EASTERN ARMENIAN

FOR THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD

:R:WANI P:TAKAN FAMALSARAN

DORA SAQA|AN

AR:W:LAFA|:R:NE

ANGLIA>OS A<>ARFI FAMAR

XOUGADRAKAN MOT:ZMAMB

:R:WANI P:TAKAN FAMALSARANI FRATARAKCOUJ|OUN

:R:WAN - 2007

YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY

DORA SAKAYAN

EASTERN ARMENIAN

FOR THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD

A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH

YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS

YEREVAN - 2007

FTD 809&198&1

GMD 81&2F

S 294

Fratarakouj\an h ;ra,.aworw;l fa\ banasirouj\an akoult;ti gitakan

.orfrdi 2007j& fokt;mb;ri 17-i nistoum!

Recommended for publication by the Senate of the Armenian Philology Faculty at YerevanState University on October 17, 2007.

Sakayan, Dora 1931 -

© 2007 Dora Sakayan

1. Armenian language (Eastern version).2. Contrastive linguistics (Armenian-English contrasts)

ISBN 978-5-8084-08 90-6

Artwork inside the textbook by ARTO

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form.

Printed in ArmeniaYerevan State University Press, 2007

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those, friends and colleagues, whooffered encouragement and advice during the preparation of this textbook. I especiallyappreciated the feedback I received in the final stage of this project from my colleagues atYerevan State University. I wish to thank in particular

• the distinguished Orientalist Arman Akopian, who, on a diplomatic mission in Canada,kindly volunteered to read the manuscript and responded with valuable suggestions;

• Professor Hrachik Mirzoyan who carried out the initial copy-editing of the Armeniantext;

• Professor Sergey Galstyan who examined, edited and evaluated the linguistic corpus ofthe book with utmost care;

• Professor Samvel Muradyan for reading and approving the appended literary material;

• Associate Professor Svetlana Vardanian for the final copy-editing of the entire textbook.

I am also indebted to the Armenologist Davit Gyulzadyan for the proofreading of theArmenian sections, Hasmik Gulakyan and Zareh Tjeknavorian for their assistance duringthe production of the attached CD, as well as Maro Manavian for professional help withthe layout of this textbook.

Dora SakayanYerevan, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvThe Armenian Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiiIntroductory Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvUnit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Unit 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Unit 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Unit 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Unit 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Unit 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Unit 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Gambits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Grammar Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Readings

About Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Articles from Newspapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Armenian Fables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Armenian Fairy Tales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Armenian Humor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Excerpts from Armenian Prose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Armenian Poems in Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Armenian-English Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461English-Armenian Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Short Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

UNIT CONTENTS

UNIT 1

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Requesting and receiving personal information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Vocabulary: 1. Countries, their people and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. Cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Grammar: VERBS: 1.The Armenian infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102. The indicative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

a) the present tense of regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11b) the present tense of some irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . 12

3. Uses of the present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13NOUNS: 1. The definite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. The indefinite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Armenian-English Contrasts: Armenian equivalents of the English you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Word Formation: Derivations from country names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Pronunciation: Armenian word accentuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Orthography: Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Writing: A a% S s% O o% Ou ou% Â ®% M m% N n% F f% V v% Ø ø% ( #) . . . 19

UNIT 2

Speech Acts in Dialogues: 1. Identifying things and persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2. Affirming and denying states and actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Vocabulary: 1. Rooms and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282. Classroom items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Grammar: VERBS: Formation of the negative forms of verbs1. Irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302. Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

NOUNS: Formation of the plural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Armenian-English Contrasts: Word order in Armenian sentences (inversion). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Word Formation: Formation of compound nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Pronunciation: The letters B b% P p% and " ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Orthography: Exclamation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Writing: B b% G g% D d% : ;% X x% H h% E e% J j% I i% L l% (@) . . . . . . . . 39

ix

x

UNIT 3

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Making requests and responding to them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Vocabulary: Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Grammar: VERBS: 1. Armenian equivalents of the English to be . . . . . . . . . . 522. The indicative imperfect tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

POSSESSION: Possessive adjectives, possessive articles, and possessive pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Armenian-English Contrasts: Gender in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Word Formation: 1. Derivation of abstract nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582. Derivation of nouns denoting locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Pronunciation: The letters G g% K k% and Q q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Orthography: : ; or H h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Writing: > .% ’ ‘% K k% } ]% { [% Z z% | \% < ,% C c% P p . . . . . . . . . . . 62

