Atlas of Formability,

Atlas of Formability,AD-A268 351

Nickelvac K-500,

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 13. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

October 31, 1992 Final, July 31. 1992-October 31. 19924. TITLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS

Atlas of FormabilityNickelvac K-500 C-NOO140-88-C-RC21

6. AUTHOR(S)

Prabir ChaudhuryDan Zhao

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

National Center for Excellence in MetalworkingTechnology (NCEMT)1450 Scalp AvenueJohnstown, PA 15904

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Naval Industrial Resources Support Activity

Building 75-2, Naval BasePhiladelphia, PA 19112-5078

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

In this investigation, flow behavior of Nickelvac K-S00 alloy wasstudied by conducting compression tests over a wide range oftemperatures and strain rates. Constitutive relations were determinedfrom the flow behavior, and dynamic material modeling was conducted onthis alloy. Thus, the optimum processing condition in terms oftemperature and strain rate was identified. Microstructural changesduring high temperature deformation were also characterized.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES78

Nickelvac K-500, Deformation Processing, High 16. PRICE CODETemperature Deformation, Procssing Map, Metalworking

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified UnclassifiedNSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev 2-89)

011b1 by" .1N;i Sid 139-18298 :

ATLAS OF FORMABILITY

NICKELVAC K-500

by

Prabir K. Chaudhury and Dan Zhao

National Center for Excellence in Metalworking Technology1450 Scalp Avenue

Johnstown, PA 15904

for

Naval Industrial Resource Support ActivityBuilding 75-2, Naval Base

Philadelphia, PA 19112-5078

October 31, 1992

The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors andshould not be construed as an official Department of the Navy position, policy, ordecision, unless so designated by other documentation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ................................... 1

Experimental Procedure ............................ 1

R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Summ ary .................................... 73

Implementation of Data Provided by the Atlas of Formability ........ 73

Accession For

NTIS GRA&I [e

DTIC TAB flST #A, AUTH USNAVIRSA (MR PLONSKY 8/443-6684) UnannouncedPER TELECON, 17 AUG 93 CB Ju13tfloatio A

i-n-D0 t I .

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. List of figures, testing conditions and microstructural observationsfor Nickelvac K-500 ....... ............................... 2

ii

Nickelvac K-500

Introduction

K-500 alloy has an excellent combination of high strength, ductility and corrosion resistance.The alloy exceeds nickel in iesistance to sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids, and brine. Handling ofwaters, including sea water and brackish water, is a major area of application. The understanding ofmechanical and microstructural behavior during high temperature deformation is very important forthe forming processes of this alloy. In this investigation, flow behavior of Nickelvac K-500 wasstudied by conducting compression tests at various temperatures and strain rates. Constitutiverelations were determined from the flow behavior and then, a dynamic material modeling for this alloywas performed. Thus, the optimum processing conditions in terms of temperature and strain ratewere determined. Microstructural changes during high temperature deformation were alsocharacterized to aid process design engineers to select processing conditions in terms of resultingmicrostructure.

Experimental Procedure

The material used in this investigation was commercially available Nickelvac K-500 heattreated and aged wrought bars. The typical microstructure of the as-received materials had equiaxedgrains with a uniform grain size of approximately 11 pm (IOASTM). The microstructure presentedextensive twinning and, intragranular precipitates. which are presumably titanium carbides andcomplex carbonitrides. Figure 1 shows the typical microstructure of the as received material. Thechemical composition is as follows:

C S Mn Si Co Ti A] Fe Cu Ni P

0.142 0.0002 0.76 0.11 0.01 0.54 3.05 0.82 30.27 64.76 0.011

Cylindrical compression test specimens with a diameter of 12.7 mm and a height of 15.9 mmwere machined from the bars. Isothermal compression testing was conducted on an MTS testingmachine. The test matrix was as follows:

Temperature, C (F): 800 (1472), 900 (1652), 950 (1742), 1000 (1832), 1050 (1922), 1100 (2012),1150 (2102), and 1200 (2192);

Strain rate, s-1: 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 20.

The tests were conducted in vacuum. Load and stroke data from the tests were acquired by acomputer and later converted to true stress-true strain curves. Immediately after the compressiontest, the specimens were quenched with forced helium gas in order to retain the deformedmicrostructure. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the specimens were examined by opticalmicroscopy. The photomicrographs presented were taken from the center of the longitudinal sectionof the specimens.

