Supporting Information for

Inventory of methane emissions from livestock in China from 1980

to 2013

Jiashuo Yu1, Shushi Peng1*, Jinfeng Chang2, Philippe Ciais2, Patrice Dumas3,4, Xin

Lin2, Shilong Piao1

1 Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and

Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

2 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-

sur-Yvette 91191, France

3 Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le

Développement (CIRAD), 34398 Montpellier, France

4 Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement

(CIRED), 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne, France

Corresponding author: Shushi Peng (speng@pku.edu.cn)

1

Text S1:

Data of livestock population and production

The annual livestock population (stock and indigenous slaughtered) at species

level from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

(FAOSTAT, 2013) and China Statistical Yearbook (CSY) (NBSC, 2013) were

collected in this study. The difference between FAO and CSY can be used to set an

uncertainty for livestock population. The livestock population data at both provincial

and national levels are provided by CSY (NBSC, 2013). But FAO only provides

national population estimates, therefore we used the ratios of provincial statistics from

CSY (NBSC, 2013) to disaggregate the FAO national data into provincial data. Note

that due to discrepancies between the national statistics and the provincial totals

reported by CSY during the period 2000-2005, the provincial livestock population

was adjusted proportionally to match the national total for the period (The provincial

cattle and goat (sheep) populations were adjusted by 5-28%). In addition, since only

the total cattle population and the sum of goat and sheep population are documented

in CSY, we used complementary information about proportion of cattle stock

population (dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle and buffalo) from the China Agricultural

Statistical Yearbook (CASY) (CASYEC, 2013) and slaughtered populations of cattle,

goat and sheep from FAO to obtain the populations of non-dairy cattle, dairy cattle,

buffalo, goat and sheep separately. Further, the age structure (mature and young) and

sex ratios (male and female) for each livestock type (only for stock livestock) in the

year 2005 provided by National Development and Reform Commission of China

(NDRCC, 2014) were applied to each year for the period 1980-2013, due to lack of

other statistical data for these variables. Using the time series of LBW (live body

weight) of mature and young livestock and ABW (average body weight) of

slaughtered livestock, the age structure of slaughtered livestock can be interpreted.

The sex ratios of slaughtered livestock were assumed to be the same with that of stock

livestock. With this, two datasets (from FAO and CSY, Figure S1) of the annual living

2

stock and slaughtered population for each animal type at provincial level, including

age structures and sex ratios, were prepared for the calculation of methane emissions

from livestock.

The annual milk yield per capita of dairy cattle were collected from FAO and

CSY for the period 1980–2013 (Figure 2). The annual carcass weights of non-dairy

cattle from 1980 to 2013 were derived from FAO and CSY, and the annual carcass

weights of buffalo, goat and sheep were obtained from FAO only. Note that there is an

abrupt shift in the time series of carcass weight of non-dairy cattle and buffalo from

FAO (in 1987-1993 for non-dairy cattle and in 1981-1986 for buffalo, Figure S1).

This shift of non-dairy cattle mass is not present in CSY, and may be an artifact of

FAO data (Figure S1). Thus, we corrected the shift in the FAO time series of carcass

weights of non-dairy cattle and buffalo by reducing the values in the shift periods and

concatenating the time series before and after the shift periods. The consistent time

series after correction are shown in Figure S1. Carcass weight data is used for body

weight estimation, which impacts EF values (section 2.4).

The spatial distribution maps of livestock population density were obtained from

the “Gridded Livestock of the World” (GLW) with a resolution of 1 km (Robinson et

al., 2014). They were used to produce gridded CH4 emissions maps, by distributing

provincial emissions. Then we resampled the spatial patterns of CH4 emission into

0.1°×0.1° and displayed them in the Figure 6.

The approach of GE calculation

We use the approach of IPCC, (2006) is applied to calculate GE (Eq. S1).

¿=[ ( NEm+NEa+NEl+NEwork+NE pREM )+(NE g+NEwoolREG )DE%100

] (S1)

Where NEm, NEa, NEl, NEwork, NEp, NEg and NEwool represent net energy required by

the animal for maintenance, activity, lactation (only for mature female), work,

3

pregnancy (only for mature female), growth (only for young animal) and wool

prodction (only for goat and sheep), respectively. REM and REG are functions of DE

(digetible energy), representing ratio of net energy available in a diet for maintaince

and growth to digetible energy consumed, respectively. Among the net energy

required by animals, NEm, and NEg are the largest contributors, which are calculated

by Eq.S2 and Eq.S3, respectively.