UNIT 4

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Introducing family and friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Vocabulary: Family and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Grammar VERBS: The aorist (simple past). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74NOUNS: 1. The declension paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2. The nominative and accusative cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Armenian-English Contrasts: Some Armenian expressions of politeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Word Formation: Diminutives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Pronunciation: The letters D d% T t% and J j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Orthography: O o or Ø ø ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Writing: + =% W w% T t% R r% " '% Q q% ~ `% Y y% :w% … . . . . . . . . . 85

UNIT 5

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Asking for opinion and expressing one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Vocabulary: Clothing, colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Grammar: VERBS: The perfect and pluperfect tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96NOUNS: 1. Declension types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2. The genitive and dative cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Armenian-English Contrasts: 1. Impersonal sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052. Expressions of like and dislike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Word Formation: Vowel alterations and mutations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Pronunciation: The letters { [ and > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Orthograpy: :w% ;w or … ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

UNIT 6

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Asking about and telling time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Vocabulary: Time expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Grammar: VERBS: 1. The future and the future imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2. The imperative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

NOUNS: The ablative case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128NUMERALS: 1. Ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

2. Distributive numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323. Fractional numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Armenian-English Contrasts: Interrogative sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Word Formation: Formation of nouns denoting persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Pronunciation: The letters } ]% ’ ‘% and Z z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Orthography: Armenian syllabification and the transitory vowel [§] . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

UNIT 7

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Vocabulary: Body parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Grammar: VERBS: 1. The subjunctive mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502. The passive voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

NOUNS: The instrumental case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Armenian-English Contrasts: Prepositions and postpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Word Formation: Derivation of verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Pronunciation: The letters + =% Y y% and C c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Orthography: Â ® or R r ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

UNIT 8

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Describing and comparing people and things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Vocabulary: 1. Profession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1742. Adjectives, antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Grammar: VERBS: 1. The mandative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 2. The nominalized infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

ADJECTIVES: 1. Functions of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1842. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

PRONOUNS: Declension of personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Armenian-English Contrasts: The Armenian deictic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Word Formation: Formation of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Pronunciation: Armenian ‘diphthongs’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Orthography: The spelling of Armenian ‘diphtongs’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

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UNIT 9

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Vocabulary: Nature, flowers, trees, animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Grammar: VERBS: 1. Resultative constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2052. Phrasal or two-part verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

NOUNS: The locative case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209PRONOUNS: Interrogative and relative pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Armenian-English Contrasts: The relative pronoun or(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Word formation: Formation of adverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Pronunciation: Connecting words that belong together (liaison) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Orthography: Hyphenation in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

UNIT 10

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Extending and accepting invitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Vocabulary: Holidays and recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Grammar: VERBS: The hypothetical mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224PRONOUNS: Reciprocal, possessive, definite pronouns . . . . . . 230SYNTAX: Simple sentences in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Armenian-English Contrasts: Negation in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Word Formation: Formation of participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Pronunciation: The vowel -e [§] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Orthography: Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

UNIT 11

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Planning leisure time and vacations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Vocabulary: City and country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Grammar: SYNTAX: The structure of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Armenian-English Contrasts: Government of verbs and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Word Formation: Two-word compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Pronunciation: Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Orthography: Capitalizing words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

UNIT 12

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing news. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Vocabulary: Media and news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Grammar: Syntax: Direct and indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Armenian-English Contrasts: Nominalizations in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Word formation: Reduplication in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Pronunciation: Double consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Orthography: Rendering English words into Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

xii

FOREWORD

For Armenologists in and outside Armenia, Dora Sakayan does not need introduc-tion. She is the author of several Armenological studies, and the present textbook, EasternArmenian for the English-speaking World, is the sister edition of an earlier textbook ofhers, Modern Western Armenian for the English-speaking World. Published in Montreal,Canada, in 2000, this manual was very well received all over the world.

The present textbook aims at teaching Eastern Armenian, the official language ofthe Republic of Armenia, to adult beginners. Though the manual is not written specifical-ly with students of Armenian descent in mind, its importance for the younger generationsof Diaspora Armenians cannot be stressed enough. It allows them to improve their ownlinguistic skills and discover the language of their faraway homeland, especially if theirparents and family friends spoke West Armenian. Since Armenian outside Armenia couldrightly be considered an endangered language, Sakayan’s twin textbooks not only fill avast gap, but also contribute to the preservation outside its tiny political borders of a language so important for Indo-European research and patristic studies.

Each line of this textbook reveals both the skilled educator and the learned scholar,but it is not just a matter of having an in-depth knowledge of the language, extensive class-room experience and thorough training in modern teaching methods. Sakayan also dis-plays a rare and much-coveted talent for knowing how to properly organize her teachingmaterial, how to select the best-suited approach for a given topic and, last but not least,where to find the texts that provide each chapter with a culturally-enriching supplement.

