FOOD LOSS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY

Guray Salihoglua*, Nezih Kamil Salihoglua, Selnur Ucaroglua, Mufide Banarb

a Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey

(gurays@uludag.edu.tr; nkamils@uludag.edu.tr; selnur@uludag.edu.tr )a Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Anadolu

University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey (mbanar@anadolu.edu.tr)

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL-A

Captions for the Supporting Figures

Fig. S1. GDP contribution of agriculture in selected countries

Fig. S2. Changes in the GDP contribution of Turkish agricultural sector between 1960-2015.

Fig. S3. Turkey’s Agro-Food Trade: a) Changes between 1996-2014, b) Composition

Fig. S4. Distribution of Turkish agricultural area

Fig. S5. Average protein supply in selected countries: a) Top 20 countries, b) Comparison of average levels of developed and developing countries

Fig. S6. Estimated/assumed loss & waste percentages for each commodity group in each step of the FSC for Turkey

Fig. S7. Comparison of Turkey's fruit & vegetables loss percentage from agricultural production step of FSC with that of the regions in the world

Fig. S8. Comparison of Turkey's agricultural food loss with agricultural food loss of the regions in the world

Fig. S9. Food losses from Postharvest Handling & Storage in Turkey

Fig. S10. Comparison of Turkey's fruit & vegetables loss percentage from postharvest handling & storage step of FSC with that of the regions in the world

Fig. S11. Comparison of food losses from postharvest handling and storage in Turkey with that of the regions in the world

Fig. S12. FLW from Processing & Packaging, and Distribution in Turkey

Fig. S13. Comparison of Turkey's loss percentages with that with that of the regions in the world a) Loss of cereals from processing & packaging b) Loss of fruit & vegetables processing & packaging and distribution

Fig. S14. Distribution of FLW throughout the FSC in Turkey

Fig. S15. Distribution of food and beverage wastes from food services in Turkey

Fig. S16. Municipal waste generated by several countries and comparison with that of Turkey

Fig. S17. Animal feeds in Turkey: a) distribution of imports and exports in 2016, b) yearly evolution of imported animal feed quantities

Fig. S18. Number of the landfills and the municipalities served with landfills in Turkey

Supporting Figures

Fig. S1. GDP contribution of agriculture in selected countries

Reference: WorldBank (2016)

(Data belongs to year 2015 with the exception of New Zealand and United States data, which belongs to 2012 and 2014, respectively)

Fig. S2. Changes in the GDP contribution of Turkish agricultural sector between 1960-2015.

Reference: WorldBank (2016)

Fig. S3. Turkey’s Agro-Food Trade: a) Changes between 1996-2014, b) Composition

Reference: OECD (2016)

Fig. S4. Distribution of Turkish agricultural area

Reference:TurkStat (2015)

a)

b)

Fig. S5. Average protein supply in selected countries: a) Top 20 countries, b) Comparison of average levels of developed and developing countries

Reference: FAO (2015)

Fig. S6. Estimated/assumed loss & waste percentages for each commodity group in each step of the FSC for Turkey

Reference: Tatlidil et al. (2013)

Fig. S7. Comparison of Turkey's fruit & vegetables loss percentage from agricultural production step of FSC with that of the regions in the world

(data for the regions were obtained from Gustavsson et al. (2013) and data for Turkey was obtained from Tatlidil et al. (2013)).

Fig. S8. Comparison of Turkey's agricultural food loss with agricultural food loss of the regions in the world

(data for the regions were obtained from Gustavsson et al. (2013).

Fig. S9. Food losses from Postharvest Handling & Storage in Turkey

Fig. S10. Comparison of Turkey's fruit & vegetables loss percentage from postharvest handling & storage step of FSC with that of the regions in the world

(data for the regions were obtained from Gustavsson et al. (2013) and data for Turkey was obtained from Tatlidil et al. (2013)).

Fig. S11. Comparison of food losses from postharvest handling and storage in Turkey with that of the regions in the world

(data for the regions were obtained from Gustavsson et al. (2013) and data for Turkey was obtained in this study).

