Did you know that black

holes are so powerful that not

even light can escape. Do

know why because the pull

gravity it’s really powerful.

Did you know that a black

hole’s mass could be millions

and millions bigger than sun.

According to Wikipedia,

black holes were first found in

the 18th century. A black hole

is a space region which noth-

ing can escape from it, not

even light. Nothing can es-

cape from a black hole be-

cause there is too much grav-

ity, so everything that goes

near it, will be absorbed. Ac-

cording to Wikipedia, Karl

Schwarzschild first found

black holes in 1963. Accord-

ing to the theory of general

relativity, black holes of stel-

lar mass are expected to form

when massive stars in a super-

nova are at the end of their

life cycle. After a black hole

forms it can become bigger by

absorbing more mass.

According to “black holes

encyclopedia” a black hole

forms when any object in

space, like stars, reach their

maximum critical density and

then gravity cause it to col-

lapse into a black hole. Stellar

mass black holes form when

stars can no longer produce

energy. Astronomers also

aren’t sure how super massive

black holes form; they think

that they may form from the

collapse of gases in the space.

Another hypothesis is that

they form from the mergers of

smaller black holes.

According to Steven Hawk-

ing, he has theorized that

black holes will last forever,

but it depends if the mass is

big or small. He thinks that if

the mass is small, then at

some point it will evaporate

and disappear. Larger black

holes, which mass is bigger

than the sun, will last for a

really long time, for at least 3-

4 billions years, for masses of

1011 Kg. Then there are black

holes that can lass one sec-

ond. That kind of black hole

would have to have a really

small mass, even smaller than

earth’s mass.

The affect of a black hole By Andrea

Universe’s most dangerous

Cara Rahasia

Cara Rahasia

Uranus rings were

discovered on March

10, 1977, by James L.

Elliot, Edward W.

Dunham, and Douglas

J. Mink. It’s wasn’t un-

til the spacecraft

named The Voyager 2

was sent out

to discover

Uranus and

was able to

take pictures

and fully un-

derstand the

rings system

of Uranus.

How they were discovered

The Outer Rings

Andrew

October 5th 2011

Rings of Uranus

Special points of interest:

The Inner Rings

Outer Rings

Shepherding moons

Voyager 2

How they were created

Inside this issue:

About The Rings

The inner Rings

The Outer Rings

How they Stay together

Uranus has about thirteen rings they are separated

into two groups. The first group is called the inner

rings which are the closest to the planet they are

mostly made of dust. The inner rings are made of dust

and have nothing to catch the sunlight so they are very

hard to see.

The other group is called the outer rings they are the farthest ones away

from Uranus. There are 9 outer rings they are made up of frozen rocks and

boulders. NASA thinks the rocks and boulders were created by Uranus

moons crashing into each other and breaking into thousands of rocks. They

are frozen because Uranus is made up mostly of hydrogen. The hydrogen

freezes over the rocks and boulders. The outer rings are the brightest be-

cause the rocks are able to catch the sunlight.

The rings are very narrow and thin

so they need to be held together

by something. The rings stay

around the planet because of its

gravitational pull, to but to keep

them in order takes a little more.

The rings have it shape because of

the moons moving around the

planet and the gravitational pull of

the moons keeping the rings in

place. These moons are called

shepherding moons.

Credit: Lawrence Sromovsky,

University of Wisconsin-Madison/

W. M. Keck Observatory

NASA / Photo Researchers / Universal Images Group You are probably thinking only Saturn has rings

but your are wrong. There are three other plan-

ets one of them is Uranus.

What are shepherding Moons

The Inner Rings

Did you know? Uranus rotates on it’s side! Yes It’s True! Unlike other planets in our solar system Uranus spins like a drum rolling rather than the normal way a planet spins, which is like a top rotating. Uranus rotates along it’s side with it’s poles lying in the same plane as our Solar System.

Uranus’ axis is tilted 97 degrees from the perpendicular. The are two thereories about why Uranus has such an abnormal and peculiar way of spinning. The first theory is Scientists believe that Uranus was hit by a gigantic object a lot bigger than Earth and knocked the planet “off balance” from it’s orginal way of rotating which was more or less like a spinning top. Upon doing so, Uranus began to spin like a bowling ball. However there are a few things that the scientists didn’t consider. First of all Uranus is made out of gas, so how could it do much damage to the planet, let alone make the whole planet spin in a different direction? The second theory is a lot more realistic compared to the first one. According to two French scientists named Gwenael Boue and Jacques Laskar , they believe that the reason for Uranus’ strange tilt is because Uranus once had a very large moon, approximately one percent of the gas giant’s[Uranus] mass. Through the large moon’s gravitational pull, over the course of 2 million years Uranus may have wobbled to such an extent that it was pulled to one side.

By: Brandon 10/5/2011

JULIAN BAUM / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY /

Universal Images Group

Graphic from M. Showalter and M. Gordon, SETI Institute

1. Uranus’ tilt can produce many effects on the planet. On Uranus there are seasons, but the seasons on Uranus are a lot more extreme than ours. For example, each hemisphere on Uranus recieves 42 years of continuous sunlight. 2. Also , did you know? 1 year on Uranus is eighty four Earth years. Which means it takes eighty four earth years for Uranus to orbit around the sun

“Stars are like people, they are born, they live and they die. A supernova explo-

sion will occur when there is no longer enough fuel for the star to generate. On

the outside, the star will swell into a red super giant. On the inside, the core

yields to gravity and begins shrinking. As it shrinks, it grows hotter and denser.

The core temperature rises to over 100 billion degrees as the iron atoms are

crushed together” Quotes German astronomer, Marat Gilfanov.

A supernova is when a star blows up. The core of the supernova can reach up

to 100 billion degrees. Also, the light speed of the supernova can be as fast as

25000 miles per second, According to National Geographic.

