Supporting Information

Spatio-vertical characterization of BTEXS group of VOCs in Chinese agricultural soils

ChenyeXu,a,bXinmengLin,b Shanshan Yin,bKai Liu,cWeipingLiu,b*

a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China

b Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

c Division of Engineering and Applied Science, W. M. Keck Laboratories

California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, California

91125, USA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: wliu@zju.edu.cn (W. Liu).

S16

TABLES

Table S1 Geographical coordinates of soil sampling points across China (a) in 2013; (b) in 2016

No.

Province

Sampling points

Longitude

Latitude

Elevation

(m)

Soil texture

1

Liao Ning

An Shan (Da Gushan Town)

123

41.01

64

Clay loam

2

Tie Ling (Fan He Village)

123.77

42.22

70

Clay loam

3

Da Lian (Lian Shan Town)

122.24

39.6

54

Clay loam

4

Shen Yang (Shen Yang Agricultural University)

123.57

41.82

69

Clay loam

5

Jiang Su

Chang Zhou

120.14

31.74

11

Clay loam

6

Wu Xi

120.43

31.52

7

Clay loam

7

Yang Zhou

119.25

32.29

10

Clay loam

8

Nan Jing

118.86

32.31

14

Clay loam

9

Jiang Xi

Ying Tan

116.97

28.3

51

Clay loam

10

Nan Chang

115.7

28.61

49

Clay loam

11

Shang Hai

Song Jiang

121.1

30.98

10

Clay loam

12

Shan Xi

Yang Quan

113.46

37.85

791

Sandy clay loam

13

Xin Zhou

112.68

38.42

1574

Sandy clay loam

14

Shuo Zhou

112.58

39.34

1089

Sandy clay loam

15

Lv Liang

111.13

37.52

954

Sandy clay loam

16

Tai Yuan (Pu Yuan)

112.45

37.71

800

Sandy clay loam

17

Tibet

Lin Zhi (Ba Yi Town)

94.35

29.64

3000

Sandy loam

18

Shaan Xi

Xi An (Lin Tong)

109.27

34.39

487

Silty loam

19

An Kang

108.63

32.6

472

Silty loam

20

Shang Luo (Zhao Shui County)

109.11

33.67

775

Silty loam

21

Bao Ji

107.11

34.35

613

Sandy clay loam

22

Yu Lin (Ding Bian)

107.58

37.63

1359

Clay loam

23

Yu Lin (Sui De)

110.24

37.57

847

Clay loam

24

An Hui

Chu Zhou

118.28

32.12

16

Clay loam

25

Huan Nan

116.66

32.62

26

Clay loam

26

Huang Shan

118.26

29.69

57

Clay loam

27

He Fei

117.1

32.14

37

Clay loam

28

Fu Yang

115.66

33.22

22

Clay loam

29

Hu Nan

Shao Yang

111.44

27.2

277

Clay loam

30

Heng Yang (Nan Yue)

112.73

27.25

94

Clay

31

Huai Hua

109.97

27.52

271

Clay loam

32

Yue Yang

113.25

29.11

55

Clay loam

33

Chang Sha (Yue Lu)

113.08

28.31

55

Clay loam

34

Fu Jian

Fu Zhou (Chang Le)

119.47

25.96

4

Clay

35

Zhang Zhou (Zhang Pu)

117.64

23.96

26

Clay

36

Xia Men (Hai Cang)

117.95

24.55

14

Clay

37

Pu Tian (Han Jiang)

119.47

25.46

7

Clay

38

Ning De (Xia Pu)

120.02

26.88

15

Clay

39

GuiZhou

An Shun (Zhen Ning)

105.57

26.02

971

Clay loam

40

Gui Yang

106.75

26.41

1120

Clay loam

41

Kai Li (Lei Shan)

108.04

26.57

798

Clay loam

42

Guang Xi

Yu Lin (Bei Liu)

110.13

22.72

83

Clay loam

43

Wu Zhou (Cen Xi)

