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ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY mVolume 17 Number 2 1990
A LITE BURXIXG BEYOLUTIONThe inlluences of the Industrial Revolution areapparent in many asp€cls ol the archaeologyof the eighteenth to twentieth centuries. Indus-tries like iron smelting and cotton spinning weresw€pt along early by the 'Revolution', but itsinlluences on others took longer and cameabout in diflerenl wavs. The production of lirnewas one aclivity slow to change, remaining formost ol the eighteenth and n neteenth cen-turies mainly a small'scale business, with littletechnical innovation. However, a process indus,trialisation did occur Recent work at oneimporlant hme producrng s,te In lhe Penninesprovides a microcosm ol developments whichatlected the industry in the late nineteenth andearv twentielh centuries.In May and June 1989 the sile ol the LangclifteUmeslone Ouarry and kilns, near Settle inNorth Yorkshire, was the subiect of an archaeo-logical suNey in advance of pro@sds todevelop the site as a tourist attraction. Thesurvey was carried out by the LancasterUniversity Archaeological Unil on behalf of theRibblesdale Trust, according to a briel outlinedby Robert White of the Yorkshire Dales NallonalPark. The aims of the survey were to provide adetailed inventory and survey ol remains on thesite, and lo construct a preliminary account olits development using physical, documentaryand oral evidence.lhe use of lime grew rapidly during theInduskial Revolulion. 11 was lhe major ingre-dient of mortar lor building, il was used widelyas a lenilizer, and it had a crucial role as a fluxin iron production. Olher uses were in tanntng.bleaching, disinfeclion, glass manulaclure andpaper making. Fhere is linb published work toestablish the hislorical developmenl ol trmeburning, either in the Pennines or nationally.However Arthu Raistrick, in Old YorkshireDales, suggested that the lime industry of theregion rellected general trends For the medie,val period he identified the existence oftemporary kilns lor building, and scattered andintermittently op€rated kilns lor agricultural uselmprovements in agriculture in lhe sixteenth toeighleenth cenluries led to expansion ot thelime industry However, Raistrick suggestedthat the scallered paltern of lime burning in theDales remained much lhe same into thenineteenth century. wrth the imoortant addttionof clusters ot 'selling' kilns where limestonewas adjacent to coal suppliesIn the Senle area. there seems lo have been awell establashed lime industry by the midnrneleenlh century, producing lime mainly lor
local consumption. But Revolutionary' changescame as an rmmedrale consequence oi theconstruction ol the Seltle and Carlisle Railway,whrch connected lhe area with large externalmarkets. The Langcliffe quarries and works,three miles north of Settle next lo the newlyconstructed southern section of the ra lway (SD824 663) we'e one prod"ct of l1e expansro'rThe Langcllffe compex cons sted oi two neigh-bouring but independent limeworks, both otwhrcl^ began i. '372-3. tra,lsponr.rg a gequantrties of qlcklme lo Bradiord and Shef-lield on the new railway The larger of the twowas the Craven Lime Company, lormed by thelong'standing partnership ol John Clark andMichael Wilson, lhe smaller was lhe companyof Thomas Murgalroyd.Murgatroyd buill a traditionally designed, ifmassively scaled, set ot three draw krlns lorburning lhe lime. However the CravenCompany decrded on an even more rassive
Hotfman type kiln which today is a ScheduledAncient Monumenl The kilns survive substan-tially intact together with the base ol a later,verlical sleel hiln and assocraled quaflres.transporl systems and ancillary buildings. TheMurgatroyd works had closed by 1907 but theCraven works were in production until 1939.Alter the war the site passed throLrgh severalownerships belore becoming a rubbish dump.An aerial view (below) shows that substantialparts oi the layout and slructures ot bothlirneworks survive. On lhe Craven site the latestphases ol quarrying. above and left of thereiuse lrp Wthin these areas and leading tolhe processrng area can be traced some ol thesrte s tramway network This Included weighingmachrnes a lunnel under one ol lhe spoilheaps. and al leasl two Inclined planes-{hemost promrnenl surv|vrng above the ovalHotfman krln complele wrth drurr houstngBetween the quarries and the mainline railway
Aerial view ol lh6 Langclille limswo*s Photo: Rob6n WhiIE, fo*shi.e Dales Nanonat F,E*
\*'{ r-'
larnrv ol kiln types strll In use loday Vertrcal
krlns seem lo have been a steel clad develop-
menl ol the draw kiln wth lhe essenlEl
drflerence lhal luel was ted dlrectly Inlo lne
burnrng zone There were many variants lhe
Dielzch ktln for example was developed lor
cement manulaclure In 1884 and later adapled
for lrme. and others included the Aalb'i.
Smidth and Spencer kilns The exacl mak( -the Craven example is not known, although
Spencer ktlns were In use nearby lls dale ol
conslruclron is also unknown although it was
clearly in use by 1907
The Langclitle site is imporlanl nol lusl
becaLtse ol lhe scheduled Hotlman kiln The
draw'kiln and steelkrln types illuslrate stages
ol technologtcal developmenl ln lhe late nine-
leenth cenlury, when importanl advances were
chretly of lorelgn ongln Wth lts ttansporl
syslem and many anclllary bulldings the slte
conslituies a valuable document ol lhe mosl
revolulionary stage in lhe developmenl ol lne
lime Industry as well as ol lhe Industrral hlstory
ol lhe Yorkshrre DalesThe investigatron ol the site will conlinue, and
publication ol lhe survey and oral hrstory
research is planned The aulhors wrll be
gralelul for inlormalion aboul comparaoE or
conkasting sites elsewhere and in parlcular
about other Hollman limekilns No methodEal
survey of Hoflman ktlns has yel been altemp-
led, bLrt others are known to sLlMVe at Inglelon
in Norlh Yorkshtre. Llanymynech in Powys. and
Minera in Clwyd Two kilns sutuNe closer Io
therr technological origins as pan ol a mLrseum
projecl al Witlen in the Ruhr Three examples
now demoltshed stood near Buxlon in Der
byshtre and lwo mole near Eelchworth In
Surrey Communications should be addresseo
lo Ntchael Trueman al lhe Lancasler unNersily
Archaeological Unit, Bailrigg Lancasler, LA1
4YB Michael rrueman
Lancastet University Archaeological Unit
HELP!TO ABSTBACT OB NOI TO ABSTRACT
The AIA Abstractlng Service has now been
operating lor several years lls purpose rs to
keep members inlormed of articles on industrial
archaeology and allied subjecls which appear
both in local society publicatrcns and in the
national and lechnical press. The abslracls
appear at the back of each issue of Industnal
Archaeology Review The scheme is lhal
abslracls be senl in on a regular basis by a
network ol conlributors SF€clal lorms are
issued and litlle work is involved Unlortunately
lne number ol volunleers parllclpa|ng is
currenlly very small. and thls is reflectecj rn the
lairly narrow range ol publlcalions whlch are
normally quoled New volunleers are thefelore
urgently needed who are willing to keep a
walching brEl on Journals to which they may
akeady subscribe or which they can reaolly
see Undertaken properly this could be an
exlremely valuable service summansrng some
ol the mynad arlicles which are relevanl lo
induslrial archaeology but which even the mosl
dedrcaleci could not possibly keep ab(east ol
alone Supplies ol lorms and olher detalls are
available trom John Powell, The Library, lron
bndge Gorge Museum lronbridge TelJord
Shropsh re, TF8 7AW (095245 2751) lt more
volunteers do nol come torward, il may be
concluded there is not sutJicient Inlerest lo
lustity conlinurng.
