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Art and Literature
of the Renaissance
Classical Influences
During the Renaissance, artists returned to the classical principles
of Greek and Roman art.
Greek art stressed harmony
and balance, while
Roman art emphasized
realism.
Donatello’s graceful and
realistic sculpture of King David influenced
later artists of the Italian
Renaissance.
Brunelleschi championed an architecture based on mathematics,
proportion, and perspective.
Michelangelo Buonarroti would later use the engineering principles
developed by Brunelleschi to design St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.
New Techniques in Art
The artist Giotto used shadings of
dark and light to add a feeling of space to his paintings.
The artists Masaccio and Brunelleschi developed the rules of perspective, which give paintings a
sense of depth.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Flemish artists developed oil-based paints which dried slower and were easier to blend.
Great Italian Artists
Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)
• painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist
• contributed to our knowledge of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics
He used the knowledge gained from dissecting
cadavers to paint human figures more realistically.
“When you are finished, please return your trays to the cafeteria.”
Da Vinci was interested in how things worked and
used his study of birds to
draw flying machines.
Michelangelo(1475-1564)
• sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
• best remembered for his painting of the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo’s sculptures suggest a sense of tension.
Pieta
Although he considered himself a
sculptor, he is often
remembered today as the
painter of the frescoes in the Sistine
Chapel.
St. Peter’s Basilica,Vatican City
Raphael(1483-1520)
• Renaissance painter who favoured bright colours
• was influenced by the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo
Raphael favored the bright colors traditionally used by painters from his home region of Umbria.
The School of Athens by Raphael.
Artists of Northern Europe
• were less influenced by classical styles than their contemporaries in Italy
• painted the world realistically
-paid careful attention to detail
Jan van Eyck(1390?-1441)
• Flemish painter• called the “King of Painters” by
his compatriots
Van Eyck painted the world realistically, paying careful attention to every detail.
Jan van Eyck’s
paintings often hadreligious
messages.
Pieter Bruegel was inspired by scenes of peasant country life.
Hans Holbein the Younger painted portraits of nobles and rulers.
Albrecht Durer(1471-1528)
• famous German artist of the Reformation
• widely known for his illustrations
Renaissance Literature
• emerging middle class formed a demanding new audience
-enjoyed dramatic tales as well as comedies
• popular literature was often written in the vernacular
Petrarch perfected the form of poetry known as the sonnet.
Giovanni Boccaccio(1313-75)
Best-known work the Decameron:• consisted of 100 stories that
make fun of knights and other medieval figures
• clear, narrative style served as a model for later writers
The French writer Francois Rabelais used satire to make fun of narrow-minded monks and scholars.
“Abandon yourself to Nature’s truths, and let nothing in the world be unknown to you.”
- Francois Rebelais
Miguel de Cervantes was a leading writer of the Renaissance in Spain.
In his novel Don Quixote,
Cervantes mocked medieval ideas of chivalry.
Quixote’s idealism
seems to be madness in a
world that views love
and heroism as forms of
insanity.
Renaissance Reaches England…
War of the Roses Ends
• A war of succession between the House of Lancaster (symbolized by red roses) and the House of York (symbolized by white roses).
Finally settled with Henry VII…of the
House of Tudor became King. (He was related to the House of
Lancaster)
King Henry VII invited Italian
scholars to England. They taught humanist ideals and the
study of classical texts.
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
• leading English playwright and poet
His themes are universal and still relevant centuries later
History of the Globe Theatre
Christian scholars urged the Roman Catholic
Church to reform.
Martin Luther
They wanted the Church to return to
its early traditions
based on the teachings of
Jesus.
Rise of Humanism in Northern Europe
• They sought to combine humanism with the study of Scripture, or Christian Humanism
• Christian Humanism is the belief that individual freedom and human dignity are essential parts of the Christian faith.
• The Renaissance Reformers relied on early Church Fathers such as Justin, Basil and Gregory of Nyssa.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
• Oration on the Dignity of Man
• In addition, he wrote 900 Conclusions, many of which were deemed heretical by the Catholic Church
DesideriusErasmus
(1466?-1536)
• Dutch scholar and priest• led the Christian humanists• used witty dialogues to point out
the ignorance of some clergy
Erasmus is considered
the“Father of the Reformation” because of the
way his writings influenced other
church reformers.
Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535)
• English scholar and statesman
• believed that literature could be used to serve Christian goals
More’s book Utopia
described an ideal society
in which people lived at peace with one another.
• Unlike other Christian reformers, Sir More remained unyieldingly loyal to the Catholic Church, even while recognizing it needed clean up its act.
• This devotion to the Catholic Church eventually ran him into trouble with King Henry VII.
Unfortunately for Sir Thomas More, and his neck, things did not end
well for him.
• “I die the King’s good servant, but God’s first.”