Assessment of the State of the Environment based on ... · Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Michael Schmidt BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany Department of Environmental Planning 11th September

Environmental Disasters: National and International Experience

Master Class 3

Assessment of the State of the

Environment based on European

Quality Standards for Water, Soil and Human Health

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Michael Schmidt

BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany

Department of Environmental Planning

11th September 2017

Presentation Outline

1. Water quality

Drinking water

Surface water bodies

Sediments and suspended particulate matter

Fish toxicity

2. Soil quality

3. Human health

2

1. Assessment of Water Quality

3

Maximum Permissible Limits for Chemical Substances in Drinking and Mineral Water (Germany)

Source: Excerpt from the German Drinking Water Ordinance (TrinkwV) from 21 May 2001 (BGBl. I 2001, S. 959) and Mineral and Table Water Ordinance (Min/TafelWV) from 3 June 2004 (BGBl. I Nr.26)

4

Substance Drinking Water Mineral Water

Threshold according to TrinkwV in mg/l

Recommended for baby food in mg/l

Mineral water from 01.01.2006 in mg/l

Aluminium 0.2 0.2 no threshold

Ammonium 0.5 n/a no threshold

Arsenic 0.01 0.01 0.010 (total)

Lead 0.01 0.01 0.010

Cadmium 0.005 0.005 0.003

Chromium 0.05 0.05 0.05

Cyanide 0.05 0.05 0.07

Fluoride 1.5 1.5 5.0 (from 2008)

Sodium 200 20 no threshold

Nickel 0.02 0.02 0.05 (0.02 from 2008)

Maximum Permissible Limits for Chemical Substances in Drinking and Mineral Water (Germany)

Source: Excerpt from the German Drinking Water Ordinance (TrinkwV) from 21 May 2001 (BGBl. I 2001, S. 959) and Mineral and Table Water Ordinance (Min/TafelWV) from 3 June 2004 (BGBl. I Nr.26) 5

Substance Drinking Water Mineral Water

Threshold according to

TrinkwV in mg/l

Recommended for baby food in

mg/l

Mineral water from 01.01.2006 in mg/l

Nitrate 50 10 50

Nitrite 0.5 0.02 0.1

Mercury 0.001 0.001 0.001

Organic Chlorine Compounds

0.01 0.01 no threshold

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons


Pesticides, single substance


Pesticides, total 0.0005 0.0005 no threshold

Sulphate 240 240 no threshold

Maximum Allowable Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water in Various Regions

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92

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Drinking Water Quality in the Lausitz Region, Germany | March 2012

Source: Excerpt from Lausitzer Wasser Zeitung, issue Cottbus 17(1): 8 7

Criteria Unit Water Supply Areas

Threshold Bagenz Burg Cottbus –

Sachsendorf Forst Peitz Vetschau

pH Value --- 6.5 to 9.5 7.69 7.58 7.50 7.78 7.21 7.88

Natrium mg/l 200 5 31 14 8 17 9

Chloride mg/l 250 5 46 25 13 26 16

Nitrate mg/l 50 0.4 4.0 2.1 1.2 3.5 0.6

Nitrite mg/l 0.1 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.02 <0.02

Sulphate mg/l 240 9 178 90 53 101 78

Ammonium mg/l 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Aluminium mg/l 0.2 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.03

Iron, total mg/l 0.2 0.04 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.02

Manganese mg/l 0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

Fluoride mg/l 1.5 <0.1 0.22 0.11 0.12 0.15 <0.1

Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.01

Lead mg/l 0.025 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005

Cadmium mg/l 0.005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.002

Chromium, total mg/l 0.05 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.01

Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.002 <0.01

Chemical Classification of Water Quality according to the Methodology of the German Working Group on Water Issues of the Federal States and the Federal Government (LAWA)

8 Umweltbundesamt (2012)

Water Quality Class Description

I no anthropogenic contamination: geogenic background values (for natural products) or “Zero” (for xenobiotic substances)

I-II lightly polluted: up to the half of the target value

II moderately polluted: compliance with target value

II-III critically polluted: target value exceeded up to 2 times

III heavily polluted: target value exceeded up to 4 times

III-IV very heavily polluted: target value exceeded up to 8 times

IV excessively polluted: target value exceeded more than 8 times

Distribution of Water Quality Classes among Evaluated German Rivers (ca. 76,000 km) as of 2014