lnside the Hotfman kih al tangclifie
the Starnlorlh Srdrngs provided lhe knk lhal
broLrght coal In and look lime and llmeslone
away The butldings here are now lhe County
Councrl reluse depol, but old photograpns ano
Ordnance Survey maps Indlcale lhal some
were workshops and otlrces dallng lrom
several phases ol operalion A slone c(rsher
was also Probably used In lhrs area
Thomas Murgalroyd s main quarry lay at lhe lar
lett ol the photograph with, possrbly a second
quarry lo the lett oJ the kiln bank The large
revelmenl wall ol the kllns and thetr charging
holes can be made out JUsl above the railway,
wrlh a line clearly shown leadlng down lrom lls
base An rnclined plane raised coal lrom the
srdings lo the cnarglng ramps
The remarns ol lhe three kiln lypes useo al
Langclille are vrsually lmpressrve as well as
represenlrng dlsllnci slages In lirnekln lechno
logy rn the Industrlalisalon phase ol lhe lrade'lhe lhree large draw krlns ol the f.4llrgatroyd
wofks represenl the earliest slage ol klln
technoogy on lhe srle Thls lype ol krln
appears lo have developed In lhe early lo mlo
erghleenlh cenlury as a rellnement ol lhe
pfimlrve flare krln Burnlng was a conllnuous
process wrlh llmeslone and coal berng leo Ln
alternatrng layers lrom lhe lop ol lhe krh Inlo
an Inverled cone A burnlng zone was
marnlarned al lhe approxrmale cenlre ol lhe krln
and burnl hme was cxlraoled kom lhe draw
hole al rts baseThe operalton ol lhe Hotlman krln was by
contrasl a honzontal process Llrneslone was
packed Inlo a conllnuous lunnel usually In lwo
separale slacks al opposrle ends of lhe krln
Coal was led kom lhe lop lhroLlgh a mullrtude
ol leeder holes Draughl was provded Dy a
ch mney lhrough a nelwork ol llues A irre was
marnlarned In bolh hmeslone slacks the
Hotlman kiln In plan, ftom A B Seatle Limeslone
and ds Products. 1935
Pholo: Luau
advancement o{ which was controlled by
openrng and shLltling the tlLles and varyrng lhe
quantry ol coal fed lrom above Fresh llme_
stone was contlnually packed ahead ol the
'burning zone and lime exlracted frorn behlnd
it This type ol kiln was capable ol producrng
large quanlities ol lime could be repalred
wrthoul halting produclron and was repuled to
produce a very PUre lmeThe circular lorm ol the kiln was patenled by
Ffiedrich Hoflman in 1858 for brick makrng'
N,4any rmprovemenls lollowed and lhe irsl use
lor lime bLrrnrng presumably dates to thls
period Hollman himsell. in 1870, patenled a
nearly reclangular verslon lhat became the
more usual design The Langclille Holtrnan klln
whrch dates lrom only three years atler the
second palenl. rs an unLlsually large example
with a tunnel iusl under 800 leet lonq
The second kiln al the Craven Works was ol a
A verlical sleel kiln, Itom A B Seade. Limeslone a'd
e lNtsOS al lsdureH qorellsel proisralpueLl3 suapreo ale^rnols 0z sr ssalppeaql ralu^ oo spuetiaaM 6uD oM ainlnlrol srarieeds ro scrdol rol suousa66ns
^ue ro
'L!aL, dtaL tqbl]l VtV Jql sle^r 6.-rp.re6"r ceopr
Iue e^e! Iaql lr sarlarcos Luo4 leeLl ol paseadoq oste pnoM I ullellnS eql u papnt.ur aquec I 'dnorb rno^ lo srelep 6u rO ocotd Uoqse eur puos uec no^ I sarlord Alecos lolEald ALi.r lpader llr^ I lauroclo^ sn paurof lsnla^eq oq/ asoql ot pue poseariur sEq Durtertrjje
serlarcos Jo roqLunu oql le!1l ureel ol ourseodfua^ Lraeq seLl ll s enpr^ pLr ot oste pLre
sdnorb leJot ol pe alqene^ e aq lM lr leqledoq aM burds aqt Lr Lls tqnd ol papualur sr llLlorltrl^ lsrl sarla aos Elol palepon oql ol(rr palelodrocu ouLssasord rolle pue palrnlal uaaq
o^eq pnoqs salorcos pele!uv o] lno tuosarreuuorlsenb oql sql peol no^ aurl oq]
^g qcrPl\ur eopuquorl ur no^ aas ot adoq I ViV aql losroqursur pue lrlunoc sraaruo pue sarlarcosraqlo lo srequlaLu qloq taau ol acupqo E
ielo soouaqleo aql sardol ^ueui
uo slarleadsr€eLl 01
^lrunlroddo eq] ourpr^ord se laM
sV eAloorlsur pue olqelolua Lueql pul ^lensn buole o!.roc oq^A osoql leqt no^ alnssp Lreo
I s6u laou asaql ol uaoq ro^ou a^eq no^ ll sfurof l]
^ no^ lo
^ueu.r leql edoq op ouofua^a
lsor€lur ol ourqleLlos LllrM aLULUeloOrdpaue^ P a^eq a/!\ 'oas llr/n no^ sv uorleroossv aqt Jo sraqLueur reqlo rol aurLuel6oldsql qlr^ tno )uos 6uaq ale qcrqi puo)iaoMoLJ rl.loM 6Lr]ds eql Jo slrelap pe^acal e^eqApeerl€ l ^
