Art History IIInstructor Dustin M Price

Quiz 8:

In relation to art, this term is used to describe a movement, artist, or group of artists which produces work which is considered to be breaking away from tradition and which steers art in a new direction what is this term?

Quiz 8:

In relation to art, this term is used to describe a movement, artist, or group of artists which produces work which is considered to be breaking away from tradition and which steers art in a new direction what is this term?

avant-garde

What did we cover last time?

-Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

- Odalisque

- The enormous technological, economic, and social transformation set in motion by the Industrial Revolution intensified in the 19th century

- Photography and its influence on art

- Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre

- avant-garde

- Realism

- Edouard Manet (left)

- his Olympia

IMPRESSIONSIM:

-“In 1874, a group of artists called the Anonymous Society(Corporation) of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc. organized an exhibition in Paris that launched the movement called Impressionism

- Its founding members included Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, Renoir, and Morisot among others”

-Impressionism, a major movement, in painting, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism in painting was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color

The Dance Class, 1874 Edgar Degas

La Grenouillère, 1869Claude Monet

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (left and next slide) exhibited in 1874, gave the Impressionist movement its name when the critic Louis Leroy accused it of being a sketch or "impression," not a finished painting

-It demonstrates the techniques many of the independent artists adopted: short, broken brushstrokes that barely convey forms, pure unblended colors, and an emphasis on the effects of light

-While conservative critics panned their work for its unfinished, sketchlike appearance, more progressive writers praised it for its depiction of modern life

-Their work is recognized today for its modernity, embodied in its rejection of established styles, its incorporation of new technology and ideas, and its depiction of modern life

Le bateau atelier Claude Monet

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- The artists' loose brushwork gives an effect of spontaneity and effortlessness that masks their often carefully constructed compositions, such as in Alfred Sisley's 1878 Allée of Chestnut Trees (left)

- This seemingly casual style became widely accepted, even in the official Salon, as the new language with which to depict modern life

- In addition to their radical technique, the bright colors of Impressionist canvases were shocking for eyes accustomed to the more sober colors of Academic painting

-The nineteenth century saw the development of synthetic pigments for artists' paints, providing vibrant shades of blue, green, and yellow that painters had never used before

Young Woman Knitting, ca. 1883Berthe Morisot

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “images of suburban and rural leisure outside of Paris were a popular subject for the Impressionists

-Several of them lived in the country for part or all of the year. New railway lines radiating out from the city made travel so convenient that Parisians virtually flooded into the countryside every weekend

-Some Impressionists focused on the cityscapes, others turned their sights to the city's inhabitants

-The independent collective had a fluid membership over the course of the eight exhibitions it organized between 1874 and 1886

-Also participating in the independent exhibitions were Paul Cézanne and Paul Gauguin, whose later styles grew out of their early work with the Impressionists”The Monet Family in Their Garden at Argenteuil, 1874

Young Woman Seated on a Sofa, ca. 1879Berthe Morisot

IMPRESSIONSIM:

-Claude Monet (1840-1926)

- “Oscar-Claude Monet was born on November 14, 1840, in Paris. He spent his childhood in the Normandy coastal town of Le Havre

- In 1860 Monet met the landscape artist Eugène Boudin, who introduced him to plein-air painting, and he began to produce increasingly ambitious and naturalistic work

- In 1859 Monet moved to Paris, where he attended the Académie Suisse beginning in 1860

- Despite some success in 1865, when two of his works were exhibited at the Salon, by 1867 financial difficulties forced Monet to return to his family in Le Havre”

IMPRESSIONSIM:

-Claude Monet (1840-1926)

- “In 1874, he banded together with other artists to form the Société Anonyme des Artistes

- Monet continued to exhibit with the Impressionists on an irregular basis, choosing also to show his work at the Salon in 1880, and in a solo exhibition at Galerie Durand-Ruel in Paris in 1883 (among others)

- In 1889 Galerie Georges Petit staged a major retrospective of his work, showing 145 paintings”

- He died at the age of eighty-six

-He never really had a desire to make any work of social commentary and many of his early works include shimmering expanses of water, which he was obsessed with

