Association Affairs

Preliminary Announcement of theDenver Meeting and Call forPapers by AAAS Sections

As stated in a recent issue [Science133, 1429 (5 May 1961)], the Asso-ciation's 128th meeting, 26-31 Decem-ber, will be the first winter meetingever held in Denver. It will be an eventlong looked forward to and at lastmade possible by the availability ofnew hotel facilities. This will be thethird Denver meeting, but the first andsecond meetings in the Rocky Moun-tain metropolis were held as long agoas August 1901 and June 1937.

Those who have attended recentAAAS meetings-notably in C-hicagoin 1959 and last December in NewYork-need not be reminded that no

other scientific meeting presents sucha variety of important and attractivesymposia in all major fields of scienceor affords such opportunities for inter-disciplinary programs and special eventsof general interest. Those who havenot been to an- AAAS meeting forsome years may not realize what steadygrowth there has been in the varietyof the sessions and in the attendance-a reflection of the ever-increasing at-tractiveness of the programs.

Proceedings of some of the many

symposia, or their constituent papers,are eventually published-as AAASsymposium volumes, as lead articles inScience, or in specialized journals-but not all are, and, in any event, thereis a time lapse. Moreover, only thosepersons who are present can meet theauthors face to face and discuss pointsof interest with them. Many of thesymposia will be of particular assist-ance to college teachers.

This Denver meeting is expected tobe the largest general scientific gather-ing ever held in the region; the physicalfacilities, however, are adequate andattractive. The quality of the programsand special events-some general,some interdisciplinary, and still othersof interest to specialists-will be suchas to bring together scientists from allparts of the continent. Then there are

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other factors that will contribute to theanticipated attendance. There will be aspecial meeting of the AAAS-affiliatedColorado-Wyoming Academy of Sci-ence. Moreover, the 128th meeting ofthe Association will also be the 38thannual meeting of the AAAS South-western and Rocky Mountain Division.Members of the division have beenlooking forward to this year's meetingfor some time, since it was originallyscheduled for 1959 but was postponedfor two years because completion ofDenver's Hilton Hotel was delayed.The scientific population of the Denverarea alone-associated with the largeuniversities, the aviation-missile indus-try, the Federal Center with its manyagencies-is large. Finally, the partici-pating societies, with their nationaland regional meetings, will bring scien-tists and teachers in a wide variety offields. The third Denver meeting willbe a particularly significant and memo-

rable scientific congress.

Despite its size, the meeting will beconvenient, comfortable, and compara-tively inexpensive. The four hotelswhich will house the approximately300 sessions-the Denver Hilton, theBrown Palace with its new Annex, theCosmopolitan, and the Shirley Savoy-are adjacent to the Civic Center and allare across the street, or within a shortblock or two, from each other. Thereare many points of interest around theCivic Center, all within walking dis-tance of the four hotels. Among themare the State Capitol with its gold-covered dome, the Colorado State His-torical Museum, the Denver PublicLibrary, the Denver Art Museum, andthe U.S. Mint, which stores more goldbullion than any other depository out-side of Fort Knox. Across the streetfrom the Denver Hilton is the largeMay-D & F depaitment store, foundedin 1864. From this there is both a con-

necting bridge and an undergroundpassage to the hotel.Among the societies holding na-

tional meetings with the AAAS are thefollowing: American Astronomical So-ciety, American Nature Study Society,

American Society of Criminology,American Society of Naturalists, Amer-ican Society of Zoologists, Beta BetaBeta Biological Society, National As-sociation of Biology Teachers, ScientificResearch Society of America, Societyfor General Systems Research, Societyof Protozoologists, Society of System-atic Zoology, and the Society of theSigma Xi.Among other societies with special

or regional programs of several days'duration are the following: AmericanAssociation of Clinical Chemists, Amer-ican Astronautical Society, AmericanMeteorological Society, American Phys-iological Society, American PsychiatricAssociation, Association of AmericanGeographers, Ecological Society ofAmerica, National Speleological So-ciety, and National Science TeachersAssociation.

Still other organizations will haveconferences or programs-for example,the American Economic Association,the American Sociological Association,the American Statistical Association,the American Political Science Asso-ciation, the Association for ComputingMachinery, the Society for Industrialand Applied Mathematics, the Instituteof Management Sciences, Sigma DeltaEpsilon, the Conference on ScientificCommunication, the Conference onScientific Manpower, and the AcademyConference, composed of representa-tives of the 47 state and city academiesaffiliated with the AAAS.

Special Sessions

The Committee on AAAS Meetings,which has responsibility for the generalpattern of the meeting and the detailsof the general sessions, including the"Moving Frontiers of Science" pro-gram, in a joint meeting with the secre-taries of the AAAS sections early thisyear, outlined a particularly attractiveseries of special sessions and generalevents. In chronological order, theseare as follows.26 December, evening. Part I of

"Moving Frontiers of Science." Thisprogram, which consists of lectures byauthorities in their respective fields, isplanned to be of general interest to allwho attend the Denver meeting andto present recent developments in termsintelligible to scientists in other dis-ciplines. All of the sections and manyof the participating societies have leftthese lecture periods open in theirschedules.A fundamental paper on this first

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evening of the meeting will be givenby Howard A. Meyerhoff, executivedirector, Scientific Manpower Com-mission, recently vice president for theSection on Geology and Geography.His subject will be "Changing con-

cepts of mineral raw materials in thenational economy." A contrasting paper

will be given by Arthur R. von Hippel,director, Laboratory for Insulation Re-search, Massachusetts Institute of Tech-nology. His topic will be "The molec-ular designing of materials." Thesession will be chaired by board mem-

ber Harrison Brown, professor ofgeochemistry, California Institute ofTechnology.

27 December, evening. The 29thJohn Wesley Powell memorial lectureof the Southwestern and Rocky Moun-tain Division will be given by Glenn T.Seaborg, chairman, U.S. Atomic EnergyCommission, on a topic to be an-

nounced.28 December, morning. Four inter-

disciplinary symposia in the physical,biological, and social sciences will bepresented concurrently. Two of these,as noted, will have additional or com-

plementary sessions on other days.These programs are as follows.

"Physics of the Upper Atmosphere,"which will be jointly sponsored bySections B-Physics and D-Astronomy,cosponsored by the American Geo-physical Union, and probably co-

sponsored by the American Astronom-ical Society (arranged by Stanley S.Ballard, Florida).