Sakayan has found the most productive way of promoting communication skills forboth oral and written performances. She has succeeded in incorporating a vast amount oflinguistic material into a single textbook by distributing that material methodically amongthe 12 proportionally structured units. Each of these units deals with a special topic andusually consists of 12 sections of its own in which linguistic phenomena of various levelsare discussed in a consistent order. All units start with a dialogue that is followed by aneasy-to-comprehend narrative text. After the dialogue come sections of a thematically or-ganized vocabulary, pertinent grammatical explanations, pronunciation, calligraphy, or-thography, and word formation. Though each unit includes a specific section on Armenian-English contrasts, the similarities and differences between the two languages are continu-ously pointed out and, whenever possible, principles of contrastive linguistics are invoked

xiii

to provide explanations. The units end with the listing of a few topic-related proverbs,which present ethnographic snapshots of the Armenian nation.

As the dialogues expand and the linguistic material becomes richer and more ver-satile, learners, before they realize it, have acquired an appreciable degree of communica-tive competence. Reading skills are also progressively developed through a special Ro-manization method that makes the Armenian script easy to master. At first, texts are readand understood with the help of the section “New Words and Expressions” provided aftereach text, but this becomes less and less necessary as learners expand their lexicons. Theteaching of reading skills gets in addition a cultural overtone through the selection of textsthat give a glimpse at Armenian history, folklore, and civilization.

Another positive feature of this textbook — a ground-breaking one to my knowl-edge for foreign language textbooks published in Armenia — is the accompanying CD,produced by the author for self-study. Since the texts are read by native speakers of EastArmenian, this CD will prove indispensable for mastering East Armenian pronunciation.

The appendix is rich in reference material. The first chapter contains a host of prag-matically organized conversational expressions, and the second chapter features usefulgrammar tables. The final items of the appendix are the two glossaries, Armenian-Englishand English-Armenian. The most remarkable part of the appendix, however, is the centralpart, which consists of an anthology of carefully collected samples of East Armenian prosenarratives and poetry. Students have the opportunity not only to familiarize themselveswith masterpieces of Armenian literature, but also to read them in the original language. Aselected number of poems are provided with an English translation, either reproducedfrom existing publications or penned by Sakayan. In addition to the literary texts, newspa-per articles, medieval fables, and fairy tales have been introduced to give an idea of thegamut of styles in which the Armenian language can appear.

Time now to bring these “Few Words” to a close and express to Professor Sakayanmy envious admiration for her vigor and unflagging energy, wish her textbook a success-ful journey, and hope to have the opportunity of welcoming from her more such high qual-ity publications in the near future.

Professor Sergey GalstyanDoctor of PhilologyDepartment of Armenian LanguageYerevan State University

xiv

FOREWORD

PREFACE

ABOUT THIS TEXTBOOK

Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World is an introductory, yet completefirst-year course for adults in the English-speaking world. It is a handbook for both theprospective teacher and the student of Armenian. However, the full guidance given in thistextbook will allow motivated learners to use it for self-instruction as well.

Of the two existing versions of standard Armenian, Eastern (EA) and Western (WA), thistextbook deals with Eastern Armenian, the official language of the Republic of Armenia(see pp. xix-xx).

This book incorporates the recent achievements of applied linguistics into the instructionof EA. While many modern foreign-language textbooks have drawn on these insights,textbooks on Armenian have not kept pace with the new trends. This textbook differs fromother Armenian manuals in many ways.

1. Although grammar is treated as an important aspect in mastering the language, otherlinguistic areas also receive attention. The main body of the book includes 12 units, eachof which contains the following sections:

I DIALOGUES

II TEXT

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

IV THEMATIC GROUPS OF WORDS

V GRAMMAR (MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX)VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

VII WORD FORMATION

VIII PRONUNCIATION

IX ORTHOGRAPHY

X WRITING

XI EXERCISES

XII PROVERBS

This structure is maintained in all units, guaranteeing a smooth progression in the masteringof EA. GRAMMAR (morphology and syntax) in this book is not a goal in itself, but a meansof achieving “communicative competence.” Grammatical categories are selected and care-fully introduced in each unit in accordance with their functionality. Furthermore, an organ-

xv

ized section of grammatical tables is appended to the book for reference. Cross-references ineach unit reinforce the students’ cognitive knowledge of Armenian grammar.

