Cassava Breeding Community of

Practice in Africa for Accelerated

Production and Dissemination of Farmer-Preferred Cassava Varieties Resistant to Pests

and Diseases

ARI

CassavaCassava

• Cassava is a strategic food security crop

• Important staple for millions in Africa

• Grown mainly by the poor resource famers

• Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda are key producers in Africa

Bottlenecks of Cassava Breeding

Low seed set Long breeding cycle High genetic load Heterozygosity Confounding effects

of dominance on selection of progenitors

Limited financial resources

Rationale

There is an urgent need for improved varieties to stop the rapid

spread of pest and diseases, especially the cassava brown streak

disease (CBSD) and the cassava mosaic disease (CMD).

National Agricultural Research Systems (NARs) are best suited to

breed cassava for local needs

NARs in the past limited their activities mainly to testing and

selection of improved germplasm, but more recently NARs

breeders have began formal cassava breeding.

Component Component make-up or sub-componentTangible capital Physical facilities

Funding for capitol and ongoing operationsPlant genetic resources Supporting technology,Scientific information and know-how

Human capital Breeders, assistant breeders, technical assistants, etc. -their education, training, knowledge, skills, motivationScientists from supporting disciplinesProgram budget, administration and personnel managers

Organizational capital Government and stakeholder mandateCoordination of plant breeding and seed sector activitiesEnabling policy, laws and regulationsPolicy making procedures Funding arrangements and management procedures Links to internal and external organizations Public and private seed delivery systems

Social capital Political, governmental and economic support Extended education and outreach Bi-directional communication between provider and customers

Capacity components required for plant breeding programs

Fred Bliss 2010

The CoP

GhanaNigeriaTanzaniaUgandaCIATIITAMore countries to be included in 2011

• A group of people who share a concern or passion for something they do and how to do it better as they interact regularly.

• They have a commitment to a common interest and engage in joint activities They therefore interact and learn together and in the process build a strong relationship.

• It is a specialized compact network. It is intended

as interactive forums for collaboration among scientists from different countries.