NEm=Cf i∗Weight0.75 (S2)

Where Weight represent body weight, and Cfi is a coefficient varying for animal type

(Table S3).

NEg=22.02∗BWC∗MW

∗WG1.097 (S3)

Where BW is the average body weight, C is a coefficient with a value of 1, MW is the

mature body weight of an female in moderate condition, and WG is the daily weight

gain of the animals (kg day-1). Here, WG of goat and sheep are 0.15 kg day-1 (Xu et

al., 2017) without considering temopral change, since the magnitude is small. Change

in WG of non-dairy cattle and buffalo are estimated by Eq. S4

WG=(W m−W y)

(Agem−Agey ) (S4)

Where Wm, Wy, Agem, Agey are the weight of mature animals, weight of young

animals, age of mature animals, age of young animals, respectively. Ages of mature

and young non-dariy cattle are assumed to be constant as 6 months and 24 months,

respectively (Wang et al., 2011a).

The evaluation of average life span (ALS)

The ALS of each species (Table S2) was estimated by the ALS and proportions of

subcategories (stock and slaughtered, young and mature animals). For each type of

livestock, ALS of each subcategory in a calendar year was determined by their

average ages and assumed to be temporally constant (Table S1). For instance, the

average ages of mature and young cattle were assumed as 24 months and 6 months,

4

respectively (Wang et al., 2011a), thus the stock mature and young cattle emit CH4 in

12 months and 6 months in a calendar year, respectively. We assumed that the

slaughtered cattle were slaughtered evenly in January to December in each year, thus

the slaughtered mature cattle averagely emit CH4 in 6 months in a calendar year. The

young cattle slaughtered in January to June emit CH4 in 0.5~5.5 months in a calendar

year, respectively, while young cattle slaughtered after June emit CH4 in 6 months in

this calendar year. Thus the ALS of slaughtered young cattle is 4.5 months. The

methods of ALS calculation of other species were the same as cattle. The ALS of

slaughtered livestock are shorter than the ALS of stock livestock, thus the increasing

fraction of slaughtered livestock can decrease the ALS in one year of this species.

5

Figure S1. Carcass weights of (a) non-dairy cattle and (b) buffalo from FAO. Blue

dots indicate the original time series from FAO, and red dots indicate the adjusted

time series. Orange line in (a) represents data from CSY.

6

Figure S2 Relationship between milk production per head and enteric fermentation

CH4 emission factor of dairy cattle (the dots are the reference values from IPCC Tier

1). The dashed lines show the 95% confidence interval of the regression.

7

Figure S3 The increasing body weight of non-dairy cattle. The green line shows the

average carcass weight of non-dairy cattle reported by FAO and YB. The red lines and

blue lines show two scenarios (S1: body weight increased linearly with the increasing

trend in the 1980s and early 1990s, and S2: the average of YB and FAO). The solid

and dashed lines show body weight of mature animals and young animals,

respectively. The shaded area shows ±1 standard deviation from the mean. The orange

dots are samples of annual live body weight of non-dairy cattle reported by China

Agricultural Products Cost-benefit Information Compilation (CAPCIC) during the

period 2004-2013.

8

Figure S4 Changes of CH4 emissions from a) non-dairy cattle, b) buffalo, c) dairy

cattle, d) goat and e) sheep in China (including emissions from enteric fermentation

and manure management). The solid line indicates CH4 emissions estimated by

dynamic products-dependent emission factors and dynamic average life span. The

blue and red solid lines in (a) represent EFs from the two scenarios (S1 and S2) of

increasing body weight non-dairy cattle, respectively. The dashed line indicates CH4

emissions estimated by default constant emission factors from IPCC Tier 1 and

constant average life span.

9

Figure S5 Livestock productions in China, Europe and the United States (the carcass

weights of buffalo and goat in US are not available from FAO).