Results

Table I shows a list of the figures, test conditions and the observed microstructures. The truestress-true strain flow curves with selective corresponding deformed microstructure are shown inFigure 2 to Figure 65. True stress versus strain rate was plotted in log-log scale in Figure 66 at a truestrain of 0.3. The slope of the plot gives the strain rate sensitivity m, which is not constant over therange of strain rate tested. Log stress vs. l/T at the same true strain is shown in Figure 67. Aprocessing map at this strain was developed and is shown in Figure 68. The optimum processingcondition from the map is 1125 C and 10 -3 s-1 for this material.

I

Table 1. List of figures, testing conditions and microstructural observations for Nickelvac K-500

Figure I Temperature Strain Rate Microstructure 1 PageNo C (F) s- 1 Optical Microscopy _ NoI As received Equiaxed grains with a uniform grain size of 4

approximately 11.0 pm (IOASTM). Thestructure presents extensive twinning and, thereare intra-granular precipitates.

2 800 (1472) 0.001 Recrystallized equiaxed grains (100%) with a 5uniform size (4.8pm). Some twinning and fineintragranular precipitation.

3 800(1472) 0.01 64 800 (1472) 0.05 Equiaxed recrystallized grains (100%) with a 7

uniform size (-5 pm) some twinning and fineintragranular precipitates.

5 800 (1472) 0.1 Same as above 86 800 (1472) 0.5 97 800(1472) 1 Same as above, but there is an extensive 10

, twinning8 800(1472) 5 119 800 (1472) 20 100 % recrystallized grains with a uniform size 12

of approximately 5pm, extensive twinning andfine intragranular precipitation.

10 900 (1652) 0.001 1311 900(1652) 0.01 100% recrysiallized structure, the equiaxed 14

grains have a duplex size. The grain size is9.3pm and 27.2pm for the small and the largegrains respectively. There is also anintragranular precipitation

12 900 (1652) 0.05 1513 900(1652) 0.1 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with a duplex 16

size. -40% of large grains (-17.2pm).Intragranular precipitation is also present.

14 900 (1652) 0.5 1715 900 (1652) 1 Same as above, but the proportion of larger 18

grains (<17pm) is bellow 30%.16 900 5 1917 900 (1652) 20 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with small grain 20

size (-5.2pm) and -5% of larger grains(-15.7rm).

18 950 (1742) 0.001 Equiaxed grains with a duplex size. The large 21

and small grains have a size of 32.5 pm and 9.1pm respectively. The larger grains show thepresence of a substructure. There is twinningand intragranular precipitation.

19 950 (1742) 0.01 2220 950 (1742) 0.05 Twimied equiaxed recrystallized grains. -5% of 23

the grains are larger than average. Theintragranular precipitation is still present.

21 950 (1742) 0.1 2422 950 (1742) 0.5 25

2

23 950 (1742) 1 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with a duplex 26size. The large and small grains have a size of19 and 6.9 pm respectively. These show twinsand intragranular precipitation.

24 950 (1742) 5 2725 950 (1742) 20 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with very large 28

proportion of small grains (95%) with an averagesize of 8.6gm, fewer grains are large (-21.7pro).Twinning and intragranular precipitation arepresent.

26 1000(1882) 0.001 2927 1000 (1882) 0.01 Large equiaxed grains with a uniform size, 30

(57pm). Extensive twinning and theintragranular precipitation is decreasing, but theparticulates are coarsening.

28 1000(1882) 0.05 3129 1000 (1882) 0.1 Large equiaxed grains with a relatively uniform 32

grain size, extensive twinning and someintragranular corse precipitates.

30 1000(1882) 0.5 3331 1000 (1882) 1 Same as above, but smaller grain size (25.5ptm). 3432 1000(1882) 5 3533 1000 (1882) 20 Same as above, but the grain size is decreasing, 36

(16.3/am).34 1050 (1922) 0.001 Equiaxed grains with an extensive irregular grain 37

growvth. the average grain size is -65.4pm. Thelarger grains present a substructure and theintragranular precipitates have sufferedcuarseijng.

