Task 1: Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture.An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Organizations large and small can achieve higher sales and other profit by properly matching their needs with the structure they use to operate. Organizational culture, on the other hand, is the behavior of humans within an organization and the meaning that people attach to those behaviors. Organizational culture represents the collective values, beliefs and principles of organizational members and is a product of such factors as history, product, market, technology, and strategy, type of employees, management style, and national culture. Culture includes the organization's vision, values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits.TYPES OF STRUCTURE

TALL STRUCTUREThe organization which works under the tall structures is characterized by more levels of managers and supervisors. In a tall structure the span of control (no superior should have more than 5 or 6 subordinates) is narrow. Tall structure provide more control and direction from the organization point of view and from the point of view of employees they are more restrictive and the taking of decision is also very few. In tall structure it is easy for the manager to keep in touch with employees and their department because of few subordinates and narrow area to supervise.FLAT STRUCTUREThe organization which works under the flat structure have few levels of managers and the span of control in flat structure is wide. In this structure organizers are unable to control and direct the organization due to the wide structure the organizers are unable to keep in touch with employees.FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE: In a function structure employees work on a function of a specific job in an organization. According to the functional areas the organization is structured. In this structure groups are specialized in similar skills in different areas and organization is coordinated with a top management.DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE: This structure is formed when organization is divided into number of units. This structure is applied in large companies.

Organizational Structure: Amazon.com

Amazon.com incorporates a multidivisional structure where each function such as marketing, operations, development and others get their own domain. Each functional division has its own CEO who is directly responsible and accountable for overseeing the workings of the functions. Each CEO of Amazon gets autonomy over how to run their divisions and collaborations are done between functions through CEO level. Organizational Structure: Bata Shoe Company Bangladesh

