-holmen) 7 0,2Edsgarn 4 1,0Edöö 1 1,0Ekholmen(värmdö) 5 0,4Eknö 1 1,8Ekö 4 0,2Ekö 2 0,1Enskär 1 0,9Enö-Järsö 9 10,5Ersholmen 1 2,0Fejan 7 0,8Finnhamn(StoraJolpan) 7 0,9

Fiskartorpsholmen 1 0,0Fiversättraön 5 0,8Fjällsholmen 13 0,8Fjärdlång 1 3,5Flatgarn 2 0,4Flatholmen 4 0,1Furö 1 0,4Furören 1 2,6Fåglarö 2 0,6Fångö 13 4,4Fårholmen(Ramsö) 2 0,0Fårholmen(Tyn-ningö) 1 0,0Fårö 527 114,0Fälön 10 2,8Gillholmen 2 0,3Gillinge 6 0,7Gisslingö 1 3,5GotskaSandön 2 36,6Granholmen 9 0,9Granholmen(Vax-holm) 4 0,1Granön 2 1,9Grinda 6 1,7Grindö 2 0,2Gränsö 11 4,7Gränö 2 0,5Gräskö 23 1,2Gräsmarö 7 0,8Gräsö 669 92,9Grönsö 1 0,4Grönsö(Arkösund) 11 4,7Grötö 86 0,6

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Gubbante 1 0,0Gummerholmen 2 0,1Gåsö 1 1,2Gåsö(Nacka) 9 1,0Gällnö 26 5,2Gälö 2 0,3Gärdsholmen 3 0,2Halsön 1 1,7Hamburgö 150 5,1Hanö 21 2,1Harstena 11 1,6Hartsö 2 3,3Harö/Storö 21 5,5Hasselö-Sladö 26 8,1Hastö 8 0,3Hemholmen 3 0,6Hemskär 3 0,2Hemsön 126 54,0Hermanö 102 0,1Herrön 29 3,5Hindersön 25 14,1Hindö 1 0,4Hjälmö 18 1,1Hjärterön 2 0,5Holmön 60 24,0Husarö 25 1,5Hyppeln 173 0,8Hyndan 2 0,0Håskö 7 1,9Hällsö 2 0,7Hänö 1 1,2Högmarsö 29 2,4Idholmen 1 0,4Idö 6 1,0

Införvarv 1 0,0Ingmarsö 16 6,0Inlängan 7 1,3Ivö 192 13,0Jakobsö 1 0,8Jerkö 1 0,4Jungfruskär 4 1,0Junkön 9 13,1Jurstaholm 4 0,5Jutholmen 4 0,0Jäverön 10 8,9Kallaxön 13 3,8Kallsö 20 1,2Kallöholmen 1 0,1Kalvholmen 2 0,0Kalvsund 218 0,4Kalvön 3 0,5Kalvön 8 4,5Kanan 6 0,1Kasholmen 1 0,3Kastellet(Vaxhol-men) 6 0,1Kiddön 1 0,3Klockarskäret 2 0,0Klöverön 15 6,4Korsholmen 7 0,1Korsö 2 1,0Krampö 2 0,8Krokholmen 7 0,4Krokskär 2 0,1Kymendö 26 1,8Kungshatt 21 1,9Kurön 5 1,7Kälkholmen 5 0,6

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Källskär 1 0,1Källö-Knippla 352 0,5Käringön 117 0,4Kärleken 2 0,0Kättilö 4 1,3Köpstadsö 110 1,0Ladholmen 7 0,5Laduholmen 4 0,0Lagnö 1 0,6Lambarön 40 0,2Landsort 27 1,7Lidingö 31 30,0Lidön 2 2,8LillaDalö 4 0,0LillaEkholmen 2 0,0LillaGräskö 7 0,1LillaKalvholmen 2 0,0LillaKeholmen 1 0,0LillaKrokholmen 1 0,5LillaLammholmen 1 0,0LillaLoppskär 4 0,0LillaRimmö 1 0,7LillaRätö 1 1,7LillaSaxaren 2 0,3LillaSjälgrundet 2 0,0Lillkrån 2 0,2Lillsandskär 3 0,2Lill-Tomasgrönnan 2 0,3Lindholmen 1 0,2Lindö 1 1,2Ljusterö 525 65,0Lungön 6 9,3Lurö 2 1,8Lyr 137 8,5