On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt, 1868

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)

- “Mary Stevenson Cassatt was born in 1844 in Allegheny City (now a part of Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania. She grew up in Philadelphia, the daughter of an affluent investment banker

- In 1861 she enrolled for four years of training in drawing and painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia

- In 1865, she traveled to Paris to study and copy works of art by the Old Masters. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Cassatt returned to the United States but she came back to Europe the following year

- After touring and studying in Italy, Spain, Belgium, and France, she settled in Paris in 1875. She lived in France until her death in 1926”

Degas portrait of Mary Cassatt

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- Beginning in 1868, Cassatt exhibited in the Salon

- During the 1870s, she became aware of, and was increasingly influenced by, the work of the Impressionists, and in particular that of Edgar Degas

- In 1877, when Degas asked her to exhibit with the Impressionists, she accepted

- She exhibited with the Impressionists in 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1886

- After the last Impressionist show in 1886, Cassatt began an association with the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, in whose gallery she had her first solo exhibition in 1893

- In 1903 an exhibition of Mary Cassatt's work was held in New York. Failing eyesight severely curtailed her work. In 1914 she stopped painting”

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “Mary Cassatt's place in the history of American art is unique, not only because she was one of the few woman artists of any nationality to succeed professionally in her time, but also because she was the only American artist to exhibit with the French Impressionists

- Cassatt embraced the technique of the Impressionists while developing a highly accomplished individual style

- Her oblique views, simplified forms, and flat compositions show the impact of Degas's work, as well as her study of Japanese prints (see text)

- Most often, she portrayed women like herself out and about in Paris, or at home, taking tea, reading, sewing, writing letters, and engaging in other familiar activities”

The Child’s Bath, 1893

Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, 1878

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “Cassatt began to explore her signature theme--the mother and child--in 1880 and made a specialty of it after 1893

- she revealed herself to be a sensitive and candid witness to the lives of women and children at the end of the nineteenth century

- Although Cassatt chose to live abroad for most of her adult life, she always considered herself an American. She was a frequent participant in art exhibitions in the United States

- Cassatt was a versatile artist, accomplished in oil painting as well as in making pastels (left) and prints”

-She aided in the promotion of the Impressionists work in America

Maternite by Mary Cassatt

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “Edgar Degas (1834-1917) was an outspoken proponent of a new sensibility. Degas's style, subject matter, and artistic sensibility set him apart from the other Impressionists

- At age eighteen and a half Degas receives permission to copy at the Louvre in Paris

- In 1855 Degas is taken by Édouard Valpinçon, the father of his friend Paul and an art collector, to visit the painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

-Degas admired Ingres's work and believed, as the great master did, in the primary importance of drawing in the creation of a work of art

- Degas was enamored with both Ingres and Delacroix and acquired their works for his own art collection

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “When studying Degas's works of art, one is not made aware of political issues; there is no overt attempt on his part to deal with a broad political context

-One is made keenly aware, however, of many social issues and practices of his day

- Degas's images of laundresses, for example, point to the growth of the bourgeoisie and the development of service industries, which employed mainly women

-Degas is also famous for his portrayal of the Ballet. In the 1850s ballet was dominated by female dancers, after men had historically been the principal performers”

- Backstage at the Ballet was often a place where older men propositioned the younger dancers (though this is downplayed by Degas)

Video

IMPRESSIONSIM:

- “Much controversy and contention surround Degas's pictures of women bathing.

-Even today, there is great disagreement about the identities of these women and Degas's reasons for drawing and painting them.

-Many scholars focus on how these late works speak to contemporary attitudes on bathing practices and personal hygiene during the 1880s.

-Perhaps the most useful way of looking at Degas is to consider all aspects of his work: stylistic characteristics; emotive, or psychological, content; subject matter; and social issues”

Exam III

Vocab:

-Anonymous Society(Corporation) of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc- Impressionism

Artists:

-Claude Monet-Mary Cassatt-Edgar Degas

Artwork:

-Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise 30-26And On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt 30-25-Mary Cassatt Mother and Child 30-29-Degas The Rehearsal on Stage 30-31Mary Cassatt