According to NASA, there are two types of supernova. Type 1a is when the star

runs out of nuclear fuel and there’s no more pressure to sustain their weight.

Type II is when a sudden collapse or explosion of a massive star creating a

white dwarf. According to Astrophysics Science Division (ASD), a supernova

has an equivalent power of 10 octillion nuclear warheads.

Supernova’s last for at least for a week until a month. And before the star blows

up it’s surface reaches to about 50000 degrees Fahrenheit, and it will cause a

burst of radiation that light the whole galaxy.

The occurrence of a supernova will only happen when a star has a mass of

eight times the sun. Supernovas shine as bright as 100 billion ordinary stars.

According to www.eclipse.net, supernovas can create Black Holes and Neutron

Stars. Black holes and neutron stars from when the heat from the supernova

balances the force of gravity.

According to Stefano Valenti from www.universetoday.com, supernovas not

only release tremendous amounts of radio waves and x-rays but also cosmic

rays. Some uncommon supernovas can also release gamma rays. Some as-

tronomers and experts believe that nearby supernovas with gamma radiation

rays can end the entire human race.

Why and how Supernovas happen?

By: Dylan

What is a Supernova?

October 5th 2011

Steve A. Munsinger / Photo Researchers

Steve A. Munsinger / Photo Researchers

VICTOR HABBICK VISIONS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Okay, next stop, Saturn, our Ringed Planet. You better buckle your seat belts, cause here we go!

Saturn, our Ringed

Planet

Saturn, our sixth planet from our solar system was first observed by Galileo in 1610. Later on in 1979, Pioneer was sent to Saturn and was first discovered. Saturn is most known as the “Ringed Planet” but Sat-urn is not the only planet with rings, Nep-tune, Jupiter and Ura-nus are some planets with rings.

Saturn’s Rings

But why is Saturn fa-mous for its rings? Well, it is the most impressive and biggest, with a width of the distance from Earth to the moon. According to Whyzz, “Saturn’s rings are mostly made up of pieces of ice and rock [varying from the size of your fingernails to the size of your school!]”

How did these

form?

Theories are that the rings are made of dusts from the moon sur-rounding Saturn when it got hit or asteroids that crashed into Saturn it-

self. You would probably be questioning, wouldn’t it just float off? Saturn has 64 moons surround-ing it including the sec-ond biggest moon in the universe named, the Ti-tan. Moons have gravity and that pulls in the dusts, ice and rocks which creates Saturn’s ring.

The Division

Saturn’s rings are not just a chunk of rocks and ice floating around, they have divisions. Ring divi-sions of Saturn are D, C, B, A, F, G, E (in order of discovery). A, B and C are the main rings that can be visible from Earth while F and G are quite difficult to see.

Saturn’s Rings

By: Gyo Bin

ASTEZINE

Volume 1

Wonder-”Ring” on Saturn

For More Info:

http://

www.kidzone.ws/

planets/saturn.htm

http://

www.whyzz.com/

why-does-saturn-

have-rings

Jakarta International

School Space Station

So this is Saturn, the magnificent planet that wears a beautiful ring. Now to our next stop.

Credits to: MICHAEL DUNNING / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group

hot gas. Most of this gas

is about 70% hydrogen

and about 28% helium,

Carbon, nitrogen and

oxygen are 1.5% and

the other 0.5% is made

up of small amounts of

many other elements

such as neon, silicon,

iron, sulfur and magne-

sium.

The sun shines be-

cause it is burning hy-

drogen into helium in

its extremely hot core.

This means that as time

goes on, the sun has less

hydrogen and more he-

lium. What happens

when the sun burns out?

We die, that’s what.

George Spagna, our solar

system was created by

rotating clouds of dust

and gas that orbit a

forming star. That star

is now what we called

the sun. After the planet

formed from the cloud

of dust and gas it was

still orbiting around the

sun so that’s how the

planets came to orbit

around the sun.

The inner planets which

are Mars, Earth, Venus,

and Mercury are solid

because the planet is

mainly rocks.

We can stand on rocks

but the outer planets

Jupiter and Saturn are

mainly gas with a

cloudy surface so let’s

say you were to step on

one of these two planets

you would sink right

through the surface and

die.

Uranus, and Neptune

are comprised of mainly

ice because it’s so far

away from the sun it is

too cold for humans to

live on the that planet.

After knowing what the

planets are made of you

come to the conclusion

of what the sun is made

of well….. Fraser Cain

noted that the sun is a

huge, glowing sphere of

There is nothing from the solar system that can stop the massive

gravity pull coming from the sun. The planets are orbiting around

the sun for two things. First is gravity and second is centrifugal

force.

The gravity is a strong pull coming from the sun and the centrifugal

is a force that the planet uses to keep them away from the sun. Jerry

Coffey quoted that the rotation of the planets can be described as

angular momentum. Jerry Coffey also noted that every angular

momentum has a fixed point and for planets angular momentum the

fixed point is the sun.

Take an ice-skater as an exam-

ple; you can often see a skater

pull in their arms to their chest to

make the spin faster it's almost

the same as our solar system the

smaller in diameter the longer it

takes to rotate. Jerry Coffey also

noted that every angular momen-

tum has a fixed point and for

planets angular momentum the

fixed point is the sun.

Why do planets rotate and why do they orbit around the sun?

B Y : J I A N

Till The End

of Time...

Newsletter Date Volume 1, Issue 1

A spacesuit has many other things that help the astro-nauts. For example on top of the spacesuits it will have a TV camera used to record what the astronauts has done and around their chest, it has a computer screen to watch. Also it has a “life support control” for astronauts to use when emergencies happens.

In our environment, we are

able to live because of at-

mosphere. But in space,

that won’t be possible. Also

we know that space is a

totally different place than

earth by its temperatures,

environment, air pressure

and many other things. To

go into space now days,

NASA would need: high

trained astronauts, space

shuttle and a spacesuit.