"Geochemical Evolution-the FirstFive Billion Years" (two sessions, thesecond to be held the morning of 29December), sponsored by Section C-Chemistry, cosponsored by SectionE-Geology and Geography and theAmerican Geophysical Union (T. S.Lovering, U.S. Geological Survey,Denver). Speakers include G. R. Bur-bidge (Yerkes Observatory); GeorgeGamow (Colorado); Philip H. Abel-son (Carnegie Institution of Washing-ton Geophysical Laboratory); A. E. J.Engel (University of California, LaJolla).

"Existing Levels of Radioactivity inMan and His Environment: Measure-ment and Significance," sponsored bySection Np-Pharmacy, cosponsored bySections F-Zoological Sciences, G-Bo-tanical Sciences, I-Psychology, N-Med-ical Sciences, Nd-Dentistry, and

Agriculture (John E. Christian, Pur-due). Speakers: Wright H. Langhamand Ernest C. Anderson (Los Alamos

26 MAY 1961

Scientific Laboratory), P. R. J. Burch(Leeds), Willard F. Libby (Univer-sity of California, Los Angeles), andK. T. Woodward (Rochester).

"Water and Climate," jointly spon-sored by Section O-Agriculture andthe Committee on Desert and AridZones Research of the Southwesternand Rocky Mountain Division, cospon-sored by Sections E-Geology andGeography, K-Social and EconomicSciences, M-Engineering, and P-In-dustrial Science, and, probably, by theAmerican Meteorological Society andthe American Geophysical Union(Terah L. Smiley, Arizona). Speakerswill include Walter Orr Roberts (Colo-rado), John W. Harshbarger (Arizona),Dwight B. Kline (U.S. Weather Bu-reau), and Frank J. Trelease(Wyoming).28 December, afternoon. Part II of

"Moving Frontiers of Science." Therewill be two lectures; one, "The evolu-tion of stars and galaxies," will be givenby Halton C. Arp (Mt. Wilson andPalomar Observatories).28 December, evening. Address of

the retiring president of the AAAS,Chauncey D. Leake. Announcementwill be made of several awards-theNewcomb Cleveland prize for 1960,the Socio-Psychological prize, and theAAAS-Campbell award for vegetableresearch. After the address there willbe a reception for all registrants, withrefreshments and cigarettes provided.Alcoholic beverages will be served ata "Dutch treat" bar. The receptionthus will include the AAAS Smokerfor all registrants.

29 December, evening. Honor So-cieties Night. The annual joint addressof the Society of the Sigma Xi and theUnited Chapters of Phi Beta Kappawill be given by Harrison Brown(California Institute of Technology).After a brief interval, the annual ad-dress of the Tau Beta Pi Associationwith the AAAS will be given.30 December, evening. The annual

illustrated lecture and film of the Na-tional Geographic Society, usually afirst showing.

Other General EventsThe AAAS Committee on Science in

the Promotion of Human Welfare.Barry Commoner (Washington Univer-sity) will arrange one or more sessions.The AAAS Cooperative Committee

on the Teaching of Science and Math-ematics. John R. Mayor (AAAS) plansto sponsor a symposium on science

teaching in grades kindergartenthrough 9.The AAAS Committee on Public

Understanding of Science will have itsfirst public program at the Denvermeeting (Edward G. Sherburne, Jr.,AAAS).The Committee on Desert and Arid

Zones Research of the Southwesternand Rocky Mountain Division [TerahL. Smiley (Arizona), chairman] hasarranged a two-session symposium onwater improvement, cosponsored bySection O-Agriculture (Joseph A.Schufle, New Mexico Institute of Min-ing and Technology) (30 Dec.). Sub-topics and speakers are as follows:control of pollution, William N. Gahr(Colorado State Department of PublicHealth), Bernard B. Berger (U.S. Pub-lic Health Service, Cincinnati), andGordon McCallum (U.S. PublicHealth Service, Washington, D.C.);control of saline water encroachment,Robert E. Glover and Morton W. Bit-tinger (Colorado State) and David K.Todd (University of California, Berke-ley); chemical and physical methods ofwater improvement, H. P. Gregor(Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn)and George W. Murphy (Oklahoma);and a summary by Peter C. Duisberg(consultant, El Paso) or John F.Lance (Arizona), or both.The 10th annual Conference on

Scientific Communication (George L.Seielstad, Johns Hopkins), followinglast year's multisession symposium onthe sciences in Communist China, willsponsor several sessions on currentproblems in communication.The program of the 11th Conference

on Scientific Manpower (Thomas J.Mills, National Science Foundation),cosponsored by the National ScienceFoundation, National Research Coun-cil, Engineering Manpower Commis-sion, and Scientific Manpower Com-mission and by Sections M-Engineer-ing and E-Geology and Geography,will be devoted to the manpower out-look in geology and related fields ofengineering-a subject of special inter-est in the Denver area. The earth sci-ences are fields in which there has beenless increase in requirements for sci-entists and engineers. At the symposiumthe present situation will be reviewedin terms of training, present employ-ment, and utilization; future prospectsin traditional activities such as explora-tion will be considered; and the pos-sibility of retraining for transfer toclosely related fields will be assessed.

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The Academy Conference, foundedin 1927 and composed of the officialrepresentatives of the' now 47 acad-emies of science affiliated with theAAAS, has had a program at eachannual meeting of the Associationsince the fifth New York meeting ofDecember 1928. At this year's 33rdmeeting of the conference there willbe a full day of sessions (27 Dec.). Atthe business meeting in the morning,reports of the individual academieswill be distributed rather than read, toprovide more time for individual com-ments and for a general discussion ofacademy problems. In the afternoonthere will be a debate on the subject,"Why Collegiate Academies?" betweenClinton L. Baker (Southwestern atMemphis) and Norman D. Levine(Illinois), with E. Ruffin Jones (Flor-ida) presiding. The day will concludewith the annual Academy ConferenceDinner and- the conference presiden-tial address by Robert C. Miller (Cali-fornia Academy of Sciences, San Fran-cisco), with John G. Arnold, Jr.,(Loyola) presiding.The session on junior academies,

sponsored by the Academy Conference,will be held 28 December. The Acad-emy Conference also will sponsor the15th Annual Junior Scientists Assem-bly, a program for selected high schoolstudents interested in science and scien-tific careers, which will be arranged thisyear by Sam S. Blanc, coordinator ofinstruction, Denver Public Schools.