35 1050 (1922) 0.01 3836 1050 (1922) 0.05 Large equiaxed grains with twins. They are 39

irregular in size with approximately 10% oflarger grains than average.

37 1050 (1922) 0.1 100% recrystallized equiaxed grains with a 40uniform size (-42.6pm). An intragranularprecipitation is observed.

38 1050(1922) 0.5 4139 1050 (1922) 1 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with a uniform 42

size. some twinning and intragranularprecipitates are present.

40 1050(1922) 5 4341 1050(1922) 20 100% recrystallized equiaxed grains with a 44

uniform size (-21.6pm). A coarse intragranularprecipitation is observed.

42 1100(1212) 0.001 4543 1100 (1212) 0.01 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with an extensive 46

grain growth (>55pm). The larger grains showthe presence of a substructure. There is anextensive twining and coarsening of the

I intragranular precipitates.44 1100(1212) 0.05 1 47

3

45 1100 (1212) 0.1 Equiaxed 100% recrystallized grains with an 48extensive twinning. A small proportion (<5%) oflarger than average grains is present, and a smallfraction of coarsen precipitates is also present.

46 1100(1212) 0.5 4947 1100(1212) 1 100% recrystallized equiaxed grains (27pm). 50

The fraction of grains larger than the average isgreatly reduced (<1%).

48 1100(1212) 5 5149 1100 (1212) 20 100% recrystallized grains with a uniform size 52

(23 pm), extensive twinning and, still thepresence of intragranular precipitation.

50 1150 (2102) 0.001 Extensive grain growth, equiaxed grains with an 53average size of 181.4pm. The larger thanaverage grains show a substructure and theintragranular precipitates are becoming finer(dissolution).

51 1150 (2102) 0.01 5452 1150 (2102) 0.05 100% of large equiaxed grains with a uniform 55

size. Twinning is present and fine intragranularprecipitation

53 1150(2102) 0.1 100% of large equiaxed grains with a uniform 56size (-61.2 pm) Twinning is present and fineintragranular precipitation

54 1150(2102) 0.5 Same as above, but a smaller grain size 5755 1150(2102) 1 Same as above, but a smaller grain size and 58

extensive twinning.56 1150(2102) 5 5957 1150(2102) 20 100% equiaxed grain with a uniform size 60

(-52.5 jm). Twinning and a small proportion offine precipitates is present.

58 1200(2192) 0.001 6159 1200(2192) 0.01 Excessively grow\%n equiaxed grains with an 62

average size >150pm. Twinning is present andthe precipitates are practically dissolved.

60 1200(2192) 0.05 6361 1200 (2192) 0.1 Large equiaxed grains showing twins and a very 64

small proportion of fine intragranularprecipitates.

62 1200(2192) 0.5 6563 1200 (2192) 1 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with a size of 66

-61 pm. Twinning and a very small fraction offine intragranular precipitates are present.

64 1200(2192) 5 6765 1200(2192) 20 100% recrystallized equiaxed grain with a 68

uniform size of-47pm, there a few twins and theI_ intragranular precipitation is practically absent.

4

Figure 1. As-received microstructure of Nickelvac K-500.

5

Nickelvac Monel K-500200

150

U)U)

Q 100

0)

H-- 50Temperature: 800 e

Strain Rate: 0.001 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 2. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograp1 from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 800 C snd 0.001 s- .

6

Nickelvac Monel K-500300 , , ,

250

Q'- 200

q> 150Cl)

• 100

50 Temperature: 800 C


0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 3. True stress-true strain curve, 800 C and 0.01 s-1.

7


2300 *

250

a.200

150

0100

50 Tempe ratu re: 800 CStrain Rate: 0.05 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0ý3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

A* %~ il '4.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -..... .....

Figure 4. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressed

sample cut through the compression axis, 800 C and 0.05 s-1.

8

Nickelvac Monel K-500300 *

250

~- 200

U)

~j150

0ý

:3 100

50 Temnperature: 800 CStrain Rate: 0.1 s-'

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

4 ........ ... O ~ ~* c. .. . ..... ...