10

Figure S6 The regression coefficient between 0.75 power of body weight and

emission factor of livestock estimated in this study and Herrero et al. (2013). The gray

bar is the coefficient estimated by observations; the blue bars are coefficients

estimated by Tier 2 method (A for average, F for feedlot and G for graze); the orange

bars are coefficients provided by Herrero et al. (2013) which considered 8 systems

(LGA for livestock grazing arid, LGH for livestock grazing humid, LGT for livestock

grazing temperate, MXA for mixed arid, MXH for mixed humid, MXT for mixed

temperate, URBAN for urban systems and OTHER for other systems). The numbers

represent proportions of animals in each type of system in total population (including

stock and slaughtered animals).

11

Figure S7 The spatial patterns of (a) annual CH4 emissions by livestock averaged

over the period 2009-2012, and (b) changes in annual CH4 emissions by livestock

between the periods 2009-2012 and 1980-1984 obtained from EDGARv4.3.2. Note

that the subplots have different color scales and the color bars are non-equidistant.

12

Table S1. Average life span (ALS) in one calendar year of each subcategory of livestock (unit: months)

13

subcategory ALSNon-dairy cattle & BuffaloStock (mature) 12Stock (young) 6

Slaughtered (mature) 6Slaughtered (young) 4.5

Dairy cattleStock (mature) 12Stock (young) 6

Goat & SheepStock (mature) 9Stock (young) 2.5

Slaughtered (mature) 5.6Slaughtered (young) 2.2

Table S2. Annual average life span (ALS) in one calendar year of each type of livestock in China (unit: months)

YearNon-dairy cattle (S1)

Non-dairy cattle (S2)

Dairy cattle

Buffalo Goat Sheep

1980 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.7 6.6 6.61981 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.7 6.5 6.61982 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.7 6.5 6.61983 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.6 6.5 6.61984 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.6 6.4 6.51985 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.6 6.3 6.51986 10.1 10.1 10.5 10.5 6.4 6.51987 10.1 10.1 10.5 10.5 6.3 6.51988 10.1 10.1 10.5 10.4 6.4 6.41989 10.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 6.3 6.41990 10.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 6.3 6.41991 9.9 9.9 10.5 10.4 6.2 6.31992 9.8 9.8 10.5 10.4 6.2 6.31993 9.7 9.7 10.5 10.3 6.2 6.21994 9.6 9.6 10.5 10.2 6.2 6.11995 9.5 9.5 10.5 10.1 6.2 6.11996 9.4 9.4 10.5 10.2 6.2 6.11997 9.3 9.3 10.5 10.1 6.2 6.01998 9.2 9.2 10.5 10.1 6.1 6.01999 9.1 9.2 10.5 10.0 6.1 6.02000 9.1 9.1 10.5 10.1 6.1 6.02001 9.1 9.1 10.5 10.0 6.1 6.02002 9.0 9.1 10.5 10.0 6.1 5.92003 9.0 9.0 10.5 10.1 6.1 6.02004 8.9 9.0 10.5 10.1 6.0 6.02005 8.9 9.0 10.5 10.0 6.0 6.02006 8.8 8.9 10.5 10.1 6.0 6.02007 8.8 9.0 10.5 10.1 6.0 5.92008 8.8 8.9 10.5 10.1 6.0 5.92009 8.7 8.9 10.5 10.1 6.0 5.92010 8.7 8.9 10.5 10.1 5.9 5.92011 8.6 8.9 10.5 10.1 5.9 6.02012 8.6 8.8 10.5 10.0 5.9 6.02013 8.6 8.8 10.5 10.0 5.9 6.0

14

Table S3. Coefficients for calculating net energy for maintenance (NEm)a

CategoryCfi

(MJ d-1 kg-1)Cattle/Buffalo (non-lactating

cows)0.322

Cattle/Buffalo (lactating cows) 0.386Cattle/Buffalo (bulls) 0.370

Sheep (lamb) 0.326Sheep (mature sheep) 0.217

a The coefficients of sheep are also used for goat.