2. The textbook is conceptualized pragmatically, aiming at active rather than passiveknowledge. Its main goal is to enable students to interact in Armenian by carrying out fun-damental speech acts, such as making a request and responding to it, expressing agreementor disagreement, conveying information and reacting to it, seeking an opinion and express-ing one, asking for advice and giving it, etc. Students will learn how to engage in smalltalk about health, weather, and so on. Each unit opens with DIALOGUES, a short exchangeof utterances used in a given situation. DIALOGUES focus on a particular speech act thatevokes normally anticipated responses. The idea is to promote oral skills for recurringeveryday situations. Learning to apply linguistic material to innumerable universal life-settings is the main goal of DIALOGUES. This section is supported by a special division inthe APPENDIX under the heading GAMBITS (see p. 301). These are conventionally acceptedexpressions to be used as tools for communication. GAMBITS are arranged according to thespeech acts they carry out, and are provided as useful material for memorization. Studentsare presented with GAMBITS as lexical units, regardless of their grammatical complexity.Familiarity with complex GAMBITS will help students to internalize grammatical forms.

3. TEXTS are short reading passages of various origins. Some are selected and adaptedfrom existing Armenian textbooks. Others are written by the author of this textbook. TEXTS

enrich the vocabulary of students and develop their narrative and descriptive skills. Theycan be reinforced through a systematic analysis and thorough discussion in class. Toacquaint students with Armenian folklore, each unit includes a few Armenian proverbswith their English translation. Proverbs are thematically and structurally related to themain topic of each unit. Vocabulary drawn from each TEXT appears in translation in NEW

WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS. The section THEMATIC GROUPS OF WORDS will expand students’active and passive vocabulary.

4. This book places special emphasis on Armenian-English contrasts. All discussions inthe book’s various sections are based on such a contrastive approach. A special section,ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS, explains Armenian idiosyncrasies at various linguisticlevels that might otherwise escape the students’ — and in some cases even the teacher’s— attention. Translations from and into English also play a role in revealing linguistic con-trasts. Explanations are given throughout the book in English.

5. WORD FORMATION, an essential but often overlooked area in language instruction, isgiven proper treatment. Each unit discusses derivation, composition or inversion patternsthat are productive in certain word classes in Armenian. The advantage of this approach is

xvi

PREFACE

enormous: Students learn to recognize and analyze the basic elements of words. As theyprogress, students also learn to create new words by analogy with models they havealready learned. A special table in the GRAMMAR APPENDIX gives an overview of affixes (pre-fixes and suffixes) that are productive in the formation of various word classes.

6. Armenian is by no means a common language. For the majority of students who under-take the study of Armenian, it can be a great challenge, especially in view of its uniquealphabet. In order to overcome difficulties with spelling and pronunciation, a special sys-tem of transcription-romanization has been created. To ease both the spelling and the pro-nunciation of Eastern Armenian words, this transcription system takes into account notonly graphic correspondences, but also phonetic subtleties of Armenian. A special trait ofthis romanization system is that it inserts the vowel [§] (schwa) not only in all positionswhere it is spelled by the letter e% but also where it is not written but pronounced as a tran-sitory sound, which is indicated by [§]. This approach facilitates the reading of certainArmenian words with consonant clusters. For example, the Armenian male name Mkrtic

[M§k§rtic¿hŒ] consists of five consonants and only one vowel, but constitutes three sylla-bles. This is due to the transitory vowel [§] that is not written but pronounced between con-sonants.

In the first half of the 12 units, almost all newly introduced words and texts are transcribed.In the second half, however, transcription is used more sparingly, disappearing graduallytowards the end of the book. At this point, students are expected to have mastered the skillof reading Armenian. One could argue that the transcription should have been eliminatedat a much earlier stage. However, it was maintained for two reasons: First, to facilitatecross-referencing throughout the book; second, to provide additional direction to studentsworking without the guidance of a teacher.

7. Along with square brackets [...] used for transcription, parentheses (...) are often usedas structural (morpho-syntactic) glosses in English. The glosses (see 3. below) explainthose Armenian phrase and sentence structures that are fundamentally different from thefree English translation (see 4. below), presented in italics. The structural glosses illustratedifferences in word order, case, number, etc. As a result, a phrase or a sentence may appearin four lines:

1. Armenian text: Am®an ar…e kixic h! 2. Transcription: [Am¤an arev§ kizic¿hŒ e]3. Structural gloss: (Summergen sun-thenom scorching is) 4. Free English translation: Summer sun is scorching.