Cassava Brown Streak Disease

Uganda

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

Zambia

DRC

ROC

EquatorialGuinea

Malawi

CBSD reportedCBSD damagingCBSD devastating

Leaves: chlorosis – bottom leaves

Stems: brown streaks

Roots: dry necrotic rot – most damaging

Cassava Mosiac disease

ObjectivesStimulate breeder-to-breeder training germplasm

resource exchange, and web-based information to

achieve breeding goals

Facilitate the integration of MAS with field-based

breeding

Strengthen the capacity of National program

breeders through training programs

Build linkages with primary, secondary, and tertiary

users

Priority Initiatives

• Access to improved germplasm and development

• MAS for CMD resistance• Improvement for

combined resistance to CMD and CBSD

• Gene discovery for CBSD and CMD

Data File: 3.1EVALUACION-RME1 y RME2.txt

Map Scale is 10.0 cM per cm

Kosambi Mapping Function

Segment Break Dist >= 999.9 cM

Segment Break Frac >= 50.0 %

Log-Likelihood : -515.93

Iterations : 3

Longest Seg cM : 27.895

Loop Tolerance : 0.010

Inner Tolerance: 0.010

Rec Dist Marker

Frac. cM Id Name

(5) RME-2

(10.2 %) 10.4

(4) RME-1( 4.5 %) 4.5

(1) CMD2( 7.1 %) 7.1

(2) NS158( 5.9 %) 5.9

(3) SSRY28

Data File: 3.1EVALUACION-RME1 y RME2.txt

Map Scale is 10.0 cM per cm

Kosambi Mapping Function

Segment Break Dist >= 999.9 cM

Segment Break Frac >= 50.0 %

Log-Likelihood : -515.93

Iterations : 3

Longest Seg cM : 27.895

Loop Tolerance : 0.010

Inner Tolerance: 0.010

Rec Dist Marker

Frac. cM Id Name

(5) RME-2

(10.2 %) 10.4

(4) RME-1( 4.5 %) 4.5

(1) CMD2( 7.1 %) 7.1

(2) NS158( 5.9 %) 5.9

(3) SSRY28

Data File: 3.1EVALUACION-RME1 y RME2.txt

Map Scale is 10.0 cM per cm

Kosambi Mapping Function

Segment Break Dist >= 999.9 cM

Segment Break Frac >= 50.0 %

Log-Likelihood : -515.93

Iterations : 3

Longest Seg cM : 27.895

Loop Tolerance : 0.010

Inner Tolerance: 0.010

Data File: 3.1EVALUACION-RME1 y RME2.txt

Map Scale is 10.0 cM per cm

Kosambi Mapping Function

Segment Break Dist >= 999.9 cM

Segment Break Frac >= 50.0 %

Log-Likelihood : -515.93

Iterations : 3

Longest Seg cM : 27.895

Loop Tolerance : 0.010

Inner Tolerance: 0.010

Rec Dist Marker

Frac. cM Id Name

(5) RME-2

(10.2 %) 10.4

(4) RME-1( 4.5 %) 4.5

(1) CMD2( 7.1 %) 7.1

(2) NS158( 5.9 %) 5.9

(3) SSRY28

Rec Dist Marker

Frac. cM Id Name

(5) RME-2

(10.2 %) 10.4

(4) RME-1( 4.5 %) 4.5

(1) CMD2( 7.1 %) 7.1

(2) NS158( 5.9 %) 5.9

(3) SSRY28

Screening for CMD2 in African elite lines

Markers TMS97/2205 TMS30555 NR8212 NR8083 TMS98/0505

RME-1 - - - + +

RME-4 + - - + +

NS158 + - - + +

NS169 + - - + +

1 TMS97/22052 NR82123 NR80834 TMS98/05055 TMS30555

Marker-aided germplasm transfer from CIAT to Africa

• Over 300 CIAT MAS developed genotypes introduced to Africa

• Back cross populations of PPD delivered to African NARs (with MAS for CMD)

• Backcross populations of beta carotene and protein to NARs (with MAS for CMD)

• F1 populations of drought tolerant materials (as in vitro and seeds)

Germplasm Introduction

Shipment Genotypes Families Total individuals

Field)

Drought mapping populations

332 4 1628 70

Drought 84 12 420 116

Protein 34 5 350 239

Delayed PPD 483 17 2334

Novel traits introgressed from wild relatives Based on ABC involving MAS for CMD resistance

Family Markers Mean (CMD scores) T-test (P level)

Band presence

Band absence

COB6 NS198 1.591 2.611 0.015**

BSA scheme for gene discovery for CMD

TMS 97/2205 with good CMD resistance across agro-ecologies

TMS97/2205 x NR 8083

Response profile of CMD2 genotypes

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1 MAP 3 MAP 6 MAP 9 MAP 12 MAP

Months After Planting

CMD

seve

rity S

core

(1-5

)

AR1-82

CR14A-1

CR52A-41

CR36-2CR36-5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4

Years

CM

D s

ever

ity S

core

(1-5

) AR9-5

AR14-10

AR15-5

CR100-15

CR100-215

MAS Scheme to Improve Cassava Germplasm

Seedling trial

Crossing blockPolycross design

(MAS)

Combining ability studies

Farmer participatory trial

Field trials

Local varieties (selected by farmers)

Improved introductions

CBSD x CMD crosses (Tanzania)

Pre-selected CBSD and CMD resistant lines in Tanzania

QTL mapping

• A total of 10 putative QTL were identified for protein.

• QTL found accounted for PVD ranges between 15% and 25% for protein content.

• All the QTL showed additive gene action with values ranging between 3.21 and 6.20 (Fig. 15).

Diversity

Esuma, 2011

Analysis based on 48 SNPs

Co002/C

OL1734

AR

C0

28

/AR

12

.37

ARC013/SM1053.23Ni006/TMS94/0330Gh058/KwaseabediawuNi058/NR01/0161

Kz0

07

/Fe

ma

leE

Kz0

19

/Typ

eB

1A

RC

00

2/9

2B

/00

06

1

Co019/GUA76Br025/BGM1318Br045/BGM2017

0.05

Melissa - FABI

Development of populations

• Crosses– F1 populations of elite

genotypes – Introgression of introduced

germplasm into local adapted varieties and landraces

– Selfed populations – inbreeding (partial inbred lines).