15

Table S4. Digestible energy ratios of livestock from published documentsProductio

nSystem

DE (%) Reference

Non-dairy cattle

Feedlot

67.86 (Gao et al., 2014)60.88 (Yang et al., 2014)52.60 (Wang et al., 2009a)61.90 (Liu et al., 2013)50.98 (Dong et al., 2012)64.12 (Mu et al., 2007)66.60 (Mu, 2006)62.90 (Zhang et al., 2014)54.30 (Zhang et al., 2013)

Grazing 50~55 (IPCC, 2006)Buffalo

Feedlot 50~55 (IPCC, 2006)Goat & Sheep

Feedlot

59.90 (Wang et al., 2014)52.00 (Ren et al., 2010)55.75 (Men et al., 2006)64.54 (Cao et al., 2005)57.56 (Xu et al., 2012a)

Grazing51.80 (Xiao et al., 2002)50~55 (IPCC, 2006)

16

Table S5. Average milk productions and proposed enteric fermentation CH4 emission factors for dairy cattle from IPCC Tie 1.

RegionProduction

(kg head-1 yr-1)EF

(kg head-1 yr-1)North America 8400 128Western Europe 6000 117Eastern Europe 2550 99

Oceania 2200 90Latin America 800 72

Asia 1650 68Africa and Middle East 475 46

Indian Subcontinent 900 58

17

Table S6. Measured non-dairy cattle body weights and enteric fermentation CH4 emission factors from published documents.

Body weight(kg)

EF(kg head-1 yr-1)

Reference

354 56.00 (Fan et al., 2006)365 58.94320 56.17319 56.27 (You, 2008)392 63.19356 62.78318 53.94357 59.58347 58.39404 66.94333 59.39395 65.69431 57.42 (Ding and Long, 2010)420 78.75 (Lin et al., 2015)430 67.79308 57.19 (Gao et al., 2014)196 32.10 (Yang et al., 2014)462 45.41 (Wang et al., 2009a)288 42.24 (Liu et al., 2013)54 6.33 (Dong et al., 2012)229 47.40 (Mu et al., 2007)105 30.00 (Mu, 2006)400 43.19 (Zhang et al., 2014)

18

Table S7. Enteric fermentation CH4 emission factors for livestock in China from IPCC Tier 1 method.

CategoryEF

(kg head-1 yr-1)Non-dairy

cattle47

Buffalo 55Dairy cattle 68

Goat 5Sheep 5Swine 1

19

Table S8. Dressing percentages of livestock from published documents.DP (%) Reference

Non-dairy cattle56.00 (Jing et al., 2012)53.00 (Hu, 2001)55.38 (Wang et al., 2011b)54.15 (Zhang et al., 2011)58.87 (Sun et al., 2015)60.00 (Wang et al., 2006b)52.30 (Chen and Zhang, 2008)53.96 (Wang et al., 2012)53.00 (Li et al., 1999)55.61 (Zhang et al., 2007)51.22 (Gao et al., 2011)50.88 (Li et al., 2012)54.32 (Yan, 2003)61.20 (Zhu, 2012)56.08 (Fang, 2007)54.00 (Yang et al., 2007)51.59 (Ge et al., 1998)58.37 (Wen et al., 2007)58.30 (Li et al., 2011)

Buffalo55~59 (Kandeepan et al., 2009)53.00 (Haskell, 2011)50~55 (Naveena and Kiran, 2014)

Goat & Sheep44.32 (Zheng et al., 2007)51.41 (Ding, 2005)49.00 (Zheng et al., 2007)43.80 (Xu et al., 2012b)45.52 (Chen et al., 1996)46.82 (Wang et al., 2009b)47.42 (Yao et al., 1994)48.12 (Li et al., 2004)48.91 (Xiao et al., 2003)47.51 (Wang et al., 2008)40.63 (Liu and Jiao, 2006)45.00 (Yue et al., 2010)45.05 (Luo et al., 2010)45.11 (Li et al., 2005)42.96 (Ma et al., 2012)

20

50.84 (Wang et al., 2006a)

Table S9. Live body weights (LBWs) of livestock from CAPCIC and published documents

Subcategory Year LBW (Kg) ReferenceNon-dairy cattle

Mature male (female) 2004 349.9 (NDRCC, 2013)2005 338.32006 3452007 352.72008 388.72009 383.42010 390.62011 400.72012 396.92013 418.0

Young animal 2004 135.5 (NDRCC, 2013)2005 148.82006 155.62007 152.52008 197.42009 193.52010 205.12011 206.02012 206.72013 216.9