111.24

23.08

120

Clay loam

44

Bai Se (Tian Dong)

107.33

22.72

81

Clay loam

45

NanNing (Liang Qing)

108.21

22.77

46

Clay loam

46

Yun Nan

Kun Ming (Yi Liang)

102.99

24.85

1791

Clay loam

47

Wen Shan (Yan Shan)

104.35

23.61

1441

Clay loam

48

Qu Jing (Ma Long)

103.57

25.43

2044

Clay loam

49

Kun Ming (Shi Lin)

103.29

24.77

1566

Clay loam

50

Wen Shan (Fu Ning)

105.61

23.62

1253

Clay loam

51

Hu Bei

En Shi

109.48

30.24

548

Clay loam

52

Yi Chang

111.3

30.2

147

Clay

53

Jin Zhou

112.34

30.36

42

Clay loam

54

Xian Tao

113.42

30.35

86

Clay

55

Xian Ning (Xian An)

114.15

29.83

45

Clay

56

Wu Han

114.25

30.43

42

Clay loam

57

Guang Dong

Zhao Qing (Gao Yao)

112.57

23.03

20

Clay loam

58

Chao Zhou (Xiang Qiao)

116.74

23.64

9

Clay loam

59

Shan Wei (Cheng Qu)

115.37

22.82

15

Clay loam

60

Guang Zhou (Shun De)

113.16

22.85

12

Clay loam

61

Ning Xia

Yin Chuan

106.02

38.45

1132

Sandy clay loam

62

Zhong Wei

105.15

36.94

1721

Clay loam

63

Bei Jing

Fang Shan

116.67

39.66

20

Clay loam

64

Huai Rou

116.59

40.28

23

Clay loam

65

Hai Nan

Baisha County

109.116

19.52295

72

Clay loam

66

Chengmai County Fushan Town

107.797

19.8859

48

Clay loam

67

Shan Rong

108.941

18.94523

410

Clay loam

68

Huangzhu Town

Baitang Elementary School

110.41

19.4435

126

Sandy clay loam

69

Le Dongwanchong

109.268

18.78424

184

Clay loam

70

QionghaiShangyong

Middle School

110.521

19.22816

76

Clay loam

72

He Bei

Cang Zhou

116.8

38.26

6

Sandy clay loam

Shan Dong

Tai An

116.41

35.98

44

Clay loam

73

Ji Nan (Chang Qing)

116.72

36.48

56

Clay loam

74

He Ze

115.64

35.51

40

Clay loam

75

Ji Ning

116.21

35.68

43

Clay loam

76

De Zhou

116.37

37.37

16

Clay loam

77

Zi Bo

117.93

36.78

51

Clay loam

78

Zhe Jiang

Jia Xing (Ping Hu)

120.97

30.68

7

Clay loam

79

Qu Zhou (Long You)

119.52

29.62

60

Clay loam

80

Jin Hua (Wu Yi)

119.82

28.9

62

Clay loam

81

Li Shui (Lian Du)

119.94

28.87

92

Clay loam

82

Wen Zhou (Rui An)

120.6

27.78

13

Clay loam

83

Hang Zhou (Yu Hang)

119.96

30.35

10

Clay loam

84

Gan Su

Bai Yin

104.26

36.54

1643

Sandy clay loam

85

Ding Xi

104.63

35.58

1877

Sandy loam

86

Lan Zhou

104.2

35.9

1794

Sandy clay loam

87

He Nan

Kai Feng

114.31

34.85

74

Clay loam

88

Luo Yang

112.49

34.57

157

Clay loam

89

Ping Dingshan

113.13

33.82

107

Clay loam

90

Zhou Kou

114.67

33.57

37

Clay loam

91

Zheng Zhou

113.55

34.84

111

Clay loam

92

Si Chuan

Da Zhou

107.44

31.01

318

Clay loam

93

Guang An City Xingren Town

107.02

30.04

308

Clay loam

94

Mianyang

104.55

31.54

517

Clay loam

Pan Zhihua

101.06

26.59

1161

Clay loam

95

He Bei

Bao Ding (Qing Yuan)