serlacos petert!]V lo seu€]etcas
@
oql lo ^ue!.r
peepul uotletuesald lo aoluetenoou s eore uorteruosuoc e se uoDeubtsop lEqlareMe sr lr 'dnor6 e sV poacold uec
^ltunul u.roc pue ^]lsnpur
lo uorlesrtplna] aql qctqM
uro4 acinosar a^rlsoo e sr adecspupi ueqrn€nbrun srqt teql a^attaq dnol6 sFocuv aqluonlo^ar putsnput oql lo 6utuut6aq oql ulo4
^lrLlnLt]uroc eDlsnpur ue Jo luoutoo o^op aql
alerlsnll ^lec
!dEr6 os q9rq^ puoM aql ur seelE/1^Ol Oq ueo aleqf AceuJud slqt sasturoltdolrls qcrq^ eare Allro aql sr sleocuv pup trc leulsnpur lsrt s plloi^ aql sE/r lol$qou9y\
^Itenb e|qelsrt Jo aq ol lqonoql
are solnlcnls raqto uEur pue polstt uaaq
lle e^eLl sllrur uolloc eql )iloMlou leuea aqllo sued pue ulalled lools leurouo aql outpnlcul'lsed s,eore aql ol luourelsal leaq ol a^tNnsose sourprnq
^lrunLt]Luoc pue leLtsnput )eqlo
'Ie^rns llrLl.r lun ectooloaeqclv lolsoqcuenrolearg aql pue puelou3 ur slueulnuo!11 luatcuvuo uorssrulxoC pAoB aqt Iq
^pnts potElop lo
lJelqns aql uaoq e^eq qclqu!\ slltul uoUoo ^pee Jo dnoi6 roleur e epnlcur sornlcn4s ou|ANnS
6ursnoq
ledrcrunL! lsrU s,]alseqcuey\ Jo uotlcnllsuocoql pue stueuo^ordu]l fuelrues Iq pole]otlauleojor suo[puoc s088l. ot]l ut uorlBlndod aqllo suoruod snorgouep lso{! pup }seslPoceql q!/t urP/r s sourtlo/vrp polplqua un puepeuErpun lo solrd dn-ps)1els aql lolaqM]sUnoo prlenbs pue seuEFIq ,o spuesnoqlse elcruorqc bururol,.{ aql ur peqDcsap se,sleocuv 6t8! ul suorttpuo9 6ut edde ut our^tl
^iuo[eu-] lsp^ aql 'eale gql olut peLluelc ale/\^
atdoed 000 LZ 'tZBt Ig uo[etndod to xn|]ul
lper6 e ^q
peqcleu] seM fulsnpur to lr]ouldol-o^op eqf srroNosor noqu laqleool
^losolc pelaed oq ol sllrL! or.ll outpeua 'lai od uJealsiol releir'\ pepr^od osle nq 'slcnpord poqstulJpue qeualeu
^ et leoc Jo uotleuodsue4aLll rol fuoue lelluasso aql se A leuec aql
'sursPq pue seqcuerq
lo )lroMleu str r]lM euec aFpqcou oql louorlapLrJoc eql Aq oslE pue alluac lPr9loulriJocs uoroar eqt ol esolc pupl ourplrnq lo
^ltqel|e^e aql Aq patcertte SP^ ,llsnpul puel6Ll olSr lelseqCuey! Pq,$ lalsotlcue!'{ Ol Sl SleOCuV,
teql pres se^1lr 6t8! Iq pue spppuets ralsoqc-ue!\ Aq ua^o crlPuleip sp/v\ uouestteulsnpulerll|l pue L]r€qlej sroauroua aq] pue
^peuua)4 pue leuuoCct! pue AErny! e pue V siouutdsuoloc eql ourpnlcur 'sleocuv ur paseq oleMs.rnauaroalluo lnrsseccns lsoLrJ sAllunoc eqlJo au]os sapErl palelal pue $jlo/v\ ouuaoutouosllrur uotioc paroMod-Lueals a6nq lol sncol
e aueceq uoos earP aql pue s081t aql ur slotdourplrnq olur paprap se/\ IIc aql oprslno puel-Llrel uorrp^or ler]lsnpur sarc oql Jo ulsoc-olcrtx e sr pue ralsoqcupl l funluac-qlueouota
lo qrnqns lellsnpur pauueld e sP/!\ sleocuv'snleF ea.re uorENesuoc
luerb ot paeroe lrcunoC ^tC
oqt 696l laqulel-das ur puE luauJupdep ouruueld c[eqledu.]^se ol esec sl paluasard ll sourplrnq ouruteuJel
lle lo ^a^ins
e^suaxa ue lno paulpc dnot6 oql'pe^lo a seq qcrqa
^lrunulLlroc aql Jo llllds oql
lnq eeJe aql lo cuqEl aql lsnt tou our^lasoid louoluaur e!11 qlrn egre uorletuesuoc E parElcap
eq ol sleocuv roj ssero ot poururalop tlc'uorle cosse asool P luosald pue lsed sleo(pouriol sorlorcos
^lrueure lo
^lauP^ sptr
e uo4 slenpr^rpur peu.lealroc lo dnolo e 'stqlSuh ollof abeluor] s.tstsaqouey\J bu|fuosuoc
lo sAeM ssncsrp ol ,eurLlas e plaq {arcos lec-rqoosolqd pue ierall lalsaqcueul aql 9g6t ul
VSUYNorrv^utsl{oc slvocl'tv
lstssPol alqE oq lq6rur lr rprq^t ur s^e/l^ roprsuocplno/6 vlv oql 'srsEq pr.rt e uo sdeq-rad 'srgalunlo^ a^rlcadsord ol uolprurolu!6u|^16 pue spoou buuolsroa] lo alor sqluo arlel ol sollsl/rr\ lequr€ur
^uE I In$nrl
a^ord llaM lq6lL! gcl^rss 6urqcear-opr/v\orour e la^ar\oH
^pa]tp uloql lcpluoc
uec pue seole roql ur saueqcs uorle^-reserd to a\ou{ lllry\ vlv lo slaqurouJ }sow
6u 1.teq q4'suea1 s1Lr.1 giloqs d oq aqt 6uo sr ]sr aL]l
erqsqued ur oDl o6iel8 le lrn )iueg qlro) lo)Ou/v\o eql lolceB-LlenlS )eled ln pUE uollo8ur slll1 sellv le
^tercos aurouf lr'\] uraquoN
aql arqse9uel ur lcr,4 splourE8 poqs uor9uegur au6ua alll raue riool OLt/r^ Ilercos lleulsaql plno/l^ se s€otunlo^ orour a)ill ono,4 spaalur urnasnll sllrr!