8. The section WRITING introduces the 38 letters of the Armenian alphabet throughout thefirst four units. Letters are presented as calligraphic samples with their printed and translit-

xvii

PREFACE

erated counterparts. However, this should not prevent students from practicing writing at amuch earlier stage, using the samples provided with the Armenian alphabet (see pp. xxii-xiii).Writing skills need to be developed throughout the entire learning progress.

9. Each unit has a section of EXERCISES which draws on newly acquired knowledge orreviews linguistic material from previous units. All EXERCISES, both traditional and inno-vative, aim at the development of communicative competence. To ensure the crucial shiftfrom traditional third-person narrative sentences — which are often isolated and unrelated— to interactions containing “I” and “you,” communicative exercises have been intro-duced. These are exercises based on micro-dialogues, patterns of two or more interlockingutterances that consist of a stimulus by speaker A and a response by speaker B, and viceversa. The micro-dialogues contain recurring routine expressions, i.e. GAMBITS (see p. 301),and a variable lexical-grammatical content, i.e. vocabulary and grammatical forms, thathave already been learned. The student is asked to modify the variable content using thepattern given for each communicative exercise. In a more creative type of communicativeexercise, students are instructed to produce certain speech acts and to react to them in sim-ulated real-life settings. For instance, they are asked to initiate polite requests and to reactwith adequate responses in Armenian. This type of communicative exercise ensures themeaningful practice of forms and structures necessary for successful interaction. Most ofthese communicative exercises are designed for oral work in class and should be supervisedby the teacher. Only selected exercises could be assigned as homework after careful prepa-ration by the instructor in class. This applies especially to the initial stages of instruction.

10. The purpose of the introductory unit (p. xxv) is to acquaint students with a new worldof sounds and to lay the foundation for instruction in East Armenian.

11. The APPENDIX, which follows the 12 units, constitutes the next half of this textbook. Itcontains a collection of passages from masterpieces of East Armenian literature, prose, poet-ry, and folklore, as well as newspaper articles that offer an insight into Armenian culture andcivilization. Most of the poems appear in English translation. The GAMBITS section representsan important part of East Armenian routine expressions, some useful tools for every-day com-munication. TABLES give an overview of East Armenian grammar, and an ARMENIAN-ENGLISH

and ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY with each entry romanized aids in independent study. Avast BIBLIOGRAPHY of academic books on East Armenian grammar used in this textbook isalso annexed. The textbook ends with a subject INDEX.

12. The textbook is accompanied by a CD in which the sections DIALOGUES (I), TEXTS (II),and PRONUNCIATION (VIII) are systematically recorded. Some additional texts from theAPPENDIX, both prose and poetry, are also read by native speakers of Armenia.

xviii

PREFACE

ON THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE,THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET AND THE SUBTLETIES OF THE TWO VARIETIES,

EAST AND WEST ARMENIAN

1. Armenian is an ancient yet vibrant language that represents its own independent branchin the Indo-European family of languages. The six million people who speak Armenianaround the world have been divided geographically and linguistically into two communi-ties, the Eastern and the Western. Accordingly, as a literary language, Armenian exists intwo versions: East Armenian (EA) and West Armenian (WA). EA is based on the dialect ofthe Ararat valley and the city of Yerevan; WA originates from the Armenian dialect ofIstanbul. EA is the official language of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the language ofArmenians living in the former Soviet Union, Iran, and India. WA is the language of thegreater Armenian diaspora throughout the Middle East, Asia Minor, Europe, Australia, andthe Americas. Since 1991, however, the year when the independent Republic of Armeniawas established, many Armenians have left their country and settled in the West. It is thusdifficult to draw a strict distinction between East and West Armenian communities, sincethe diaspora increasingly uses both varieties of Armenian. Differences between the two ver-sions manifest themselves in both grammar and vocabulary, but most significantly in pro-nunciation. Orthography also differs: While in the early years of Soviet Armenia a simpli-fying spelling reform was adopted for EA, rules of traditional orthography as found inGrabar, the Classical Armenian, were preserved in WA. All these differences do not, how-ever, greatly hinder communication between Armenians of different backgrounds.

2. The Armenian alphabet is a set of 38 characters unique to Armenian, used in all threeof its manifestations: Classical Armenian or Grabar, EA and WA. This alphabet was devel-oped in A.D. 405 by the cleric of the Armenian royal court, prominent scholar SaintMesrop Mashtots. The order of the letters in the Armenian alphabet suggests that it wasmodeled after the Greek alphabet. Originally, the Armenian alphabet had 36 characters.However, two letters, Ø ø and ~ `% were added in the middle ages to meet the need ofwriting foreign names and borrowed words. In 1922, along with revisions to the tradition-al orthography, the Soviet reform implemented certain changes to the Armenian alphabet.The most significant change was the outmoding of the 34th letter of the original alphabet, Iu% and the addition of the combined graphic sign ou for [u] in its place. The reform also sup-plemented the alphabet with the ligature … to replace the combination ;+u. Today, the exten-sively used ligature … is officially recognized as a complementation rather than an integralpart of the Armenian alphabet for EA use.

xix

PREFACE

This alphabet thirty consonants and eight vowels. Most of the letters also have numer-ical values (see p. xxii-xxiii).