115.48

38.73

4

Clay loam

96

Shi Jiangzhuang

114.51

38.2

81

Clay loam

97

Zhang Jiakou

114.92

40.7

347

Clay loam

98

Cheng De

117.95

40.91

211

Clay loam

99

Chong Qing

Shi Zhu

108.07

29.61

521

Clay loam

100

Chong Qing city

106.7

29.77

350

Clay loam

101

Tian Jin

Jing Wu

117.09

39.03

16

Clay

102

Hei Long Jiang

Hei He

127.46

50.25

164

Clay

103

Harbin

126.56

45.84

118

Clay

104

Qiqihar

123.97

47.4

148

Clay

105

Ji Lin

Bai Cheng

122.79

45.64

156

Clay loam

106

Ji Lin City

126.8

43.94

248

Clay loam

107

Xin Jiang

Urumqi

87.64

43.96

604

Sandy loam

108

Jiang Xi

Ji An

114.72

26.86

74

Clay loam

109

Nei Meng Gu

Hohehot

111.79

40.75

1063

Sandy loam

110

Tong Liao

121.22

43.35

263

Sandy clay loam

111

Qing Hai

Qinghai 1

101.67

36.51

2510

Sandy clay loam

112

Qinghai 2

101.69

36.53

2468

Sandy clay loam

113

Qinghai 3

101.67

36.5

2523

Sandy clay loam

114

Qinghai 4

101.69

36.53

2454

Sandy clay loam

(a)

No.

Province

Sampling points

Longitude

Latitude

Elevation(m)

