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Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 1
Types & Uses of Asphalt Materials
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 2
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 3
BitumenBitumen
Tar(from coal)• road tar• coal tar
Asphalt Binder (from petroleum
crude)• asphaltic bitumen• asphaltic binder
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 4
• Asphalt binders and tar – Both are bitumen materials. – are used interchangeable due to misconceptions
resulting from their similarity in appearance and in the parallel applications.
– However, Both are two distinctly different materials with different origins and different physical and chemical characteristics.
– Asphalt binders is a dark brown to black cementitious material that is either naturally occurring or is produced by petroleum distillation.
– Tar, on the other hand, is primarily manufactured from the destructive distillation of coal and has a very distinctive odor.
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 5
• Today, Tar Hardly used in Paving applications
– High temperature susceptibility
– Health hazards (eye and skin irritation when exposed to fumes)
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 6
ASPHALTSASPHALTS
• Asphalt Binders
• Cutbacks
• Emulsions
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 7
• Asphalt concrete• Asphalt paving
mix• Asphalt mix• Asphalt
Hot Mix Asphalt Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)(HMA)
• Bituminous concrete• Bituminous paving
mix• Bituminous mix
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 8
Asphalt Binder is Generally
Produced in a Refinery
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 9
Basics of Refining Crude OilBasics of Refining Crude Oil
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 10
Petroleum-Based Asphalt BindersPetroleum-Based Asphalt Binders
• Asphalt binder is waste product from refinery processing of crude oil– Sometimes called the “bottom of the
barrel”
• Properties depend on:– Refinery operations– Composition of crude source-
dependent
GasolineKerosene
Lt. Gas OilDiesel
Motor Oils
Asphalt
Barrel of Crude Oil
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 11
Asphalt Binders are broken down into 2 components:
• Asphaltenes and resins• OilsBlended to produce asphalt binders of
desired properties
Solvent DeasphaltingSolvent Deasphalting
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 12
Asphalt binder is broken down into 3 components:
• Asphaltenes• Resins• OilBlended to produce asphalt binder of
desired properties
Residuum Oil Supercritical Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction (Rose)Extraction (Rose)
the residuum is mixed with a low-boiling hydrocarbon the residuum is mixed with a low-boiling hydrocarbon solvent (such as, normal pentane) under supercritical solvent (such as, normal pentane) under supercritical conditions.conditions.
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 13
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 14
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 15
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 16
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 17
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 18
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 19
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 20
Cutback AsphaltsCutback Asphalts
Rapid Curing (RC)Asphalt + Naphtha
Surface TreatmentTack CoatRC - 30RC - 70
RC - 250RC - 800
Medium Curing (MC)
Asphalt + Kerosene
Stockpile PatchPrime Coat
MC - 30MC - 70MC - 250MC - 800
Slow Curing (SC)
Asphalt + Oil/diesel
Stockpile PatchPrime Coat
SC - 70SC - 250SC - 800SC - 3000
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 21
30 70 250 800 3000
COMPOSITION OF CUTBACK ASPHALTS
RC = Naphtha; MC = Kerosene SC = Light Oil
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 22
CUTBACKS - USESCUTBACKS - USES• Rapid Curing
– Tack coats– Surface treatments
• Medium curing– Prime coats– Stockpile patching materials
• Slow curing– Prime Coats– Stockpiling
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 23
EMULSIONS - MANUFACTUREEMULSIONS - MANUFACTURE
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 24
EMULSIONS - USESEMULSIONS - USES• Slow Setting (SS)
– Prime coats, fog seals, dense-graded cold mixes
• Medium Setting (MS)– Open graded cold asphalt-aggregate
mixtures
• Rapid Setting– Surface treatments, Tack coat
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 25
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 26
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 27
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 28
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 29
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 30
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 31
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 32
Asphalt BindersAsphalt Binders
Background
History of Specifications
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 33
Purchasing of Asphalt BindersPurchasing of Asphalt Binders
• Need to be able to specify desirable characteristics
• “Desirable characteristics” have evolved over time and with increasing technological advances
• Purchasing requires specifications
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 34
Early SpecificationsEarly Specifications
• Lake Asphalts– Appearance– Solubility in carbon disulfide
• Petroleum asphalt binders (early 1900’s)– Consistency
• Chewing• Penetration machine
– Measure consistency
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 35
Penetration TestingPenetration Testing• Sewing machine needle
• Specified load, time, temperature
100 g
Initial
Penetration in 0.1 mm
After 5 seconds
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 36
Penetration SpecificationPenetration Specification
• Five Grades• 40 - 50
• 60 - 70
• 80 - 100
• 120 - 150
• 200 - 300
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 37
Penetration Gradation Penetration Gradation SpecificationSpecification
• Uses penetration results to specify
• Adds– Flash point test
– Ductility
– Solubility
– Thin film oven aging• Penetration• Ductility
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 38
Flash Point (Safety)Flash Point (Safety)
Thermometer
Cup filled with asphalt binder
Wand attached to gas line
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 39
DuctilityDuctility
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 40
Solubility (Purity)Solubility (Purity)
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 41
Thin Film OvenThin Film Oven
Outside of Oven Rotating Shelf
Pan Thermometer
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 42
Typical Penetration Typical Penetration SpecificationsSpecifications
Penetration 40 - 50 200 - 300
Flash Point, F 450+ 350+
Ductility, cm 100+ 100+
Solubility, % 99.0+ 99.0+
Retained Pen., % 55+ 37+
Ductility, cm NA 100+
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 43
Road Note 19 GuidelineRoad Note 19 Guideline
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 44
Temperature25C (77F)
Pen
etra
tio
n, 0
.1 m
m
High
Medium
Low
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 45
AdvantagesAdvantages
• Grades asphalt binders near average in-service temp.
• Fast
• Can be used in field labs
• Low capital costs
• Precision well established
• Temp. susceptibility can be determined
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 46
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• Empirical test
• Shear rate – High
– Variable
• Mixing and compaction temp. information not available
• Similar penetrations at 25C (77F) do not reflect wide differences in asphalts
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 47
.1.1
.2.2
.3.3
.5.5
11
1010
55
100100 110110 120120 130130 140140 150150 160160 170170 180180 190190 200200
Temperature, CTemperature, C
Viscosity, Pa sViscosity, Pa s
Compaction RangeCompaction Range
Mixing RangeMixing Range
Mixing/Compaction TempsMixing/Compaction TempsViscosity 1.7±0.2 and 2.8±0.3
Asphalt Binder Types and Uses 48
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