Figre . Tuestrss ruestaincure ad n oticl IcrgahfoNh eteftecmrse

sapecttruhth opeso xs,80Cad01s" ;%9


300

ff, 200

- 1 O0Temperature: 800 C


0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 6. True stress-true strain curve, 800 C and 0.5 s-1 .

10


- 300

s-_

(nU)

o, 200

03

-- 100Temperature: 800 C

Strain Rate: 1 .0 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 015 0,6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 7. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 800 C and 1 s-1

II

Nickelvac Monel K-500500 , , , ,

400

300

200

:3H--

1 00 Temperature: 800 C

Strain Rate: 5.0 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 8. True stress-true strain curve, 800 C and 5 s- 1 .

12


400

300(n

200

1 00 Temnpera~ture: 800 CStr'ain Rate: 20.0 s-i

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

ZýN ~ 5y .~o

:ýM.

~A . .. ......

-~20 L~m

Figure 9. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 800 C and 20 s-1.

13

Nickelvac Monel K-5001 Go

80

'- 60cn

0I 40()

20 Temperature: 900 e

Strain Rate: 0.001 s-i

0 I_ -- I .I I_ I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


14


150

()100.4_0

H- 50Tempe ratu re: 900 CStrain Rate: 0.01 3-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

15~


150

O~o 100

50I- 50

Temperature: 900 CStrair Rate: 0.05 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


16

Nickelvac Monet K-500200 *

150

100

U)

5 00

Temperature: 900 CStraln Rate: 0.1 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

x..

...........WZ -1

_N~

Figure 13. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 900 C and 0. 1 s-1.

17

Nickelvac Monel K-500300 , ,

250

a_ 200

150

3 100



0 f I *I I , I ,

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


18


300 *

250

a. 200

~, 150~4-A

S 100


Straln Rate: 1 .0 s-i

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 15. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 900 C and I s-

19


-30002U_

63 200oU)

I- 1 00

Temperature: 900 CStrain Rate: 5.0 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 16. True stress-true strain curve, 900 C and 5 s-1.

20

400


'' 300

a-

Uj 200

I- 100Temperature: 900 C

$train Rate: 20.0 s-

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

AMv-

P-Aj7'

JI-~

Figure 17. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 900 C and 20 s-1 .

21


80

60

U3U3

4-0

20 Temperature: 950 CStrafn Rate: 0,001 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

.4............

............ ~

'~.-.

:.. x.~~2 LLM

Figure ~ 'O 18 True stes-tu strai curve an notclmcogahfo h ete ftecmrse

sample~$ cut thrug th copeso xs 50Cad001s1

22,~


"80

60U)

Cl) 4-0a)

20 Temperatu re: 950 C

Strafn Rate: 0.01 s-1

0 1 1 10.0 0.1 0.2 0,3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 19. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 0.01 s- 1.

23

Nickelvac Mona] K-500200 *

150

C13CI, 100

50 Temperature: 950 CStroln Rat~e: 0,05 s-'

0.0 0.1 012 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

..... .....

-. ...-. ):

V -i

.. ........ ~f.. ... ...,.ýý

~..........

Figre 0. ruestrss ru staincure ad a oticl mcrorap frm.te.entr.o.th.coprese

Figure samplre cutresthrough sthei comrvessndon opiaxl 950ogap C ro and 0ete 05 shoprse

24


150

ff3 100L_.

1- 50Temperature: 950 C

Strafn Rate: 0.1 s-I

0' A I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


25


150

0' 100

L5.

1& ..5....

M .4

............... .......

IMF. ..

Figue 2. Tre sres-tru staincurv.an.anoptial icrgrap frm te ceterof he.cmprss.

sample .. cu/.ouhte opesinaxs 50Cad..5s

26.. . .. . ..~


3 00 *

250

'- 200

) 1.50

S 100

50 Temperature: 950 CStroln Rate: 1 .0 s-'

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Cý:: ~ .......

4as

... ... ...

S20 L

Figure 23. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and I s-1.

27

Nickelvac Monal K-500

300 , , ,

250

a- 200

• 1504 -'

• 100

50 Temperature: 950 CStraln Rate: 5,0 s-1

0I 1 - I , I ,_

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


28

400* I *


-' 300

Q 200

H- 100Temperature: 950 C

Strain Rote: 20.0 s'i

010.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

K.S... ..... .' ... 4 ...