BuffaloMature male 2007-2010 344.0 (Wang et al., 2007; Li et al.,

2009; Li and Liu, 2010)Mature female 2007-2010 335.0Young animal 2007-2010 120.0

Goat & SheepMature male (female) 2004 41.6 (NDRCC, 2013)

2005 40.42006 43.32007 40.72008 39.82009 40.42010 41.42011 41.72012 42.92013 43.0

Young animal 2004 9.6 (NDRCC, 2013)2005 10.32006 10.42007 10.92008 11.22009 12.52010 13.92011 13.82012 14.52013 15.3

21

22

References:

Cao, S.Y., Li, J.G., Han, J.Y., Sun, F.L., Du, J., Zhao, H.T., Yang, J.D., Feng, Z.H.,

2005. Studies on energy and protein requirements of growing Boer Goats. Anim.

Husb. Vet. Med. 37, 7-9 (in Chinese).

CASYEC (China Agricultural Statistical Yearbook Eitorial Cmmittee), 2013. China

Agricultural Statistical Yearbook (CASY). China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China.

Chen, H., Zhang, C.L., 2008. Recent progress in beef cattle molecular breeding in

China. China Cattle Sci. 34, 1-7 (in Chinese).

Chen, T., Peng, H.L., Tan, L.Q., Ye, S.H., Chen, W., 1996. Study on carcass

composition and the meat quality of Longling Red Goat. J. Yunnan Agr. Univ. 11,

162-167 (in Chinese).

Ding, W., 2005. Slaughter performance and meat quality of the generations of Boer

Goat and Guanzhong milk goat. Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,

Yangling, China (in Chinese).

Ding, X., Long, R.J., 2010. Seasonal dynamics of greenhouse gases emission from

beef cattle in feedlot on the loess plateau. Doctoral Student Academic Annual

Meeting, Neimenggu, China (in Chinese).

Dong, Q.M., Zhao, X.Q., Shi, J.J., Wang, Y.L., Sheng, L., Yang, S.H., Xiong, L.S.,

Ma, Y.S., Wang, L.Y., 2012. Effect of dietary composition on the digestive and

energy metabolisms of yak calves. Acta Prataculturae Sin. 21, 281-286 (in Chinese).

IPCC, 2006. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. IGES, Japan.

Fan, X., Dong, H., Han, L., Huang, G., 2006. Experimental study on the factors

affecting methane emission of beef cattle. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agr. Eng. 22, 179-183 (in

Chinese).

Fang, D., 2007. Effect of meat-producing performance and beef quality on different

feed combination in yanbian yellow cattle. Yanbian University, Jilin, China (in

Chinese).

[dataset] FAOSTAT, 2013. FAOSTAT data. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data

23

Gao, Q.X., Song, E.L., Wu, G.Y., Yang, W.R., Liu, X.M., Wan, F.C., 2011. Effects of

jade screen powder on performance of fattening bullocks. J. Shandong Agr. Univ. 42,

243-248 (in Chinese).

Gao, Y., Yu, Z., Cao, Y., Li, Q., Li, J., 2014. Study on energy metabolic rule of

Chinese Holstein Heifer with 300-350 kg body weight. Acta Vet. Et Zootech. Sin. 45,

1549-1554 (in Chinese).

Ge, C., Tian, Y., Chen, T., Xiao, W., 1998. Saughtering performance of main cattle

breeds in Yunnan. China Cattle Sci. 24, 30-34 (in Chinese).

Haskell, S.R., 2011. Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: ruminant. John Wiley

and Sons, Iowa.

Herrero, M., Havlik, P., Valin, H., Notenbaert, A., Rufino, M.C., Thornton, P.K.,

Bluemmel, M., Weiss, F., Grace, D., Obersteiner, M., 2013. Biomass use, production,

feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems. P.

Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110, 20888-20893.

Hu, B.L., 2001. The studies of carcass and meat quality in different age of Qinchuan

Cattle. Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China (in Chinese).

Jing, Y., Song, E., Cheng, H., Liu, X., Zhao, H., Liu, G., Tan, X., Yang, W., Wan, F.,

2012. Effects of dietary protein level and replacing soybean meal with cottonseed

meal on fattening of beef cattle. Acta Zoonutrimenta Sin. 24, 1062-1068 (in Chinese).

Kandeepan, G., Biswas, S., Rajkumar, R.S., 2009. Buffalo as a potential food animal.