Soil texture

1

Zhe Jiang

Lin An

119.204

30.164

100

Clay loam

2

Jia Xing

120.417

30.694

-10

Clay loam

3

Shao Xing

120.837

29.974

-15

Clay loam

4

Tai Zhou

121.8374

28.92

-8

Clay loam

5

Wen Zhou

121.038

28.2086

8

Clay loam

6

Jiang Xi

Jing Dezhen

117.3255

29.325

80

Clay loam

7

Jiu Jiang

116.0941

29.743

30

Clay loam

8

Nan Chang

116.291

28.328

27

Clay loam

9

Ying Tan

116.965

28.298

29

Clay loam

10

Shang Rao

117.828

28.386

85

Clay loam

11

Hu Bei

Huang Shi

115.1175

30.246

-30

Clay

12

Wu Han

114.039

30.402

30

Clay loam

13

Jin Zhou

112.344

30.361

-30

Clay loam

14

Yi Chang

111.321

30.754

80

Clay

15

En Shi

109.66

30.465

850

Clay loam

16

Chong Qin

Wan Zhou

108.3675

30.873

350

Clay loam

17

Tong Nan

105.755

30.2083

245

Clay loam

18

Chang Shou

107.14

29.838

222

Clay loam

19

Pei Ling

107.327

29.62

406

Clay loam

20

Si Chuan

Da Zhou

107.525

31.281

290

Clay loam

21

Ba Zhong

106.871

31.842

360

Clay loam

22

Pan Zhihua

101.84

26.576

999

Clay loam

23

Liang Shan

102.28

27.885

1512

Clay loam

24

YaAn

102.94

29.951

697

Clay loam

25

Le Shan

103.578

29.613

415

Clay loam

26

Sui Ning

105.517

30.535

308

Clay loam

27

Shaan Xi

Han Zhong

109.111

33.078

500

Silty loam

28

An Kang

108.916

32.747

350

Silty loam

29

Xi An

109.289

34.393

410

Silty loam

30

Bao Ji

107.112

34.351

600

Sandy clay loam

31

Sui De

110.191

37.5425

840

Clay loam

32

Gan Su

Tian Shui

106.259

34.328

1520

Sandy clay loam

33

Ding Xi

104.646

35.581

1920

Sandy loam

34

Lan Zhou

103.822

36.113

1590

Sandy clay loam

35

Bai Yin

104.154

36.525

1590

Sandy loam

36

Ning Xia

Zhong Wei

105.695

37.465

1180

Clay loam

37

Wu Zhong

106.161

36.524

1110

Sandy loam

38

Yin Chuan

106.293

38.388

1120

Sandy clay loam

39

Shan Xi

Lv Liang

111.094

37.5

860

Sandy clay loam

40

Tai Yuan

112.448

37.713

790

Sandy clay loam

41

Yang Quan

113.368

37.862

900

Sandy clay loam

42

Qi Zhou

112.752

38.605

870

Sandy clay loam

43

Su Zhou

112.777

39.217

950

Sandy clay loam

44

He Bei

Shi Jiazhuang

114.354

38.093

20

Sandy clay loam

45

Bao Ding

115.538

38.799

10

Sandy clay loam

46

Zhang Jiakou

114.9075

40.699

80

Sandy clay loam

47

Cheng De

117.702

40.932

150

Sandy clay loam

48

Cang Zhou

116.653

38.059

20

Sandy clay loam

49

Bei Jing

Huai Rou

116.744

40.2775

50

Clay loam

50

Tian Jin

Jing Wu

116.878

38.697

0

Clay loam

51

Shan Dong

De Zhou

116.379

37.421

30

Sandy clay loam

52

Ji Nan

116.878

38.6975

10

Sandy clay loam

53

Zi Bo

117.95

36.791

80

Sandy clay loam

54

Tai An

116.439

36.094

70

Sandy clay loam

55

Ji Ning

116.652

35.502

50

Clay loam

56

He Ze

115.582

35.217

50

Sandy clay loam

57

He Nan

Kai Feng

114.558

34.847

50

Clay loam

58

Zheng Zhou

113.515

34.848

70

Clay loam

59

Luo Yang

112.504

34.577

70

Clay loam

60

Ping Dingshan

113.3

33.684

90

Clay loam

61

Luo He

114.113

33.572

40

Clay loam

62

An Hui

Huang Shan

118.326

29.693

150

Clay loam

63

Fu Yang

115.878

32.946

40

Clay loam

64

Huai Nan

117.059

32.066

20

Clay loam

65

He Fei

117.945

32.0075

40

Clay loam

66

Jiang Su

Nan Jing

119.066

32.066

60

Clay loam

67

Zhen Jiang

119.265

32.03

50

Clay loam

68

Wu Xi

120.077

31.786

10

Clay loam

69

Su Zhou

120.672

31.211

0

Clay loam

70

Ning De

120.355

26.883

11

Clay

71

Fu Jian

Fu Zhou

119.55

26.134

5

Clay

72

Pu Tian

119.156

25.469

8

Clay

73

Zhang Zhou

118.004

24.349

5

Clay

74

Xia Men

118.241

24.589

26

Clay

75

Guangdong

Chao Zhou

116.889

23.701

15

Clay

76

Guang Xi

Bei Hai

109.658

21.656

19

Clay loam

77

Nan Ning

108.65

22.857

12

Clay loam

78

He Chi

108.601

25.138

62

Clay loam

79