AAAS Council MeetingsThe AAAS Council will hold two

sessions, on 27 and 30 December. Be-cause election of the AAAS president-elect and of new members of theBoard of Directors is now conductedby mail, more time is available atthese sessions than formerly for con-sideration of matters that affect allscience and society. The work of theCouncil is materially assisted by theCommittee on Council Affairs. Othercommittees and many of the sectionswill have business meetings.

Science ExhibitsThe significance of the third Denver

meeting has already been recognizedby those who produce the books, in-struments, and materials which scien-tists and teachers use. Applications forexhibit booths at the Denver HiltonHotel have been received at a mostgratifying rate. At this time, sevenmonths in advance of the meeting, onlya few booths remain to be assigned.

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This year's Annual Exposition ofScience and Industry will be one ofthe most balanced and attractive everpresented. Leading publishers, opticalcompanies, and instrument makers andmany suppliers of laboratory materialsand equipment will show their latestpublications and products. In addition,there will be selected displays of someof the research activities of large in-dustrial firms and exhibits of govern-mental agencies.

Incidentally, the exposition is not in-tended for young people below thecollege, or the exceptional high-schoolsenior, level, for most of the exhibitsare too technical for younger studentsof science. (To meet the interests ofthe latter, the Association's AcademyConference annually arranges a JuniorScientists Assembly, at which eminentscientists address a large audience ofhigh school students on aspects ofscience and scientific careers.) In thebest interests of both exhibitors andthose interested in their displays, onlyregistrants are admitted to the exposi-tion, and young people (under 16) arenot registered.

Science TheatreThe AAAS Science Theatre again

will show a choice selection of sciencefilms, foreign and domestic, in a specialroom just off the exposition area. Asusual, the theatre will run each filmat least twice. Thus, those who areespecially interested in a particular filmwill have more than one opportunity tosee it.

Physical Facilities

The completely new Denver Hilton,which has been in operation only sinceApril 1960, will be AAAS Headquar-ters. This 22-story hotel, on CourtPlace, is wide from north to south andnarrow from east to west, so that all884 sleeping rooms are "outside" andhave impressive views. There are spa-cious public areas, and there is an ex-cellent range of well-equipped sessionrooms. Welcome features are the park-ing area for 1500 cars and the high-speed, self-operated elevators. TheHilton will be the site of the Associa-tion's business sessions, the AAASPressroom, and the AAAS Office. Its2B level will house the Annual Expo-sition of Science and Industry and theAAAS Science Theatre; the specialsessions and most of the general eventswill be held in the large ballroom.

Three other hotels will be the head-quarters of related sections and so-

cieties: the Brown Palace and the newBrown Palace Tower (connected by abridge), at 17th Street and TremontPlace, with 600 rooms; the Cosmo-politan, at 18th Street and Broadway,with 425 rooms; and the ShirleySavoy, at 17th Street and Broadway,with 400 rooms. The session rooms ofthe four hotels will be used intensively.Uniform rates for the Associationmeeting have been established, asfollows: Room with single bed, $8and $8.50; room with double bed, oneoccupant, $7.50, $9, and $10; roomwith double bed, two occupants, $10and $13; room with twin beds, oneoccupant, $9 and $10; room with twinbeds, two occupants, $12, $14, and$15; and studio type room with twinbeds, $15. Sleeping accommodations inother hotels, farther from the CivicCenter, will also be available, if needed.The headquarters of the sections and

societies will be announced in Sciencein July, at which time coupons forhousing and advance registration willappear among the advertising pages.(To secure the special rates, registrantsshould use the hotel room coupon, ora reasonably accurate copy of it, andshould send it directly to the AAASHousing Bureau, 225 West Colfax Ave.,Denver 2, 2-Coloa) As u o4 advanceregistrants will receive the GeneralProgram early in December.

Programs. A synopsis of the pro-grams, arranged by disciplines, follows.The names given in parentheses arethose of section and society officersor program chairmen.

Mathematics (A)The program of Section A (Wal-

lace Givens, Northwestern) will in-clude a morning session on digital com-puters and matrix computation (30Dec.), in which George E. Forsythe(Stanford) will speak on educationalimplications of the computer revolu-tion. Another speaker will be RichardHamming of the Bell Telephone Lab-oratories. This session will be cospon-sored by the Society for Industrial andApplied Mathematics (James H. Gries-mer, IBM Research Center, York-town Heights, N.Y.) and by the Asso-ciation for Computing Machinery(Bruce Gilchrist, IBM Research Lab-oratory).

In the afternoon (30 Dec.), SectionA and the Committee on the. Under-graduate Program in Mathematics ofthe Mathematical Association ofAmerica will jointly sponsor a programon recommendations for the training

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of teachers of mathematics, arrangedby Robert J. Wisner (Michigan State).Section A also will jointly sponsor thesession of the Institute of ManagementSciences (Merrill M. Flood, Michigan)on recent mathematical, statistical, andeconomic developments useful in man-agement science (29 Dec.). Section Pwill cosponsor this session.

Physics (B)

Section B (Stanley S. Ballard, Flor-ida), with Section D-Astronomy and,probably, the American AstronomicalSociety, will jointly sponsor the sym-posium on physics of the upper atmos-phere, (28 Dec.), mentioned aboveunder Special Sessions. The AmericanGeophysical Union will be a cosponsor.There will be a specialized two-sessionsymposium on physics research in theRocky Mountain area (27 Dec.). Theannual physicists' luncheon (27 Dec.)will be jointly sponsored by Section Band Sigma Pi Sigma, the latter makingthe arrangements. The address after theluncheon will be given by vice presi-dent Henry D. Smyth (Princeton).The American Astronautical Society

will hold a regional meeting (probably27 Dec.)The American Meteorological Society

(Kenneth Spengler, AMS) may sponsora special program of invited and con-tributed papers. The society will alsocosponsor appropriate sessions.