Int. J. Livest. Prod. 1, 1-5.

Li, H.L., Li, Z.L., Li, G.S., Jin, F.H., Piao, X.Y., 1999. Difference of short fallen

dressing between Yanbian Cattle and Liyan F1. J. Agr. Sci. Yanbian Univ. 4, 26-33

(in Chinese).

Li, H.W., Qu, K.X., Wang, Y.F., Jin, X.D., He, Z.X., Yang, G.R., Yuan, X.P., Huang,

B.Z., 2009. Performances and ecological characteristics on Diandongnan Buffalo.

Chin. Agr. Sci. Bull. 25, 29-32 (in Chinese).

Li, J., Liu, H., Qi, M., 2011. A contrast experimental report about beef quality of

Liaoyu White Cattle and 5 varieties (hybrid) cattle. Mod. J. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med.

27, 30-33 (in Chinese).24

Li, K., Zhao, H., Song, E., Cheng, H., Wang, X., Liu, G., Tan, X., Liu, X., Sun, G.,

Wan, F., 2012. Effects of the whole cottonseed in diet on production performance,

carcass performance, quality of beef in fattening crossbred steers. Acta Vet. Et

Zootech. Sin. 43, 1582-1588 (in Chinese).

Li, W., Han, A., Su, W., Li, G., Huang, J., Zhao, T., 2005. Evaluation on performance

of lamb mutton for F1 of Gansu Alpine Fine-wool Sheep. China Herbiv. 25, 24-26 (in

Chinese).

Li, Y.K., Lu, J.M., Liang, X.J., Ma, Q., Huang, L., Yu, Y., Da, W.Z., 2004. Research

of the dressing percentage of the hybrids of local sheep crossed by Suffolk, Texel and

New Aealand Poll Doset. China Herbiv. 24, 17-20 (in Chinese).

Li, Z.N., Liu, G.C., 2010. Determination of abatage performance of Bubalus bubalus

cv.jianghan. Hubei Agr. Sci. 49, 2861-2863 (in Chinese).

Lin, Z., Liao, W., Yang, Y., Gao, Z., Ma, W., Wang, D., Cao, Y., Li, J., Cai, Z., 2015.

CH4 and N2O emissions from China’s beef feedlots with ad libitum and restricted

feeding in fall and spring seasons. Environ. Res. 138, 391-400 (in Chinese).

Liu, D.Y., Fu, D.B., Qu, M.R., Qi, X.L., Zhao, L.F., Qi, X.Y., 2013. The metabolism

rule and requirements of energy of 11 to 12-month-old Xianan Cattle. Acta Agr. Univ.

Jiangxiensis (Natural Sciences Edition) 35, 802-806 (in Chinese).

Liu, H., Jiao, X., 2006. Meat performance and quality analysis of Qinghai Tibetan

Sheep. China Herbiv. 26, 60-62 (in Chinese).

Luo, W., Zhang, Q., Mu, L., Li, H., 2010. Studies on mutton performance and quality

of Qianbei Ma goat. Southwest China J. Agr. Sci. 23, 1706-1710 (in Chinese).

Ma, Y.J., Wang, B.Y., Li, F.D., Zhao, Y.Z., Hu, X., 2012. Effects of different

nutrition levels in total mixed rations on production performance, apparent

digestibility,and slaughter performance in yard feeding lambs. Acta Prataculturae Sin.

21, 252 (in Chinese).

Men, X.M., Luo, Q.J., Tang, Z.G., Zhu, W.T., Pan, R., 2006. The digestion and

metabolism of nonpregnant Small-tail Han Sheep ewes fed by three type of diets with

different ratio of concentrate to roughage. China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 33, 13-17 (in

Chinese).25

Mu, A.L., 2006. Study on the energy and protein metabolism rules and requirements

of growing beef cattle. Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China (in Chinese).

Mu, A.L., Yang, Z.B., Wu, N.K., Song, E.L., Yang, W.R., 2007. Study on energy

requirements and metabolism rules of 7-10 month ages growing beef cattle. J.

Shandong Agr. Univ. (Natural Science Edition) 38, 519-523 (in Chinese).

Naveena, B., Kiran, M., 2014. Buffalo meat quality, composition, and processing

characteristics: Contribution to the global economy and nutritional security. Anim.

