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History

Tirreler Bauerntradition shows an

early Miele washing machine in the

Roscheider Hof, Open Air Museum

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To clean clothing it is necessary to rub and flex the cloth to break apart solids and helpthe soap penetrate. At first this was done by pounding or rubbing the clothing with rocksin a river, and later developed into the corrugated wash board. In Roman times a personwould whiten clothing by rubbing it against a rock while letting soap lay on it. The soap

was made of animal fat.

Clothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce the drudgery of this scrubbingand rubbing process by providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles orfingers to automatically agitate the clothing. The earliest machines were often hand-operated. As electricity was not commonly available until at least 1930, these earlymachines were often operated by a low-speed single-cylinderhit and missgasolineengine.

Because water usually had to be heated on a fire for washing, the warm soapy water wasprecious and would be reused over and over, first to wash the least soiled clothing, then

to wash progressively dirtier clothing. While the earliest machines were constructed fromwood, later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, to keepthe water warm throughout the day's washing.

Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was originally a separateprocess. The soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand toextract water. To help reduce this labour, the wringer/mangle was developed, which usestwo rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of the clothing. Each piece of
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clothing would be fed through the wringer separately. The first wringers were hand-operated, but were eventually included as a powered attachment above the washer tub.The wringer would be swung over the wash tub so that extracted wash water would fallback into the tub to be reused for the next wash load.

The modern process of water removal by spinning did not come into use until electricmotors were developed. Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source, and wasoriginally done in a separate device known as an extractor. A load of washed clothingwould be transferred from the wash tub to the extractor basket, and the water spun out.[1]

These early extractors were often dangerous to use since unevenly distributed loadswould cause the machine to shake violently. Many efforts have been made to counteractthe shaking of unstable loads, first by mounting the spinning basket on a free-floatingshock-absorbing frame to absorb minor imbalances, and a bump switch to detect severemovement and stop the machine so that the load can be manually redistributed. Manymodern machines are equipped with a sealed ring of liquid that works to counteract anyimbalances.

What is now referred to as an automatic washer was at one time referred to as awasher/extractor, which combines the features of these two devices into a single machine,plus also includes the ability to fill and drain water by itself. It is possible to take this astep further, to also merge the automatic washing machine andclothes dryerinto a singledevice, but this is generally uncommon because the drying process tends to use muchmore energy than using two separate devices; a combined washer/dryer not only must drythe clothing, but also need to dry out the wash chamber itself.

[edit] Washing machine milestones

19th-century Metropolitan washing machine
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A vintage German model

The first English patent under the category of Washing and WringingMachines wasissued in 1691.[2] A drawing of an early washing machine appeared in the January 1752issue of "The Gentlemen's Magazine," a British publication. In Germany, Jacob ChristianSchffer's washing machine design was published in 1767.[3]In 1782 Henry Sidgier wasissued a British patent for a rotating drum washer. In 1862, a patented "compound rotarywashing machine, with rollers for wringing or mangling" was shown at the1862 London

Exhibition, done by Richard Lansdale of Pendleton, Manchester.[4]

The first United StatesPatent titled "Clothes Washing" was granted to Nathaniel BriggsofNew Hampshirein 1797. Because of the Patent Office Fire of 1836, no description ofthe device exists, and it is not known what kind of washing device Briggs invented. Adevice that combined a washing machine with a wringer mechanism did not appear until1843, when John E. Turnbull ofSaint John, New Brunswickpatented a "Clothes WasherWith Wringer Rolls."[5]

Electric washing machines were advertised and discussed in newspapers as early as 1904.[6] Louis Goldenberg ofNew Brunswick, New Jersey invented the electric washing

machine around the late 1800s to early 1900s. He worked for the Ford Motor Company atthat time, and all inventions he created while working for Ford under contract belongedto Ford. The patent would have been listed under Ford and or Louis Goldenberg.[citationneeded] Alva J. Fisher has been incorrectly credited with the invention of the electricwasher. The US patent office shows at least one patent issued before Mr. Fisher's USpatent number 966677 (e.g. Woodrow's US patent number 921195).
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US electric washing machine sales reached 913,000 units in 1928. However, highunemployment rates in the Depression years hit sales; by 1932 the number of unitsshipped was down to about 600,000.