3. Differences between the pronunciation of the Armenian alphabet in the two versions ofArmenian, Eastern and Western, involve mainly the consonant system, and particularlythe stops. As a result of a consonant shift, WA has deviated considerably from its pho-netic origins and has shifted from a three-part to a two-part consonant system that con-sists of one voiced and one voiceless stop:

(1) p [b] k [g] t [d] ‘ [d¿z] y [j](2) '% b [p] q% g [k] j% d [t] ]% z [t¿s] =% c [c¿h]

A similar two-part system can be found in other Indo-European languages. Comparethe one in English: b / p g / k d / t

The EA pronunciation of the Armenian alphabet corresponds phonetically to that ofClassical Armenian. Each character has a distinct phonetic value, which explains thenumber of letters in the Armenian alphabet created by Mesrop Mashtots in A.D. 405.The EA three-part consonant system consists of one voiced stop (line 1) and two typesof voiceless stops, one unaspirated (line 2) and one aspirated (line 3):

(1) voiced stops b [b] g [g] d [d] ] [d¿z] = [j](2) unaspirated stops p [p] k [k] t [t] ‘ [t¿s] y [c¿h](3) aspirated stops ' [pŒ] q [kŒ] j [tŒ] z [t¿sŒ] c [c¿hŒ]

Many linguists attribute this three-part consonant system, unusual for Indo-Europeanlanguages, to the influence of other Caucasian languages in the region.

SAMPLE OF A TEXT (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1):

PRINTED

WRITTEN

TRANSLATED

xx

PREFACE

Bolor mardik ‘nwoum ;n axat … ir;nz arvanapatwouj\amb ouirawounqn;row^ fawasar! Nranq øvtwa‘ ;n banakanouj\amb ou.[yow … irar f;t p;tq h warw;n ;[ba\rabar!

Bolor mardik ‘nwoum ;n axat … ir;nz arvanapatwouj\amb ouirawounqn;row^ fawasar! Nranq øvtwa‘ ;n banakanouj\amb ou.[yow … irar f;t p;tq h warw;n ;[ba\rabar!

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and shouldact towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET(East Armenian Reading)