TMS 01/1368

Homozogygosity at CMD Loci

Parents

CR52A-25 x 98/0002

CR37-108 x 97/2205

CR12-45 x 97/2205

AR15-5 x 97 x 2205

97/2205 x 52A-25

Parents (crosses)

CR52A-25 x TMS 98/0002

CR37-108 x TMS 97/2205

CR12-45 x TMS 97/2205

AR15-5 x TMS 97 2205

97/2205 x CR52A-25

Code Female Male

GC015 98/0505 CR52A-25

GC0122 AR 9-36 CR 51-4

GC0142 CR 41-45 AR 9-39

GC0149 CR 51-4 AR 9-63

GC0151 CR 51 -9 AR 9-3

GC0152 CR 54-9 AR 9-63

GC0166 CW 451TMS 98/0505

Pyramiding of CMD2 and CMD3 genes

MAS-based activities for CMD resistance breeding

Ugandan Breeder, Anthony Pariyo in Office at A.R.I, Naliendeli, Mtwara discussing the breeding schemes with the Tanzanian team

Tanzanian Breeder, Bernadetha Kimata discussing CBSD symptom expression in the field at NaCRRI, Namulonge, Uganda.

Breeder to breeder visit

Elizabeth Parkes in Nigeria; taking notes on field layout/design for crossing blocks

Product delivery

Markers for CMD2 available in NARS Advanced populations development Capacity building in MAB

(workshop/training) Sharing of GCP project developed

elite materials with stake holders (e.g. Songhai center, Benin Republic)

Channels Farmer participatory breeding Linked projects Multi-locational testing with

partner institutes Networks

Ghana

Tanzania

Variety release:MAS develop Latin American genotype

Molecular breeding community of practice to validate, refine, and apply new technologies in African NARs

Web based data base for CoP

http://www.cassavacop.org/cbcopa/

Participants at the third CoP workshop 2010 in Ghana.

Linking with New Genotyping Platforms and Marker system : Demonstration of the Illumina BeadXpress at the SNP workshop

Workshops and Training

Third workshop in Ghana 2010

MAS Labs in NARS

Ghana -

Uganda Nigeria

New generation of cassava breeders

Country - Uganda Nigeria Ghana Ghana Ghana Tanzania

Name - Mr. Esuma Dr. Olasanmi Mr. Peprah Ms. Prempeh Mr. Danquah Ms. Kimata

Degree - M.Sc. Ph.D. M. Phil Ph.D. Ph.D. M.Sc.

Status On-going Completed On-going On-going On-going Ongoing

Cassava CI Project 5: Cassava Breeding Community of Practice (CoP)

Partial Inbred line development

Genotyping of S1 populations- 2011– Five populations– Selection for reduced heterozygousity

Development of new selfed populations - 2011 – S2 populations

– S3 populations (two populations)

Gene pool development

Inbred line development (six families)

Root Weight(kg)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

No o

f G

eno

types

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Harvest Index

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

No

of

Gen

oty

pe

s

0

20

40

60

80

Plant Height(cm)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

No

of G

enot

ypes

0

10

20

30

40

Vigour

1 2 3 4 5

No

of

Ge

noty

pe

s

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Protein (%)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

No

of G

enot

ypes

0

5

10

15

20

• selection index for 2009 – 2011 for Latin America germplasm

CW525-1

AR9-5

CW450-75

TMS9

8/0581

NR87/184

TMS3

0572

CR14B-218

CW450-106

AR14-4

CW451-13

CW450-46

CR15B-9

AR9-19

CR15B-7

CW482-3

Dakata

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

FRY(ton/ha)

Potentials

Local ch

eck

Conclusion Research capability of NARs strengthened research capability in modern

breeding incorporating markers in cassava improvement

CMD resistant variety released in Nigeria

Genotypes combining CBSD and CMD resistance developed in Tanzania

Web-database created

Genetic stock fixed for CMD2 and CGM alleles developed

Genetic diversity of breeding lines analyzed

Genetic mapping for early bulking and high protein conducted

Breeding populations for key traits developed

Introgression of novel traits into CMD resistance genetic background

achieved.

Training of new generation of breeders accomplished

Introduction of valuable germplasm into Africa

Acknowledgement

Y. Baguma A. Pariyo B. Kimata C. Sichalwe C. Egesi E. Parkes B. Peprah G. Mkamilo J. Onyeka M. Fregene S. Rounsley E. Lotsu M.D. Quain P. Rabinowicz Z. Myburg P. Kulakow H. Murtah X. Delannay Ndeye Ndack Diop

K. Ogundapo F. Ewa B. Olasanmi E. Okogbenin H. Gomez C. de Vicente M. Gedil A. Dixon H. Kulembeka A. Mbanaso R. Thompson P. Boateng O. Akinbo M. Reynolds A. Okono N.C. Ezebuiro Larry Butler

Thank You for Your Attention