Chemistry (C)

The program of Section C (EssieWhite Cohn, Denver) begins 27 De-cember with a two-session symposiumon extraterrestrial biochemistry andbiology (Charles R. Phillips, U.S. ArmyBiological Laboratories, Fort Detrick,Md.) and, concurrently, a two-sessionsymposium on advances in carbohy-drates (Horace S. Isbell, National Bu-reau of Standards). Speakers at theformer include A. G. Wedum (FortDetrick, Md.), Richard Ehrlick (Ar-mour Research Laboratories, Chicago),Hubertus Strugghold (School of Avia-tion Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base,Texas), Henry C. Stubbs (MiltonAcademy), Carl Sagan (California),and Sidney Fox (Florida State).Horace Isbell will preside over the

morning session of the carbohydratesymposium and will give a paper oncondensation, cleavage, and rearrange-ment reactions of carbohydrate mate-rials; other titles and speakers will beas follows: "Pathways of biosynthesisof deoxy hexoses," John H. Pazur(Nebraska), and "Carbon-14- and26 MAY 1961

tritium-labeled carbohydrates," HarrietL. Frush (National Bureau of Stand-ards).Roy L. Whistler (Purdue) will chair

the afternoon session of the carbohy-drate symposium and will give a paperon the properties and uses of polysac-charides. Other titles and speakers willbe as follows: "Gas chromatographyof carbohydrates," Henry W. Kircher(Arizona); "Digestibility of polysac-charides," Theodore E. Friedman(Colorado); and "Action of enzymeson polysaccharides," Dexter French(Iowa State University of Science andTechnology).-The interdisciplinary symposium on

geochemical evolution (28 Dec.) is de-scribed under Special Sessions. Thesecond part of that program, and ses-sions for submitted papers as well, willbe held 29 December. The Coloradosection of the American ChemicalSociety (Walter H. Dumke, ColoradoSchool of Mines) will cosponsor theprogram of Section C and will be hostsof the chemists' mixer.The American Association of Clin-

ical Chemists (Albert E. Sobel, JewishHospital of Brooklyn), in its annualmeeting with the AAAS, will have asymposium on a topic of current in-terest, sessions for contributed papers,and a dinner with a speaker.

Astronomy (D)Section D (Frank Bradshaw Wood,

Pennsylvania) will cosponsor all ses-sions of the American AstronomicalSociety and Section B's interdisciplinarysymposium on physics of the upperatmosphere. The vice-presidential ad-dress will be given by N. U. Mayall(Lick Observatory), with Robert M.Petrie (Dominion Astrophysical Ob-servatory, Royal Oak, British Colum-bia) presiding (27 Dec.).The national meeting of the Amer-

ican Astronomical Society will beginwith a Council meeting the evening of26 December and will continue throughthe afternoon of 30 December. On 27December there will be two sessions forcontributed papers, one of these fol-lowing Section D's vice-presidentialaddress. The astronomers' dinner willbe on 28 December, and on 29 Decem-ber there will be a session for con-tributed papers and a symposium onmagnetic fields in the solar system,arranged by R. Grant Athay (HighAltitude Observatory). On 30 Decem-ber there will be two additional sessionsfor contributed papers. Other eventsinclude a second Council meeting, the

Helen B. Warner lecture by a distin-guished astronomer, and a visit to theChamberlain Observatory. As before,there will be special joint AAAS-AASconvention badges.The Astronomical League (Armand

Spitz, Spitz Laboratories, Yorklyn,Del.) will probably have a sessionearly in the meeting period.

Geology and Geography (E)The program of Section E (Richard

H. Mahard, Denison) (26-30 Dec.)includes at least three symposia ses-sions, sessions for contributed papers,and cosponsorship of other programs,notably the symposium of Section 0-Agriculture on land and water use, theinterdisciplinary symposium on geo-chemical evolution, the session of theConference on Scientific Manpower,and the program of the Association ofAmerican Geographers. The two-ses-sion symposium on ground-water geol-ogy (26 and 27 Dec.) is being ar-ranged by Theodore Walker (Colo-rado); there will be a session forinvited papers entitled "Colorado Pla-teau stratigraphic studies," on 27 De-cember.

William C. Krumbein (Northwest-ern) will deliver the vice-presidentialaddress on 27 December, at a dinnerfor Section E. All geological sessionswill be cosponsored by the GeologicalSociety of America.The Association of American Geog-

raphers, Great Plains-Rocky MountainDivision (M. John Loeffler, Colorado)plans three sessions of invited paperson the population explosion of thewestern United States. Geographerswith special knowledge of the problemsof population distribution, space andland utilization, and use and develop-ment of resources will participate. Afourth session, one for contributedpapers, is also planned. The Associa-tion will cosponsor Section O's sympo-sium on land and water use. Therewill be a geographers' dinner on 29December.The National Speleological Society

(William R. Halliday, 1117 36th Ave.East, Seattle, Wash.) will have twosessions, probably on 27 December.The National Geographic Society will

present its usual outstanding lectureand film on 30 December.

Zoological Sciences (F)

The program of Section F (GeorgeW. Wharton, Maryland) will be co-ordinated with the national meetingsof the American Society of Zoologists,

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the Society of Protozoologists, and theSociety of Systematic Zoology. In viewof the many sessions of these societies,Section F's program will be restrictedto cosponsorship of appropriate sym-posia and other sessions, joint sponsor-ship of the zoologists' dinner, and thevice-presidential address of JackSchultz (University of California, Ber-keley). The section's business meetingwill immediately follow that of theAmerican Society of Zoologists. Amongthe symposia cosponsored will be thefour sessions of Section N-MedicalSciences, on physiological and biochem-ical aspects of human genetics.The tentative program of the na-

tional meeting of the American So-ciety of Zoologists (Ray L. Watterson,Northwestern), with more than 30sessions (28-30 Dec.), includes 21 ormore sessions for contributed papers,sponsored by all six divisions of theSociety, throughout the meeting period;business meetings of five divisions; theannual business meeting of the ASZas a whole; and a series of symposia.Subjects and speakers at the symposiaare as follows: "cellular endocrinology"(Division of Comparative Endocri-nology) (28 Dec.); "Neurosecretion"(Divisions of Comparative Endocrinol-ogy and Comparative Physiology) (29Dec.); "Evolutionary changes in thehormonal and neural bases of repro-ductive behavior" [William C. Young(Kansas), for the Division of AnimalBehavior and Sociobiology] (30 Dec.);"Animal locomotion" [D. Dwight Davis(Chicago Natural History Museum),Harvey I. Fisher (Southern Illinois),and Howard Evans (Cornell), for theDivision of Vertebrate Morphology](30 Dec.). The zoologists' dinner, thevice-presidential address of Section F,and, probably, a smoker for biologistsare planned for 29 December.The 14th annual national meeting

of the Society of Protozoologists (Nor-man D. Levine, Illinois) includes somesix sessions for contributed papers (27-30 Dec.) and a round-table symposium,"Biochemical phyletic markers amongthe Protozoa," arranged by SeymourH. Hutner (Haskins Laboratories).The annual luncheon and businessmeeting will be held 29 December.The Society of Systematic Zoology

(Charles F. Lytle, Tulane) will holdits 13th annual meeting with theAAAS. The program will include ses-sions for contributed papers (30 Dec.),meetings of the council, the annualbreakfast and business- meeting (30

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Dec.), a three-session symposium on"The data of classification" (R. E.Blackwelder, Southern Illinois) (27, 28Dec.), and a second symposium, on"The biogeography of the PhilippineIslands." The annual SSZ library andbook lounge for all zoologists will beopen 27-29 December.

