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Exploring ‘New’ Worldsand Lands
Renaissance Continued?
How might Renaissance Spirit have contributed to Exploration..?– Classical Learning- Renaissance society had
wanted to learn more– Worldly Pleasures- Focused on living in this
world; enjoying what the world had to offer was a way to accomplish this
– Celebration of the Individual- Glory for explorers (& eventually nations)
MotivationsThe Historical ‘3 Gs’ of Exploration:
Gold– A LOT of $$$ to be had in Exploring the Seas
– Starts with the search for Spices and grows to other elements (gold/silver, cotton, coffee, etc.)
– Increase in demand due to Crusades
Glory– Have one’s name remembered forever… eventually
turned into a source of national pride
God: Spread Christianity– Sacred duty to convert all non-believers
How explore? New TechnologiesCaravel:– constructed frame-
first and covered with planks fitted flush to one another.
– carried three or even four masts with lateen (square or triangle) sails.
Astrolabe: used to determine latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the sun
Compass: used to indicate direction
Portuguese
Prince Henry– School of navigation– Quest for riches and Christian Kingdom
Africa (1441)– Gold & Ivory– Slaves: good labor source after plague
• 60 years—50,000 African Slaves
– Gold Coast & Western Africa trading posts
Portuguese Explorers
Bartholomew Dias– Hits the tip of Africa – (Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco da Gama– July 8, 1494 leave for India– 10 months later arrives Calicut, India– Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to heroes
welcome– Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade thru
Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands
Spanish Explorers (aka Sailors)Columbus– Helped to propel Spain into the forefront of Europeanexploration, conquest, & settlement
Amerigo VespucciVasco Nunez de Balboa– Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain
Magellan– 1519-1522 Travel around the world– Proves world was bigger than thought; Americas a
separate continent
Northwest Passage
Many explorers (Columbus incl.) were trying to find an alternate route to Asia (China/India)
– Instead of going East, we can go West to get to Asia.
Explorers believed there was water way that led to Asia. Named The Northwest Passage, this mythical body of water was believed to:
1. Go directly from Europe to Asia
and then later2. Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
– Unfortunately, it did not exist, and North America stood in their way
Rivalries on the High Seas
Spain vs. Portugal– Pope Alexander VI and later Julius II demands
both countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Line of Demarcation define what territories was Spanish and Portuguese in the New World• West= Spain• East= Portugal
Exploration in Africa
Exploration to Africa begins with Dias and De Gama
Search for profit: Africa was a region rich in resources
16th century: Establishment of plantations and Slave Trade
Effect on African continent?
Exploration to Americas
Columbus begins in 1492: Search for route to India and eventually the NW PassageEstablishment of Spanish and Portuguese coloniesConquest of ancient Indigenous American civilizations– Aztecs (Cortes)– Inca (Pizarro)
Latin American Colonial LifeSpanish-Dominated colonial structure/Hierarchy of Power (why would they do this?)– Peninsulares– Creoles– Mestizoes– Mulatoes
Treatment of Indigenous Population
Spread of Christianity
CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Europe dominates much of the world from 1500 to 1900Connection of Africa, America, and Europe’s economies and politicsTrade (sharing of ideas), Different foods introduced (Corn/Maize, Fruits, Potato) helped end famine in both ends of the world.Advancement of Western Civilization, precursor to the United States
CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Epidemics (Diseases that spread quicker than they can be cured): Small Pox, Influenza. These diseases were devastating to the people of the Americas because the Indigenous (Native) population had not yet built immunities to the diseases. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1492: 54-100 million. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1750: Less than 500,000
CONSEQUENCES OF CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Encomiendas: System of forced labor indigenous Americans had to endure…horrible working conditions
Atlantic Slave Trade: – Triangular Trade between Europe, Africa,
Americas– Middle Passage (2 million die in transit)– 11 Million Come to Americas