The first laundromat opened in Fort Worth, Texas in 1934[citation needed]. It was run by

Andrew Clein. Patrons used coin-in-the-slot facilities to rent washing machines. The termlaundromat can be found in newspapers as early as 1884 and they were widespreadduring the depression. It is almost impossible to determine who had the first laundromat.England established public wash rooms for laundry along with bath houses throughoutthe nineteenth century.[7]

Washer design improved during the 1930s. The mechanism was now enclosed within acabinet, and more attention was paid to electrical safety. Spin dryers were introduced toreplace the dangerous power wringers of the day.

Early automatic washing machines were usually connected to the water supply via

temporary slip-on connectors to the sink taps. Later, permanent connections to both thehot and cold water supplies became the norm. Most modern front-loading Europeanmachines now only have a cold water connection (i.e. cold fill) and rely completely onelectric heaters to raise the water temperature.

By 1940, 60% of the 25,000,000 wired homes in the United States had an electricwashing machine. Many of these machines featured a power wringer, although built-inspin dryers were not uncommon.

Bendix introduced the first automatic washing machine in 1937,[8] having applied for apatent in the same year.[9] In appearance and mechanical detail, this first machine is not

unlike the front loading automatic washers produced today. Although it included many ofthe today's basic features, the machine lacked any drum suspension and therefore had tobe anchored to the floor to prevent "walking".

1910 advertisement

Many of these early automatic machines had coin-in-the-slot facilities and were installedin the basement laundry rooms of apartment houses. After theattack on Pearl Harbor, USdomestic washer production had to be suspended for the duration ofWorld War II.However, many US appliance manufacturers were given permission to undertake the
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research and development of washers during the war years. Many took the opportunity todevelop automatic machines, realizing that these represented the future for the industry.

An improved front loading automatic model, the Bendix Deluxe (which retailed at$249.50), was introduced in 1947.[10]

General Electricalso introduced its first top loading automatic model in 1947. Thismachine had many of the features that are incorporated into modern machines.

A large number of US manufacturers introduced competing automatic machines (mainlyof the top loading type) in the late 1940s/early 1950s. Several manufacturers evenproduced semi-automatic machines, where the user had to intervene at one or two pointsin the wash cycle. A common semi-automatic type (available from Hoover in the UKuntil at least the 70's) included 2 tubs: one with an agitator or impeller for washing and/orrinsing; another, smaller, tub for water extraction or centrifugal rinsing.

One early form of automatic washing machine manufactured by Hoover used cartridgesto program different wash cycles. This system, called theKeymatic, used plasticcartridges with key-like slots and ridges around the edges. The cartridge was inserted intoa slot on the machine and a mechanical reader operated the machine accordingly. Thesystem did not commercially succeed because it offered no real advantage over the moreconventional program dial, and the cartridges were prone to getting lost. In hindsight itcan be seen as a marketing gimmickrather than offering any really useful functionality.

Since their introduction in the late 1930s/mid 1940s, automatic washing machines haverelied on mechanical timers to sequence the washing and extraction process. Mechanicaltimers consist of a series of cams on a common shaft. At the appropriate time in the wash

cycle, each cam actuates a switch to engage/disengage a particular part of the machinery(e.g. drain pump motor). The timer shaft is driven by a small electric motor via areduction gearbox.

On the early mechanical timers the motor ran at a constant speed throughout the washcycle, although it was possible for the user to truncate parts of the program by manuallyadvancing the control dial. However, by the 1950s demand for greater flexibility in thewash cycle led to the introduction of electronic timers to supplement the mechanicaltimer. These electronic timers enable greater variation in such functions as the wash time.With this arrangement, the electric timer motor is periodically switched off to permit theclothing to soak, and is only re-energised just prior to a micro-switch being

engaged/disengaged.

