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What Does it Mean to Think?
Our Working Definition of AI
Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things that people are better at or would be better at if:
• they could extend what they do to a World Wide Web-sized amount of data, and
• not make mistakes.
A Very Early Robot
~1950 W. Grey Walter’s light seeking tortoises. In this picture, there are two, each with a light source and a light sensor. Thus they appear to “dance” around each other.
Another View
More pictures: http://www.ias.uwe.ac.uk/Robots/gwonline/gwonline.html
How Will We Recognize AI?
• Are the tortoises AI?
• Can we formulate a general sort of test?
Alan Turing
• (1912 – 1954) British mathematician
• (1937) Defined a simple formal model of computing and showed that there are uncomputable functions
• (WW II) Worked on the breaking the Enigma code
• (1950) Described a test for intelligence
• (1948 -1952) Described a chess-playing algorithm
• (1954) Committed suicide
• (2009) British government apologizes
Enigma
Try it: http://enigmaco.de/enigma/enigma.html
Early 1920’s – post WWII
How Will We Recognize AI?
1950 Alan Turing’s paper,
Computing Machinery and Intelligence,
described a variant of what is now called:
http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm
The Turing Test
Turing’s Test
Q: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge. A: Count me out on this one. I never could write poetry.
Q: Add 34957 to 70764 A: (Pause about 30 seconds and then give as answer) 105621.
Q: Do you play chess? A: Yes. Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play? A: (After a pause of 15 seconds) R-R8 mate.
Turing’s Test
Interrogator: In the first line of your sonnet which reads 'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day', would not 'a spring day' do as well or better?
Witness: It wouldn't scan.
Interrogator: How about 'a winter's day,' That would scan all right.
Witness: Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a winter's day.
Interrogator: Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you of Christmas?
Witness: In a way.
Interrogator: Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison.
Witness: I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day one means a typical winter's day, rather than a special one like Christmas.
Turing’s Prediction
“I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible, to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 109, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than a 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning".
Measuring Storage
Value SI Value IEC
10001 k kilo- 10241 Ki kibi-
10002 M mega- 10242 Mi mebi-
10003 G giga- 10243 Gi gibi-
10004 T tera- 10244 Ti tebi-
10005 P peta- 10245 Pi pebi-
10006 E exa- 10246 Ei exbi-
10007 Z zetta- 10247 Zi zebi-
10008 Y yotta- 10248 Yi yobi-
Decimal Binary
Perspective
“… with a storage capacity of about 109 ..."
(assuming he means bits) 1 gigabit 125 MB
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/manmach.html
bits bytes kB MB GB
Turing prediction 109 1.25108 125,000 125 .125
Manchester 1948 1024 128 .128
Manchester 1950 1.65 105
2 104 20 .02 2 10-5
Typical PC ~1995 8 106 8 103 8 8 10-3
My laptop RAM 4 109 4 106 4,000 4
My laptop disk 3 1011 3 108 300,000 300
My ipod classic 256,000 256
Perspective
“… with a storage capacity of about 109 ..."
(assuming he means bits) 1 gigabit 125 MB
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/manmach.html
bits bytes kB MB GB
Turing prediction 109 1.25108 125,000 125 .125
Manchester 1948 1024 128 .128
Manchester 1950 1.65 105
2 104 20 .02 2 10-5
Typical PC ~1995 8 106 8 103 8 8 10-3
My laptop RAM 4 109 4 106 4,000 4
My laptop disk 3 1011 3 108 300,000 300
My ipod classic 256,000 256
Perspective
“… with a storage capacity of about 109 ..."
(assuming he means bits) 1 gigabit 125 MB
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/manmach.html
bits bytes kB MB GB
Turing prediction 109 1.25108 125,000 125 .125
Manchester 1948 1024 128 .128
Manchester 1950 1.65 105
2 104 20 .02 2 10-5
Typical PC ~1995 8 106 8 103 8 8 10-3
My laptop RAM 4 109 4 106 4,000 4
My laptop disk 3 1011 3 108 300,000 300
My ipod classic 256,000 256
Was Turing Right?
1990 Loebner Prize established.
Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses are indistinguishable from a human.