Biological Sciences (FG)

A major feature of the annual na-tional meeting of the American Societyof Naturalists (Ernst W. Caspari,Rochester) will be the presidential ad-dress of Marston Bates, "Man'secological niche," to be given themorning of 27 December. The businessmeeting of the society will follow.The biennial meeting of Beta Beta

Beta Biological Society (Mrs. FrankG. Brooks, Box 515, Ansonia Station,New York 23, N.Y.), will be heldthe morning of 27 December; it willbe followed by the biennial luncheonand address (H. P. Sturdivant, WesternMaryland).The Biometric Society, Western

North American Region (Walter A.Becker, Washington State) has recentlymade plans to participate in the Den-ver meeting.The program of the Ecological So-

ciety of America (Richard S. Miller,University of Saskatchewan) will begin26 December with a two-session sym-posium and will continue (27 and 28Dec.) with other symposia and somesix sessions for contributed papers onplant ecology, animal ecology, humanecology, and aquatic ecology, and aseries of sessions jointly sponsored bythe Section on Animal Behavior andSociobiology and with the Division ofAnimal Behavior and Sociobiology ofthe American Society of Zoologists,arranged by Martin W. Schein (Penn.State). The Society will also sponsorthe Human Ecologists' luncheon (27Dec.).The Mountain Lake Biological Sta-

tion (Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., Virginia)again will sponsor an annual break-fast with the AAAS for all persons whohave been students, investigators, orstaff members at the station since itsfounding in 1929.The annual national meeting of

the National Association of BiologyTeachers (Muriel Beuschlein, ChicagoTeachers College) will begin with busi-ness meetings on 26 December. Duringthe meeting period there will be ajoint meeting (27 Dec.) with theAmerican Nature Study Society, the

National Association for Research inScience Teaching, and the NationalScience Teachers Association; the an-nual NABT presidential address andluncheon (28 Dec.); and a series ofseparate sessions (27, 29, and 30 Dec.)with the theme "Accent on investiga-tion." A joint session with ANSS oninternational conservation will be held28 December and there will be a jointfield trip on 29 December.As it did in New York, the Nature

Conservancy will hold a meeting of itsNational Committee for Natural Areasfor Schools; arrangements will bemade by John W. Brainerd (SpringfieldCollege).

Botanical Sciences (G);

Section G (Harriet B. Creighton,Wellesley) plans to inaugurate a seriesof sessions for invited papers on basictopics for biology teachers, to keepthem informed on recent advances.The Section will cosponsor the sessionson plant ecology of the Ecological So-ciety of America and will have sessionsfor contributed papers in other fieldsof botany. James F. Bonner will de-liver- the vice-presidential address ofthe section at the botanists' luncheon(27 Dec.).

Anthropology (H)

The program of Section H (DavidM. Pendergast, Utah) will begin witha cocktail party at the Denver Museumof Natural History (27 Dec.). Therewill be symposia on civilization in des-ert lands (28 Dec.); on early man inthe western United States and on theconcept of race (29 Dec.); on appliedanthropology (30 Dec.); and on theinterdependence of archeology and eth-nology (30 Dec.). There will also besessions for contributed papers (30Dec.). The banquet of Section H, atthe Japanese Roof Garden of the Petro-leum Club, at which Jesse D. Jennings(Utah) will give the vice-presidentialaddress, will be held 29 December.

Psychology (I)Section I (Frank W. Finger, Virginia)

has scheduled the vice-presidential ad-dress of Carl Pfaffmann (Brown) for29 December. There will be three sym-posia (29 and 30 Dec.) as follows:"Sensory factors in food acceptanceand appetite," arranged by Carl Pfaff-mann; "Aspects of sleep," arranged byW. B. Webb (Florida); and "Controlof verbal behavior," arranged by IsraelGoldiamond (Arizona State). Contrib-

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uted papers relevant to the symposiumtopics are solicited; abstracts shouldreach Dr. Finger by I July.

Social and Economic Sciences (K)

Section K (Donald P. Ray, NationalInstitute of Social and Behavioral Sci-ence), with the American StatisticalAssociation and the National Instituteof Social and Behavioral Science as co-

sponsors, will hold a symposium (27Dec.) on current problems in social-behavioral research. Frederick F.Stephan (Princeton) will give the vice-presidential address, on social statisticsand the prediction of human behavior.

In addition, Section K will sponsor

a session for contributed papers in thesocial and economic sciences (30 Dec.)and will cosponsor appropriate pro-

grams of the K series. The program

of the Institute of Management Sci-ences, cosponsored by Section P andjoint with Section A, on recent math-ematical, statistical, and economic de-velopments useful in management sci-ence (29 Dec.) will be of interest tothe Section. These programs have beenarranged so that no sessions are con-

current except the last.The American Economic Association

(Kenneth E. Boulding, Michigan) willhave a program of invited papers, co-

sponsored by Section K (26 Dec.).This is scheduled early so that AEAmembers may attend both the AAASmeeting and their national meeting, tobe held 27-29 December in New York.The American Political Science Asso-

ciation (Evron M. Kirkpatrick, APSA)will have a special program (27 Dec.)cosponsored by Section K.The program of the American Soci-

ety of Criminology (Donal E. J. Mac-Namara, New York Institute of Crimi-nology) begins on 29 December withsessions on problems in rural crimecontrol (Gordon Barker, Colorado) andon experimentation and research incriminology. Other sessions (30 Dec.)will be on "Twentieth-century policing"and on "The criminal law and criminalcourts." The annual awards of the So-ciety will be made -the evening of 29December; the presentation will be fol-lowed by the business meeting. Theannual luncheon and address will beheld 30 December.The American Sociological Associa-

tion (Robert Bierstedt, New York Uni-versity) will have two symposia (28and 29 Dec.), cosponsored by SectionK and the Population Association ofAmerica.