Bata also has a divisional structure based on functional areas. All functional heads report back to the Managing Director. The advantages and disadvantages for both Bata and Amazon would be the same on a core basis.Organizational Culture: Amazon.comOne of Amazons values is customer obsession. Amazon as an organization solely focuses on bringing in more customers day by day. To obsess means to think very deeply about it, to never let it out of your thinking, and to use it as the constant cornerstone of approach.They make long-term investments to create an innovative and better customer experience. Another Amazon value is ownership, which is defined as thinking long term and not sacrificing long-term value for short-term results. Amazons culture is intentional about expecting high performance and results. They have a high bar for performance and are committed to not getting complacent.Frugality is one of the main areas which Amazon concentrates on. To them it means not trying to spend money on things that dont matter to customers. This is exhibited on both the employees side as well as the suppliers side. Amazon employs a lot of very smart people, the work culture there is very much driven by efficiency. All of their products are ideated and communicated through written stories/long memos. It's a very innovative culture, where people are encouraged to do things differently from how others are doing thingsOrganizational Culture: Bata Shoe Company BangladeshThe Company is committed all times to ensuring that its people developed up to their utmost potential and to equip them to face the future challenges effectively and efficiently. As such the Companys human resources initiatives are designed to encourage open communication, creativity, innovation and initiatives. Bata has a truly international team whose diversity of ideas and exchange of expertise creates an environment that stimulates people to think beyond their immediate national markets. It is Bata culture to provide equality of opportunity, to promote on merit and to provide employees with on-going training opportunities to build new skills. Assignments in different operational areas or abroad are also common within the Group to enable promising individuals to gather an unusually broad set of experiences.Companys working culture is characterized by open and informal dialogue between employees and management. Teamwork plays an important role and mutual respect is the key ingredient. Manners between colleagues are informal and relaxed, and a sense of belonging plays an important role in everyday life. With opportunities across the world, Bata ensures each employees success through a culture of knowledge sharing and community spirit. Career probation for each employee is based on result oriented performance. Task 2: Explain how the relationship between an organizations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business.Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs (or goals and objectives). Organizational structure will deal primarily with the setup of the culture. How management works, which specific responsibilities supervisors have, how a complaint is passed through the ranks-these are all issues within the organizational culture that are directly tied to how an organizational structure works. The way a company allocates power and authority determines how employees behave. These choices manifest in a company's organizational structure and organizational culture. Organizational structure is the way a company arranges its management and lines of authority. The compatibility of organizational culture and structure would have a positive impact on an organizations performance. Financial performance is evaluated through how much profit is being brought in due to the efforts and resources being put in. Financial performance may also relate to increasing assets, share value and decreasing liabilities. Non-financial performance cannot be measured through monetary units. Common examples include measures of customer or employee satisfaction, quality, market share, and the number of new products. Non-financial performance measures are sometimes considered to be leading indicators of future financial performance.AmazonOrganizations have their own structure and culture. If there is any informality in the organization culture and employees believe that they are a part of organization then behavior effect positively. Culture and structure is very important for an organization in a culture there are many people belong to different groups and the structure of organization is made from the people if there is unity of command, Span of control and intrinsic motivation so it effect the motivation level of the employees. In organization if they have a good culture and they have the good social norms, values and ethical behavior so culture automatically control behavior .Culture is develop by good social norms, good contents, good peer group and culture cannot be reinforced, it is link with the inner behavior and change is also continuous process. In organization good and positive behavior controls the culture aspects. Culture also pushes the member to behave in a way that is counter to the formal mission and goals of organization but it can be changed through inter personal skills and good behavior. In organization good, positive and progressive culture and structure is shared among the people. Organizational structure is the way in which the interrelated groups within and organizations are set up to allow them function smoothly from a large stand point. The two main purpose of successful organizational structure is to ensure effective communication between various parts of the company, as well as to increase coordination between different departments.BataCulture and structure is important in organization but each organization has their own structure and culture. According to this organization, there is not a specific culture in organization but through employees and their related environment culture is develop. They develop their own culture according to their own requirement. Culture controls the behavior of employees according to their nature which accepts the efforts to that culture. They develop that culture which they need. Culture depends upon the nature of employees it develop the behavior of employees according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to mew environment. In organization culture is made when employees share their own culture. Employees are not involved during taking of the decision they are totally depended upon the orders of their boss. Through structure it is easy for the organization for placement of employees, staffing and they also know how many employees are required for the jobs in organization. In the absence of structure some difficulties occurs for the organization that how many employees they need for the job and how they control the organization.Task 3: Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work.Personality: Personality is the behaviors and techniques for solving problems that are used by an individual .personality are the individual as culture is to the group personal beliefs, expectations, desires, values and behaviors that drive from the interaction between culture and the individual. Perception:Perception is differs from sensations which is the impact of some stimulus on some receptors.Perception in selection:The main point here is that we pay attention to various inputs which are selected. Some of the inputs are automatically selected while other have impact but may not be perceived.Perception in organization:An organization affects individual in terms of what information is present as potential input.Attitude:Attitudes are tendency to responds in a particular way towards a specified class of object. It is something which cannot be measured directly because it is inside the people.

Co-operation and Conflict:The number of people working together and cooperating on a task will produce better results then the same number of people who working alone. Co-operation inspires teamwork. Conflicts plays large role in most peoples live. Conflict occurs due to new ideas, practices and solutions to problems because people differ in the appearances, attitudes, goals. Conflict is necessary for the growth and development of individual, groups and organizations.Communication: Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged with each other. The effective use of communication skills such as active listening and helpful feedback depends on a supportive communication climate. Research indicated that structure communication affects both the speed and quality of work and also feeling of people.AmazonAmazon is known for paternalistic style of management based on, a family like environment where every employee is aware of their responsibilities. Every organization has its own rules but every boss has sufficient powers to run the show smoothly. Amazon goal oriented organization, where the whole of the organization wok as a single unit. Amazons key staff push their subordinates to do their best. Over all Amazon as an organization, holds the employees satisfaction with the job at moderate. Amazon provides a competitive environment for its employees.BataBata Bangladesh being a local company shows classical management traits. Branch level manager cannot take decisions only high level management can take decisions. Managers only gave order on day to day basis and implement the orders which are given by high level management. Goals are mostly related to the development of the organization. As it is a commercial organization so all employees work as a single team. Conflict occurs between managers and employees due to personal and organizational goals. No such conflicts occur between manager and owner because they cannot afford it. Task 4: Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations. Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change.Leadership:Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically to words the achievement of group goals. An Important feature of leadership is its style which may be defined as the manners of a leader of dealing with the people and the methods of handling various situations and circumstances, problems and crises, changes and upheavals etc. that may arise in an organization, systems and processes. There are number of leadership styles which are adopted by the leaders. From this book we conclude that on the bases of authority there r three basic styles used by the leaders