.................. .e t4. >.... ....

Figure 25. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and 20 s-1.

29

Nickelvac Monel K-5001 00

80

v. 60

ci)

Cl) 40


Stra[n Rate: 0.001 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


30


80

IL

60

~4-a0) 40

20 Temperature: 1000 C$train Rate: 0,01 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

.........................

w, N

.......... ..... ~... ..

~............... ....

.- .

.. .... ...

..............

. ......... .... . . ,2*

............ . ........ 2 0.....

Figure 27. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 0. 0 1 s-.

31

Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , , ....

150

( 1 Go

- 50Temperature: 1000 C

Stroin Rnte: 0.05 s-I

0 - .I I II I I * I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


32


150

r)

Cl)c) 100

50

Temperature: 1000 CStraln Rate: 0.1 s-'

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

S~...4.....

.. .. . . ....

...... c.. t

..... .... .........

Figure 29. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 0. 1 s-.

33


150

- 50Temperature: 1000 C

Strain Rate: 0.5 s-'

0 1 - . I I I I

0.0 0.1 0,2 0,3 0.4- 0.5 0,6 0.7True Strain


34


150

U)100

40

I- 50Temperature: 1000 CStrain Rate: 1 .0 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7

True Strain

K R

................ .. "... .

. ., . . . . . .

ROiim

*v.....,.n.v,. a.- r ~ .. ;..r ~N ...... LLM~~..

Figure 3 1. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and I s-

35


250

a_ 200

S, 150L/

(D 100:)

50 Temperature: 1000 CStrafn Rate: 5.0 s-1

0 ' 1 1 1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


36


250

a- 200

U)

150

:3 100

50 - Tem peratu re: 10000CStrain Rate: 20.0 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

A. .

................................... K.....". ; ~ ~

•2 <: ........... \......I UR

..........................I...

.... . .... 2 U7 L


37

50 1 F g

Nickelvac Monet K-500

40

30

4-,U1) 20

:3


Straln Rate: 0,001 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

......... A.W

.. . . ... . ..4. . ......... .

Fiur 34.... TrueX strss-ru stancre.n.notca..rgap.rmtecetro hecmrsesample ~ ~ ~ ~ w<. cu thog th copeso axis,1050..and ..0 .. .1............. .. .. ..3 8.


80

S 60

CI)

4 _1

0 40


Strafn Rate: 0.01 s-10 o l i I I I I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


39


80

60U3

0 4-0



0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


40


80

a_

60cn

40

20 Temperature: 10,500C


0 _ _0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

` .2 , ........

.::..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......

S½ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ......

. . . . . . . . . . . .....

..........................s..,

......................~

..........

410


1.50a_

50T a 1 00

L..

I- 50Temperature: 1 0500C

Strafn Rate: 0.5 s-I

0 1 C.I I ,I - I I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


42


150

U)

100

0. 150_. I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

...............

An 10 ....

......9 ..... . .. . . . .

..... k .. ...

..... .......

W * *

.................g~9,

Figure 39. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1050 C and I s-1

43

Nickelvac Monel K-500200 ,

,'-, 150

110

"I 50Temperature: 1050 C

Strofn Rate: 5.0 8-1

0 J I - . I ,'

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 40. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 5 s- 1.

44


250

150

100

50 -Temperature: 10500CStrafn Rate: 20.0 s-t

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

~v.~..c................ .... *.......... .. ... ... -

.. .....-. .. ..

....... .... 4...........

17. ............

.s A . ........

.5.

............ . . .........

.... .... .... ... .... .... m~

Figure 41. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the c~mpression axis, 1050 C and 20 s-1.

45


40

0~

CO) 20

10 VTem peratu re: 11000C

St~rafn Rate: 0,001 s-

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.23 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 42. True stress-true strain curve, 1 100 C and 0. 00 1 s- .

46


40

Cn 20

10 Temperature: 11000C

Strafn Rate: 0.01 s-1

00 01 0.2 0.23 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

4' ý

..........

20 / ~ .

474

Nickelvac Monel K-500100 0 , ,

80

CL..

44-AC) 40

20 Temperatu re: 1100 C


0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 44. True stre.s-true strain curve, 1100 C and 0.05 s-.