Despite the high cost of automatic washers, manufacturers had difficulty in meeting thedemand. Although there were material shortages during the Korean War, by 1953automatic washing machine sales in the US exceeded those of wringer-type electricmachines.
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In the early 1990s, upmarket machines incorporatedmicrocontrollers for the timingprocess. These proved reliable, so many cheaper machines now incorporatemicrocontrollers, rather than mechanical timers. Washing machines are a classicapplication forfuzzy logic. Miele, from West Germany, was the top of the line front loadwasher, and was introduced in Kananaskis, Alberta by Glenn Isbister starting a revolution

in Laundry in Canada.

In 1994, Staber Industries released the System 2000 washing machine, which is the onlytop loading, horizontal-axis washer to be manufactured in the United States. Thehexagonal tub spins like a front loading machine, only using about third of the water asconventional top-loaders. This factor has led to anEnergy Starrating for its highefficiency.

In 2001, Whirlpool Corporationintroduced the Calypso, the first vertical-axis highefficiency washing machine to be top-loading. A washplate in the bottom of the tubnutatedto bounce, shake, and toss the laundry around. As this happened, water

containing detergent was sprayed on to the laundry. The machine proved to be good atcleaning but gained a bad reputation due to frequent breakdowns and destruction oflaundry and the washer was recalled with a class-action lawsuitand pulled off the market.

In 2007, Sanyo introduced the first drum type washing machine with Air Washfunction.[11] This washing machine uses only 50L of water in the recycle mode.

In 2008, the University of Leeds created a washing machine that uses only a cup(about0.5 imperial pints (280 ml)) of water to carry out a full wash. The machine leaves clothesvirtually dry, and uses less than 2 per cent of the water and energy otherwise used by aconventional machine. As such, it could save billions of litres of water each year.[12]

[edit] Modern machines

This section is missing citations or needsfootnotes. Please help add inlinecitations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (June 2010)

Modern washing machines are available in two configurations: top loading and frontloading.

[edit] Market Share

Market Top Loading Washer Front Loading Washer

European Market Share 10%** 90%

US Market Share 65% 35%

It should be noted that while 10% of European washing machines may be top-loadingthey are not of the same design as North American machines. Rather than washing theclothes with an agitator, they also use a horizontally-mounted drum. The clothes are
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loaded through a hatch in the drum wall. Their design is otherwise similar to that of afront loader. These machines may work well for small apartments as they take up lessfloor space than a conventional front loader.

This section requires expansion.

[edit] Top-loading

The top-loading design or V-axis clothes washer, most popular inAustralia,NewZealand, Canada, the United States and Latin America, places the clothes in a vertically-mounted perforated basket that is contained within a water-retaining tub, with apropeller-like agitatorin center of the bottom of the basket. Clothes are loaded throughthe top of the machine, which is covered with a hinged door. During the wash cycle, theouter tub is filled with water sufficient to suspend the clothing freely in the basket, andthe movement of the agitator pulls the clothing downward in the center towards theagitator paddles. The clothing then moves outward and up the sides of the basket to

repeat the process. Top-loaders are not well-suited to cleaning large objects such aspillows orsleeping bags due to the tendency for them to just float on the surface of thewater without circulating, and the aggressive agitator action can damage delicate fabrics.

In most top-loading washers, if the motor spins in one direction, thegearboxdrives theagitator; if the motor spins the other way, the gearbox locks the agitator and spins thebasket and agitator together. Similarly if the pump motor rotates one way it recirculatesthe sudsy water; in the other direction it pumps water from the machine during the spincycle. Because they usually incorporate a gearbox, clutch,crank, etc., top-loadingwashers are mechanically more complex than front loading machines but are generallylower maintenance since there is no need for a door seal (described below). However, the

electro-mechanical components in conventional top-load washers have largely reachedmaturity.

