SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S.1. Sensitivity Analysis: Estimate comparisons by effect size source measurement

Association Measure Number of Studies Effect Size 95% CI I2 P

IRR BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 23 3.993 3.280

4.861 94.41 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 5 4.185 3.7674.65

0 88.64 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 6 1.689 1.0782.64

6 99.03 0.022

WC-Hypertension 1 1.190 1.1181.26

7 0.000 <0.001

RR BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 11 2.794 2.004

3.895 90.59 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 4 4.156 3.3755.09

4 59.15 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 8 1.920 1.4612.52

4 88.43 <0.001

WC-Hypertension 4 2.135 1.7112.66

4 0.000 <0.001

Note. WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female), age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years), and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Table S.2. Sensitivity Analysis: Estimate comparisons by length of follow-up

Association Measure Number of Studies Effect Size 95% CI I2 P

<10 yrs follow-up BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 16 4.397 3.579 5.403 77.68 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 2 6.205 3.794 10.15 69.04 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 4 2.321 1.343 4.013 79.87 0.003

WC-Hypertension 4 2.135 1.711 2.664 0.000 <0.001

10+ yrs follow-up BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 18 3.234 2.586 4.045 95.78 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 7 4.500 3.900 5.192 75.34 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 10 1.668 1.222 2.277 98.47 0.001

WC-Hypertension 1 1.190 1.118 1.267 0.000 <0.001

Note. WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female), age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years), and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Table S.3. Sensitivity Analysis: Estimate comparisons by baseline disease statusAssociation Measure Number of Studies Effect Size 95% CI I2 P

Mixed BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 1 1.990 1.009 3.925 0.000 0.047

WC-Diabetes Mellitus - - - - - -

BMI-Hypertension 6 1.909 1.709 2.131 0.000 <0.001

WC-Hypertension 2 1.734 1.159 2.594 0.000 0.007

No Disease BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 13 2.607 1.763 3.855 77.13 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 9 4.802 4.033 5.717 86.38 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 8 1.856 1.268 2.718 98.83 0.001

WC-Hypertension 3 1.747 0.999 3.053 91.67 0.050

Boderline BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 20 4.240 3.557 5.055 94.95 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus - - - - - -

BMI-Hypertension 0 - - - - -

WC-Hypertension - - - - - -

Note. WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female), age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years), and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Table S.4. Sensitivity Analysis: Estimate comparisons by country

Association Measure Number of Studies Effect Size 95% CI I2 P

USA BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 26 3.688 3.041 4.472 94.34 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 4 5.347 4.271 6.695 91.36 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 6 1.837 1.178 2.864 99.95 0.007

WC-Hypertension 1 1.190 1.118 1.267 0.000 <0.001

Non-USA BMI-Diabetes Mellitus 8 3.475 2.970 4.067 56.83 <0.001

WC-Diabetes Mellitus 5 4.255 3.331 5.435 67.49 <0.001

BMI-Hypertension 8 1.781 1.373 2.308 88.51 <0.001

WC-Hypertension 4 2.135 1.711 2.664 0.000 <0.001

Note. WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female), age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years), and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.1. BMI≥30 as predictor of diabetes, grouped by genderNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

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WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.2. WC≥102/88cm as predictor of diabetes, grouped by genderNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.3. BMI≥30 as predictor of diabetes, grouped by age groupNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting.

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Moderators: gender (male versus female) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.4. WC≥102/88cm as predictor of diabetes, grouped by age groupNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.5. BMI≥30 as predictor of diabetes, grouped by race/ethnicityNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

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WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female) and age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years).

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Figure S.6. WC≥102/88cm as predictor of diabetes, grouped by race/ethnicityNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female) and age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years).

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Figure S.7. BMI≥30 as predictor of hypertension, grouped by genderNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female), age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years), and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).RR=1.00 means no difference (null); RR>1.00 means positive prediction of disease; RR<1.00 means negative prediction of disease.

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Figure S.8. WC≥102/88cm as predictor of hypertension, grouped by gender Note. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.9. BMI≥30 as predictor of hypertension, grouped by age groupNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.10. WC≥102/88cm as predictor of hypertension, grouped by age groupNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female) and race/ethnicity (Asian; Hispanic/Latino; non-Hispanic black; non-Hispanic white; and others).

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Figure S.11. BMI≥30 as predictor of hypertension, grouped by race/ethnicityNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female) and age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years).

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Figure S.12. WC≥102/88cm as predictor of hypertension, grouped by race/ethnicityNote. Diamond shapes indicate pooled effect size; square shapes indicate individual effect size; horizontal lines indicate 95% CI.

WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used for data entry, statistical analyses, and plotting. Moderators: gender (male versus female) and age group (0-19; 20-39; 40-59; 60+ years).

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