48


80

0~

M) 40(D)

20 Temperature: 11000CStraon Rate: 0.1 a-

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0,6 0.7

True Strain

.~¼ ... \..'.4 .. ..... .

,.,g.

... ............ . . . .

...................... .

Figure 45. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1 100 C and 0. 1 s-*

49


1500•

cn

1 100:L05

1- 50

Temperature: 1100 CStrain Rate: 0.5 8-I

0 i I - . 1 1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


50


1.50

U3

10040

50Temperature: 11000CStrafn Rate: 1 .0 8-1

0.0 0)C).1 0.2 0.3 0O4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

.... ......

... .. .. ..

...................

... ... ...

.4. ...

..........

4 . 20

Figue 4. Tue tres-tue srai cuve nd n otica mirogaphfro th cener f te cmprsse

sampli cut thog th comresio axs,100Can s1

51

200 , , ,


'-• 150

03(DI

H- 50Temperature: 1 1 00 CStrain Rate: 5,0 s-1

0 1 l I , I I I I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


52,

200 1 1 1 1 ,

Nickelvac Monel K-500,'-, 1 50

1- 50Tem0perture:1 1 00 C

Strafn R<ate: 20.0 6-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

• !~... ........ ....

...............

:.:-:-:.:;:-;... . . . ..... . :: : : :: : : :: :: : :: :

. ......... . ;; . ..

::::: ::::::::::::::.. .]: -::::: : ...: .........

Figure 49. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1100 C and 20 s-

53

25 ..... ,


20

v 15

af)

(1> 10

0)

F.-5 Temperature: 1 1 50 C


0.0 0,1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 50. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1 150 C2 and 0.001 s"1

54


40

03_

4_30

20 3

1 0 Temper'<ture: 1150 C


o . -I -I I - I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 51. True stress-true strain curve, 1150 C and 0.01 s" 1.

55


80

-~60

a) 40

20 Tom peratu re: 11500C- Strafn Rate: 0.05 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain

.7?

.. .. ....

-- ~~2 am - 4

Fiur 5. ru sres-ru sran ure ndanotialmirorah ro te enerofth cmpese

sapl cu thrug th o peso-xs 15 n .5s1

56*

100 *


80

a_v 60C,,cn

• 4.U1) 40(D

20 Temperature: 11 50 CStrain Ra•te: 0.1 s-I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 53. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 0.1 s-

57

100 0 , ,


80 _

a3_

60U)

M 4-0

20 Temperature: 11 50 C


0 1 1 1 1 1 1 . _ I ._ I _ _ _ I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 54. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 0.5 s-1.

58

200 *


-'150

50

0~ 100 I -I _

L;.

Temperature511 5Stan R0e 1.

0 . . A 0. 0. .. 0. .. 0..7.I

TrnSri

Figre 5.Tru sres tue tran urv ad a oticl mcrgrah.romth.ceterofthecoprese

sapl ct hrug te omresiNaxs15Can1s... .... ...

200 , , , ,


150

:3.0~

5- 0

Temperature: 11 50 C

Stroin Ra•te: 5.0 s-l

0 1 I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 56. True stress-true strain curve, 1150 C and 5 s-1

60

200 *

Nickelvac Monet K-500

S.4150

Cn(D 100

H- 50Temperature, 11 50 C

Straln Rote: 20.0 3- 1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

41.

A4,

-.. . ....

44 .. ... .' . ...

Figure~5. 57. Tresrs-resri uv ada pia irgahfomtecne.ftecmrse

sampe ct thoug th comresion xis 110 C nd 0 s

61 5.

25


20

15U)

0 10


Strain Rote: 0.001 3-1

0 L I . I I I I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

Figure 58. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 0.001 s- 1 .

62

50 1 1 1 1 1-


40

s-30

Q>

0 20


Strain Rote: 0.01 S-i

0111 1 10.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

- e- ,sý

...................- ** ........ *

....... ......

Figure~~~~ 59Tu testu tancreada pialmcorp rmtecne ftecmrs

sape u hruhth om rsio xs,10 C. an 0.0 s-1.