^olrlrv 6uol st slcalod lo
lsrt aql earE iaql u deq bulpeau slcolord loplol eq pue ur jpc ueql plnoc stsersnLllul daqpopeeu Aoql ueqM so^asLuaqt Jelsr6o) pnocsarlarcos uorte^rosord pue slouMo eut6uf,ourt oleq, e on los ol oLuoc sEq auil aql lael I
oO ol alaLl,r rl ou)i aqt l pa io^ur 1aO ol a^ol plno^ oq,1^ adoadlo sroqunu a6re oq lsnLrJ aleql dleq laalunlo^lo lcel ro] pale4sn4 lnq crlsetsnqlue fueApuE leurs sr luaule^oL! uotlEtuesold autoueAIELJo lels aq1 poleelC lle e/s else/v\ eq1 AeAe)lool pue rluerp aM rolem aql pooLuno souolceJpuP sllr!! eql pere^ od seurouo a6nq asoq-t'eLroue Lueals fueuorlels eql :srooulDua Luealspalerlsn4 rol lolno raqloue sr aieql la^ai oH'€rouJ rot qsr/r^ Ilqeqord qno3
^aql qonoql
osp srsolorl roJ lla,\^ elrnD soop lueura^oLu uo I-EN€Serd
^eMlrer oql seuroue lreql ]aup )iool
ot tue/ Iaqt dloLl €qt lp a^eq ^qeqod
'sMollel6jgnl sreu,Mo euroue uorlcErl ele^ud lsot",l
apepaeu sr dloq roalunlo^ aieq^
lo a6po^^oul ,o lcel e ildluts st otaql leqlalqrssod 1r sr rO Z^lrolpur lreLlcLllJe aLll pautolsraalunp^ aq plnoM a pH bututpap ole slaal-unlo^ lo s.roqurnu oql
^eleunuolun
fuelunlo^sr lr Jo
^luoleur aql leql sasrpel euo uaqi
Irencrtied '6urql elqe)peLuai e s uorleNasotd'rls reoo
sfcNvH9xt unogvluoltot tt{r ol sutlli't
)alsaqxuew tulsnpulpue ecuaas Jo unasnw Ja\eulqM IueSAa^Jns rw nvbl9/lwHca swertlM otttw
uec lr ^e,4
lecrlceld Ale ut olnquluoc
IryHCA NAuIdot :qoqd
pue ,ssor6ord, lolruoul ol ,no^eapue llD dnol6stpocuv aql tuaLulsa^ur Aq pauoddns aqlI^ dels lsrll slq teqt odoq
^luo uec eM lredaj
JO Alels jood e ur ele pe^e^lns solnpnlls
Puec ePpqcoS eqt L!o4'lelsoqauey{ sllur lueue lseplo eql'sllu.i uouoc s,Ipeuue) pup leuuoCcy\l pue s,IBrny\ :paruasuog spocuv
coNSEnvlrrol| altD Tr{E H20w1{EisAriong lhe considerable assels which lheirnew share-holders can now conlemolate, the'ten waler companies ol England and Wales'have an archilectural legacy which ancludes
some ol the oulstanding sleam engine housesin lhe \,!orld, as well as water tollers and damsof pollerful and ingenious design. The mulliplebeam engine palaces of lhe mid-nineleenthcentury are among the linest producls of acolleclive mind awash w[h the architecturalstyles ol the pasl, burlt by a nation newly
conscious of its civic dignily and nationalweallh. The great halls built lo house thelowenng weddrng cake lflple expansionengines Jrom the 1890s are swagged anddecorated with typical Edwardaan pomposity.
Through highlands lrom Wales to Scotland lhenew industrial conurbalions appropriated val'leys to create reservoirs wilh a Wagnerian eye,whilsl across lowland Brilain waler towefsmushroomed in stvles hom the Greek revival tolhe Arts and CratlsThese buildings constitute the principal archr-
lectural lorms ol lhe waler induslrv, an uncata-logued expresgon ol lhe urbanisalion ol Vic-
lorian Britain. In a book planned lor later thisyear, SAVE Britain s Heritage are hopang tomake bolh the general public and the new
Gothic Horror al Green Lane pumping station,Hanlngay Photo: J.hes Do@l
companres appreciate its beauty and impor-lance, and to help lhe best pans lo survive lhe.nosl draslrc changes srnce lhe extinction ollhe greal sleam engrnes wilh lhe comtng ol lhecompacl eleclnc pumpThe record ol conservalion in lhe waler Industry
has been generally good, rnany ol lhe ltneslengrne houses becomrng museums or berng
run nlacl by volunlary lrusls The mosl glanng
exceplon rs lhe lnesl ol lhem all however.
Abbey ldrls n easl London whch conlinues lolangursh In Hamme, Horror splendour under a
verl o1 drrl The new sludy wrll arm lo high[ghllhose burdrngs mosl In need ol the kind otcare lhat l'ras been Vovidtd by lhc best
, erdlple5 ul at lv, ln-.-qralt'n. such as alt Flyhope Enqhlon anrj f . w
Equally I \i/rll lry lar produce a coherenl prclure
ol lhe exlenl and drversrty ol lhe Induslry'S
archilectural legacy, so thal the developmenlwhich is bound to lollow privalisalion does notobliterate slructures whose value mav be
missed il only viewed.on a balance sheet. The
old water authorities, despite some lapses, like
lhe demolition of Elkesley in Notlinghamshire,were usually sympalhetic, valuing amenity andmaintaining buildings to a high slandard. Thepressures on the new companies, both lromcustomers lretting aboul clean tap waler andkom profit-anxious stockholders, will be quile
ditlerenl, so they should at the very least beproperly informed as to the importance of therr
buildings and the value we pul on them.