Lådna 50 1,8Långgarn 14 1,1Långholmen 2 0,2Långholmen(Väs-terås) 2 3,4Långö(Nyköping) 2 4,7Långö(Västervik) 2 0,4Långö-Träsö 1 1,5Långön(Luleå) 5 6,0Långön 1 0,5Lånjö-Marö 2 0,5Länsö 3 1,7Lökholmen 1 0,2Lökholmen(Värmdö) 1 0,1Löparö 9 2,0Lövön 2 1,6Malhuvud 2 0,5Malmön 1 2,9Malö 239 9,5Markobben 2 0,0Marstrand 414 1,1Marö 1 0,3Marsö 4 0,4Marsö(Nyköping) 2 0,3Missjö 7 0,9Mjölkö 7 0,5Mjölkön 5 0,7Moholmen 2 0,1Morsholmen 1 0,3Mosesholmen 2 0,1Mulö 2 0,2Musön 1 1,8Möja 200 12,8Mörtö 7 1,9

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Norderön 117 7,7Nordkoster 125 3,9NorraMalmö 2 3,3NorraMarsö 1 0,3NorraStavsudda 10 0,5NorraUlvön 35 16,2Norrholmen 3 0,3Norröra 10 2,0Nämdö 31 10,4Nävelsö 4 0,9Oaxen 7 0,5Ormön 12 3,0Ornö 214 47,5Orrön 6 1,3Otterö 3 3,6Pankakan 1 0,0Pukholmen 2 0,1Ramsvikslandet 24 8,9Ramsö 65 1,0Ramsön 1 0,7Revlingen 1 0,4Ridön 2 4,0Rindö-Skarpö 1,465 6,5Ringsö 3 7,5Ringsö(Strängnäs) 6 1,9Risholmen 1 0,2Risö(Nyköping) 1 0,7Risö(Söderkö-ping) 2 1,5Risön(Kalix) 2 0,8Risön(Tjörn) 3 0,3Rundö 3 0,7Runmarö 260 13,3Runnö 1 5,6

Rågö 2 1,9Rånö 9 5,2Räknö 2 0,8Rävsund 1 0,2Rödlöga 1 0,9Rörskäret 3 0,3Rörö 266 0,2Saltärna 3 0,9Sandön(Sand-hamn) 88 2,2Sandön(Luleå) 56 24,7SaxarenLindhol-men 2 0,4Segelholmen 2 0,1Siarö 2 1,8Sippö 2 0,2Själbottna 3 1,6Skansen 2 0,1Skedholmen 1 0,1Skogsholmen 2 0,1Skogsön 1 0,7Smågö 7 1,1Småholm 1 0,0Solidö 7 0,6Sollenkroka 1 0,6Stegesund 25 0,6Stenshamn-Utlängan 3 2,8Stomnarö 12 1,1StoraAlö-Bokö 10 5,0StoraEkholmen 2 0,1StoraEnskär 9 0,2StoraFjäderhol-men 2 0,1StoraFuruholmen 1 0,0

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StoraFör 1 0,5StoraLindholmen 2 0,0StoraLoppskär 2 0,1StoraMosskullen 2 0,2StoraMunkholmen 2 0,0StoraRamsö 2 0,2StoraRimmö 2 1,4StoraRisten 8 2,1StoraSkraggen 4 0,0StoraSkålviks-holmen 2 0,1StoraSnixholmen 2 0,1StoraÅlö 10 6,5Storbrändön 5 10,1StorholmenKalix) 2 0,2Storholmen 153 0,4Storsandskär 14 0,4Storön 2 0,0Strömsö 2 0,0

