Section3.1:BiologicalMolecules3.1.1MonomersandPolymers3.1.2Carbohydrates3.1.3Lipids3.1.4.1Proteins3.1.4.2Enzymes3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure3.1.5.2DNAReplication3.1.6ATP3.1.7Water3.1.8InorganicIons

ASLevelPaper1and2.A2LevelPaper1and3- Topics1-4

Section3.2:Cells3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses3.2.1.3Studyingcells3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem

Section3.3Organismsexchangesubstanceswiththeirenvironment3.3.1Surfaceareatovolumeratio3.3.2Gasexchange3.3.3Digestionandabsorption3.3.4.1Masstransportinanimals3.3.4.2Masstransportinplants

Section3.4Geneticinformation,variationandrelationshipsbetweenorganisms3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutationsandmeiosis3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy3.4.6Biodiversity3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity

Canyoudescribethestructureofeukaryoticcells,includingthe:

• Lysosomes

• Ribosomes

• Roughendoplasmicreticulumandsmoothendoplasmicreticulum

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells(p67-74)

Canyoudescribethestructureofeukaryoticcells,includingthe:

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• GolgiapparatusandGolgivesicles

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells(p67-74)

Canyoudescribethestructureofeukaryoticcells,includingthe:

• Chloroplasts

• Cellwall

• Cellvacuole

Canyouexplaintheadaptationsofeukaryoticcells? Suggestorganellesthatyouwouldexpecttobenumerousandwelldevelopedinthefollowingcells:

- Musclecells

- Aspermcell

- Phagocytes

- Livercells

Describeanyotherspecialisedcellsandsuggestthecellultrastructureyouwouldexpectthemtohavetocarryouttheirfunctionefficiently.

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells(p67-74)

Whatiscelldifferentiationandwhatareitsadvantages?

Howarecellsarearrangedintotissues?Givesomeexamplesoftissues.

Howaretissuesarearrangedintoorgans?Givesomeexamplesoforgans.

Howareorgansarrangedintoorgansystems?Givesomeexamplesoforgansystems.

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses(p75-76)

Labelthisprokaryoticcellandexplaintheroleofeachpart:

Canyouexplainhowprokaryoticcellsdifferfromeukaryoticcells?

Canyouexplainwhethervirusesarelivingornotandwhy?

Canyoudescribethestructureofvirusparticlesandexplaintheroleofeachpart:

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.3Studyingcells(p58-66)

Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenmagnificationandresolution?

Howdoyoucalculatemagnificationandthesizeoftherealobject?

Canyoudescribetheprinciplesofcellfractionationandultracentrifugationinseparatingcellcomponents?

Beforecellfractionation,thetissueisplacedinwhattypeofsolution?

Unit Symbol Equivalentinmetres

kilometre

metre

millimetre

micrometre

nanometre

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.3Studyingcells(p58-66)

Canyoudescribehowalightmicroscopeworksandexplainthelimitationsofit:

Canyoudescribehowatransmissionelectronmicroscopeworksandexplainthelimitationsofit:

Canyoudescribehowascanningelectronmicroscopeworksandexplaintheoflimitationsit:

Canyouexplainhowyouwoulduseaneyepiecegraticule tomeasurecells:

Howdidthescientificcommunitydistinguishbetweenartefactsandcellorganelles?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells– Mitosis(p77-79)

Whathappensinmitosis? Canyoudescribethebehaviour ofchromosomesduringinterphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphaseandtelophaseofmitosis?

Canyouexplaintheroleofspindlefibres?

Whatismitosisimportant?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells– Cellcycle(p77-79)

Notallcells,withinmulticellularorganisms,retaintheabilitytodivide.

Eukaryoticcellsthatdoretaintheabilitytodivideshowacellcycle.

Describethethreestagesofthecellcycle:

Whatcanuncontrolledcelldivisionleadto?Explainwhy.

Somecancertreatmentsaredirectedatcontrollingtherateofcelldivision.Howmighttheydisruptthecellcycle?Whatistheproblemwiththesetypesofdrugs?