Fig. S12. FLW from Processing & Packaging, and Distribution in Turkey

Fig. S13. Comparison of Turkey's loss percentages with that with that of the regions in the world a) Loss of cereals from processing & packaging b) Loss of fruit & vegetables processing & packaging and distribution

(data for the regions were obtained from Gustavsson et al. (2013) and data for Turkey was obtained from Tatlidil et al. (2013)).

Fig. S14. Distribution of FLW throughout the FSC in Turkey

Fig. S15. Distribution of food and beverage wastes from food services in Turkey

Fig. S16. Municipal waste generated by several countries and comparison with that of Turkey

Reference: EUROSTAT (2017)

Fig. S17. Animal feeds in Turkey: a) distribution of imports and exports in 2016, b) yearly evolution of imported animal feed quantities

(Elaborated from the statistical data of Türkiyem-Bir (2017) )

Fig. S18. Number of the landfills and the municipalities served with landfills in Turkey

Reference:TurkStat (2015)

FOOD LOSS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY

Guray Salihoglua*, Nezih Kamil Salihoglua, Selnur Ucaroglua, Mufide Banarb

a Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey

(gurays@uludag.edu.tr; nkamils@uludag.edu.tr; selnur@uludag.edu.tr )a Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Anadolu

University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey (mbanar@anadolu.edu.tr)

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL-B

Captions for the Supporting Tables

Table S1. The reasons for agricultural food loss for selected products

Table S2. The reasons for food loss during postharvest handling and storage for selected products

Table S3. The reasons for food loss for selected products in processing& packaging, and distribution steps of FSC

Table S4. Food Waste Codes from Chapter 2 of the EWC

Table S5. Household FW amounts of several countries and regions globally

Table S6. Waste composition in several cities in Turkey

Table S7. Share of food waste in the MSW of several countries

Tables

Table S1. The reasons for agricultural food loss for selected products

Commodity Group (representing product)

Reasons for Loss

Cereals (wheat) Insufficient precipitation in October and AprilUsage of under-productive seedsIncorrect variety selectionIncorrect sowingDiseases and pestsDamages caused by fertilizers and pesticides

Roots and tubers (potatoes) Damages during seed preparationDamages during transfer of the seeds to the fieldIncorrect plantingErroneous usage of weeding chemicalsHoe damagesHarvesting damages (tuber cuts, early uprooting etc.)

Fruits (olive) Diseases and pestsIncorrect culturing practicesImproper fruit reaping methods

Vegetables (tomatoes) Incorrect harvesting timing and practicesMeat (red meat) Death from mistakes in herd management

Failed inseminationsPoor barn conditionsFailure in rationing

Fish and seafood Water pollutionLow quality of mature animals and eggsLow quality and unhygienic feedExcessive stock intensityProblems in transportation of fingerlingsParasites and other waterborne species

Milk Animal diseasesPoor barn conditionsUninformed feeding practicesUninformed operation of milk machines

Eggs Animal deaths due to diseases

Reference:Tatlidil et al. (2013)

Table S2. The reasons for food loss during postharvest handling and storage for selected products

Commodity Group (Representing product)

Reasons for Loss

Cereals (Wheat) Improper coverage of the trucks during transportationImproper storage conditions

Roots and tubers (potatoes) Damage during transportationDegradation due to improper storage conditions

Fruits (olives) Unintended fermentation of olives caused by piling after harvestingHigh temperature climatic conditions during storageAllowance for sedimentation in the tanks used for olive oil storage

Vegetables (tomatoes) Carriage failuresLiving the product under the sun for a long time after harvestingDelays in transportation

Meat Animal deaths during transportation (excessive loading of the trucks)Timing failure for slaughter

Fish and seafood Losses at this stage are negligibleMilk Improper cooling tanks

Avoidance to use cooling tanks to avoid energy costsFailures in following cold chain rulesLong distances in transportation

Eggs Low quality packaging which results in damages during transportation & storage

Reference:Tatlidil et al. (2013)

Table S3. The reasons for food loss for selected products in processing& packaging, and distribution steps of FSC

Commodity Group (Representing product)

Reasons for Loss during Processing & Packaging

Reasons for Loss during Distribution

Cereals (Wheat) Loss while sifting out broken grains, stones and sandLoss during washing

Unsuitable transportation conditions

Roots and tubers (potatoes)