26 MAY 1961

The American Statistical Association(Harold A. Morse, Colorado-WyomingChapter, ASA, Denver) will have twosessions (29 and 30 Dec.) of particularinterest to local statisticians, cospon-

sored by Section K.Details of the programs of the Metric

Association (Fred J. Helgren, AbbottLaboratories, North Chicago) and ofthe National Academy of Economicsand Political Science (Emmet B. Mit-tlebeeler, American University) will beannounced later.

History and Philosophy of Science (L)

The program of Section L (John W.Streeter, 1700 Walnut St., Philadelphia)(26-30 Dec.) will include sessions inthe two areas of interest of its mem-

bers. In the absence of the History ofScience Society, which meets bienniallywith the AAAS, the emphasis, as in1959, will be on philosophy, but therewill be a symposium, "The history ofthe mining of uranium," cosponsoredby the Society for the History of Tech-nology, and another, "The ColoradoRiver in history," both arranged byStreeter.

Section L will have eight sessions,arranged by Norwood Russell Hanson(Indiana University), beginning 26 De-cember and extending over the meetingperiod; the exact dates have not as yetbeen determined and some adjustmentsmay be made in this program. Dr.Hanson will preside at Session I, "Em-piricism and the Status of Theories."Paul K. Feyerabend (University of Cal-ifornia, Berkeley) will speak on howto be a good empiricist; discussants willbe Wilfrid Sellars (Yale), George T.McClure (Southern Illinois), and Gro-ver Maxwell (Minnesota). Henry A.Finch will speak on theoretical fruit-fulness as a measure of concepts; dis-cussants will include Ernest W. Adams(University of California, Berkeley) andRobert Sternfeld (State University ofNew York).

Dr. Sternfeld will preside at SessionII, "History and Philosophy of Science."A paper on the interdependence of his-tory of science and philosophy of sci-ence will be read. Giorgio de Santillana(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),Edward Grant (Indiana University),and Gerald Holton (Harvard) are ex-

pected to participate in this program.Nicholas Rescher (Pittsburgh) will speakon ethical problems within science;there will be several discussants.

David Hawkins (Colorado) will pre-

side at Session III, "Conventionalism

and Laws within Modern Physics." A.E. Woodruff (Chicago) will speak onphilosophical aspects of the laws ofquantum field theory; one of the dis-cussants will be Hilary Putnam (Prince-ton). Michael S. Watanabe (IBM Re-search Center) will deliver a majorpaper on quantum theory within thissession. Gerald Holton will speak onhistorical aspects of special relativity;it is expected that Joseph Epstein (Am-herst College) and Richard A. Mould(State University of New York) will beamong the discussants.

Session IV will be Section L's vice-presidental address, given by NorwoodRussell Hanson. He will speak on "Sci-entists and Logicians: A Confronta-tion." Herbert Feigl (Minnesota) willpreside at Session V, "Machines andBrains." Hilary Putnam will speak onbrains and behavior; among the dis-cussants will be Newton Garver (Min-nesota). David Hawkins will speak ondesign for a mind; discussants will beMichael S. Watanabe, Bruce Aune (Ob-erlin), and Peter Winch (University Col-lege of Swansea).

Kenneth Hammond (Colorado) willpreside at Session VI, "MethodologicalProblems of the Social Sciences." Rich-ard Rudner (Michigan State University)will speak on logical problems of soci-ology; discussants will be Roger Buck(Indiana University) and Grover Max-well (Minnesota). Herbert Feigl willspeak on a phase of the mind, behavior,and neurophysiology. Discussants willbe Roger Buck (Indiana University)and Merle Turner (San Diego StateCollege). Roger Buck will speak on re-flexive predictions; discussants will beAdolf Griinbaum (Pittsburgh), GroverMaxwell, and Michael Scriven (IndianaUniversity).

Wilfrid Sellars will preside at SessionVII, "Causality." Michael Scriven willspeak on a workable concept of causa-tion; discussants will be William Dray(Toronto), William Rozeboom (St. OlafCollege), and Grover Maxwell. AdolfGrunbaum will preside at Session VIII,"The Nature of Historical Explanation."Alan Donagan (Indiana University) willspeak on the present state of Hempel'sThesis; discussants will be BenjaminNelson (State University of New York)and Nicholas Rescher (Pittsburgh). Wil-liam Dray will speak on causal judg-ments in history; among the discussantswill be Newton Garver.The second George Sarton memorial

lecture, sponsored by the George Sar-ton Memorial Foundation, the History

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of Science Society, and Section L, prob-ably will be given at the end of one ofSection L's afternoon sessions.The Society for General Systems Re-

search (G. M. Weinberg, IBM SystemsResearch Institute, New York) willhave a symposium on "The teachingand learning of systems thinking" anda second session, for contributed papers(29 Dec.).

Engineering (M)The program of Section M (Clarence

E. Davies, United Engineering CenterProject, New York) will include one ormore sessions on pressing engineeringproblems of the Rocky Mountain re-gion. Section M will cosponsor the pro-gram of the Conference on ScientificManpower and the interdisciplinarysymposium on water and climate men-tioned under Special Sessions.The Tau Beta Pi Association (Robert

H. Nagel, Tennessee) will sponsor anaddress of general interest by a promi-nent engineer or scientist (29 Dec.).

Medical Sciences (N)As in previous years, Section N will

have a four-session symposium (29-30Dec.) with participants coming fromall parts-of the country. Invitations todeliver talks have also been extendedto two British scientists. This year'ssubject is physiological and biochem-ical aspects of human genetics. Thesymposium is being organized by Alex-ander G. Bearn (Rockefeller Institute)with the collaboration of the secretaryof Section N. The papers will deal withbasic aspects of molecular biology(genes and DNA, and gene-enzyme rela-tionships) as well as with specific meta-bolic abnormalities, immunochemistry,and broader genetic and medical im-plications. John B. Youmans (AmericanMedical Association) will give the vice-presidential address, and the winner ofthe 17th Theobald Smith award, givenby Eli Lilly and Company, will be an-nounced. Section N will also cosponsorappropriate programs, such as SectionNd's complemental program on dentalgenetics.The annual symposium of Alpha Ep-

silon Delta (Maurice L. Moore, nation-al secretary), on career opportunitiesin medicine and dentistry, will be held28 December and will be followed bythe annual luncheon and luncheon ad-dress, and by a tour of local medicalfacilities.The American Physiological Society

(Robert E. Smith, University of Cali-fornia Medical Center) is planning a

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program on space physiology, probablyto be cosponsored by the AmericanAstronautical Society. The most recentdevelopments in this fast-moving fieldwill be presented.The American Psychiatric Associa-

tion, Committee on Research (MiltonGreenblatt, 74 Fenwood Rd., Boston)will sponsor its customary four-sessionprogram with the AAAS. No detailsare as yet available.