Howdovirusesreplicate?Howdoprokaryoticcellsdivide?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– Cell-surfacemembrane(p84-86)

Canyoudescribeandlabelthefluid-mosaicmodelofmembranestructure?

Whyarephospholipidspresentincellmembranes?

Whyischolesterolpresentincellmembranes?

Whyareglycolipidspresentincellmembranes?

Whyareglycoproteinspresentincellmembranes?

Whyareproteinspresentincellmembranes?

Explainthepermeabilityofthecell-surfacemembrane:

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– Diffusion(p87-88)

Whatisdiffusion?Drawadiagramtohelpyouexplain.

Whydoessimplediffusionhappen?

Whatisfacilitateddiffusion?

Whataffectstherateofdiffusion?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– Osmosis(p89-92)

Whatisosmosis?Drawadiagramtohelpyouexplain.

Whydoesosmosishappen?Explainwhatismeantbythetermssolute,waterpotentialandsolution:

Howdoesosmosisaffectanimalcells?

Howdoesosmosisaffectplantcells?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– ActiveTransport&Co-transport(p93-98)

Labelthediagramtoexplainactivetransport:

Whatisactivetransport?Whatdoesactivetransportrequire?

Howcouldcellsbeadaptedforrapidtransportacrosstheirinternalorexternalmembranes?

Whatisco-transport?Usethediagramtoexplainhowtheprocesshappensintheintestine:

Whataretherolesofdiffusionandactivetransportinabsorption?

Howdoesoralrehydrationtherapywork?

Canyouexplainspecificadaptationsofspecialised cellsinrelationtotherateoftransportacrosstheirmembranes?E.g.Epithelialcells

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Defence mechanisms&Phagocytosis(p102-105)

Whatarethemaindefence mechanismsofthebody?

Whatarenon-specificresponses? Whatarespecificresponses?

Howdoesthebodydistinguishbetweenitsowncellsandforeignmaterial?Givesomeexamplesofforeignmaterial.

Labelthediagramtoexplaintheprocessofphagocytosis:

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Tlymphocytesandcell-mediatedimmunity(p106-8)

Whatarethe2differenttypesoflymphocytes? Whatiscell-mediatedimmunity?Usethediagramtoexplainthefivesteps:

CanyoudescribetheresponseofTlymphocytestoaforeignantigen?

Whatistheroleofantigen-presentingcellsinthecellularresponse?

HowdocytotoxicTcellskillinfectedcells?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Blymphocytesandhumoralimmunity(p109-10)

Whatishumoralimmunity?Usethediagramtoexplain:CanyoudescribetheroleofhelperTcells(THcells)?

CanyoudescribetheresponseofBlymphocytestoaforeignantigen?

Whatareplasmacells?Whattypeofimmuneresponsedotheyproduce?

Whatarememorycells?Whattypeofimmuneresponsedotheyproduce?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Antibodies(p111-14)

Whatisanantibody?

Drawandlabelthestructureofanantibody:

Canyouexplaintheformationofanantigen-antibodycomplex?

Whataremonoclonalantibodies?Howaretheyproduced?

Howcanmonoclonalantibodiesbeusedtotargetspecificcelltypes?

Howcanmonoclonalantibodiesbeusedinmedicaldiagnosis?

Canyoudescribetheethicalsuesassociatedwiththeuseofmonoclonalantibodies?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Vaccination(p115-118)

Whatispassiveimmunity? Whatisactiveimmunity? Whatarethedifferencesbetweenactiveandpassiveimmunity?

Whatarethefeaturesofaneffectivevaccinationprogramme?Whatisavaccination?

Whatisherdimmunity? Whydoesavaccinationrarelyeliminateadisease?

Canyoudescribetheethicalsuesassociatedwiththeuseofvaccines?

Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– H.I.V(p119-121)

Canyoudescribethestructureofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)anditsreplicationinhelperTcells?

CanyouexplainhowantibodiesareusedintheELISAtest?

CanyouexplainhowHIVcausesthesymptomsofAIDS?

Canyouexplainwhyantibioticsareineffectiveagainstviruses?