Losses as a result of discarding out-of-standard raw material

Failures in cold chain rules, impairment of the cooling devices

Fruits (olive oil) High losses especially from filtration steps

Unsuitable transport ( e.g. broken glass bottles )

Vegetables (tomatoes) Improper loadingImproper storage conditionsInsufficient ventilation and coolingFailure in packing and sizing

Improper transportationFailure in cold chain rulesPoor time managementImproper packaging

Meat Losses caused by improper slaughtering by untrained anduncertified people

Failure in cold chain rules

Fish and seafood Shortage of qualified personnel Failure in cold chain rulesMilk Losses of whey in small-scale

enterprisesFailures in filling/packing machines

Failure in cold chain rules

Eggs Equipment failures Low quality packing materials

Reference:Tatlidil et al. (2013)

Table S4. Food Waste Codes from Chapter 2 of the EWC

Chapter 2: Wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, food preparation and processingWaste Code Explanation0202 (group) wastes from the preparation and processing of meat, fish and other foods of

animal origin020203 materials unsuitable for consumption or processing02 03 (group) wastes from fruit, vegetables, cereals, edible oils, cocoa, coffee, tea and tobacco

preparation and processing; conserve production; yeast and yeast extract production, molasses preparation and fermentation

020304 materials unsuitable for consumption or processing0205 (group) wastes from the dairy products industry020501 materials unsuitable for consumption or processing0206 (group) wastes from the baking and confectionery industry020601 materials unsuitable for consumption or processing0207 (group) wastes from the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages (except coffee,

tea and cocoa)020704 materials unsuitable for consumption or processing

Table S5. Household FW amounts of several countries and regions globally

Country Total Household FW (million tonnes/year)

Household FW per cap (kg/capita/ year)

Method Applied FW Content

Reference

Singapore 0.70 132 Municipal waste weights & analysis of waste composition

Edible & Inedible

(Ng et al., 2017)

Japan 10.14 110 Survey data & national official reports

Edible & Inedible

(Liu et al., 2016)

United States

37.7 124 Compilation of official data & estimations

Mostly edible

(Buzby et al., 2011)

EU-27 37.7 76 EUROSTAT data & best available estimates by member states

Edible & Inedible

(EC, 2010)

United Kingdom

8.3 113 Municipal waste weights & analysis of waste composition of 2138 households

Edible (WRAP, 2009)

Europe and North America

111 95-115 FAO Model Calculations based on country data sheets and assumptions

Edible (Gustavsson et al., 2011)

Sub-Saharan Africa & South/Southeast Asia

30 6-11 FAO Model Calculations based on country data sheets and assumptions

Edible (Gustavsson et al., 2011)

Table S6. Waste composition in several cities in Turkey

Waste ComponentsCities in Turkey

Bursa (2014)

Erzurum (2012)

Trabzon-Rize (2012)

Istanbul (2010)

Mean (%)

Std Dev (%)

Cardboard-Paper 6.19 6.80 8.95 11.05 8.25 2.21Glass 2.90 2.96 3.65 3.72 3.31 0.44PET 0.52 1.30 1.36 1.36 1.14 0.41Plastic Bag 8.72 7.40 8.56 9.47 8.54 0.86Plastics 2.15 1.99 2.98 2.28 2.35 0.44Metals 0.78 1.31 1.60 1.10 1.20 0.35Organics (Food & yard waste) 52.15 56.94 50.12 51.71 52.73 2.94E-Waste 0.16 0.11 0.41 0.17 0.21 0.13Hazardous waste 0.40 0.93 0.68 0.31 0.58 0.28Composites 0.52 0.61 0.44 0.66 0.56 0.10Textile 4.79 3.60 5.18 5.74 4.83 0.91Diaper 5.56 5.87 7.69 5.03 6.04 1.15Other combustibles 8.96 7.18 6.83 6.15 7.28 1.20Non-combustible 6.20 3.00 1.55 1.25 3.00 2.27

Reference:BMM (2015)

Table S7. Share of food waste in the MSW of several countries

Country Share of Food Waste in the MSW, %

Austria 25.3Finland 25France 23Croatia 24

Luxemburg 24.8Netherlands 26

Sweden 33Slovenia 21Turkey 28

Reference: EC (2016) & this study

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