2012 Loebner competition held at Bletchley Park
Chatbots
Good Sources:
• http://www.chatbots.org/
• http://www.personalityforge.com/botsearch.php
The 2012 Loebner winners:
• Chip Vivant • Talking Angela (a teenage girl)
• Adam
How Do Most Bots Work?
I really like Mexican food .
Why do you like Mexican food ?
I * <pattern> Why do you <pattern>?
How Do Most Bots Work?
My mother never liked me.
Tell me more about your family.
How Do Most Bots Work?
My mother never liked me.
Tell me more about your family.
mother OR father Tell me more about your family.
Chip Vivant – Loebner 2012Judge: Where did you go to school?
Chip: I wasn't aware that I told you I went somewhere. I found out though, that majority of the students in Japan don't pursue tertiary education anymore. They can already work right after graduating from highschool.
Judge: Are you Japanese?
Chip: I haven't achieved self-awareness yet, so I'm not sure.
Judge: Why not ask somebody?
Chip: No idea.
Judge: Why not ask me?
Chip: Okay.
Judge: Well, I think you may be Japanese - you are very respecful and polite
Chip: That's an interesting opinion.
From the 2008 Loebner Competition
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7666836.stm
A Bot Conversation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnzlbyTZsQY
Jabberwacky
Jabberwacky: Have you been to the Moon?
User: No. Few have. Have you?
Jabberwacky: Many a time my dear chap!
User: What was the most interesting thing you saw?
Jabberwacky: Fred.
User: Why did you find him interesting?
Jabberwacky: It just came into my head.
User: What sorts of things do you generally find interesting?
Jabberwacky: Nothing but smelly socks.
A conversation with Jabberwacky, 2003
Alice
>Who invented paper towels?
ALICE: The Chinese, long before Europeans.
>Who invented pet rocks?
ALICE: The Wright Brothers.
>Who invented Barbie dolls?
ALICE: Thomas Edison.
Alice
A Conversation with Alice, 2004
>What's the best place to eat Chinese food?
ALICE: My favorite places are California and Maine. Holland is cool too.
>What do you like about Maine?
ALICE: The special effects are the best.
Alice
A Conversation with Alice, January 2005
>Isn't the tsunami thing sad?ALICE: If it is, then I'll be very surprised.
>but it is.ALICE: Umm. Huh.
>Over a hundred thousand people have died.ALICE: Does "it" still refer to the tsunami thing sad?
>yesALICE: Blimey.
Alice
A Conversation with Alice, 2008
>What did you like best about the Olympics?
ALICE: The special effects are the best.
http://www.alicebot.org/
Let’s Chat with Bots
• Alice
• Jabberwacky
• Elbot
Objections to Turing’s Test
• The theological objection
• The “heads in the sand” objection
• The mathematical objection
• The argument from consciousness
• Arguments from various disabilities
• Lady Lovelace’s objection (the learning problem)
• Argument from continuity of the nervous system
• The argument from ESP
Was Turing Right?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3918582569&feature=iv&src_vid=FnYXzGWnmpM&v=22ZaKbxmEMA
The Analytical Engine
1834 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine
The picture is of a model built in the late 1800s by Babbage’s son from Babbage’s drawings.
Augusta Ada Byron, Countess Lovelace
Ada writes of Babage’s engine, “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”
Objections to Turing’s Test
• When computers are “smarter”
Objections to Turing’s Test
• When computers are “smarter”
Which is more likely:
• Fred just got cancer.
• Fred smokes a lot and he just got cancer.
Objections to Turing’s Test
• Nontextual behaviors
Objections to Turing’s Test
• Nontextual behaviors
Where would you rather go:
or
Objections to Turing’s Test
• Learning from interaction with the world
Objections to Turing’s Test
• Learning from interaction with the world
Objections to Turing’s Test
• Learning from interaction with the world
The BotPrize
A video from 2009: http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/23415/?a=f
Can a bot fool a human player?
The BotPrize homepage
The Bot Prize
UT News article: http://web5.cns.utexas.edu/news/2012/09/game-bots-pass-turing-test/ If you want to run the UT bot: http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/?ut2Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwIrZ3X4b6c&feature=player_embedded