Front. 4, 18-24.

NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China)., 2013. China Statistical Yearbook.

China Statistics Press, Beijing, China.

NDRCC (National Development and Reform Commission of China)., 2013. China

Agricultural Products Cost-benefit Information Compilation (CAPCIC). China

Statistics Press, Beijing, China.

NDRCC (National Development and Reform Commission of China)., 2014. The

People's Republic of China national greenhouse gas inventory. China Environmental

Science Press, Beijing.

Ren, W., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Wenbo, L.I., Yan, H., 2010. Influence of digestibility on

Zhongwei Goat lactation ewes on different levels of dietary energy. Livest. Poult.

Ind., 10-12 (in Chinese).

Robinson, T.P., Wint, G.R.W., Conchedda, G., Van Boeckel, T.P., Ercoli, V.,

Palamara, E., Cinardi, G., D'Aietti, L., Hay, S.I., Gilbert, M., 2014. Mapping the

Global Distribution of Livestock. PloS One 9, e96084.

Sun, F., Zhao, X., Liu, L., Wu, M., Zhang, L., Li, P., 2015. Comparison of slaughter

performance and beef quality between dairy steers and crossbred cattle. Chin. J.

Anim. Sci. 51, 121-124 (in Chinese).

Wang, C., Liu, Q., Dong, Q., Yang, X.M., He, D.C., Dong, K.H., 2009a. Effects of

malic acid supplementation on rumen fermentation,nutrient digestion and metabolism

in Simmental Steer. Acta Prataculturae Sin. 18, 224-231 (in Chinese).

26

Wang, J., Zhang, G., Wang, D., Li, H., Chen, Y., 2006a. Study on hybrid vigour of

Small-tail Han Sheep crossed by Dorper Sheep , Suffolk Sheep and Poul Dorset

Sheep. China Herbiv. 26, 63-65 (in Chinese).

Wang, L., Fu, P., Luo, Z., Zuo, F., 2012. Slaughter performance of different types of

beef cattle. The 7th China Cattle Industry Development Conference, Beijing, China

(in Chinese).

Wang, M.L., Luo, Q.J., Yang, K.L., Tang, Z.G., Zhu, W.Y., Men, X.M., 2009b.

Effects of age and sex on slaughter characteristics and meat quality of Poll

Dorset×Small-tail Han Sheep F1 lamb. China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 36, 152-155 (in

Chinese).

Wang, R., Ma, G., Zhao, J., Lu, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, L., Jian, F., Ning, C., Xiao, L.,

2011a. Cryptosporidium andersoni is the predominant species in post-weaned and

adult dairy cattle in China. Parasitol. Int. 60, 1-4.

Wang, S.R., Cheng, Z.B., Cao, Z.H., Ge, C.R., Huang, Q.C., Li, S.J., Chang, Q., Li,

X.L., 2008. Studies on slaughtering characteristics and physicochemical properties of

Longissimus dorsi of Longling Goat. J. Yunnan Agr. Univ. 23, 523-527 (in Chinese).

Wang, W.Q., Hou, G.T., Luo, Y.M., Liu, Y.F., Natishalike, K., 2014. Effects of

different concentrate to roughage ratios of total mixed pellet diet on nutrient apparent

digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and energy metabolism of ewes. Chin. J. Anim.

Nutr. 26, 3316-3324 (in Chinese).

Wang, W.Q., Yu, X., Lin, H.K., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Zhou, Y.W., Guo, C.Y., Wang, X.,

2006b. Study of producting of White Veal with Holstein Bull Calves. Grass-Feeding

Livest., 43-46 (in Chinese).

Wang, X., Huang, Q., Shao, J., Ge, C., Tang, S., 2007. Study on body shape of pure

Dehong Buffalo, Dehong Nili Buffalo and Dehong Murrah Buffalo on pasture system.

Chin. Agr. Sci. Bull. 31, 21-23 (in Chinese).

Wang, Y.J., Sun, F., Wang, J.C., Li, H.Y., Wang, J.H., 2011b. Comparison of

slaughter performance and beef quality between dairy bull calves and fattening cattle.

China Dairy Cattle, 54-57 (in Chinese).