9 Source: Umweltbundesamt (2014)

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Water quality classes

I I-II II II-III III III-IV IV

Chemical Water Quality Classification for Nutrients, Salts and Total Parameters

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Substance Unit Substance-specific Chemical Water Quality Classes

I I - II II II - III III III - IV IV

Total nitrogen mg/l <= 1 <= 1.5 <= 3 <= 6 <= 12 <= 24 > 24

Nitrate-nitrogen mg/l <= 1 <= 1.5 <= 2.5 <= 5 <= 10 <= 20 > 20

Nitrite-nitrogen mg/l <= 0.01 <= 0.05 <= 0.1 <= 0.2 <= 0.4 <= 0.8 > 0.8

Ammonium-nitrogen mg/l <= 0.04 <= 0.1 <= 0.3 <= 0.6 <= 1.2 <= 2.4 > 2.4

Total phosphorus mg/l <= 0.05 <= 0.08 <= 0.15 <= 0.3 <= 0.6 <= 1.2 > 1.2

Orthophosphate-phosphorus mg/l <= 0.02 <= 0.04 <= 0.1 <= 0.2 <= 0.4 <= 0.8 > 0.8

Oxygen content mg/l > 8 > 8 > 6 > 5 > 4 > 2 <= 2

Chloride mg/l <= 25 <= 50 <= 100 <= 200 <= 400 <= 800 > 800

Sulphate mg/l <= 25 <= 50 <= 100 <= 200 <= 400 <= 800 > 800

TOC (Total Organic Carbon) mg/l <= 2 <= 3 <= 5 <= 10 <= 20 <= 40 40

AOX (Absorbable Organic Halogens)

µg/l "0" <= 10 <= 25 <= 50 <= 100 <= 200 > 200

Source: Umweltbundesamt (2012), Data by LAWA

Classification of German Surface Water Bodies according to Total Phosphorus, 1982-2015 (LAWA Monitoring Stations)


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Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Inland Surface Water and Biota for Selected Priority Substances according to the European Directive 2013/39/EU

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Substance AA-EQS inland surface

waters in μg/l MAC-EQS inland

surface waters in μg/l EQS biota in μg/kg

wet weight

Cadmium and its compounds (depending on water hardness classes*)

≤ 0.08 (Class 1) 0.08 (Class 2) 0.09 (Class 3) 0.15 (Class 4) 0.25 (Class 5)

≤ 0.45 (Class 1) 0.45 (Class 2) 0.6 (Class 3) 0.9 (Class 4) 1.5 (Class 5)

n/a

Lead and its compounds 1.2 14 n/a

Mercury and its compounds n/a 0.07 20

Nickel and its compounds 4 34 n/a

Benzene 10 50 n/a

Cyclodiene pesticides Σ = 0,01 n/a n/a

DDT 0.025 n/a n/a

Benzo(a)pyrene 1.7 × 10–4 0.27 5

Dioxins n/a n/a 0,0065

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) n/a 0.05 10

AA = annual average | MAC = maximum allowable concentration | Biota = normally fish

* Water hardness classes: Class 1: < 40 mg CaCO3 /l; Class 2: 40 to < 50 mg CaCO3 /l; Class 3: 50 to < 100 mg CaCO3 /l; Class 4: 100 to < 200 mg CaCO3 /l; Class 5: ≥ 200 mg CaCO3 /l

Comparison of Annual Average Values in Germany from 2010 to 2012 with the EU Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Surface Water - LAWA Monitoring Stations

13 So

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Number of monitoring stations Evaluation of EQS not possible EQS are exceeded Compliance with EQS

Mercury

Cadmium

Nickel

Lead

Inputs of 7 Heavy Metals to German Surface Waters from Point and Diffuse Sources, 2012-2014

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Lead Cadmium Chromium Copper Nickel Mercury Zink

Historical mining

Municipal wastewater treatment plants

Direct input from industries

Urban areas

Drainage works

Surface runoff

Groundwater

Erosion

Atmospheric deposition

Investigation of Priority Pollutants in Elbe Sediments - Monitoring Sites

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Source: Heininger et al. (2003) Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol. 31(4-5):356-367