However a scientist from

US says that we would be

able to go into space for our

holidays in about 50 years.

In the next future, space-

suits would be lighter than

300 pounds and maybe you

might be the person who is

going to space with the su-

per high technology space-

suit in the next future.

Do you know how many astronauts went to space? The answer was “523” peo-ple. These are the people who had passed the hard training and they achieved their goal to reach to space. But to get to space, it was not the astronauts who did the job and one of the most important things that is needed, is a spacesuit. Since space is not an easy place to explore, astronauts needs a spacesuits to come back safe from space. And now I am going to talk about what would be like to wear a spacesuit and why do astronauts need space-suits to reach to space.

Space has many dangers. For example space has radiation which can affect human, the extreme tem-perature change can cause people to death without a spacesuit and to maintain the body fluids on space without a spacesuit is im-possible. As I listed the in-formation, we can see how important spacesuits are. According to a scientist, a spacesuit is made out of 14 layers, which must include fiberglass, metal, synthetic polymers, nylon, spandex, rubber and aluminum. Which is about 300 pounds on earth but on space we

won`t feel anything be-cause there is no gravity. All of us know that space is a place with no oxygen. Which means it would be need to be able to breathe in oxygen and remove car-bon dioxide. That is only a part of the requirements for a spacesuit. Spacesuits must be able to hold a tem-perature at 200 degrees on a sun light and negative 200 degrees in a shade of a sun.

Since spacesuits have 14 layers, they are really com-plicated that astronauts will need to learn how to wear them and how to use each part of the suit. However now days, spacesuits are becoming simpler to wear. According to NASA, the most important parts of spacesuits are lower torso, upper torso, glove, helmet and many others. Which depends on the type of spacesuits and these are the type of spacesuits. “Soft suits”, “hard shell suits”, “mixed shell”, “skin-tight suits”. They are many other types of spacesuits for the astronauts to wear and NASA spends 12 million dollars to make just one spacesuit to make sure they are in good quality.

W hat is i t l i ke to wear a spacesu i t? And why needed?

B Y : J U N OCTOBER 5TH 2011

Super suits used in space

Olympus Mons, is volcano located on the Planet Mars. This volcano was known to humans since the 19th century. But this is not just any volcano, its a gigantic volcano! Its 24 km tall, about 3 times taller than the tallest mountain on Earth, Mt. Everest! Its the tallest volcano/mountain we know, in this whole universe!(Fraser Cain, publisher of Universe Today)

Olympus Mons covers 550km across Mars. That’s

about the size of the state in Arizona, United States.

The volcano is a very flat mountain which slopes

from 2-5 degrees. It also has a cliff that surrounds

the volcano. The cliff can be up to 6 km high, and

above the cliff, the mountain is standing on top. At

the top of the whole volcano, there is a caldera/

crater. The crater is 80km wide and 3km deep!

Mount Olympus is one of the youngest volcanoes on

Mars. There’s also 3 other huge volcanoes on Mars,

Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons.

They are all at the Tharsis region on Mars, which is

filled with volcanic activity.

The volcano is so big, that you can’t

see the top of the mountain from the

ground because Mars is too small

and Olympus Mons is so tall and

wide. Probably, the only thing you

will be able to see is the cliff. But at

the top, it would be a amazing view

of the crater. You probably wouldn’t

be able to see the other side of the

crater because its so wide across.

The volcano is exactly 2.6 times

taller than the biggest volcano on

Earth. Mauna Kea, 10km high from

below the sea floor. Since Mars

doesn’t have tectonic plates like

Earth, Olympus Mons was made

from a hotspot below its surface (So

that proves that there is volcanic

activity happening on Mars). Mauna

Kea was built the same way, be-

cause of lava flowing from the hot-

spot below the crust which hardened

over time and built the volcano. Both

of these volcanoes are shield volca-

noes. The lava that built up Olympus

Mons is a basaltic lava, which can

also be found on Earth (Also another

similarity between Earth and Mars).

Olympus Mons might still be having

volcanic eruptions.

Can Volcanoes be from Mars?

A view of Olympus Mons

from the surface of

Mars.

DETLEV VAN RAVEN-

SWAAY / SCIENCE

PHOTO LIBRARY / Uni-

versal Images Group

The cliff that surrounds

Mount Olympus. This can

be 6km high in some

places.

EUROPEAN SPACE

AGENCY / DLR / FU BER-

LIN (G. NEUKUM) / SCI-

ENCE PHOTO LIBRARY /

Universal Images Group

The Tharsis region on Mars

DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY / SCIENCE PHOTO

LIBRARY / Universal Images Group

By Kaisei

The comparison between mountains and volcanoes of Earth to Olympus Mons. JON LOMBERG / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Uni-versal Images Group

the black hole will gradually lose mass.

Also, as the black hole gets smaller the

rate at which it evaporates, becomes

faster.

But the rate at which it

loses mass is really slow. John Simon-

etti quotes “ A black hole with the

same mass as our sun, will take 1**66

years ( 1 with 66 zeros behind it ) to

completely evaporate. ”

So there you have it, the

weakness to the universes most pow-

erful weapon.

Black holes. They are the

massive destructive weapons of the uni-

verse. A weapon so destructive it sucks in

everything, even light. But surely there’ s

a weakness to this phenomenon and the

answer is yes.

According to Stephen Hawking who is

a scientist, said that a black hole can

evaporate or “ radiate ” it ’ s mass. This

is called Hawking Radiation ( named

a f t e r S t e p h e n H a w k i n g ) .

Hawking Radiation works because of

two theories. One theory is called Virtual

Particles. Virtual Particles are particle-

antiparticles that can pop in and out of

time and space. The mass of the particle

and antiparticle combined will relatively

equal zero. So when it ’ s in or out of

existence, it has a relative mass of zero.