PRINTED WRITTEN NAME ROMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION NUMERIC VALUE

A a A a ayb [a] as in car 1

B b B b ben [b] as in bar 2

G g G g gim [g] as in good 3

D d D d da [d] as in door 4

: ; : ; yec¿hŒ [ye] or [e]1 as in yes or there 5

X x X x za [z] as in zest 6

H h H h e [e] as in there 7

E e E e §tŒ [§] as in about 8

J j J j tŒo [tŒ] as in team 9

V v V v z¿he [z¿h] as in pleasure 10

I i I i ini [i] as in bee 20

L l L l lyun [l] as in light 30

> . > . k¿he [k¿h] as in Bach or Jose 40

’ ‘ ’ ‘ t¿sa [t¿s] a plosive t¿s 50

K k K k ken [k] as in stock 60

F f F f ho [h] as in hot 70

} ] } ] d¿za [d¿z] as in odds 80

{ [ { [ g¿hat [g¿h] as the French r 90

Y y Y y c¿he [c¿h] a plosive c¿h 100

M m M m men [m] as in me 200

| \ | \ he [y] as in yard 300

N n N n nu [n] as in nine 400

< , < , s¿ha [s¿h] as in shine 500

THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET

PRINTED WRITTEN NAME ROMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION NUMERIC VALUE

O o O o vo [vo] or [o]2 as in vocal or for 600

C c C c c¿hŒa [c¿hŒ] as in chair 700

P p P p pe [p] as in copper 800

+ = + = je [j] as in journal 900

 ®  ® ¤a [¤] trilled ‘r’ 1000

S s S s se [s] as in say 2000

W w W w vev [v] as in vase 3000

T t T t tyun [t] as in rotten 4000

R r R r re [r] liquid ‘r’ 5000

Z z Z z t¿sŒo [t¿sŒ] as in lots 6000

Ou ou Ou ou u [u] as in tool 7000

" ' " ' pŒyur [pŒ] as in paper 8000

Q q Q q kŒe [kŒ] as in kind 9000

Ø ø Ø ø o [o]3 as in all

~ ` ~ ` fe [f] as in file4

NNOOTTEESS

1. On the pronunciation of : ; see p. 61.2. On the pronunciation of O o see p. 84.

3. The last two letters, Ø ø and ~ `% do not have a numeric value, since they are later additions to the alphabet.

4. There is an additional letter, the ligament … which, although widely used in East Armenian, does not con-stitute an integral part of the alphabet (see pp. xix and 110). The ligament … has no capital counterpart. It is pronounced: a) [yev] in initial position and after vowels (cf. … [yev] and, na… [nayev] also).

b) [ev] in medial and final position of words after consonants (cf. ar… [arev] sun)In initial position of words, it is replaced by :w or ;w: :wropa [Yevropa] Europe, ;wropakan[yevropakan] European. In word formation, this ;w may also appear in medial position of words:fama;wropakan [hamaevropakan] All-European, fnd;wropakan [h§ndevropakan] Indo-European, etc.

THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET (cont’ed)

INTRODUCTORY UNIT

1. N;r;z;*q% paron &&& Excuse me, Sir ...[Neret¿sŒekŒ, paron]

N;r;z;*q% tikin &&& Excuse me, Madam ...[Neret¿sŒekŒ, tikin]

Kar;li# h };x mi ban farzn;l! May I ask you something?[Kareli e dzez mi ban hart¿sŒ§nel?]

An,ou*,t! Of course.[Ans¿hus¿ht]

>ndr;*m! Please, go ahead.[K¿h§ntŒrem]

2. Bar…% Mari! Hello, Mary.[Barev, Mari]

Bari lou\s% tikin Axar\an! Good morning, Mrs. Azarian.[Bari luys, tikin Azaryan]

Bari ;r;ko% øriord! Good evening, Miss.[Bari yereko, oriortŒ ]

3. Anound i#nc h! What’s your name? (informal) [Anun§t inc¿hŒ e?]

};r anoune i#nc h! What’s your name? (formal)[D¿zer anun§ inc¿hŒ e?]

Anouns Ani h! My name is Ani.[Anun§s Ani e]

Axganouns Sar\an h! My last name is Saryan.[Azganun§s Saryan e]

(<at) oura. ;m! I am (very) pleased (to meet you).[(S¿hat) urak¿h em]

xxv

PREFACE

xxvi

4. Dou fa#\ ;s!/Douq fa#\ ;q! Are you Armenian? [Du hay es?/DukŒ hay ekŒ?] (informal/formal)

A\o*% fa\ ;m! Yes, I am.[Ayo, hay em]

O*c% ;s fa\ c;m! No, I am not.[Voc¿hŒ, yes hay c¿hŒem]

Douq am;rikazi# ;q! Are you (formal) American? (male)[DukŒ amerikat¿sŒi ekŒ?]

Douq am;rikoufi# ;q! Are you (formal) American? (female) [DukΠamerikuhi ek ?]

A\o*% am;rikazi/am;rikoufi ;m! Yes, I am American (male/female).[Ayo, amerikat¿sŒi /amerikuhi em]

Isk Annan axgouj\amb i#nc h! And what (nationality) is Anna?[Isk Annan azgutŒyamb inc¿hŒ e?]

Angloufi/`ransoufi h! She is English / French (female).[Angluhi /fransuhi e]

Samw;ln h#l `ransiazi h! Is Samuel also French (male)?[Samveln el fransiat¿sŒi e?]

O*c% am;rikazi h! No, he is American (male).[Voc¿hŒ, amerikat¿sŒi e]

Isk do#u! And you?[Isk du?]

:s kanadazi/kanadoufi ;m! I am Canadian (male/female).[Yes kanadat¿sŒi/kanaduhi em]

5. Incp;#s ;s% Lilij! How are you, Lilith?[Inc¿hŒpes es, LilitŒ?]

Incp;#s ;q% paron Sar\an! How are you, Mr. Saryan?[Inc¿hŒpes ekŒ, paron Saryan?]

Law ;m% ,norfakalouj\oun! I am fine, thanks.[Lav em, s¿h§norhakalutŒyun]

Isk do#uq incp;s ;q! And how are you? (formal)[Isk dukŒ inc¿hŒpes ekŒ?]