Priority Pollutants in Elbe Sediments (Mean Values)

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Source: Heininger et al. (2003) Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol. 31(4-5):356-367

Change of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Elbe and Oder Rivers

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Source: Pelzer et al. 2008

Location

• Significant decrease of heavy metals in sediments and

suspended matter between 1995-2000

• Hereafter only minor changes of the metal concentrations

• Temporary increased heavy metal contents in suspended

matter shortly after extreme floods (Elbe in 2002)

Heavy Metal Concentrations in River Bottom Sediments from Various Sites in the World (mg/kg)

Source: Boszke et al. (2004)

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Toxicity Classes Used by the Federal Institute of Hydrology in Sediment Assessment and Ecotoxicological Management Categories

19 The ecotoxicological analyses are made with pore water and elutriate (Krebs 1988,

2000, 2004, HABAB-WSV 2000)

Management Categories for Sediments Used by the German Federal Institute of Hydrology

20

Chemical and ecotoxicological criteria according to HBAB-WSV (2000) and HABAK-WSV (1999)

c=contaminant concentration

Water Quality Classification according to the Content of 7 Heavy Metals in Suspended Particulate Matter (in mg/kg)

21

Substance Substance-specific Chemical Water Quality Classes


Lead <= 25 <= 50 <= 100 <= 200 <= 400 <= 800 > 800

Cadmium <= 0.3 <= 0.6 <= 1.2 <= 2.4 <= 4.8 <= 9.6 > 9.6

Chromium <= 80 <= 90 <= 100 <= 200 <= 400 <= 800 > 800

Copper <= 20 <= 40 <= 60 <= 120 <= 240 <= 480 > 480

Nickel <= 30 <= 40 <= 50 <= 100 <= 200 <= 400 > 400

Mercury <= 0.2 <= 0.4 <= 0.8 <= 1.6 <= 3.2 <= 6.4 > 6.4

Zink <= 100 <= 150 <= 200 <= 400 <= 800 <= 1600 > 1600


Lead Concentration in Suspended Particulate Matter of Selected German Rivers – Danube, Rhine, Weser, Oder and Elbe

Source: Umweltbundesamt; Data by LAWA and FGG Elbe 22

Lead

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Cadmium Concentration in Suspended Particulate Matter of Selected German Rivers – Danube, Rhine, Weser, Oder and Elbe


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/kg

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Temporal Change of Cadmium Concentrations in Suspended Particulate Matter in the Weiße Elster River, Central Germany (mg/kg)

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Toxicity Thresholds for Selected Compounds Toxic for Fish in Surface Water Bodies

Source: Haider (1986) | ANC = acid neutralizing capacity 25

Compound Value/Concentration Comments

Ammonia (NH3) 0.01 or 0,02 mg/l 0.005 mg/l

for juvenile fish

Aluminium 0.1 mg/l

Arsenic 0.01 - 0.5 mg/l

Barium 5 mg/l

Lead 0.01 - 0.03 mg/l

Cadmium 0.4 µg/l 3 µg/l

in soft water (ANC < 2) in hard water (ANC > 2)

Chromium 0.01 mg/l 0.05 mg/l

(Chromium VI) (Chromium III)

Cyanide 0.005 - 0.025 mg/l

Mercury 0.5 µg/l

Zink 0.005 - 0.04 mg/l depending on water hardness

Copper 0.006 mg/l 0.03 mg/l

in soft water in hard water

2. Assessment of Soil Contamination Levels

Effect Paths and Land Use

27 Source: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 2010: Verschiedene Wirkungspfade eines

Schadstoffes

Agricultural crop Human

Contaminant

Groundwater

Assessment of Soil Pollution depending on Land Use Types and Effect Paths

28 Source: Kompa et. al, 1994: Altlasten und kontaminierte Böden '93

Effect Paths Land Use

Soil Human (direct intake, oral

and inhalation)

Soil Agricultural Crops or Animals

Human

Soil Groundwater

Effects on soil organism

Children playgrounds ++ -

No differentiation in land use

types

Residential areas (with small gardens) ++ + Parks and recreational areas (unsealed urban areas) ++ + Small gardens / larger vegetable gardens ++ ++