The other theory is Quantum Tunneling.

Quantum Tunneling is a theory that a parti-

cle can pass a solid barrier. A way of visual-

izing this theory is that the universe is like a

giant wave. How a human has to travel it we

have to travel with it. So we have to go up

and around. But because of Quantum tunnel-

ing, we don ’ t have to go around but we can

go through it. So it is like taking a shortcut.

So what does this have to do

with Black holes evaporating? According to

Physicist Stephen Hawking, How a black

hole evaporates is that a particle-antiparticle

pops up near a black hole. And it has a

relative mass of zero, It can ’ t go pass the

event horizon. But because of Quantum

tunneling the particle may pop into existence,

one particle inside the event horizon, the

other out. ( this happens fairly often ) . Then

what happens is that one particle of the pair

that is inside of the event horizon get sucked

in while the other particle stays out. And now

because the particle is left by itself it ’ s

mass will not equal to zero. It will have some

mass ( positive or negative ) which is sup-

plied by the black hole. Which is basically

saying the particle just stole some mass from

the black hole.

Now, because this phenomenon,

or Hawking Radiation, happens quite often,

Caption describing picture

or graphic.

Dark and Deadly...Not anymore

The Weapon of the Universe

V O L U M E 1 I S S U E 1

CHRISTIAN DARKIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Im-

Drawn by Kevin.

Wormholes start with collapsing stars made of hydrogen and helium. They then start sucking in planets, stars and sometimes entire galaxies. According to pBS.org wormholes are shortcuts through space and time. It could take you to a different dimension where there is literally nothing but nothingness. It could take you to a dimension where space and time do not exist. casa.colorado.edu states that, theoretically, what will most likely happen is you will get stretched in many different directions and your will get torn to death.

dailynews.com gets Stephen Hawking to comment on wormholes. He states that he does not think wormholes can exist because of natural radiation, the radiation destroys the wormhole. In mathematical theory, they disintegrate immediately after they are created. Humans can create an enhancer to keep the portal open for longer, but it still would not keep the wormhole open for long enough for us to time travel.

Wormholes are can exist and are allowed to exist in the math of “General Relativity”. Some scientists believe that subatomic wormholes exists, they predict that they could be used in time travel. There is not a single piece of evidence to support that wormholes exist. Wormholes are actually hypothetical.

When our earth gets to the end of its life expectancy, we need to move to another planet. According to signonsandiego.com the closest living planet is 120 trillion miles away from earth, it is called 581c. It could take us 180,000 years to get to it. If wormholes were introduced into space travel, the wormhole would allow you to skip through space and get there quicker. No one really knows whether wormholes could take us to places in the future, nor do we know if they are even real! But with science taking great leaps every day, finding and creating new technology. Nothing is impossible.

Gaps in SpaceBy Laila

Black Holes are one of the

biggest mysteries that con-

fuse many scientist. We aren’t

even 100% sure if Black

Holes exist! We do have

some proof that black holes

exist. Some scientists think

that there is a huge black hole

in the middle of our galaxy!

It’s named Sagittarius A; it

weighs 3 million times as

much as the Sun!

But what makes black holes so dangerous then? Black Holes have such a strong gravitational force, it

will suck in ANYTHING. Of course, it won’t suck in the whole universe, it will only suck in things that en-

ters its Event Horizon. The Event Horizon is an imaginary sphere around the black hole which is the area

in which the black hole will suck in things. Anything that is not in the Event Horizon will not be sucked in.

Again, nobody can be 100% sure of this. We currently cannot obtain any information on a black hole

because the closest black hole is 1600 light years away, and if the satellite comes too close, it will suck

in the satellite as well as its signal. As for sending an astronaut, he would die of old age or he would die

a gruesome death if he is sucked in, called “Spaghettification.” (According to Neil DeGrasse Tyson.)

Aurore Simonnet/Sonoma

State University/NASA.

Dark and mysterious…

Black Holes have an extremely strong gravitational force; in fact, they’re called black holes because not

even light can escape it! This makes it very dangerous and difficult to spot in space.

Black holes form when a star dies. The star then collapses under its own gravity, which then becomes a

black hole (the star must have a mass three time’s our Sun’s mass). But a Star that is millions of miles

wide can create a black hole just a few miles wide.

There a three types of black holes (from biggest to smallest):Super massive black holes, Stellar Black

holes, miniature black holes.

L O R E N Z O

Dark and Deadly J A K A R T A I N T E R N A T I O N A L S C H O O L

Time also behaves strangely in space or near black holes, which could create problems for any astrono-mers. Apropos of gravitational force, a theory is that on the other side of a black hole is a white hole. It spews out light and repels anything that comes near it. It is theoretically a wormhole.

the B group. It was discovered by

Giovanni Cassini in 1675, there-

fore, named after him. The

Encke gap splits the A ring. It was

named after Johann Encke in

1837.

The origin of the rings is unsure,

but scientists have thought that

the rings were formed by mete-

oroids and comets breaking

apart some of Saturn’s larger

moons. The ring composition is

also uncertain. According to

Wikipedia, Saturn’s rings are

mostly made of ice and small

particles that range from 1 centi-

meter in diameter to 10 meters

in diameter.

As you probably know, Saturn is

that planet with the cool rings,

right? Well, did you know that

Saturn is the 6th planet away

from the sun and the second

largest in our solar system? That

it takes it 29.5 earth years to

rotate all the way around the

sun? That’s 10,767 and a half

earth days! But here’s more to

Saturn then what meets the eye,

you see. Get it?

According to Solarviews.com,

Saturn’s atmosphere is mostly

made of hydrogen, helium and a

little bit of methane. There are

winds that blow in an eastern

direction around it’s equator at

1,100 miles per hour. Saturn is

also visibly flattened at its poles.