Such inlormalion is an important supplement tolhe statutorv controls on develoomenl. since as
Oliver Pearcy and Peler White have recentlyoointed out in Conservation News, ...nenherscheduled monuments or list€d bualdingcont.ols provide a totally satisfactory basistor conirolling works to historic plant'. Theposilaon ol buildings like waler tov!€rs whichmay, through lheir singularity of tunction, beviewed as planl, is notoriously uncertain, and it
is a relief that English Heritage are sympathetlclo lhe oolential oroblem.Faced by a building no longer in use, what
should lhe new comoanies do? Full preseNa-
tion in operating condition is obviously the ideal
solution, and lor the likes ol Abbey Mills, everyetlort must be made by public and p vate
groups towards this end. Allematively, plant
can be mothballed, as at Maply Brook, Chorleywhile the burlding conlinues to house replace-ment electric pumps. New uses have beenlound which provrde lor reparr and main_
tenance costs, and these spacior-rs and well-hl
b{]ildings can otten be adapted, lo. instance asoachestral rehearsal rooms, or even Jor l'ing.In lhe case of demolition, lull records have looe made. lhough rt rs hoped lhal by lecognis-ing lhe importance of the industry's collectionlosses may be minimised The trrst step musl
be lo carry out a comprehensve slocklaktng,since preliminary research seems to show lhatthere ts nowhere a complele lisl of the hrstonc
buildings ol the waler industry. The author olthe SAVE study is appealing lor inlormahon,particularly about those buildings most likely tob€ overlooked and which local knowledgemight pick up, and lor conlact with people
akeady recording and prolecling struclureslinked to the supply ol water and the removal olsewage. SAVE has an excellenl record olraising awareness within lhe public, the medra
and private organisations ol the need lorconservation, and this is a good opportunity lorindustrial archaeology lo advance rts under-
valued case lor proleclion and preservation.
Please write to James Douel, 16 CrowndaleRoad, Knowle, Bristol BS4 2DZ (0272 7763161
IHE CAA DI CANDI LEGTURE I9A9'Industrial Archaeology: presenl ptoblems andfuture directions' was the theme chosen bv DrNeil Cossons. Drreclor of the Science Museum,when he addressed a minuscule audience at
the University of Birmingham in December.Dr Cossons began by remembering the begin-nings ol industrial archaeology under lhe aeg|sol this very university in the mid 1950s, whenMichael Rix and others began to examine anddetine industrial monumenls in the unlovedposl war landscapes ol the M/est midlands. The
Council lor British Archaeology s Industrial
Archaeology Research Committee had been apowerful intluence since 1959, and lhe hdus-lrial Monumenls Survey which it tathered had,
lhrough ils thematic and county sutueys, beenol inestimable value in identityrng key siles andsecuring therr proleclonIndustrial Archaeologv had nol, however,
secured .ecognil|on in itself, and still had toachieve lhree things belore il can be sarcl lohave come of age First. more practiloners areneeded lo develop the pa(icular skills requifedand 10 lormahse sludies ol induslrial land'scapes The academic crilical mass has notyet been reached, and Industrial archaeologiststrained by postgraduale studies need to lrnd
employers Second, there are slill not enoughresources lo lackle the demands ol Induslnalarchaeology, it mrssed oul on the lunding oJ
rescue archaeologj/ in the 1960s, and has
never allracled lhe resources to develop aorooer record on lhe lines ol lhe HisloncAmerican Burldings Survey and Historrc Ameri'can E,]grneel|ng Becord In the Unrted SlalesThird. attrludes lo induslialisalion have nolbeen changed ll rs nol yel possible lo have
lhe processes which normally presetue monu'menls ol lhe dislanl past applied to monu-menls ol lhe induslrial age. Instead industrialarchaeology accepls the drmrnrshrng processes
ol adaptive re-use. even lor monumenls olundoubted world signilicance. lf lhe basicproblem rs lanancial stringency. pehaps there
should b€ some de-accessioning ol early
guardianship sites. But to take on, lor example,St Pancras would mean lhe loss ol a lot ol long
bafiows in Wiltshire. Old sites in rural areas are
cheap lo run, and lhe archaeological establlsh-ment is nol equrpped lo deal with lhe scale olmonuments later than the post-medieval.
