Artificial IntelligenceCS 363

Kawther AbasLecture 1Introduction

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What is Intelligence ?

Intelligence may be defined as:

1. The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

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What is Artificial Intelligence ? Artificial intelligence is the study of

systems that act in a way that to any observer would appear to be intelligent.

Artificial Intelligence involves using methods based on the intelligent behavior of humans and other animals to solve complex problems.

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

The computer passes the “test of intelligence” if a human, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the responses were from a person or not.

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?Goals of AI:

AI began as an attempt to understand the nature ofintelligence, but it has grown into a scientific andtechnological field affecting many aspects of commerceand society. The main goals of AI are:

Engineering: solve real-world problems using knowledge and reasoning. AI can help us solve difficult, real-world problems, creating new opportunities in business, engineering, and many other application areas

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Goals of AI (cont’d)

Scientific: use computers as a platform for studying intelligence itself. Scientists design theories hypothesizing aspects of intelligence then they can implement these theories on a computer.

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Examples of AI Application systems:

Game Playing

TDGammon, the world champion backgammon player, built by Gerry Tesauro of IBM research

Deep Blue chess program beat world champion Gary Kasparov

Chinook checkers program

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?Examples of AI Application systems:

Natural Language Understanding

AI Translators – spoken to and prints what one wants in foreign languages.

Natural language understanding (spell checkers, grammar checkers)

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Examples of AI Application Systems:

Expert Systems:

In geology

Diagnostic Systems

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Examples of AI Application Systems:

Expert Systems:

Financial Decision Making

Configuring Hardware and Software

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Examples of AI Application Systems:

Robotics:

Robotics becoming increasing important in various areas like: games, to handle hazardous conditions and to do tedious jobs among other things. For examples:

- automated cars, ping pong player

- mining, construction, agriculture

- garbage collection

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Artificial Intelligence History

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

1950 Turing's ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence''

1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program,

Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1956)

Name ``Artificial Intelligence'' adopted

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Artificial Intelligence History

1957 General Problem Solver [Newell, Simon, Shaw @ CMU]

1958 LISP, [McCarthy], second high level language (MIT AI Memo 1)

1966-74 AI discovers computational complexity …

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Artificial Intelligence History

Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)1969 Publication of “Perceptrons”

[Minsky & Papert], Neural network research

almost disappears1980-88 Expert systems industry

booms

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Artificial Intelligence History

1988-93 Expert systems industry busts: ``AI Winter''

1985-95 Neural networks return to popularity

AI becomes a science (1987 – present)