Saturn’s rings are the most fa-

mous aspect of the planet. They

rest 7,000 to 8,000 kilometers

above its equator and are made

up of many little ringlets. The

total mass of these rings is 30

trillion kilograms. That’s a billion

times a billion! The rings are split

into many groups: The A, B and C

rings. There are many gaps

throughout these groups. The

most notable gaps are the Cas-

sini division and the Encke gap.

Both of these gaps can be seen

from earth. The Cassini division

is in between the A group and

W H A T A R E S A T U R N S R I N G S M A D E O F ?

B Y M A Y A

T H A T ’ S O N E B I G H U L A H O O P !

Graveyard of Stars

By Mtari

Red Giant’s Stages of Life

When you were a kid, have ever thought that all those gleaming stars in the sky lived forever? As they watched the earth re-volve from green lush rain forests to its con-crete jungles in New York? Actually like every other human be-ing, each star has a certain life span. Each life span depends on the size of the star, ac-cording the official NASA site. The larger the stars mass is com-pared to the sun, the shorter its life span will sustain. Stars that are smaller or of the same size of the sun will have a longer lifespan

than a star with a mass larger the sun’s. If the star is about 25 to 50 times larger than the sun, it will only live a few million years be-cause they burn larger amounts of nuclear fuel at a faster rate. These stars are named Red Super Super Giants. While stars that are 1.5 to 3 times the mass of the sun are called Red Super Gi-ants and stars that have a mass under 1.5 times the mass of the sun are called Red Gi-ants as stated by the enchantedlearning sites. Despite their dif-ference in their size they share the same

fate of ending up to be black dwarfs, neutron stars or even black holes.

What Happens when a Star Dies?

October 5th 2011

Fiery Death of Two Massive Stars

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/rel_stars.html

Why do Star’s Die?

According to NASA.com, the star’s source of energy to shine in the night skies is their core filled with hydrogen and helium. As time passes by, their core runs out of

hydrogen and eventu-ally helium. Causing the core to expand and contact the outer layers making it cooler, larger and less bright. As this aging process contin-ues the star will even-

tually collapse over it’s over baring mass and explode.

1) Red Giant

2) Planetary Nebulas

3) White Dwarfs

4) Black Dwarfs

Red Super Giant’s Stages of Life

1) Red Super Giants

2) Supernovas

3) Neutron Stars

Red Super Super Giant’s

Stages of Life

1) Red Super Super

Giants

2) Supernovas

3) Black Holes

nebulae (which will later

be formed into a star) is

to let all the gases, dust,

and other things gather

up. Then it must wait for

some time, possibly a

millennia (1000 years)

for a star or some other

heavy body to pass

through the gases and

dust to stir things up.

What happens is this

causes ripples and swirls

in their gravity. Eventu-

ally other matter comes

along and joins this and

soon this matter turns

into several piles. The

"piles" of matter continue

to group together in the

nebula until they are gi-

gantic clumps of dust and

gas. At this stage we call

it a protostar. When the

protostar gets larger and

larger we begin to see

that gravity squeezes it

tighter and tighter. As it

continues to get tighter,

pressure builds up and

the heat increases on the

star. Then when the core

reaches about 18,000,000

degrees Fahrenheit, hy-

drogen gets added. The

protostar then becomes a

star that shines with its

own light.

Let’s put that into a sim-

pler text. Eventually the

We all must have won-

dered at one point how

stars form. You may have

believed that when a

Papa Star and Mama Star

are in love they make a

baby star. Stars are much

more complicated than

that. Nebulae are the be-

ginning of the birth of a

star.

According to History for

Kids some of the earliest

Nebulas started just after

the Big Bang which was

15 billion years ago.

They started out simple

as hydrogen and helium

atoms. Inside these nebu-

lae, the atoms often mix

to create simple mole-

cules like water, sugar

and other hydrocarbons.

After some time inside

the nebulae, the dust

thickens inside the nebu-

lae.

According to this website

the first step in making a

dust and gas in these

clouds begins to move

tight together or get

squashed together due to

gravity. When things

such as clouds get

squashed they get hot-

ter. The denser the cloud

gets, the hotter it

gets. Eventually it gets

dense enough and hot

enough to ignite its hy-

drogen fuel, beginning its

new life as a star.

As I described above,

stars have a complicated

birth cycle. They have to

wait for possibly a mil-

lennia for something to

happen, they get

squeezed very tightly,

and they need to heat up

to 18,000,000 degrees

Fahrenheit. Well, looks

like we got it pretty easy

here on earth.

How are stars formed?

Special points of in-terest:

Stars

Stars

More stars

Stars

By Philip

The Rise of Stars

Inside this issue:

Protostars

Stars

Big Bang theory

Atoms

Matter

Molecules

Hydrogen

October 5th 2011

DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Uni-versal Images Group

ROGER HARRIS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group

Supernovae Behind the Scenes...

Supernovae are the death of stars. They form when a star becomes

too massive. This only happens with stars that are bigger than the

sun. According to Wikipedia, “Because supernovae are relatively

rare events within a galaxy, [they occur] about once every 50 years

in the Milky Way.” Basically, the core just collapses in on itself.

„Nova‟ means new in Latin. Now, we can all guess why the „Super‟

is there. Originally, An austrian scientist called Fritz Zwicky was the

first to use the name „Super-Nova‟ in print in 1926 that he had

“invented”.

“Several types of supernovae exist. Types I and II can be triggered in one of two ways, either turning off or suddenly turning on the production of energy through nuclear fusion. After the core of an aging massive star ceases generating energy from nuclear fusion, it may undergo sudden gravitational collapse into a neutron star or black hole.” Wikipedia says. Basically, the main „death‟ is the core of a star with more mass than the sun is that, the core just collapses on itself.