Dentistry (Nd)Section Nd (Albert A. Dahlberg,

Chicago) will have a two-session sym-posium on dental genetics (27 Dec.),with a luncheon between the morningand afternoon sessions. The programof the section will be cosponsored bySection N-Medical Sciences and bythe American College of Dentists, theAmerican Dental Association, and theInternational Association for DentalResearch, North American Division.

Pharmacy (Np)The three-day program of Section Np

(John E. Christian, Purdue) includestwo sessions for contributed papers inhospital pharmacy (27 Dec.); the inter-disciplinary symposium on existing lev-els of radioactivity in man and his en-vironment, already discussed underSpecial Sessions (28 Dec.); and twosessions for contributed papers (29Dec.). The section's luncheon, withvice-presidential address by Joseph A.Oddis (American Pharmaceutical Asso-ciation, Washington), and also a sec-tional dinner will be held 28 December.

Section Np's entire program will becosponsored by the American Associa-tion of Colleges of Pharmacy, theAmerican College of Apothecaries, theAmerican Society of Hospital Pharma-cists, the American Pharmaceutical As-sociation, Scientific Section, and theNational Association of Boards ofPharmacy.

Agriculture (0)Section 0 (D. Wynne Thorne, Utah

Agricultural Experiment Station) willhave a four-session symposium on"Land and water use with special ref-erence to mountain and plains regions"(27 and 29 Dec.). The program willbe cosponsored by Section E-Geologyand Geography and by the Committeeon Desert and Arid Zones of the South-western and Rocky Mountain Division.

Part I of this symposium (27 Dec.,morning) will be on land and water re-sources. Titles and speakers are: "Popu-lation demands for land and water

resources of the western hinterland,"Stephen C. Smith (University of Cali-fornia, Berkeley); "Land resources andpotential uses (quality, patterns of own-ership, use suitability)," R. D. Hocken-smith (Soil Conservation Service);"Water resources, development, anduses," William Palmer (Bureau of Rec-lamation, Washington); and "Publicgrazing lands in the economy of theWest," M. L. Upchurch (USDA, Wash-ington).

Part II (27 Dec., afternoon) will beon optimum uses for resources. Titlesand speakers are: "Criteria and plan-ning for optimum use," Emery Castle(Oregon State); "Economic priorities onwater use in arid regions (economic re-turns from various uses of water in aridregions)," Nathaniel Wollman (NewMexico); "Recreational resources of theWest and their development (gaugingthe demand for recreational resources),"Laurence I. Hewes, Jr. (National Out-door Recreation Resources ReviewCommittee, Washington); and "Recrea-tion as a competitive segment of multi-ple use," Marion Clawson (Resourcesfor the Future, New York City).

Part III (29 Dec., morning) will beon impact of public policy on landand water use. Titles and speakers are:"The government's responsibility forland and water (guardian or develop-er)," Luna B. Leopold and Raymond L.Nace (U.S. Geological Survey, Wash-ington); "Problems and policies associ-ated with wilderness areas and otherreserves of public lands," C. R. Guter-muth (Wildlife Management Institute,Washington); "Problems growing outof the spaciousness of the West," Mor-ris Kelso (Arizona); and "Public and/orprivate investment in resource develop-ment," William Folz (Idaho).

Part IV (29 Dec., afternoon) will beon projecting management programs.Titles and speakers are: "Providing formultiple use in managing land andwater," John Hopkin (Bank of Amer-ica, San Francisco); "Modifying man-agement and vegetation of watershedareas for improved water yields," FredKennedy (Regional Forester, Albuquer-que, N.M.); "Management associatedwith complex use for wildlife, livestock,and recreation," A. L. McComb (Ari-zona); and "Managing private lands inrelation to changing uses of publiclands," Norman Keith Roberts (UtahState University).

Section 0 is a joint sponsor of theinterdisciplinary symposium on waterand climate, described under Special

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Sessions, and a cosponsor of the two-session symposium on water improve-ment.

Industrial Science (P)Section P (Allen T. Bonnell, Drexel

Institute) is planning a symlposiunm oncommlilunications and will cosponsor thejoint SymIIposiuLmI on water and climatc.It will also cosponsor the SymIlpOSiUmllon managemient scieIce of the Instituteof Management Sciences. J. A. Hutche-son (WestinghouLse Electric Corp.) willgive the address of the retiring vicepresident at the annLulI lLlncheon. TheSection x ill also cive the sixth Indus-trial Citation Dinnler.

The lIustitme of ,11Il(ia-emlent Sci-ences (IMerrill NI. Flood, N1ental HealthRese.arch Institute. Annl Arbor. Mich.)xxill have a symiposiLUmII onl mianagemiientscience, cosponsored by Section P (29Dcc.). This sessioIn. to he held jointlvwith Section A-M\4athemiatics, will be de-voted to recent niathemiatical. statistical,and economic dcxelopnments useful innmanaaenaent sciencc.