Leadership StylesAutocratic Style: In this style all the power is in the hand of the leader he has the authority from making decisions and sating ogles to give or with draw punishment and rewards. Whereas some autocratic leaders may act as benevolent autocrats.

Democratic Style: This style is also called participative style. This style is based on consultation in this style of leadership; leaders make decisions in consultation with sub-ordinates. In this style authority is distributed and decision making is sheared.

Free-rein Style: In this style the power or the authority in the hand of the leader is very little while the subordinates are independent to set their goals and make their decisions. Leader is limited to the meters of the outside and he has to provide information and resources for his workers to increase output.Production Oriented Style: This style is also called task oriented style of leadership in this style the leader gets satisfaction when he looks that his task is successfully performed and he does not bother about his workers.

People Oriented Style: In this style of leadership the leader is concurrent more with the problems of workers and tries to keep good relations with them. While he is not interested in output.

Leadership Styles used by Amazon and BataPositive Leadership:This leadership style is used on branch level. It refers to such a leadership or leadership style whereby organizational personnel are motivates to hard work, more work and better work through financial or non-financial in centavos. It is based on the fact that a satisfied worker put in more and better work. Thus the higher is the reward; the higher is the productive efficiency. If someone works hard so at the end of year he is given cash prize. And double recommendation later is given in his favor. so through these kind of motivation the employees tries to work more hard in coming years and work hard to take more prizes and to promote quickly. Autocratic Style:This style is used in main offices. It may be defined as such a leadership style wherein power is concentrated in the leader. It is based on centralized authority. The management is the fountain head of power and authority. The leader makes decisions, policies and procedures to be followed by the workers blindly and without questioning. So that work should be done quickly and in this style leader is responsible for everything. And in this way all the works obeys the leader. Ant quick decisions are made. This stile is used because they want to produce more and more. If everyone got the right to give advice so then they cannot work in friendly environment many misunderstandings will created in members.

Production Oriented: This style is used in head office. It refers to such leadership style whereby the leader laid entire emphasis on production or work. They believe in getting hard, more and better work from their subordinates. Manly they are concerned with more output. They mostly are maximizing production. To them employees are of less or no importance. Instead they emphasize more work and more output. Their management techniques, ogles and policies all aim at maximizing output, by working round the clock, keeping work force constantly busy and attaining high standards of quality. If they do not do this then workers are relax and do not complete their work in time. If they do not achieve their tasks in time which they are given so then they also have to be punished. By demoting them or cutting salaries etc. Because they have enough employs to work for them so they dont care about employees they only care about their production.Task 5: Explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations.The practice of management in order to achieve the organizational objective in an efficient manner. At present the advancement of information technology has made possible to emphasis upon the theories and concepts based on the organization in order to facilitate the activities of the management. Therefore it can be observed that the practice of management can bring overall success for the organization by creativity and innovation in the workplace. In this stage it is answer that can influence the individual behavior in the workplace and to determine the organizational structure and culture it is essential for the management to emphasis upon the organizational theories and concepts. The scientific management approach: The scientific management applause emphasis upon the improvement of the workforce by increasing the productivity in the workplace. According to this approach it is observed that the employees should buy from their job in an efficient manner based on the technical structuring of the given job responsibilities.The classical management approach: The classical management approach takes into account the rational and logical behavior in the workplace. It also takes into account the planning of the work based on the requirements and nature of the organization.Bureaucratic approach: The bureaucratic approach is based on the size and complexity of the organization. It is also associated with the hierarchy organizational structure. In addition to it is also observed that the complexity and size of the organization has significant influence towards the bureaucratic approach.