“[This results] in a rapid increase [of] temperature and density” Says Wikipedia. “[Then] Through „photodisintegration‟, gamma rays decompose iron into helium nuclei and free neutrons, absorbing

energy, while electrons and protons merge via electron capture, producing neutrons and electron neutrinos, which escape.” Says Wikipedia.

So basically, to make this un-

derstandable, the core collapses

in on itself because the star has

become too massive and can-

not take the gravitational pull,

so it breaks and so called

„Gamma Rays‟ turn the iro into

helium nuclei and random neu-

trons, these absorb energy,

while electrons and protons

travell by electron capture,

which produces neutrons and

electron neutrinos, which escape.

Now, the inner core reaches

about 30km in diameter and

and then there is an unbeare-

able density snd further col-

lapse is stopped immediately

by “strong force inrteractions”

and the pressure of neutrons.

“The infalling matter, suddenly

halted, rebounds, producing a

shock wave that propagates

[propells] outward” Wikipedia

explains.

. Previously, the last known

supernova in our galaxy

The supernova remnant of

Cassiopeia A.NASA/Science photo

library/Universal Images Group.

Behind the scenes...

Supernovae are sometimes

seen in the sky every 50 years

in the Milky Way. “[A] super-

nova explosion occurred about

140 years ago, making it the

most recent in the Milky Way.

Previously, the last known

supernova in our galaxy oc-

curred around 1680, an esti-

mate based on the expansion

of its remnant, Cassiopeia A.”

Tell us JD Harrington, Jennifer

Morcone, and Megan Watzke

from NASA.Not all superno-

vae are detectable, only the

found remnants tell ous that

one occurred. Now you know

what happens behind the

scenes.

Email this image:

Sen

To

You

You

Sub-

By: Rebecca

Science Blue2

Helpful Websites:

http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Super-

nova#Core_collapse

http://quest.eb.com/

home/index.htm

http://

www.google.co.id/

http://

www.youtube.com

http://

www.brainpop.com

Crab Nebula. NASA / CXC / ESA / ASU / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal Images Group

SUPERNOVAE (Behind the Scenes)

Finding life somewhere other

than earth would be

incredible, astonishing,

amazing, astounding, stunning

(and believe me, I have many

more synonyms) on it’s own.

And if you believe that some-

thing is out there for whatever

reasons you have, you proba-

bly have your best bet where

they or it could be, I know I

have mine.

My absolutely best bet for life

off earth would be Europa…

as in the planet. Europa is the

smallest moon of Jupiter at

just about 3100 km (1900

miles) in diameter, but what

makes Europa so unique is

the fact that it almost definitely

has an underwater ocean.

Scientists working on the

Galileo spacecraft project at

NASA believe they have

concluded that the surface of

a mixture of ice and a little bit

of rock. They don’t yet know

how thick the ice surface is

but they do think that there is

an underwater ocean below

it near the core of Europa.

Fascinating enough that a

planet could have water but

an entire ocean can mean

thousands of possibilities! You

have to remember that on

earth, all life evolved from and

because of water and the

oceans. I don’t know how long

Europa has existed but by

guess is that for millions of

years, life has probably devel-

oped down there in the cold

underground, outer space

ocean.

All of the information above

was obtained by the Galileo

space craft. Named after

Galileo Galilei (the moon’s

discoverer), the spacecraft

was launched October 19,

1989 and reached Europa a

little more than six years later.

The space craft’s project was

terminated in 2003 after many

successful years. Galileo was

left in space.

The Galileo space craft being

prepared for launch in 1989 at

the Kennedy space station in

Florida, USA.

The image above shows the

different layers of Jupiter’s

moon Europa. Including the

pure silver core (grey), rock

(beige), underground ocean

(blue) and the ice surface.

My Money’s On Europa

Life is OUT OF THIS WORLD!!!

By: Rinzin

Astronomy Today

October 5, 2011

Image C

redit: Z

. GO

RJIA

N &

E. D

EJO

NG

/ JP

L

/ S

CIE

NC

E P

HO

TO

LIB

RA

RY

/ U

niversal Im

ages Of course there’s doubts.

People would say that it’s

too cold, oxygen deprived, or

even that if we haven’t seen

it; why should we believe it?

Well that doesn’t discourage

me. Even if there isn’t life on

Europa. I like to think of it as

there isn’t life on Europa yet.

Europa has enormous

potential to hold life. In fact, I

think we could give it life.

The image on the left is

artwork of Europa’s surface

with Jupiter on the horizon.

Image Credit: John R. Fos-

ter / Photo Researchers /

Universal Images Group

Eu

rop

a a

nd

Lif

e!

The Universe , much less the Solar System is huge. If hu-

mans were ever to explore it we would take a very long

time to get to mars or any other place. Chang Díaz be-

lieves that speed is the key to getting to mars alive. He

himself is currently building his 123,000 mph rocket that

could get us to Mars in just 39 days. He hopes that his

rocket will one day travel to Jupiter and beyond.

So maybe there might come a day in your life where

you’ll start living in space .

At some point of life

the human race will

have to leave Earth

due to global warming

or expanding sun

burning up our oceans

or an asteroid colliding

with our planet.

Our first challenge is

to escape earth’s grav-

ity. After that we

would need to get 6

billion people into

space .Then we would

need to build a livable

structure in space. Ac-

cording to Popular Sci-

ence Article we could

be living in space in

20-30 years.

After we get into

space we could go to

Mars because Mars

has a lot of things such

as ice, and soil to can

grow plants. A possi-

bility is that we could

terraform (modify) a

planet or moon to be

like earth.

Our first challenge is

to escape Earth’s grav-

ity. “If you can get

your ship into orbit,

you’re halfway to any-

where,” writer Robert

Heinlein said.