63-

50 1 1 1 1 1 1 *


40

03

v 30U)

( 20

F--10 Temperature: 1200 C

Strain Rote: 0.05 s-i

{0 1 I _I , I .. I I

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


64

100 *

.Nickelvac Monel K-500

80

a_

S60

01 4-0

20 Temperature: 12000 CC

Strafn Rate: 0.1 a-'

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

M .~ ". '

. . .......... .. . .~ 4

. X ffim~

A '.. ........

~~..........

S. ...... ... . ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .#,q . .

. .. '.

~~~~~2 I.. . . .. . . ... . . .

sml cut. thrug th comresio axs 20Cad0 -1

S'..'65

100 1 1 ,


80

60U)

L_-4--,

M 40



00.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


66


80

S 60

C',

4-0

20 Tem peratu re: 1200 C

Strcfn Rate: 1 .0 a-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

..........

.. . .. .. . . . ..

0N... .. ....

..... ..

.N ...


67

200


,-, 150

I 50Temperature: 1200 C

Stroin Rate: 5.0 s-1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain


68

200 *


-'150

a-I.

I- 50Tem peratu re: 1 200 C

Straln Rate: 20.0 s-

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

True Strain

I.P

Sp..... . ~..

............

S\'~6c9 .

0 LN.

69 6

Nickelvac Monel K-5003 a

1 42 ,

102 & Y

o X 4 0 C

A 1050

cn 3 ± • BOO C€• 2 I 0 900 C

i_ 950 CS 1 01 ' 10000C

0 1150 C2 0 1200 C

1 0 Innl I I . |.nnil n n . .i n*~n 1.n1,1n, I * .Sill1 0-3 10-2 10-1 100 2 101 2

Strain Rate (s-1)

Figure 66. Effect of strain rate on stress in log-log scale at a true strain of 0.3 for Nickelvac K-500.

70

103 ,


2 " x

" " 102 " 4

a xCL xX _

3 - x OS2 x 0.01 s- 1

S• 0.05 s-1

c 101 0.1 s-IQ ,5 s-1

• 1.0s-1

.° 5.0s-12 • 20.0 s-l

100 *

0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30

1/T (1000/C)

Figure 67. Effect of temperature on stress at a true strain of 0.3 for Nickelvac K-500.

71

Nickelvac Monel K-5001.5

TU)

"<D 00 • UNSTABLE

C)

0

-J

-2.

800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperature (C)

Figure 68. Processing map of Nickelvac K-500 at a true strain of 0.3.

72

Summary

Compression tests have been performed on Nickelvac K-500 over a wide range oftemperatures and strain rates. The experimental conditions used in this work are representative ofthose used in metalforming practices. From the stress-strain curves, the flow behavior wascharacterized and a processing map indicating the optimum processing condition was generated. Thiscondition is approximately 1125 C and 10-3 s-1.

*The deformed microstructures were characterized from the quenched specimens by opticalmicroscopy and are presented for selective testing conditions together with the stress-strain curves.

Implementation of Data Provided by the Atlas of Formability

The Atlas of Formability program provides ample data on flow behavior of various importantengineering materials in the temperature and strain rate regime commonly used in metalworkingprocesses. The data are valuable in design and problem solving in metalworking processes ofadvanced materials. Microstructural changes with temperature and strain rates are also provided inthe Bulletin, which helps the design engineer to select processing parameters leading to the desiredmicrostructure.

The data can also be used to construct processing map using dynamic material modelingapproach to determine stable and unstable regions in terms of temperature and strain rate. Thetemperature and strain rate combination at the highest efficiency in the stable region provides theoptimum processing condition. This has been demonstrated in this Bulletin. In some metalworkingprocesses such as forging, strain rate varies within the workpiece. An analysis of the process withfinite element method (FEM) can ensure that the strain rates at 'the processing temperature in thewhole workpiece fall into the stable regions in the processing map. Furthermore, FEM analysis withthe data from the Atlas of Formability can be coupled with fracture criteria to predict defectformation in metalworking processes.

Using the data provided by the Atlas of Formability, design of metalworking processes,dynamic material modeling, FEM analysis of metalworking processes, and defect prediction arecommon practice in Concurrent Technologies Corporation. Needs in solving problems related tometalworking processes can be directed to Dr. Prabir K. Chaudhury, Manager of FormingDepartment, by calling (814) 269-2594.

73

Documents

Atlas of Formability,