Human relations approach: The human relations approach is based on the oversimplified is and concepts. It is also identified as insufficiently scientific approach that ignores the role of organization itself.System approach: The system approach to management can be defined as the consent in which the activities of the companies are interconnected based on the purposive system. In this stage input, process and outward are three prime determinants in order to apply the system approach in the organizational context.Contingency approach: The contingency approach has significant influence towards the improvement of the organizational performance. It is also defined as the extension of system approach by the previous researchers while identifying the management approach. In this stage it is observed that the contingency approach highlights the possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of organization for the management.

Task 6: Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace. Evaluate the usefulness of a motivational theory for managers.McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y: In theory X and theory Y McGregor has given two sets of assumptions about the nature of people. According to him there are two approaches or infect two management philosophies based on human behavior which he has explained briefly in his theory.Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory: Maslows theory has five categories, Physiological needs, and security needs, affiliation or acceptance needs, esteem needs, and need for self-actualization. This theory holds that human needs form a hierarchy ranging from the lowest order needs to the highest order needs. This theory also says that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.Alderfer's ERG Theory: This theory has three categories there categories 1) Existence needs 2) relatedness needs 3) growth needs. He suggests that a person may be motivated in more than one category at the same time.Herzberg's two Factors Theory: He says that there are two sets of motivating factors. In one set they are dissatisfies, which are related to the jobs context (circumstances, conditions). The absence of these factors results in dissatisfaction. In other set are the satisfiers, or motivators, which are related to the content of the job. They include achievement, recognition, challenging work, advancement and growth in the job.The Vroom's Expectancy Theory of Motivation: According to him people will be motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of that goal and if they can see that what they do will help them in achieving that goal.Equity Theory: This theory stats that people will be batter motivated if they think they are being treated fairly and feel de motivated if they think they are treated unfairly.Skinner's Reinforcement Theory: In this theory it is said that individuals can be motivated by proper design of their work and by praise for their performance, while punishment for power performance produces negative result.McClellands Needs Theory of Motivation: In this theory McClellands has identified three types of basic motivating needs are need for power, need for affiliation and need for achievement.Motivations theories used practicallyEquity Theory:In this theory it is explained that people will be more attracted if they are ashore that they are treated fairly and will not be attracted if they think that they are not treated fairly. If someone works hard so he is reworded with cash price and has promotion chances are more. Every employee of same rank has equal power and authority. And equal facilities are given to all of them. Salaries, home alliances, convince alliances, medical facility etc. are same of every manager. Everyone gets equal bonus. Everyone has to respect his seniors according to roles and regulations. And seniors also respect their joiners and guide them in a right way.Expectancy Theory:They also use expectancy theory. This theory can explain why extrinsic financial motivation works only if the link between effort and reward is clear and the value of the reward is worth the effort. If someone works hard so he should be rewarded and should be given cash prize. And double recommendation later is given in his favor. So through this kind of motivation the employee tries to work more hard and to take more prizes and to promote quickly. So this is a kind of force which is applied to the workers to work hard and to give well output. Task 7: Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations.Group:Groups is the smallest unit of organization .It is the close relation on which it depends can not be formed more than dozen of people.Group is widely recognized as an important sociological unit of Analyze in the study of organization behavior. Group studying is valuable when the dynamic is analyzed. Group dynamic are the interaction and forces among groups members in social situation. When the concept is applied to the study of organizational behavior then the focus is the dynamic of both formal and informal work group.TYPES OF GROUPSFORMAL GROUPFormal and Informal groups are most directly applicable.There are many formally designated work groups such as, committees in the modern organization .the functional departments committees (finance, marketing, operations and human resource) and now cross functional team is example.