Neil Cossons went on to outline three initiatives
which could tackle these shortcomtngs ll ls
Iame lo accept that a legitimale breed olandustrial archaeologists does exrsl, and ensurelhal these rare beings can lrain olhers This
iniliative will only be successlul if there are
places to employ industrial archaeologists, andvarious institutions-English Heritage, theScience N,4useum, lronbridge, the Black CountryMuseum-should make an act ol laith and usesuch people to further their work Then
academic induslrial archaeology needs someacademic homes to house and develop thebreed: in one or lwo university deparlmenls olarchaeology, which currently oversupply theearlier period skills but produce no-one tolurther industnal archaeology The lronbridgeInstitute, lounded on industrial hrstory and apreservation ethic, he said, needs a slrongerarchaeolog|cal rootFinally English Hefilage needs a new methodol guardranshrp. Involvrng local enlhusiasm.managemenl agreemenls, and a parlnership ln
lunding. About lorty important industnalmonu-menls are curently in lhe care ol enthustastgroups, bul what happens when the enlhu'srasls can no longer manage? or cossonsspoke ol Oueen Slreet Mill, the lasl steam'driven textile mill in Brilarn, where lhe lradilionallorm ol guardianshrp is a non-starler becauselhe process of p€rsuasion is too drtlicull, andwhere the real ddemma is the lack ol localenlhusrasls As lhe old skrlls de out il is a
dilemma wh|ch mrght be assisled by a sort olNational Trust lor Induslrial Archaeology, pro-
viding expertise, management and sile cuslo_
dians on a regional rather than a site basis. By
these lhree developmenls the tlvo branches olindustrial archaeology-the recordrng of period
archaeology and lhe preservalion ol rts srg'
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COURSE FISHINGThe lronbridge Inst[ute s courses in industrialarchaeology and hentage management havenow been established for several years. Theseare taken by students full-time over one year,pan.lime over two. or on a modular basis overlour years. However, tor the tirst time this year,
lhe Institute is making it possible lor people toangle lor just the elements they are particularlyInleresled in, and throw the rest back For leesol around 1700 to e1000, depending on themodule. sludents can join in with olherpanrcapants In the Inslitute's main poslgradualeprogrammes. The couFes run for about threeweeks each. They are on the evolution ofmodern Induslrial society and its archaeology(which slaned on 15 January), analysing his-loric buildings and landscapes (staning 1
Octobe0, the rnanagement of heritageresources (siarting 8 Octobe4, the archaeologyot the indlstrial revolution and marketing theheritage (both starting 12 Novembe0.IA MEETS IFA
Ths years conlerence ol the Institute ol FieldArchaeolog sts in Bfmingham, on 235 Apri1990 will include a substantial sesson onIndustria Archaeology for the first time A wtroleday sessron rs berng given over to Induskralarchaeology on 24 Apnl, in parallel with othersessions. The main themes will be the ditferences between industrial archaeology andlraditiona archaeological disciplines new fieldsol enqurry in the subject, and the natlre otinduslrial archaeology as a period studySeparate groups ol papers during the day willbe on industrial archaeological sites and theirrelalion to surounding landscapes, the scopeot induslfial archaeology, and industrialarchaeology as a resource. Speakers willinclude [.larilyn Palmer, Kate Clarke, StephenHughes. Adam Sharp, Jonathan Drake, MarkWatson and David Higgins. The keynote io thesession wll be given by Neil Cossons, who is
also gving a keynote address to the IFA
conlerence as a \4hole Other sessions duringthe conference will incude the subjects otrecord n9 standing build ngs, site evaluation.presenling the past, datlng rnethods andscentific archaeology Details are availablelrom the Assistant Secretary, InstitLrte ol FieldArchaeologrsls l\,4inera s Eng neering Building,Unrversily of B rmingham PO Box 363Blrm ngham 815 21I (021 471 2788)LONDON'S CHUNNEL MANIAWhrlsl the construction and iinance ol theChannel Tunnel itself s currently running Into
ditlicullies probems of uncertanty are alsoapparenl In redeveopment proposals to meellhe new needs of the tunne in London. Movesand countermoves over the ocalion of teamrnals and lhe choice of routes continue. andmany of lhese have implications lor thecapilal s Industnal archaeology.The oldest part of Wate oo Station (plattorms16-21. Windsor lrnes), daling irom a reburld in
1885. is being lranslorrned into a mullr sto.eytermrnal lor lhe Tunnel and will handle traffic as
soon as kains irom lhe Conlinenl starl lo runThese will reach Walerloo over surface lines vra
Bnxton. One consequence will be the removalol the interesting hydrauhc lilt whrch rarsescarriages lrom lhe Wateroo and City under-ground failway lne when they need to go a\rayIor repair A deep-level car park wrl be
6 construcled beneath the new Channe Tunneterm nal and eventually it wil be possible to runcarrages rnlo thrs to be taken away by road on
Hydraufic railway carriago lilt, \ /atoioo A J M Can
low loaders. The lift, which ncorporales a largehydrauiic jgger is due to be removed by early1990. lt dates from about 1989 when theWaterloo and City line was openedSecond thoughts about the Kngs Crossredeveopment could mean railway ands atStratlord in East London being used nstead tor
a Channel Tunnel terminal the No.th Londonline would likely be used Jor access. The greatexpense ol the proposed 15 kilometfe longtunnel lrom King s Cross through drtficultground beneath South Easl London to t\y'ott ng-ham SEg is enough to produce cold leetHowever, lor the original construclion ot theGreal Nonhern Railway northwards lrom King s
Cross, some ol the land required was ownedby St Barlholomew s Hospital. The hospitalgave up what was needed lor railway buildingon condilon lhal when no longer requrred lorrailway use il would reverl back. This s anadditional difliculty lor the Krng s Cross redevelopmenl scheme lt rs underslood the hospilalwll require a large sum of money to allownon-rallway use.ll the long tunnel lor Channel Tunnel lrains ftomKings Cross lo Moltingham s aclualy buillBanksrde Power Stalion would make a goodste lor a working shail or drift Some oi thewalls could be rela ned to hide the unsghtiness of lhe proceed ngs and spoi could besent away by barge Banksde only generatedelectncty lrom 1963 to 1981 However thepower station like Baltersea was designed byno less lhan S[ Gies Gilbert Scott Olr4, and inthe words ol Gavrn Stamp is the Ult maleTemple of Power Tfe Tl Ires Socre/ aedismayed that I has not been possible to istBanksde The former F nancral Tmes bu ldingBracl.e'] House rs cled a5 a^ e^omple o' d
recent burdrng ol comparable merit which doeshave such proleclion (see The Independent 11
October 1989) RJMCarr
ENGINE FOR ADOPTIONHave you ever wanled your own slatronarysteam engrne? The Bnstol WaleMorks Corn-pany rs drsposrng of one ol ils engrnes, and is
going lo some lrouble in order to lind rt a goodhome. Llnlo unaley no-one has yel expressedan Inlerest In tak ng the engine and it may havelo go ror scrapThe engne rs a 300 hp L lleshall Companytriple expansoo engne lt and the build ngwhich hoLrses it were constrLrcted in 1924 al lheBl|5lol Warprvvor'" Conpary, Cla Je! I eal-_1^.1 Worl5 .ledr BdLl,,!ell Br5lol -'le prgrlps severely co(oded but intact with auxilaryplant such as barring engine feed pumps, dc
generator and large dc overhead cfane slilinstaled as it last steamed n 1956 The
Company a ready preserves two beam engrnesat fs Blagdon Pumping Station and intends torenovate a Hathorn Davey triple expansronelgrlF ar V/rofia oumor'rg Slalron I'le orese -
vation of the Lilleshall engrne is lherelore notconsidered by the Company to be lus' IRernoval and rebuilding elsewhere woLviable and the company would give the engrneaway if a satisfactory proposal was made. Bythe time this notrce is read, a home may havebeen found for the engine lf not, help is
needed urgently, and serioLrs candidales loremove the engine should make contactimmedlately by telephoning Mr R.J Horn,Bristol WateMorks Company, PO Box 218,
Bridgwater Road Bristol, BS99 7AU \0272665881)
FIELDWORK AWABOS FOR 1989The presentation of last years man tieldworkaward ol e100 was made by the Assocalrcnsret ring Presidenl, Dr Mar lyn Pamer to GaryMarshall and James Walker at the Associa-lions annuai dinner in Huddersfeld on 16
Septernber 1989. The award was gven tor therrsurvey of over seventy industrial arohaeologicastes located in the grounds of the NationalTrust property at Calke Abbey in DerbyshrreN4uch has been wrtten in the national pressaboLrt this magpie s nest ol aflstocratrc treasures but such were merely the clng on thecake ol the wealth'generatrng complex olbricrdields. brchworhs. li'neslone qudrries.