The top-loader's spin cycle between washing and rinsing allows an extremely simplefabric softenerdispenser, which operates passively through centrifugal force and gravity.The same objective must be accomplished by a solenoid-operated valve on a front loader.Another advantage to the top loading design is the reliance on gravity to contain thewater, rather than potentially trouble-prone or short-lived front door seals.
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Arctic BE1200A+ is a front loading budget model sold in 2008 with 6 kg load, LCDindicator, 1200 RPM

[edit] Front-loading

The front-loading design or H-axis clothes washer, most popular inEuropeand theMiddle East, mounts the inner basket and outer tub horizontally, and loading is through adoor at the front of the machine. The door often but not always contains a window.Agitation is supplied by the back-and-forth rotation of the cylinder and by gravity. Theclothes are lifted up by paddles on the inside wall of the drum and then dropped. Thismotion flexes the weave of the fabric and forces water and detergent solution through the

clothes load. Because the wash action does not require the clothing be freely suspendedin water, only enough water is needed to moisten the fabric. Because less water isrequired, front-loaders typically use less soap, and the aggressive dropping and foldingaction of the tumbling can easily produce large amounts of foam.

Front-loaders control water usage through thesurface tension of water, and thecapillarywicking action this creates in the fabric weave. A front-loader washer always fills to thesame low water level, but a large pile of dry clothing standing in water will soak up themoisture, causing the water level to drop. The washer then refills to maintain the originalwater level. Because it takes time for this water absorption to occur with a motionless pileof fabric, nearly all front-loaders begin the washing process by slowly tumbling the

clothing under the stream of water entering and filling the drum, to rapidly saturate theclothes with water.

Front-loading washers are mechanically simple compared to top-loaders, with the mainmotor normally being connected to the drum via a grooved pulley belt and largepulleywheel, without the need for a gearbox, clutch or crank. But front-load washers sufferfrom their own technical problems, due to the drum lying sideways. For example, a toploading washer keeps water inside the tub merely through the force ofgravity pulling
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down on the water, while a front-loader must tightly seal the door shut with a gasket toprevent water dripping onto the floor during the wash cycle. This access door is lockedshut during the entire wash cycle, since opening the door with the machine in use couldresult in water gushing out onto the floor. For front-loaders without viewing windows onthe door, it is possible to accidentally pinch fabric between the door and the drum,

resulting in tearing and damage to the pinched clothing during tumbling and spinning.

Nearly all front-loader washers for the consumer market must also use a folded flexiblebellows assembly around the door opening, to keep clothing contained inside the basketduring the tumbling wash cycle. If this bellows assembly were not used, small articles ofclothing such as socks could slip out of the wash basket near the door, and fall down thenarrow slot between the outer tub and basket, plugging the drain and possibly jammingrotation of the inner basket. Retrieving lost items from between the outer tub and innerbasket can require complete disassembly of the front of the washer and pulling out theentire inner wash basket. Commercial and industrial front-loaders used by businesses(described below) usually do not use the bellows, and instead require all small objects to

be placed in a mesh bag to prevent loss near the basket opening.

This bellows assembly around the door is the source of problems for the consumer front-loader. The bellows has a large number of flexible folds to permit the tub to moveseparately from the door during the high speed extraction cycle. On many machines,these folds can collect lint, dirt, and moisture, resulting in mold and mildew growth and afoul odor. Some front-loading washer operating instructions say the bellows should bewiped down monthly with a strong bleach solution, while others offer a specialfresheningcycle where the machine is run empty with a strong dosing of bleach. In thepast, suggested remedies have included adding vinegar to the laundry detergent, runningan empty cycle with bleach every few weeks, wiping the door gasket with a diluted

bleach solution every other week, and leaving the front-loading washer door ajar betweenloads.

[edit] Further comparisons

Top-loading washers do not suffer from continued maintenance problems and needs noregularfreshening. During the spin cycle, a top-loading tub is free to move about insidethe cabinet of the machine, using only a lip around the top of the inner basket and outertub to keep the spinning water and clothing from spraying out over the edge.