Yun Nan

Qu Jing

104.342

24.922

1472

Clay loam

80

Kun Ming

103.282

24.853

1866

Clay loam

81

Chu Xiong

101.522

25.072

1813

Clay loam

82

Da Li

100.225

25.573

2041

Clay loam

83

Gui Zhou

Qian Nan

107.507

26.188

768

Clay loam

84

Gui Yang

106.661

26.365

1101

Clay loam

85

An Shun

105.591

25.934

1082

Clay loam

86

Qian Xi

104.944

25.063

1182

Clay loam

87

Hu Nan

Huai Hua

110.059

27.586

254

Clay loam

88

Shao Yang

111.504

27.414

328

Clay loam

89

Lou Di

112.034

27.6475

117

Clay

90

Chang Sha

112.8175

29.5

45

Clay loam

91

Yue Yang

112.896

29.48

30

Clay loam

92

Hai Nan

Hai Kou

110.166

20.039

21

Clay loam

93

Qiong Hai

110.442

19.272

22

Clay loam

94

Ji Lin

Song Yuan

124.19

44.11

210

Sandy clay loam

95

Si Ping

124.416

43.091

227

Clay loam

96

Ji Lin

126.63

43.9

287

Clay loam

97

Chang Chun

125.1

43.89

194

Clay loam

98

Bai Shan

127.79

42.52

735

Clay loam

99

Qiqihaer

124.02

47.41

147

Sandy loam

100

Xin Jiang

Kelamayi

85.12

45.629

268

Sandy loam

101

Bei Tun

87.62

47.327

315

Sandy clay loam

102

Bayinguole

86.08

41.789

926

Sandy loam

103

Ta Cheng

86.99

46.5

728

Sandy loam

104

Shan Nan

28.57　

90.56

4242

Sandy loam

105

Tibet

La Sa

91.1951

29.72

3901

Sandy loam

106

Hulu island

120.391

40.93

350

Clay loam

107

Liao Ning

Tie Ling

123.7049

42.13

63

Clay loam

108

Da Lian

121.871

39.89

56

Clay loam

109

An Shan

122.815

41.05

15

Clay loam

110

Chao Yang

119.481

41.84

584

Clay loam

111

Shen Yang

123.092

42.46

70

Clay loam

(b)

Table S2 Linear equations and correlation coefficients

Compound

Linear equation

R2

Benzene

Y=1342.5164X-2706.1183

0.9999

Toluene

Y=1988.0381X+1309.6534

0.9991

Ethylbenzene

Y=2867.5320X+5896.5085

0.9990

x,y’-xylene

Y=4828.1014X-1424.2679

0.9993

o’-xylene

Y=2540.8167X-368.5533

0.9990

Styrene

Y=1582.5472X+11122.0117

0.9991

Table S3LOD, LOQ, MDL (ng/g) and Average recoveries (expressed as percent) of target compounds in spiking soil samples

benzene

toluene

ethylbenzene

m,p’-xylene

o’-xylene

styrene

LOD

0.175

0.068

0.048

0.067

0.034

0.104

LOQ

0.583

0.225

0.161

0.222

0.113

0.347

MDL

1.437

1.768

1.660

1.886

2.095

1.765

Average recovery (%) ± SD

89.1±7.78

83.6±6.31

104.1±2.90

82.2±3.08

96.4±8.57

72.2±3.00

FIGURES

(20132016)

Fig. S1 Soil sampling points from (a) 2013; (b) 2016

Fig. S2 Core samples (n= 150) points from 2016

Fig. S3BTEXS seperation in GC/MS

(2016) (2013)

Fig. S4Fraction distribution of individual BTEXS (a) 2013 (b) 2016 in rural areas across China

References

Jia, H. L.;Sun, Y. Q.; Li, Y. F.; Tian, C. G.; Wang, D. G.; Yang, M.; Ding, Y. S.; Ma, J. M. Endosulfan in China 2-emissions and residues. Environ. Sci.Pollut. R.2009,16(3), 302-311.

National Bureau of statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook;China Statistics Press, 2013.

U.S. EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency). Exposure Factors Handbook, EPA/600/P-95/002F. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC.1997.

U.S. EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency). Human health evaluation manual, supplemental guidance: Standard default exposure factors. OSWER Directive 9285.6-03. Washington, DC. 1991.

U.S. EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency). Mid Atlantic Risk S26 Assessment. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table. Washington, DC. 2010.

U.S. EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency). Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites. OSWER 9355.4-24. Washington, DC. 2002.

Zhang, Y. X.; Tao, S.; Shen, H. Z.; Ma, J. M.Inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk of Chinese population. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.2009, 106(50), 21063-21067.