lrmekilns, and eariy horse drawn railways lhatintersected the polite parklands In this studydocumentary and archaeological work werecombined to produce worlhwhile interpretiveresults.The laboLr of love undertaken by [rrchaelTaylor in his outslanding drawings of NewmillsWatermill on Black lsle, Ross-shire, was alsorecognised by the presentaiion ol a new pnze
for initiative ol f25 and a cert/lcate.Please send entries of work inciuding anyelement of Jieldwork for thrs yeais awards toStephen Hughes, RCAHI/ Waes EdlestonHouse Queen's Road, Aberystwylh, DyledSY23 2HP (0970 624381) by 16 March 1990.
DOROTHEA AWARDSThe AlAs annual conservation awards fundedby Dorothea Restorations has been given lor1989 to the Stailordshire Narrow Gauge Railway
Society ior restoration work on the locomotive'lsabel Built in 1897 'lsabel is the oldestexample of the T class of locornotivesconstructed In Staflord by WG. Bagnall Ltd.
After a tifty year working lile at C itle Hill
Ouarries in Lercestershrre, she returned toStailord as a static memorial to the companyfirst rn the works yard and then oulsrdeStaflord staton In 1987 ihe StatfordshreNarrow Gauge Railway Soclely began lorestore the locomolive to the 1897 workingdesign. Hours ol research have established adelailed history ot the engine, and new workhas patiently been recorded usrng photo-graphs. drawings and videoChief Englneer ol the project Allen Civil andAssistant Engineer Roger Grealrex, were pre-
senled with the award plaque and a cheque tor!600 at the AlAs annua conJerence dinner n
September Charrman ol the ludges JohnCrompton sard that the standard of al thelq89 Fnl|Fs tsad beFn very hqh bLl ll^is was'a lruly excelent project, carried oul with greatcare and dedrcation and wilh a strong sense
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Fobru.iy l9 l99ODISTURBING EOOIESThe konbridge Lecture, by Prolessor Brianl\,lo(is on museums in the 1990s. lt will be atthe University of Birmingham in the earlyevening. Details lrom lhe Administralor, thelronbridge Insiitute, lronbridge Gorge Museum,konb(idge, Telford, Shropshire, TF8 7AW(095245 2751).
Ilrch tO lgeoSERIAC 1990 CONFERENCEOn military engineering in the nineteenthcentury, at the Royal School of MilitaryEnqineering Study Cenke, Gillingham. Topicswill include concrele, shilsheds and militaryrailways. with site visits on the following day.Details from Medway lA Group, Old BrookPumprng Slation, Solomons Road, Chatham,Kent, ME4 4tu.I..ch la l9OOCULTURE. HERITAGE, THE ARTS ANOTOURISMA semanar on the growth ot cullural tourism nBritain, at the Universily of Birminqham. Detailsoblainable as lor 19 February above.
Xrrch 16 lgeoAIA FIELOWORK AWABDSClosing date lor entries lor 1990. See AIA Newsrn lhis assue lor delails.
Ir.ch 3o.lptll I tgOOAIA WORKING WEEKENDal lronbridge, on lhe subiecls of recordingmethodology, the use ol computers by localsocieties, and public enquiries on industrialsrles. Details lrom Pamela Moore, 20 StourvaleGardens, Chandlers Ford. Hampshire, SO53NE.
lprll 6€ l9OOCOMPUTING FOR LOCAI- ANDREGIONAL HISTORYorganised by the Association lor Hislory andComputang UK Eranch ai Wolverhampton Poly-technic. Details lrom Angela Brown, School ofHumanities and Cultural Studies, WolverhamFlon Polytechnic. Caslle View, Dudley DY1 3HR(0902 313001 extension 2333)
ltrll 23-25 l9eoINSTITUTE OF FIELDAFCHAEOLOGISTSal Brrmrngham. Including a full day session on
industrial archaeologry. See News in this issue Junal3l9gotor further inlormalion.X.y t l99OPORT BOOKSa seminar on the value ol Pon Books as anhistorical source, based at WolverhamptonPolytechnac and the lronbridge Inslitute. Detailsobtainable as tor 19 February.
I.r 2.3 l99OMANAGING CHANGE IN THECOUNTRYSIDEa course on rural resource management,including archaeology and tourism, at lron-bridge. Details obtainable as for 19 February.
IrtlatgOOBUILDING INTERPRETATION FORMUSEUMSa course on methods lor interpreling buildingsto the public, based at lronbtidge. Detailsobtainable as lor 19 February.
fl.t| l7 l99OLEGISLATION FORCONSERVATIONa course on topical issues atlecting buildangconsetuation in urban and industrial areas, allronbridge. Details obtainable as lor 19 Febru-4ry.
I., 26.29 I 99OEUROPEAN CONFERENCE ONHERITAGE TOURISMIn Canterbory, organised by ICOMOS on thesubject ol damage to the heriiage by tourasmand methods of conlrol. Details kom JaneFawcett, ICOMOS tJK, 10 Ba ey Mow Passage,Chiswck, London W4 4PH.