INFORMAL GROUPSThese groups are form for political, friendship, or common interest problem, for political purpose. The in formal groups may form to attempt to get its shares of rewards or limited resources .Friendship groups may form on the job and carry on outside the work place. Common interest in sports or ways to get back at management can also bind members into informal groups.OTHER TYPES OF GROUPSPRIMARY GROUPSOften the term small groups and primary groups are used interchangeably there is a difference. A small group has to meet only the small size group. Thus all primary groups are small groups, but not all small groups are primary groups. Besides primary groups there are also other classification of groups that important to study organization behavior the important distinction are between membership and reference groups and between in groups and out groups. The membership group are those to which the individually actually belongs. Reference groups are those to which the individual would like to belong (those he or she identifies with). These differences can be summarized by noting that membership groups are those group to which individual actually belong. In groups are those groups who have or shares the dominant values and out groups are those groups on the outside looking in. All these types of groups are important to study organization behavior. GROUP FORMATIONMore established social psychology explanation for group formation there are also some generally recognized stages of group formation.FORMING Groups members are not sure about the purpose, structure and task etc. STORMING There may be considerable disagreement among the members about rules and duties.NORMING Finally at this stage the member begin to settle into cooperation.PERFORMING This is the stage where the group is fully functioning and devoted effectively the task agreed on in the normal stage.ADJOURNINGThis represents the end of group which is ongoing; permanent group will never be reached. Once the objective is accomplished the group will have a new composition and the stages will start over and again.An alternative model that has most recently been proposed as an explanation for group formation process called punctuated equilibrium model. According to this approach group form in the first phase in a target or mission is set and then or not uttered easily due to process called inertia or systemic resistance to change.Task 8: Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations.FACTORS AFFECT TEAM WORK Autocratic type of leadership within organization. Lack of integrity in the organization can affect the team work Selection of right person for right job. Lack of professionalism in any organization can cause a team work in that organization. Lack of Co-ordination Communication gape (city to city or country to country gap among the manager is the bigger cause that affect the team work in an organization. Lack of responsibility (in proper work and late for job can affect the team work in that organization. Job enlargement Supervisor expertise. Organization structure (team work also effect on the organization structure. Skills Target market selection.Factors that affect the team work in Amazon Lack of professionalism Lack of co-ordination Lack of responsibility (if the manager will not be responsible so the team work will be affected) Job of enlargement (job enlargement effect the team work in UBL) Organization structure Factor that affect the group work in Amazon Supervisor expertise Selection of right person for right job Communication gap (City to city gap among manager effect the group work in organization) Lack of integrity Target market selection Democratic type of leadership can affect the group work Factor that affect the team work in Bata Job enlargement Supervisor expertise Communication gape (city to city or country to country gap among the manager is the bigger cause that affect the team work in an organization. Lack of responsibility (in proper work and late for job can affect the team work in that organization. Selection of right person for right job.Factor that affect the group work in Bata Lack of co-ordination. Lack of responsibility (if the manager will not be responsible so the team work will be affected) Job of enlargement (job enlargement affect the team work in Bata) Organization structure. Relevant suggestion how to improve team work Task 9: Evaluate the impact on team functioning within a given organization. In the current society technology plays a major role. You are able to maintain your position in the market environment only if your organization is updated and informed with the available technology. Various technologies which are available in an organization can be used to improve team building in different ways.

1. Social Networks:Twitter, Facebook, Google+, Myspace, etc are common social networks which is used by many people internationally. By using these social networks workers can be in contact with their co-workers or team members even outside of the organization. These social networks are better than having in touch with people using phones. They are more creative and entertaining as well, also this will allow the team members to know more about others even in their personal life.

2. Instant Messengers:Instant messengers such as MSN, yahoo messenger, Gmail messenger and Skype can be effective and less time consuming mode of communication to have within the organization. This will allow people to communicate without any hassle caused to others, also it will be easier to share files and documents.

3. Laptops and Mobiles:By giving office laptops and mobiles teams can easily check the updates and send mails to the team members as soon as they are informed of anything. There will be a trustworthy communication between them. Even when one of the team member is sick at home, he can easily access and communicate with his co-workers.

4. Games:You can organize online or network multiplayer games for employees on a Friday afternoon. Games boost everyone's spirits and remove the stress that's prevalent in office. This will be very effective if the teams play together. But this will applicable for a younger age groups and will be a very effective method.

5. Groupware:Enables teams to plan meetings, collaborate, delegate all within a virtual environment which can often be accessed remotely from anywhere in the world.