Agricultural land + ++

Forestry / unused areas + + Unsealed areas in industrial and commercial areas + -

++ High significance + Restricted significance - No significance

Precaution and Background Values

29 Source: Umweltbundesamt, 2003: Hintergrundwerte für anorganische und organische Stoffe in Böden

Precaution

Precaution value

Trigger and / or

Intervention value

Concentration of contaminant

Prevention of hazard

Normally, the concentration is non-hazardous (safety range)

Normally, concerns about harmful changes in soil (range of concern)

Probability of hazard under certain exposure conditions

Normally, hazard in case the intervention value is exceeded

Background Values for Lead in German Topsoils

30

Source:

Bundesumweltamt, 2006

Lead

No data

German Precaution Values for Heavy Metals in Soils (in mg/kg of dry soil)

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Soil Types Cadmium Lead Chromium Copper Mercury Nickel Zink

Clay 1.5 100 100 60 1 70 200

Loam/Silt 1 70 60 40 0.5 50 150

Sand 0.4 40 30 20 0.1 15 60

Source: Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV), 1999

Trigger Values for the Direct Intake of Pollutants at Playgrounds, in Residential Areas, Parks and Industrial and Commercial Properties (in mg/kg dry soil)

32

BB

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Trigger Values for Effect Path Soil Agricultural Crops

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Trigger values for pollutants transfer between soil and agricultural crops on agricultural land and in vegetable gardens with regards to crop quality (in mg/kg dry soil)


Substance Extraction method Trigger value Intervention value

Arsenic aqua regia 200 -

Cadmium ammonium nitrate - 0.04* / 0.1**

Lead ammonium nitrate 0.1 -

Mercury aqua regia 5 n/a

Thallium ammonium nitrate 0.1 -

Benzo(a)pyrene - 1 -

* Cultivation of bread wheat and vegetables that are easily accumulating cadmium ** Cultivation of all other crops

Intervention Values for Soils used as Grassland

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Intervention values for pollutants transfer between soil and crops with regards to crop quality (in mg/kg dry soil)


Substance Intervention Value

Arsenic 50

Lead 1,200

Cadmium 20

Copper 1,300

Nickel 1,900

Mercury 2

Thallium 15

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB6) 0.2

Reference and Intervention Values for Average Background Concentrations of Metals in Dutch Soils (adopted In Germany)

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Metal Reference Value Soil/Sediment (mg/kg)

Intervention Value Soil/Sediment (mg/kg)

Arsenic 29 55

Barium 200 625

Lead 85 530

Cadmium 0.8 12

Chromium 100 380

Cobalt 20 240

Copper 36 190

Molybdenum 10 200

Nickel 35 210

Mercury 0.3 10

Zink 140 720

Hollandliste, 1994

Hazardousness of Substances r0

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Division into 4 classes (0-III):

Source: Lühr et al.1995:

Stoffgefährlichkeit r0 für die

vergleichende

Gefährdungsabschätzung von

Altstandortverdachtsflächen)

Hazardousness r0 Hazard classes

Class I: “Hazardous Substances”

Class 0: “Low Hazard Substances”

Class II: “Very Hazardous Substances”

Class III: “Especially Hazardous Substances”

Hazard Classes and Hazardousness Values for Selected Substances

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Hazard class Substance r0 value for hazardousness of substances

Class I: “Hazardous Substances” Benzene 0.61

Ammonium 0.65

Class II: “Very Hazardous Substances”

Lead 0.72

Copper 0.77

Class III: “Especially Hazardous Substances”

Nickel 0.86

Cadmium 0.95

Source: Lühr et al. 1995: Stoffgefährlichkeit r0 für die vergleichende Gefährdungsabschätzung von

Altstandortverdachtsflächen

Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soil

38

Brady & Weil, 1999

Availability/mobility: strongly dependent on soil properties (e.g. soil pH):

3. Human Health

Max. Levels for Heavy Metals in Food in EU

40 Source: EC Regulation No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006

Substance Foodstuffs Maximum levels

(mg/kg wet weight)

Mercury Fishery products, muscle meat of fish, excluding certain fish species, and crustaceans

0.50

Muscle meat of the excluded fish species (e.g. atlantic catfish, pike, shark, swordfish, tuna, etc.)