Iry 3l lgeoClosing date lof AIA Dorothea ConseNationAwards. see AIA News in lhis issue lor deiails.Irt 3l - Junc 3199OSOCIETY FOR INOUSTRIALARCHAEOLOGY19th Annual Conlerence, Philadelphia, USA.Details irom Sally Elk or Carmen Weber,Philadelphia Historical Commission, l3l3 C yHall Annex, Philadelphia, PA 19197, USA (215
686 4543).Jun. 1.2 | 99OTHE PORTS CONFERENCEorganised by AIA and the Nalaonal Museumsand Galleries on Llerseyside, details lromAdrian Jarvis, Ports Survey, Liverpool Museum,William Brown Street, Liverpool, L3 8EN (051
207 m01). See AIA News in this issue lorlurlher inJormation.
MANAGING TOURISTS AND VISITORSMORE EFFICIENTLYa seminar at the University ol Birmingham.Details obtainable as for 19 Februarv. June 14
1990 Training Statf for Visitors at HeritageAttractions, a seminar at lronbridge. Detailsobtainable as for 19 Februarv.
Juno 14 l99OTRAINING STAFF FOB VISITORS ATHERITAGE ATTRACTIONSa seminar at lronbridge. Details obtainable aslor 19 Februarv
Juno 10.23 l99OTOUR OF INDUSTBIAL AFCHAEOLOGYIN BELGIUMbeing organised lor members ol the Southar.p-ton University lA Group. An invitation to join nisvisit is extended to all members of AIA Detatlswere enclosed with the November 1989 majlinq.
Soptsmbor ?€ l99OAIA ANNUAL CONFERENCEat Guildlord in Surrey. The additional pro-gramme conlinues until 13 September. Delailsare enclosed with lhis mailing.
Octob.r t9 l99OINDUSTRIAL HERITAGE LAW ANO ITS
LIMITATIONSa seminar al lronbridge. Details obtarnable asfor 19 February.
IoYsnb.r 13 l99OULTIMATE MUSEUM EXPERIENCEa seminar on lhe problems ot operatingcomolex and dramalic Induslf|al orocesses in
museums, based at lronbridge and Blists Hall
wrought iron works Details obtainable as lor 19
February
S.ptcnrbct 13-15 l99lAIA ANNUAL CONFERENCEwilh a pre-conJerence paogramme from 10
September, in the Black Country.
lnformation should b9 sont to the Editor assoon as it rs available. Oatos ol mailing andlast dates for r€ceipt crf copy arg given on th€back pag€. ltems will normally appsar insu@essiv€ tssuos betwgen notmcation andth6 date ol the gvent.
AIABulletintssN 03(x)-0051
Editor: Pete. wakelinO€sign€r: John St€ng€lhofenEditod lrom the Schoo/ ot Hunanities andCultunl gudies, Wolvethdmpton Polytechnic,Casde View, Dudley, west Midhnds, Oyl 3HB,and published by the Assocrato'' fot ldustrialArchaeology. Conti nions shou/d be sent lothe Editor. Local /Er,i/s ard press r€reasesshould be ssnt to l/re AIA Regional Cores-pondents lis|€d in altemate issues. Final copydates curenw arc as lolla s:
15 March for June mailing15 June tor Augusl mailingl5 September for November mailing15 Dec€mb€r lor February mailing
The AIA was eslab/ished in 1973 to prcmotetB study ol lndustial Archaeology andencounge imprcved standdtds ol recording,rcsearch. conse.ation and gublication. ltaims to assist and suppott rcgiondl andspgciali't suNey anc! .esearch qoups dNtudies involved in the prcseNation ot indus-tial monuments. to rcDrcsgnt the interesb otlndustial Archaeology at nalonal level, tohold conlerences and semina's and to pub-/rsh lhe results of rcsearch. Fwther detailsmay be obtained frcm the Memberchip Secrc-bry, Association lor lndustial Archaeolow,The Whadage, honbddge, Te otd, ShropshlteTFA 7AW, England. 095245 3522.The views €xp.€sssd in this Bulletin are notnecessarilv lhose ol the Associatron for
continued from page 7From 1837 lo 1844 London snd ElrmlnghsmRallway lrains lrom Euston were drawn upCamden Bank by cable Two 60 hp stationarysteam engines by Maudsley Son and Field
were inslalled undernealh the railway iust to theNorth ol lhe Begent s Canal. One lilhograph byJ.C. Bourne dated April 1837 shows thebuilding ol the engine accommodation, andanother deoicls lhe completed lrne wilh thechrmneys on each side. When cable haulagewas dispensed with the winding engines wentto a Russian llar mill but the chamber theyoccupied is still lhere Being a shorl walk alongthe canal towoalh from lrendv Camden Lock,this cavern has recently been consdered lorconversion lo a wine barlThe Brunels'Thamsa tunngl from Rotherhrlhe
lo Wapping is likely lo come into increasedrailwav use. Comoleled in 1842 after consider'able difliculties as a lunnel lor pedeslrians, lhemoney lor lhe planned access fof wheeledroad vehicles nol being forthcoming, it wasconverled lor rail. Trains fan Jrom the south loWapping lrom 1869, using a conneclrng lunneldriven lhrough the wet rver gravels by S[ John
Hawkshaw. An even greater task was theconslruction of the line nonhwards throughsimilar slrala beneath lhe Eastern Basin ol theLondon Docks lo connect with the GreatEastern Railway at Shorodltch. This was done,with minimum inconvenience to lhe dockabove, by the same engrneer, and lhe throughroule was compleled in 1876.
ll is planned to construcl a new linking lrne
norlhwards lrom Shoredilch to connect with thesoulhern end ol the lormer Norih LondonRailway viaduct which ran lrom Broad Street loOalslon Junclion There would be a newinterchange slalion with London UndergroundLtd s Central Line at Bishopsgate. The con-struction ol Broadgate (Bullelin 16 2) has meantthe abandonmenl ol a considerable length olrailway viaducl wth small businesses still beingcarried on in lhe railway arches benealh. The
intention is also 1o extend lhe present train
service, lhrough lhe Brunel lunnel lo NewCross, lurlher inlo soulh easl London ustngexislrng lines
RJ M Car
&chaeoogy feburary 1990
lndustrial
IWTLVIHEADS PUILISHING SERVICI, CORNWALI