Educationi (Q)

The programi ot Section Q (HerbertA. Smith. Kansas) incluIdes two jointsessions xx ith the Comicil for Excep-tionli(l Ch7ildrel ( 26 Dec. ) two jointsessions wvith the A.4 ericai EduicalionalRe.search Association (30 Dec.), one ofwvhich nmay be a symniposiLu11m Oll teachingmachines; sonie five sessions for con-tribiited papers (27, 29. aind 30 Dec.);a business mleeting; and the vice-presi-dential address of William H. Bristomx(New York City Board of Education).The four science teaching societies

(ANSS. NABT. NARST, and NSTA).mleetinig with the AAAS (coordinator.Saimi S. Blanc, Dcnver City Schools).will have a joint session (27 Dec.) ancda series of concurrent sessioIs siimilarto the coordinated programins of recentyears. A joint coffee hour aind mixerwill be held 27 December at 5 P.M.The national ainnual mleeting of the

A mllerica(n Natur} e Stiutld Society (S.Glidden Baldwxin, Danville, 111.) willbegin with a board maeeting (26 Dec.).After the joint sessioin of all scienceteaching societies (27 l)ec.) there willbe a session on "Nature study aroundthe world," Richlard L. Weaver presid-ing. On 28 Decemlber there will be asession on "Outdoor nature interpreta-tion" and a joint program with NABTon "Resource conservation around theworld." On 29 December, there will bea joint field trip with NABT; the busi-ness meeting; and the annual banquet.

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with a motion-picture film, Nature Ad-venture around the World. There will besessions (30 Dec.) on "Ecology andnatural history of the Rocky Moun-tains," Ruth Hopson, presiding, and aspecial meeting at the Denver NaturalHistory Museum, Alfred M. Bailey, pre-siding.

The Colorado Science Teachers As-sociation (Joseph E. Pierce, Durango,Colo.) will sponsor a luncheon on 30December.The annual national meeting of the

National Association of Biology Teach-ers was discussed earlier, under Biolog-ical Sciences.The National Association for Re-

search in Science Teaching (George G.Mallinson, Western Michigan) willprobably have a research symposium.

After the joint meeting of the scienceteaching societies, a regional meetingof the National Science Teachers As-sociation (Marjorie Gardner, NSTA,Washington, D.C.) will be held. Thiswill consist of four sessions, one theafternoon of 27 December, and threemorning sessions 28-30 December. On30 December, the Colorado ScienceTeachers Association, a chapter of theNational Science Teachers Association,will hold a luncheon session.

Science Service (Leslie V. Watkins,Science Service) will sponsor a sessionon "Extracurricular motivation for sci-ence" (29 Dec.).

Science in General (X)A number of organizations, too gen-

eral in their interests to be placed inany sectional series or under any spe-cific discipline, will constitute the "Xseries" in the printed General Program.In this preliminary synopsis of the thirdDenver meeting, the programs of manyof these-the Academy Conference, theConference on Scientific Communica-tion, and the Conference on ScientificManpower-have already been men-tioned under Other General Events,and thus will not be repeated here.The American Geophysical Union

(Waldo Smith, AGU, Washington,D.C.) will cosponsor the interdiscipli-nary symposia on geochemical evolutionand on physics of the upper atmos-phere, mentioned under Special Sessions.

The regular annual meeting of theNational Association of Science Writers(Herbert B. Nichols, U.S. GeologicalSurvey) with the AAAS will include abusiness session and dinner. A featureof the latter will be the third presenta-tion of the new series of the AAAS-George Westinghouse Science Writing26 MAY 1961

riBORATOtRY FUR R ACEriable temperature range to 7500f

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Awards for excellence in science writ-ing in newspapers and magazines (27Dec.).

The national convention of the Sci-entific Research Society of A merica(Donald B. Prentice, Yale) is sched-uled for 29 December. The award ofthe William Procter prize and the an-nual RESA address will follow theluncheon held jointly with the Societyof the Sigma Xi.A regional meeting of Sigm7ta Delta

Epsilon, graduate women's scientific fra-ternity (Ernestine B. Thurman, Nation-

al Institutes of Health), will include atea for all women in science. A head-quarters room will be maintainedthroughout the meeting period.

The 62nd annual convention of theSociety of the Sigma Xi (Thomas T.Holme, Society of the Sigma Xi, NewHaven) will be held on 29 Deceniber,after the joint luncheon with RESA.In the evening the Society of the SigmaXi will join with the United Chlaptersof Phi Beta Kapp(a (Carl Billman, PhiBeta Kappa, Washington, D.C.) insponsoring the address by Harrison

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Call for Papers by AAAS Sections

Eight sections of the Associationwill arrange sessions for contributedpapers at the Denver meeting. The sec-retaries or program chairmen to whomtitles and abstracts should be sent, notlater than 30 September, are as follows:C-CHEMISTRY. Essie White Cohn, De-

partment of Chemistry, Universityof Denver, Denver 10, Colo. (by IAugust if possible).

E-GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY. RichardH. Mahard, Department of Geologyand Geography, Denison University.Granville, Ohio.

G-BOTANICAL SCIENCES. Harriet B.Creighton, Department of Botanyand Bacteriology, Wellesley College,Wellesley 81, Mass.

H-ANTHROPOLOGY. David M. Pender-gast, University of Utah, Salt LakeCity 12.

I-PSYCHOLOGY (in certain fields only,by 1 July; see details under sectionreport). Frank W. Finger, Depart-ment of Psychology, University ofVirginia, Charlottesville.

K-SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES.Donald P. Ray, National Institute ofSocial and Behavioral Science, GeorgeWashington University, Washington6, D.C.

NP-PHARMACY. John E. Christian,School of Pharmacy, Purdue Univer-sity, Lafayette, Ind.

Q-EDUCATION. Herbert A. Smith, Bai-ley Hall, University of Kansas, Law-rence.Although the general deadline is 30

September, most sections, and subse-quently the AAAS office, would behappy to receive titles in advance ofthat date.

RAYMOND L. TAYLORAssociate Adnministrative Secretary

Forthcoming EventsJune

18-23. American Meteorological Soc.,193rd natl., and Pacific Div., AAAS, 42ndannual, Davis, Calif. (AMS, 45 BeaconSt., Boston 8, Mass.)

18-23. American Soc. of Medical Tech-nologists, Seattle, Wash. (Miss R. Mat-thaei, Suite 25, Hermann ProfessionalBldg., Houston 25, Tex.)

19-21. American Soc. of Pharmacog-nosy, annual summer meeting, Houston,

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Preliminary Announcement of the Denver Meeting and Call for Papers by AAAS SectionsRaymond L. Taylor

DOI: 10.1126/science.133.3465.1710 (3465), 1710-1720.133Science 

ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/133/3465/1710.citation

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is a registered trademark of AAAS.Scienceof Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. The title (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published by the American Association for the AdvancementScience

1961 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

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