There are many variations of these two general themes. Top-loading machines in Asia

use impellers instead of agitators. Impellers are similar to agitators except that they donot have the center post extending up in the middle of the wash tub basket. There is also atop loading variant of the horizontal axis design that is loaded from the top, through asmall door in the circumference of the drum. These machines usually have a shortercylinder and are therefore smaller, but offer the efficiency of a front-loader whileeliminating the problems of the flexible bellows. This kind of washing machine is soldand popular in Europe, especially in small households, because it offers the same drumsystem as front-loaders, just with a smaller footprint.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaskethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaskethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe


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Many front loading machines have electrical heating elements to heat the wash bath tonear boiling. Chemical action is supplied by the detergent and other laundry chemicals.Front loaders use special detergents that are designed to release different chemicalingredients at different temperatures. This is so that different type of stains and soils willbe cleaned from the clothes as the wash water is heated up by the electrical heater. Front

loaders also need to use low sudsing detergents because the tumbling action of the drumfolds air into the clothes load that can cause over-sudsing. Due to the concentration ofwater and detergent, though, the sudsing issue of front-loaders can also be controlled bysimply using less detergent without lessening cleaning action.

Tests comparing front loading and top loading machines have shown that, in general,front-loaders wash clothes more thoroughly, cause less wear, and use less water andenergy than top-loaders. As a result of using less water, they require less detergent to beused, or conversely, they can use the same amount of detergent with less water, whichincreases detergent concentration and increases the amount of chemical action. They alsoallow a dryerto be more easily mounted directly above the washer.

[edit] Water leakage

Top loading machines are less prone to leakage when used under heavy gravity. Frontloading machines require a seal on the front door, and similarly the front door must belatched during operation to prevent opening, lest large amounts of water spill out. Thisseal may leak or require replacement. Many current front-loaders, though, can be stoppedand added to or removed from, by way of keeping the water level in the horizontal tubbelow the door level.

[edit] Energy usage

Some top-loader advocates have argued that a top-loader leans more towards efficiencywith dramatically faster wash times, although comparisons of energy use show this to bewrongfront loaders generally use less energy, water and detergent and clean almost aseffectively as the best top loaders.[13]

[edit] Water usage

Front loaders generally use less water.[citation needed]

[edit] Compactness

Front loading machines may be installed underneath counters. A front loading washingmachine, in a fully-fitted kitchen, may even be disguised as an ordinary base cabinet/unit.They may also be convenient in homes with limited floor area, since the dryer may beinstalled directly above the washer.

[edit] Spin-dry effectiveness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_dryerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_dryerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=12


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Front loaders also offer much higher spin drying speeds of up to 2000 RPM. This makesit possible to dry clothes very quickly by hanging them on washing lines or airing racksor can substantially reduce the length of time required in a tumble dryer.[citation needed]

[edit] Noise

Front loaders tend to operate more quietly than top loaders, since there is less of atendency to imbalance.

[edit] Accessibility and Ergonomics

Front loaders are more convenient forlittle people and those withparaplegia, as thecontrols are front-mounted and the horizontal drum eliminates the need for standingand/or climbing.

For people who are sufficiently tall and can stand, top-loaders may be easier to load and

unload, since reaching into the tub does not require stooping. However, this issue can bemitigated due to the offering of risers (usually with storage drawers underneath) to raisethe front loader door opening closer to the user's level.

[edit] Rinsing

Washing machines perform several rinses after the main wash to remove most of thedetergent. Modern washing machines use less water due to environmental concerns,however this has led to the problem of poor rinsing on many washing machines on themarket,[14] which can be a problem to people who are sensitive to detergents. TheAllergyUKwebsite suggests re-running the rinse cycle again.[15]

[edit] Maintenance wash

Washing machine manufacturers are now advising users to perform a regularmaintenance wash which cleans the inside of the washing machine. A maintenance washis performed without any laundry on the hottest wash programme,[16] using either one ofthe following: white vinegar, a detergent with bleaching properties (it is not advisable toput actual bleach inside the washing machine[citation needed]!) or you could use a proprietarywashing machine cleaner. The purpose of a maintenance wash is to remove any mould,bacteria, old detergent residue and gunge. If using white vinegar, it is important to allow

the washing machine to fill for about 30 seconds before adding the vinegar, as the first bitof water goes into the sump.[17]

[edit] European standards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=17


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The EU requires washing machines carry an efficiency label

Capacity and cost are the main considerations when purchasing a washing machine. Ifintended for use by a small family, a capacity of under 5 kg should be sufficient (thussaving energy and running costs).