What to do after Earth by Ruchit

A Massive ship that could have thousands of people living

Image from popsci.com

Humanity may have millennia to find a new home in

the universe--or just a few years. Popsci.com

The design of the 123,00 mph rocket

Popsci.com

JISSS

Is Phobos Just Another Rock?

SAMNANG

What in the Universe is Phobos?

For those of you who are new to this subject

Phobos is a satellite of mars but not the man-

made type no it's a moon. Phobos is named after

the Greek god “Phobos” son of Ares or in this

case Mars (the roman version).

According to Wikipedia Phobos was discovered

on August 18, 1877 by an astronomer named

Asaph Hall.

Phobos Hollow theory

Phobos is supposed to be a captured asteroid that

came to close to Mars and got caught in its

gravitational pull that’s according to William

Sheehan author of The Planet Mars.

Around 1958 a Russian astronomer named Iosof

Samuilovich Shklovsky predicted that Phobos

rotational pattern indicates that Phobos is actually

made of not rock but a thin sheet of metal about

6cm thick. The Russian astronomer also predicted

that Phobos will crash into mars over the course of

5000 years but these claims were dismissed when

Fred Singer science advisor to President

Eisenhower said that the measurements could be

false since they were taken so far apart and with

different tools so they’re may be error in solution

and after further examination they found that the

errors were correct.

Photo obtained by Mars Reconnaissance orbiter

Phobos monolith

The Mars reconnaissance orbiter found a

strange object on the surface of Phobos in

1998. Upon further examination the anomaly

turned out to be a monolith a massive slab that

could have been possibly a result of nature

although these have also been found on the

surface of Mars this could be a common

coincidence or something more Alien.

than Pluto. Astronomers began

thinking Pluto was-

n’t a planet in 1997,

the year after Clyde

Tombough, the per-

son who discovered

Pluto, died. Their

suspicions began

when they realized

Pluto was in fact,

very small but also

when they realized

how odd its orbit

was. Pluto’s orbit

almost crossed into

Neptune’s orbit,

and even extended

into the ‘Kuiper

Belt’. None of the

other planet’s

crossed into the

Kuiper Belt, which

is made out of

chunks of ice and

other smaller plan-

ets. This leaves

Pluto no longer a

planet, but rather a

dwarf planet.

There were nine known planets in our Solar System. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Nep-tune and Pluto. For about 76 years, this was our known Solar System. With informa-tion from Dr. Robert Hurt, in 2006, that all changed when Pluto was demoted from it’s name as a planet. In-stead, it was now rec-ognized as a dwarf planet. This raised the question; why? How could a planet of 76 years, all of a sudden be robbed of its title? But it wasn’t Pluto that didn’t become a planet anymore, it was the requirements of being a planet. There are three rules in order to be a planet in our so-lar system. The first rule is that is has to be round, which Pluto is. The second rule is that it has to orbit around a star, in our case the

sun, which Pluto also meets. The third and final rule, which Pluto does not meet, is that it has to have a cleared neighborhood.

Having a cleared neighborhood means that no other planets cross its orbit or it doesn’t hare its space with any other Planets. Moons do not count as being part of a planets ‘’neighborhood’’, be-cause they don’t inter-sect with a planets orbit. According to EmilyRaeProductions on Youtube, Pluto fails to meet this require-ment because its neighborhood is shared with other planets. In 2006, when this was made final, Pluto and the other planets were catego-rized as dwarf planets. Some of these other dwarf planets are Ce-res, Makemake, and Eris. Only one of those planets, Eris, is bigger

Planet No More By: Sarah H

October 5th, 2011

windsilverstorm.blogspot.com

worsleyschool.net

geoweek.wordpress.com

People around the world have

reported they have seen

UFOs. According to Colin

Wilson, author of “UFOs and

Aliens”, many believe UFOs

have already come to our

planet. In ancient Egypt,

about 1500BC, people re-

ported seeing a “circle of

fire” flying through the sky.

In Medieval times, in

1561AD, people in Germany

reported seeing in the sky

black and blood-red balls that

seemed to battle with giant

red crosses. Today, the many

people continues believe

UFO and alien. Scientists

are not sure if aliens are real

or fake. Area 51, in the

United States, is a top secret

military center. People think

that Area 51 is a secret place

for studying UFOs and aliens,

but no one knows for sure,

because it is secret for gov-

ernment only.

According to the NASA web-

site, scientists are studying if

life might exist on other plan-

ets. A team of scientists from

NASA sent a robotic rocket

to Mars. Cameras took pho-

tographs on Mars and photo-

graphs were sent back to

NASA officials on Earth with

a satellite. The scientists no-

ticed the terrains on Mars; the

terrains have many channels.

The channels looked as if

they had been carved by wa-

ter. Maybe Mars had water

in the past.

In 2004, a team of scientists

went to the Hawaii near Hilo.

They had found living bacte-

ria more than four thousand

feet deep in volcanic rock.

Because Mars is made of

volcanic rock, they thought

bacteria maybe could live in

Mars because bacteria could

live in rock says scientist

Martin R. Fisk, a professor at

Oregon State University.

NASA official scientists

found more evidence of this

in bacteria fossils from mete-

orites in 1996. Meteorites

that crashed on our earth had

fossils that could be smaller

than bacteria called microbes.

The best evidence of life in

outer space was found when a

NASA rocket came back to

earth. On the rocket was a

discovered bacterium from

outer space. The scientists

were amazed because the

outside temperatures were

380 degrees. How could the

bacteria live?

Scientists think that a bacte-

rium lives other planets. If a

bacterium lives on other plan-

ets, maybe there are other

forms of life as well. Are

there aliens? No one knows

for sure yet.

Is There Life on Other Planets?

By Tobin

Scientists and researchers have been wondering if life exists on

other planets. In 2008, using a big telescope, scientists discovered a star with colors blue

and green. Could the blue color possibly be water or oceans? Could the green colors be

plant life?