27

Wen, L.Z., Zhang, G.L., Zhang, J.B., Hu, C.H., Jiang, H., Ren, W.Z., Liu, D.F., Chen,

J., Yuan, B., 2007. Effect of meat quality of China Red Steppe crossbred with

Limousin. China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 34, 139-142 (in Chinese).

Xiao, J., Hou, F., Guo, Z., Li, J., Wang, Q., An, Y., 2002. Dynamics of forage

supplement and nutrition requirements of grazing sheep in alpine grasslands. Chin. J.

Appl. Ecol. 13, 967-970 (in Chinese).

Xiao, Y., Qian, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, R., Lu, J., 2003. Meat performance of different

hybridized combinations from Hu Sheep. Chin. J. Anim. Sci. 39, 36-37 (in Chinese).

Xu, G., Diao, Q., Ji, S., Deng, K., Jiang, C., Tu, Y., Liu, J., 2012a. Effects of feed

levels to energy and protein digestibility of sheep. Chin. J. Anim. Sci. 48, 40-44 (in

Chinese).

Xu, G., Diao, Q.Y., Ji, S.K., Deng, K.D., 2012b. Effects of different feeding levels on

growth performance, slaughter performance and organ indexes of mutton sheep. Chin.

J. Anim. Nutr. 24, 953-960 (in Chinese).

Xu, T., Xu, S., Hu, L., Zhao, N., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Liu, H., Zhao, X., 2017. Effect of

Dietary Types on Feed Intakes, Growth Performance and Economic Benefit in

Tibetan Sheep and Yaks on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during Cold Season. PloS one

12, e0169187 (in Chinese).

Yan, X., 2003. Effect of nutrition level on beef cattle growth performance and beef

quality. Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China (in Chinese).

Yang, H.M., Ban, Z.B., Liang, H., Xiang, Y., Zhang, G.L., Zhao, Y.M., 2014. Effects

of cellulose and active dry yeast on energy metabolism of Grassland Red Cattle.

China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 41, 96-101 (in Chinese).

Yang, X.B., Chen, H., Hua, L.S., Yang, Q., Liu, B., 2007. Effects analysis of two

cattle pupolations in the west of China crossed by Limousin Cattle. Acta Agr. Boreal-

Occident. Sin. 16, 55-58 (in Chinese).

Yao, S., Yan, F., You, Z., Li, M., Wang, Z., Kong, F., Dou, Q., 1994. Analysis of

meat performance and nutrition composition of crossbred sheep. Chin. J. Sheep

Farm., 38-43 (in Chinese).

28

You, Y., 2008. Studies on methane emission measurement and prediction model of

beef cattle. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (in Chinese).

Yue, X., Diao, Q., Deng, K., Tu, Y., Ma, C., Du, H., 2010. Influence of feeding milk

replacer on growth performance and tissue parameters in early-weaned lambs. Feed

Ind. 31, 43-46 (in Chinese).

Zhang, G., Wang, C., Liu, Q., Bai, Y., Shi, Z., Liu, X., Gao, S., 2013. Effects of corn

straw fermented by cellulase on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion and

metabolism in beef cattle. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 25, 2091-2100 (in Chinese).

Zhang, G.L., Liu, J.W., Hu, C.H., Wu, J., Zhang, J.B., 2007. Fattening performance of

the Simmental, Charolais and Angus crossbreed cattle under different nutrient levels.

China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 34, 10-12 (in Chinese).

Zhang, M., Zhang, L.M., Zhou, Z.K., Yuan, Z.R., Huang, M., Deng, G.X., Liu, X.D.,

Liu, L., Li, J., Gao, X., 2011. Genetic variations in CACNA2D1 gene and its

association with slaughter traits in Chinese Simmental. Acta Agr. Boreal-Occident.

Sin. 26, 50-60 (in Chinese).

Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Tang, C., Chen, H., Chen, Y., Zou, H., Peng, Q., 2014. Effects

of different dietary protein sources on energy and nitrogen metabolism and methane

emission of beef cattle. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 26, 1830-1837 (in Chinese).

Zheng, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Dan, R., 2007. Studies on the slaughter performance

and meat quality of Boer cossbred goats. China Herbiv. 27, 21-24 (in Chinese).

Zhu, H., 2012. Quality traits and sensory evaluation of fattening beef in China.

Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China (in Chinese).

29