Styrsö 2 0,5Styrsö(Göteborg) 2,744 5,8Städsholmen 1 0,2Sundholmen 5 0,6Sundskär 1 1,0Svartlöga 1 0,9Svartsö 72 7,0SvenskaHögarna 4 0,6Syd-Hällsö 2 0,8Sydkoster 238 7,8Särsö 6 0,7Sävö 9 0,9Söderarm 1 0,1Söderholm 3 0,4Södermöja 11 2,9

Söderöra 15 1,3SödraLagnö 6 1,1SödraStavsudda 7 1,7Tegelön 16 0,5Tisenö 3 1,3Tistelholmen 6 0,0Tistronskär 1 0,1Tjockö 50 2,8Tjörnekalv 9 0,8Torrö 2 0,52Tranholmen 353 0,4Trossö-Kalvö-Lindö 8 4,6Trysunda 2 2,4Trångholmen 12 0,4Trännö 10 1,0Träskö 4 0,8Träskö(Värmdö) 2 0,9TräsköStorö 1 1,5Tvarun 2 0,0Tvestjärten 3 0,1Tynnelsö 2 2,8Tynningö 415 4,6Tärnö 1 1,1Ungskär 7 0,9Utö 187 28,7Uvön 10 1,9Valen 16 1,2Vasholmen 1 0,1Vattharet 4 0,1Vendelsö 367 7,5Vendelsö 2 1,4Viberön 3 0,4Viggsö 1 0,3

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Vinö 13 2,1Vinön 102 5,2Visingsö 736 25,0Vrångö 365 2,4Vållö 16 3,5Vålön 1 4,1Vånö 5 0,4Väderskär 2 0,3Vänsö 4 1,8Väringsö 2 1,3Vässarön 2 2,1VästraBjörkhol-men 2 0,1VästraDelsholmen 4 0,4VästraSträngön 2 0,6Ytterö 57 3,8Ytterön 2 0,3Yxlan 346 16,9

Ålön 7 0,5Åstol 197 0,2Åsundaön 2 4,0Äggholmen 2 0,0Älgön 10 2,2Älö 2 1,0Ämtö-Väggö 2 7,4Ängsholmen 8 0,2Ängskär 1 0,9Ängsö 4 0,7Äpplarö 4 1,1Äspholm 7 1,1Öckerö 9,913 11,5Öna 1 0,9Örsö 17 1,2Örö 2 0,4ÖstraSträngön 2 1,0

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Kyrksundetbridge

4.10TheÅlandIslandsOntheÅlandIslands,thewordisland(“ö”inSwedish)isnotmuchusedexceptasasuffixinislandnamessuchasBastö,EckeröandBrändö.The28,000inhabit-antsuseislet,skerry,inch,outcropandshoaltodescribetheir6,500islandswhichformavastarchipelagoattheen-trancetotheGulfofBothniaintheBalticSea.TheÅlandIslandsisaSwedish-speaking,autonomous,demilitarisedlandscapeofFinland.AdministrationÅland'sautonomousstatusgivesprovin-cialpowerstotheÅlandparliamentandgovernment.Thelocaladministrationconsistsof16micro-municipalitieswherofthesixeasternonesarecalledarchipelagomunicipalities,havenofixedlinks,havesmallpopulations(thesmall-estonebeingSottunga,100inhabitants)andarequitedistant–themostremoteonesbeingBrändöandKökarat2,5hoursfromtheÅlandmainlandbyferry.