1.0

Lead Raw milk, heat-treated milk and milk for the manufacture of milk-based products

0.020

Meat of bovine animals, sheep, pig and poultry 0.10

Muscle meat of fish 0.30

Crustaceans 0.50

Cereals and legumes 0.20

Vegetables, excluding brassica vegetables, leaf vegetables, fresh herbs and fungi. For potatoes the maximum level applies to peeled potatoes

0.10

Brassica vegetables, leaf vegetables and cultivated fungi 0.30

Fruits 0.10

Max. Levels for Heavy Metals in Food in EU (Cont.)

41 Source: EC Regulation No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006

Substance Foodstuffs Maximum levels

(mg/kg wet weight)

Cadmium Meat of bovine animals, sheep, pig and poultry 0.050

Liver of bovine animals, sheep, pig and poultry 0.50

Muscle meat of fish, excluding certain fish species 0.050

Muscle meat of the excluded fish species (e.g. sardines, tuna, mackerel, anchovy, etc.)

0.10

Muscle meat of swordfish 0.30

Crustaceans 0.50

Bivalve molluscs and cephalopods 1.0

Cereals excluding bran, germ, wheat and rice 0.10

Bran, germ, wheat and rice 0.20

Soybeans 0.20

Vegetables and fruit, excluding leaf vegetables, fresh herbs, fungi, stem vegetables, pine nuts, root vegetables and potatoes

0.050

Leaf vegetables, fresh herbs, cultivated fungi and celeriac 0.20

Stem vegetables, root vegetables and potatoes, excluding celeriac. For potatoes the max. level applies to peeled potatoes

0.10

German Precaution Values for Concentration of Heavy Metals in Potatoes and Wheat Grains

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Allowable concentrations of heavy metals, guideline values in mg/kg wet weight in retail form

Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd)

Potatoes 0.25 0.1

Wheat grains 0.3 0.1

Derived values for maximum allowable concentration of contaminants in mg/kg dry weight

Potatoes 2.3 0.9

Wheat grains 0.69 0.23

(Source: Umweltbundesamt, 1999: Berechnung von Prüfwerten zur Bewertung von Altlasten)

Concentrations of Selected Priority Substances Measured in Fish Tissues in German Rivers, 2013-2015

43

Substance Federal State Examined fish species

Measured concentrations (min - max) in

μg/kg wet weight

EQS biota in μg/kg wet weight

(EC Directive 2013/39/EU)

Mercury Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) Roach (Rutilus rutilus L.)

33–264 20

Mercury Niedersachsen

Common bream (Abramis brama L.) Chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.) Roach (Rutilus rutilus L.)

22–200 20

Mercury Sachsen

Chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.) Common bream (Abramis brama L.) Pike (Esox (lucius) L.)

55,8–175 20

Benzo(a)pyrene Niedersachsen same as above < 0,1–0,3 5

Dioxins Niedersachsen same as above 0,000057–0,001017 0,0065

Dioxins Sachsen same as above 0,00023–0,00377 0,0065

Hexachloro-benzene (HCB)

Sachsen same as above 0,291–11,6 10

Source: LUNG 2016, NLWKN 2016, LfLUG 2016

Fish (catfish / Leporinus spec) and Sediment Contamination: Heavy Metals

44 Source: Hansen, 2014 | * No data available for Hg concentration in sediments

*

Fish (Cyprinodontiformes) and Sediment Contamination: Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)

45 Source: Hansen, 2014

Further Data Requirements and Recommendations

• Water Quality

Contaminants concentrations in water and suspended particulate matter

Total concentrations in river sediments and leaching grades under various conditions, e.g. pH values

Values for groundwater in different aquifers near the riverside

• Soil Quality

Total concentrations and soluble fractions in sludge

Total concentrations and soluble fractions in contaminated topsoil

Organic pollutants

• Human health

Contaminants concentrations in agricultural crops and animals, as well as products, e.g. milk and eggs

Contaminants concentrations in fish

Bioassays and monitoring data for endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) in water

46

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Contact information:

Prof. Michael Schmidt Department of Environmental Planning Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus - Senftenberg

Email: [email protected] https://www.b-tu.de/en/environmental-planning

Changes in Concentrations of Total Phosphorus, Ammonium-Nitrogen and Nitrate-Nitrogen in German Surface Water Bodies, 1982-1995 Compared with 1996-2005 and 1996-2005 Compared with 2006-2015 (Annual Average, 90-Percentile)


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Phosphorus Ammonium Nitrate

Decrease more than 50%

Increase between 5% and 25%

Decrease between 25% and 50%

Increase more than 50%

Decrease between 5% and 25%

No trend

Classification of German Surface Water Bodies according to Ammonium-Nitrogen, 1982-2015 (LAWA Monitoring Stations)


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Classification of German Surface Water Bodies according to Nitrate-Nitrogen, 1982-2015 (LAWA Monitoring Stations)


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Water Quality Classification according to Concentration of “Organic Polluting Substances” in Water (in µg/l)


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Substance VEC Substance-specific Chemical Water Quality Classes


Dichloromethane T "0" <= 0.5 <= 1 <= 2 <= 4 <= 8 > 8

Trichloromethane A "0" <= 0.4 <= 0.8 <= 1.6 <= 3.2 <= 6.4 > 6.4

Tetrachloromethane T "0" <= 1.5 <= 3 <= 6 <= 12 <= 24 > 24

Tetrachloroethylene T "0" <= 0.5 <= 1 <= 2 <= 4 <= 8 > 8

Hexachlorobutadiene A "0" <= 0.25 <= 0.5 <= 1 <= 2 <= 4 > 4

1.4-Dichlorobenzene F "0" <= 0.01 <= 0.02 <= 0.04 <= 0.08 <= 0.16 > 0.16

1.2.3-Trichlorobenzene T "0" <= 0.5 <= 1 <= 2 <= 4 <= 8 > 8

1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene T "0" <= 0.5 <= 1 <= 2 <= 4 <= 8 > 8

1.3.5-Trichlorobenzene T "0" <= 0.05 <= 0.1 <= 0.2 <= 0.4 <= 0,8 > 0.8

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)

F "0" <= 0.0005 <= 0.001 <= 0.002 <= 0.004 <= 0.008 > 0.008

VEC = “Valued Ecosystem Component”, T = “Drinking Water Supply”, A = “Aquatic

Habitats”, F = “Fisheries”

Mercury Concentration in Suspended Particulate Matter of Selected German Rivers – Danube, Rhine, Weser, Oder and Elbe


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Zink Concentration in Suspended Particulate Matter of Selected German Rivers – Danube, Rhine, Weser, Oder and Elbe


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Chromium Concentration in Suspended Particulate Matter of Selected German Rivers – Danube, Rhine, Weser, Oder and Elbe


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Temporal Change of Zink Concentrations in Suspended Particulate Matter in the Weiße Elster River, Central Germany (mg/kg)

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Temporal Change of Chromium Concentrations in Suspended Particulate Matter in the Weiße Elster River, Central Germany (mg/kg)

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Reference and Trigger Values for Aromatic Compounds

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Hollandliste, 1994

Referenzwert: Zahlenwert, auf den sich andere Werte (z.B. Messwerte) beziehen.

n: Nachweisgrenze

Reference and Trigger Values for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

58 Hollandliste, 1994

BQ: Referenzwert der Bodenqualität

Intervention Values for Effect Path Soil Human (Direct Intake)

59

Intervention values for direct uptake of Dioxins/Furans on children playgrounds in residential areas, parks and recreational areas and industrial and commercial areas (in ng TEq/kg* dry soil)


Substance Children playgrounds

Residential areas

Parks and recreational

areas

Industrial and commercial

areas

Dioxins/Furans (PCDD/F)

100 1,000 1,000 10,000

* Sum of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalents according to NATO/CCMS | ng = 10−12 g

Effects of Contamination on Soil Fertility - Evaluation of Soil Fertility with Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR method)

60 Source: Müller et al. 2007

61

Source: Hansen, 2014

Documents

Assessment of the State of the Environment based on ... · Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Michael Schmidt BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany Department of Environmental Planning 11th September