Wednesday, October 05, 2011

JULIAN BAUM/SCIENCE PHOTO

LIBRARY / Universal Images

Group

Science Source / Photo Research-

ers / Universal Images Group

JOE TUCCIARONE / SCIENCE

PHOTO LIBRARY / Universal

Images Group

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY /

SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY /

Universal Images Group

It now seems that time travel is no longer just the inhabitant of a science fiction novel, it could potentially be real, all because of worm-holes.

To begin let’s get down some of the basic theories and tings in our uni-verse that are related to wormholes. First is matter such as planets and stars. Next and probably most importantly would be the space-time continuum. this is a fairly abstract topic to understand, and to explain it I will use an anal-ogy.Imagine that there is a bed sheet pulled completely flat. Now if you were to put different types of objects on it they would each create an impression in the sheet rela-tive to their size. The larger the object, the larger the impression that it makes. This is a basic out-line of spacetime except that in real life the “objects” are actually planets and stars. Now a wormhole is fairly simple. Imagine if the sheet was folded over so that there was some space between both sides of the folded sheet. Now if you but a bas-ket ball on the sheet this would probably creat an in-dentation that goes about halfway through the space that was left. If there was equal pressure applied to the other half of the sheet the two planets or stars would meet, breaking through and creating a wormhole. (See picture)

Seeing as this is an anomaly in the normal work-ing of the universe, there are many things that it could potentially be used for, but there are also some major drawbacks. One of the larg-est and most common theo-ries pertaining to wormholes is that they could be used for teleportation, or at least mov-ing much faster than the speed of light, and ultimately time travel. this would be possible because wormholes are literally the corner cutters

of the universe. While even if you are travelling at the speed of light for an entire year, if the conditions were optimal you could do the exact same trip in less than a second in a wormhole. This is because you can go straight across instead of having to go the long way around. (see image) Gott, the Princeton scientist, envi-sions the wormhole effect as being like that of a mirrored garden ball. When looking through the wormhole, how-ever, one would not see a reflection of that same gar-den, but instead a garden on, say, Alpha Centauri, the star closest to our solar system.

Sadly as with most unbelievable and wonderful things there are major obsta-cles that you have to sur-mount for this to be possi-ble. for one, to make aor to fine-tune a wormhole for travel would take years. This is if you were to start with a pre-existing worm hole and all you wanted to fit through was one proton. "We aren't saying you can't build a wormhole. But the ones you

would like to build - the predictable ones where you can say Mr Spock will land in New York at 2pm on this day - those look like they will fall apart," Dr Hsu said. Another large problem with worm-holes is that they would be highly unstable, and would have to be held open by ex-otic matter. Exotic matter is matter with a mass of less then 0, these are also called Casimir particles. Kip Thorne, a gravitational theo-rist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, showed in 1988 that these tunnels could be kept open by an exotic form of matter known as Casimir en-ergy. Then there is the prob-lem that, according to Gott, a wormholes mouth would 100,000,000 solar masses. This is equivalent to the weight of our sun. So possibly far in Earth’s

future, or maybe even now in

a different galaxy, advanced

technology could help us

create and sustain worm-

holes for use. Oh, they also

might be one way.

Tele

port

atio

n, t

ime

trav

el a

nd m

uch

mor

e…

By: V

alm

iki

Image from the Encyclopedia of Science

How Massive can Black Holes Be?

YOO JEONG

OCTOBER 2011

Before we find out how massive Black Holes can be, what are they?

To understand clearly, think of a vacuum cleaner. They suck up everything that is near them. The same goes for Black Holes, but Black Hole’s gravity is way, way, WAY stronger than the vac-uum. Black Holes are so strong and dense, nothing can get out, even light. When refer-ring to Black Holes, lots of people think about the size of the Black Hole, at least I did. Later, I found out that Black Holes are meas-ured by their mass, how much stuff is in them. The mass of Black

Holes are larger than the Sun, maybe even a million times more!!

How massive can a Black Hole be? There actually is no limit to how massive a Black Hole can be, but the only limit is the ma-terial that can be sucked in to the Black Hole. So if a Black Hole sucked in everything in

the universe, then there won’t be anything left that can be pulled into the Black Hole.

When an ex-tremely massive star, maybe a billion times massive than our Sun, turns into a Black Hole, they will become really

massive. Or if a Black Hole gained a lot of mass because they sucked in lots of mass, then that Black Hole would become massive too.

How Massive Black Holes Can Be

What Black Holes Are

Extra Information

About Black

Holes :

There are three types of

Black Holes—They are

‘Super Massive Black

Holes’, ‘Steller Mass Black

Holes’, and ‘Micro Black

Holes’. If the Black Hole

has a really, really huge

mass, then it would be

called a ‘Super Massive

Black Hole’.

Scientists believes that

there is one ‘Super Mas-

sive Black Holes in the

core of every galaxies.

Black Holes are black so

you can’t see them in

space. But scientists can

find where they are be-

cause the stars that is

around the

Black Holes

act differ-

ent from

normal

stars.

How Black Holes Form

Now you found what Black Holes are, how are they formed? Believe it or not, Black Holes are formed when stars runs out of its nuclear fuel. There is a limit to what kind of stars can become a Black Hole. The Star have to be HUGE, way bigger than our Sun. In space, the more massive an object it, the more gravity it has.

Even if the star ran out of its nu-clear fuel, the gravity is still left behind. So if the star has enough gravity, the strong grav-ity with start to suck up everything, and the star into itself. The reason why a star needs cer-tain amount of mass to become a Black Hole is that if there is not enough gravity, then the gravity wont have the enough pull to col-lapse on itself.

Computer artwork of a black hole and a

surrounding accretion disc (red and blue) of

material spiralling into the black hole. Pic-

ture by: Chris Butler