NationalislandorganisationTheorganisationrepresentingtheÅalndIslandsbeforeESINisFöretagsamSkärgårdhttp://skargarden.ax/eng/foundedin1997bythesixarchipelagomunicipalities.ChairmanisBjörnRönnlöffrånSottunga,themanagerisKristianPackalén,kpackale@gmail.com.InfrastructureTheregionwasknottedtogetherinthe1970’sbyroads,bridgesandferriesinatrafficsystemstillneedinganupdate.Allislandsareconnectedtothegrid,haveexcellenthealthcare,noshortageofwa-terandgoodtelecomconnections.AgendaMostimportantissuesarethemoderni-sationoftheseatransportsystemandtheageingpopulationinthesixarchipel-agomunicipalities.

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ChristianPleijelchristian@pleijel.axTel+358-457-3428825

Ålandsmallislandswithapopulationofatleast5all-yearresidents:

Residentpopulation

Areakm2

Andersö 3 Asterholma 11 Baggholma 12 Björkö 13 Björnholma 13 Brändö 108 Bussö 6 Degerbylandet 201 Dånö 19 Eckerö 978 Enklinge 89 Finholma 21 Finnö 17 Fiskö 40 Flisölandet 109 Hamnö 25 Hastersbodalandet 93 Helsö 81

Husö 5 Isaksö 19 Jurmo 53 Jyddö 8 Karlby 79 Korsö 20 Kumlinge 215 Kyrkogårdsö 10 Lappo 46 Ledsöra 36 Mickelsö 38 Nötö 17 Sandö 40 Seglinge 41 Simskäla 39 Sonboda 82 Sottunga 108 Torsholma 89 Töftö 104 Ulversö 23 Vårdö 179 Värdö 5 Åva 85 Överboda 36 Överö 17

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5 References PrintedsorcesAuri,Elina:Permanentbeboddaöarutanfastvägförbindelse,2010Colas,Sébastien:Atlasdesîlesdel’Atlantique,2009CPMR:OfftheCoastofEurope,2002ESIN:MeetingtheChallenges,2007ESPONEUROISLANDSStudy2013/2/2,ScientificReport,2013ESPONEUROISLANDSstudy:AtlasoftheIslands,2013EUROSTAT:PortraitoftheIslands,Luxembourg1994GEOSPECSEuropeanPerspectivesonSpecificTypesofTerritories,20/12/2012Glesbygdsverket:Sverigeskustochskärgårdar,2003Haswell-Smith,Hamish:TheScottishIslands,2004/2008Källgård,Anders:Sverigesöar,Stockholm2013Källgård,Anders:Danmarks,FäröarnasochGrönlandsöar,Stockholm2009SENSOR:SustainabilityIssuesinEuropeanSensitiveAreas,Annex4:EuropeanIslands,ProjectDeliverableReport6.1.1,SENSORReportServies2007/05Databasesandweb-basedreportsCPMR,Thematicdocuments:http://www.crpm.org/index.php?act=14,4Croatia:http://www.otocnisabor.hrDenmark:http://www.danske-smaaoer.dk/englishESIN:https://europeansmallislands.comEstonia:http://saared.ee/Finland:http://foss.fiFrance:http://www.iles-du-ponant.comGreece:http://www.smallislands.orgIreland:http://oileain.ieItaly:http://www.ancim.itScotland:http://www.scottish-islands-federation.co.ukSMILEGOV,projectreports,www.sustainableislands.euSweden:http://www.skargardarna.seTheÅlandislands:http://skargarden.ax

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WikipediaContactpersonsDenisBaric,OtocniSabor,otocnisabor@gmail.comDenisBredin,AssociationlesÎlesduPonant,d.bredin@iles-du-ponant.comCamilleDressler,ScottishIslandsFederation,camille.d@talk21.comMicaelaJansson,FinlandsÖar,micaela@krogarsliv.fiElefteriosKechagioglou,HellenicSmallIslandsNetwork,apolpos@otenet.grNeilLodwick,neillodwick@hotmail.comEllePuurman,EstonianIslandsAssociation,elle@vormsi.eeLiseThillemannSørensen,DanishIslandsOrganisation,ls@danske-smaaoer.dkRhodaTwombly,IrishIslandsAssociation,rhodatwombly@gmail.com