Washing machines display an EU Energy Label with grades for energy efficiency,washing performance and spin efficiency. Grades run from A to G (best to worst),providing a simple method for judging running costs and performance. For example a"Triple A" (AAA) rated machine indicates lowest energy consumption, best wash andbest water extraction (i.e. spin) performance. This has had the desired effect of driving

customers toward more efficient washing machines and away from less efficient ones.

One important factor that's missing from the energy labelling scheme is the washingmachine's rinsing performance, which can adversely affect allergy sufferers and peoplewho are sensitive to laundry detergents and chemicals. It is advisable to check anindependent consumer report on how well a washing machine can rinse beforepurchasing, as newer washing machines use a lot less water than older ones. [14]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Energy_Labelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_label_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_label_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Energy_Labelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13


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[edit] United States standards

Top-loading and front-loading clothes washers are covered by a single Federal Standardregulating energy consumption. The Federal Standard effective up until January 1, 2011includes no restriction on water consumption. Therefore, washer manufacturers face nolegal restriction on how much unheated rinse water may be used, in washersmanufactured before that date.[18]

Many US-market clothes washers are more energy-efficient and water-efficient thanrequired by the mandatory Federal Standard, or even the more stringent Energy Starstandard.[19]Manufacturers may be motivated to exceed legally-mandated standards by aprogram of direct-to-manufacturer tax credits.[20] Excessive energy conservation in thelaundering process may lead to less-than-satisfactory cleaning,[21] and excessive waterconservation may lead to poor rinsing.[14]


[edit] Commercial washing machine

Commercial washing machines in a self-service laundromat

A commercial washing machine is intended for more frequent and long-term usage than aconsumer washing machine. Because function is more important than style, mostcommercial washers have a sharp-edged square appearance, often with stainless steel

exteriors to minimize rust and corrosion in a constantly moist environment. They are builtwith large easy-to-open service covers, and the washer mechanisms are internally laid outin a manner that does not require access to the underside of the unit for service. Oftencommercial washers are installed in long rows with a wide access passageway behind allthe machines to allow maintenance without moving the heavy machine.

Many commercial washers are built for use by the general public, and are installed inpublicly accessible laundromatsor laundrettes, operated by money accepting devices or
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundromathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundromathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laundromat_ontario.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laundromat_ontario.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine#cite_note-whitegoodshelp1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundromat


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16/24

A 1980s Belgian 180kg load industrial washer in Hotel Hilton, Brussels

A 1980s Belgian 90kg load industrial washer.

An industrial clothes washer can be used to batch process up to 300 pounds (140 kg) oftextiles at once, and can be used for extremely machine-abusive washing tasks such asstone washingor fabricbleaching and dyeing.

An industrial washer can be mounted on heavyshock absorbers and attached to aconcrete floor so that it can extract water from even the most severely out-of-balance andheavy wash loads. It may be mounted on hydraulic cylinders, permitting the entire

washer to be lifted and tilted so that fabrics can be automatically dumped from the washdrum onto a conveyor belt once the cycle is complete.

[edit] Washing machine manufacturers

Alliance Laundry (Speed Queen) Antonio Merloni under the brand names Asko, Ardo, Philco and Servis Arelik - including the brand names Beko, Blomberg, Altus and Arctic Bosch - including the brand names Siemens, Neff, Balay, Profilo and Constructa Candy - including the brand names Hoover and Zerowatt Continental Girbau Dexter Laundry Dyson (No longer produced) Electrolux - including the brand names AEG, Frigidaire, John Lewis, Tricity

Bendix and Zanussi Fagor - including the brand names Brandt, Thompson, Ocean and SanGiorgio Fisher & Paykel IFB GE - including (in the United States) the brand name Hotpoint
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylindershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylindershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapauw_Combi_1000.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapauw_Combi_1000.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapauw_Combi_2000.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylindershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing_machine&action=edit&section=21


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Haier Hitachi Indesit - including the brand names Hotpoint-Ariston, Creda and Scholtes LG Mabe - including the brand names Easy, Centrales, Dako, Moffat

Miele Pellerin Milnor Samsung Smeg Staber Whirlpool - including the brand names Admiral, Amana, Inglis, Kenmore,

Maytag, Magic Chef, Estate, Kirkland and Roper Thor Bendix Gorenje V-Zug - including the brand names Sibir and Gehrig

Schulthess - including the brand name Merker Amica Vestel Washex

View DetailsMain FeaturesWash Load (Kgs) 6.2Type of Washing Machine Semi AutomaticControl Type ElectromechanicalLoading Type TopWash Method PulsatorCycle Options/ ProgrammesNumber of Preset Programmes 3Prewash (Soak)Hot Water WashHeavy WashNormal WashDelicate WashQuick WashInteriorsNumber of Wash/Spin Baskets 2Basket Material ---DispensersBleach Dispenser
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miele


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Detergent DispenserWater ConsumptionAutomatic Water ControlOther FeaturesAutomatic Drainage

Rinse HoldOne Touch WashTimersDigital DisplayAuto RestartAuto Power OffChild LockLint FilterRat MeshMachine DimensionsWidth (mm) 775

Depth (mm) 467Height (mm) 941Approximate Net Weight (Kgs) ---More FeaturesUnique FeatureAfter Sales ServiceWarranty Period (Years) 2

LG-WP-9224


19/24

best Price: Rs. 6,285


20/24

View DetailsMain FeaturesWash Load (Kgs) 5.5Type of Washing Machine Semi-automatic ControlType ElectromechanicalLoading Type Top

Wash Method PulgitatorCycle Options/ ProgrammesNumber of Preset Programmes 1Prewash (Soak)Hot Water WashHeavy WashNormal WashDelicate WashQuick WashInteriorsNumber of Wash/Spin Baskets 2

Basket Material ---DispensersBleach DispenserDetergent DispenserWater ConsumptionAutomatic Water ControlOther FeaturesAutomatic DrainageRinse HoldOne Touch WashTimersDigital DisplayAuto RestartAuto Power OffChild LockLint FilterRat MeshMachine DimensionsWidth (mm) 745Depth (mm) 420Height (mm) 875Approximate Net Weight (Kgs) 19More FeaturesUnique FeatureAfter Sales ServiceWarranty Period (Years) 2 Show me


21/24

Which washing machine to buy? Semi, fully... front load? Any specific brand can u suggest?

having same functionality. Semiautomatic is good as it has easy maintenance. Fullyautomatic though very easy to use needs expert hadnlign and any wrong button pressed orany instuction not followed it is LG fully Auto maticcost started from 16000 Rsthe best ihav ever seen...ELECTRONICS...whirlpool...fully loaded...lg...semiautomatic .it willsave your detergent as well water....sony...LG is the most

Posted inHome Appliances byNilayat 10:37 PM on December 18, 2007Tagswashing,machine,buy, front,load, specific,brand, suggest

How would you rate the performace of Samsung washing machine?

.0kg segment, priced in the range between Rs. 6590/- to Rs. 9990/-. The SemiAutomaticSilver Nano models are priced at Rs. 8990/- for the 6.5 kg model and Rs 9990/- for the 7kg model. SAMSUNGs Fully machine models both automatic & semi-automatic Withover US10 million invested in R&D, Silver Nano is the first technology that combinesthe disinfectant and antibiotic properties of electrolytic

Posted inHome Appliances by frootie26 at 10:30 PM on December 23, 2007Tags

Washing Maching better as in qualitywise & price wise.?What are the typical differences in

SEMIAUTOMATIC & FULLY AUTOMATIC ?more comfortable:front/TopLoading?

; automatically rinses & dries the clothes. But for indian conditions, semiautomatic isideal....Front loading more comfortable as using almirah. Fully means with dryer. Semidoes not dry without handling. Now automatic is the best as it will have the spinning anddrying option.Top loading is better than front...Fully automatic is very comfortable & toploading is good. In semiautomatic spinning & drying

Posted inHome Appliances by 31janat 1:47 AM on October 24, 2008Tagswashing,maching,better, qualitywise,price,typical

What are the different types of digital cameras ?

.Cameras in this category include: Fuji Finepix F10Advanced digital cameraCamerasoffering fully automatic as well as manual and semi-automatic controls and otheradvanced features. Some take accessories and add of buttons and menues.Cameras in thiscategory include: Fuji Finepix F10Advanced digital cameraCameras offering fullyautomatic as well as manual and semi-automatic controls and other advanced features.Some

Posted inElectronics & Gadgets by Rocky at 6:39 PM on May 09, 2008
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Tagsdifferent, types, digital, cameras

I intend to purchase top loading fully / semi automatic washing machine of nearly 6.5 Lt capacity. there is

intermitent water supply of fresh water. Best rates

browse www.brandsindiaonline.com website. This website consolidates best brands

available in Indian market for Washing Machines....around 6000 rs from Videocon &Kenstar

Posted inHome Appliances Anonymously at 11:58 PM on December 19, 2008Tagsintend,purchase, top,loading,fully, semi, automatic, washing, machine,nearly,capacity, intermitent,water,supply,fresh,best,rates

SEMI AUTOMATIC WASHING MECHINE IS BETTER OR FULLY AUTOMATIC WASHING MECHINE

IS BETTER?

of water and deteregent....In INdian conditions, semiautomatic washing machines are

better because they are cheaper and consume less water....Fully Automatic WM are betterwhen there is no water or power problem.Semiautomatic WM are better when there isshortage of water....fully automatic is better....FULLY AUTOMATIC WASHINGMECHINE IS BETTER

Posted inCounseling by kiranmayee at 6:01 PM on September 18, 2007TagsBEST WASHING MECHINE

I wan buy a Washing Machine n budget is 7000-8000 which one will be best also plz provide the price? ThankS !

AKH...Lg washing machine...Dear Jimmy, dont go for a semi-automatic machine asthey call it. buy only FULLY AUTOMATIC washing machine. the price may be a bithigher. even then it is an asset. reply me nahi milaga...lg semiautomatic in between 7-8...yes...You go for Whirlpool it will come in this budget and its performance is alsogood ....VideoconSA-6500 6.5 Kgs Capacity SemiAutomatic Top Loading

Posted inHome Appliances by Jimmyat 7:28 PM on April 08, 2008Tagswashing,machine,budget,best,provide,price, thanks

Can you tell me the different models of semi-automatic washing machines available in the market?

There are so many semi-automatic machines available in the market like Whirlpool, LG,Panasonic, Videocon, Godrej etc......yes u will get the semiautomatic models

in ............... lg, samsung

Posted inHome Appliances by angelia24at 8:01 PM on December 03, 2007Tags

Does a semi automatic machine have a dryer as well?
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23/24

Yes a semiautomatic machine have a dryer every brand has a dryer in their washingmachine whether they are fully automatic orsemiautomatic and the good brand forwashing machine is LG...

Posted inHome Appliances by mahan08 at 6:11 PM on December 05, 2007

Tagssemi automatic machine

Which will be better to use a automatic or semi automatic washing machine?

If u have plenty of water then Automatic is good other wise use semi-automatic....If youcan afford the cost of automatic machine why not to go for that, but make sure for onetime use it takes approx. 6 buckets of water. You must make arrangements of waterbefore buying fully automatic machine.

Posted inHome Appliances by suggest201 at 8:24 PM on September 11, 2007Tagsautomatic, semi,washing,machine

How can u find out that your Washing Machine is Automatic or Semi-automatic?

involvement then it is semiautomatic otherwise it is fully automatic...Read the manuelmamu8 answers so far...for automatic washing machine you need to just put your clothes,add washing powder, switch on the tap adjust the timings & operations. in the semi-automatic one after washing you

Posted inElectronics & Gadgets by Asha Ramat 9:31 PM on September 02, 2007Tagsmga,More such questions

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