INTRODUCTORY UNIT

xxvii

:s hl law ;m% ,norfakal ;m! I am also well, thank you.[Yes el lav em, s¿h§norhakal em]

6. N;*rs ari% .ndr;m! Come in, please. (informal)[Ners ari, k¿h§ntŒrem]

N;*rs ;k;q% .ndr;m! Come in, please. (formal)[Ners yekekŒ, k¿h§ntŒrem]

Baro@w ;kar/;kaq! You are welcome! [Barov yekar/yekakŒ] (informal/formal)

7. Sa i#nc h! What is this?[Sa inc¿hŒ e?]

Sa girq h! This is a book.[Sa girkΠe]

Isk sa#! And this?[Isk sa?]

Sa t;tr h! This is a notebook.[Sa tet§r e]

Matit oun;#s/oun;#q! Do you have a pencil?[Matit unes/unekŒ?] (informal/formal)

A\o*% oun;m% afa*! Yes, I do. Here it is.[Ayo, unem, aha]

Kta#s / kta#q! Would you (informal/formal) [K§tas / k§takŒ?] give X to me?

>ndr;m! Here you are![K¿h§ntŒrem]

<norfakal ;m! Thank you![S¿h§norhakal em]

Carv;! Don’t mention it![C¿hŒarz¿he]

8. O#w h a\s parone/tikine! Who is this gentleman/lady?[Ov e ays paron§/tikin§?]

Paron/tikin Sar\ann h! This is Mr./Mrs. Sarian.[Paron/tikin Saryann e]

INTRODUCTORY UNIT

Isk a\s t[a#n / a[=i#ke! And this boy/girl?[Isk ays t§g¿han / ak¿hc¿hŒik§?]

Sa Arm;nn h/Arm;noufin h! This is Armen / Armenuhi.[Sa Armenn e/Armenuhin e]

Arm;nn ousano#[ h! A\o*! Is Armen a student? Yes, he is.[Armenn usanog¿h e? Ayo!]

Isk tikin Sar\a#ne! And Mrs. Saryan?[Isk tikin Saryan§?]

Na ousouzcoufi h! She is a (female) teacher.[Na usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhi e]

9. N;r;z;*q! / N;ri*r! Excuse me. (formal / informal)[NeretsŒek / Nerir!]

N;ro[ouj\oun! Excuse me. / Sorry. [Nerog¿hutŒyun]

Oci*nc! No problem.[Voc¿hŒnc¿hŒ]

>ndr;m% kar…or ch! It’s O.K., don’t mention it.[K¿h§ntŒrem, karevor c¿hŒe]

10. Zt;souj\oun! See you later![T¿sŒ§tesutŒyun]

Mnaq/mnas barow! Goodbye! (formal/informal)[M§nakŒ/m§nas barov]

Gnaq/gnas barow! Take care!* (formal/informal)[G§nakŒ/g§nas barov]

Bari gi,;r! Good night!**[Bari gis¿her]

Lou\s bari! Good night!**[Luys bari]

* A conventional exchange of salutations when guests depart: Mnas/Mnaq barow Goodbye! [literally:Stay well!] and Gnas/Gnaq barow Goodbye! (literally: Leave well!)

** A conventional exchange of expressions for Good night: Bari gi,;r Good night! and Lou\s barilit.: Good light!, i.e. expression extending the good wishes to the next day.

xxviii

INTRODUCTORY UNIT

Unit 1

On the agenda…

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Requesting and receiving personal information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Vocabulary: 1. Countries, their people and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. Cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Grammar: VERBS: 1. The Armenian infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102. The indicative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

a) the present tense of regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . .11b) the present tense of some irregular verbs . . . . . . .12

3. Uses of the present tense indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . .13NOUNS: 1. The definite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. The indefinite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Armenian-English Contrasts: Armenian equivalents of the English you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Word Formation: Derivations from country names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Pronunciation: Armenian word accentuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Orthography: Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Writing: A a% S s% O o% Ou ou% Â ®% M m% N n% F f% V v% Ø ø% ( #) 19

:rkrn;r% mardik … l;xoun;r

VÉâÇàÜ|xá? cxÉÑÄx? tÇw _tÇzâtzxá

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UNIT 1

I DIALOGUES

1. B, an Armenian-speaking officer in the Canadian Embassy in Yerevan, is filling outa questionnaire for A, an Armenian citizen who does not speak English. They addresseach other formally.

A. Bar… ];x! Hello![Barev d¿zez]

B. Bar…% i#nc h ];r anoune! Hello! What’s your name? [Barev, inc¿hh e d¿zer anun§?]

A. Anouns Arm;n h! My name is Armen.[Anun§s Armen e]

B. Isk ];r axgano#une! And your family name?[Isk d¿zer azganun§?]

A. Axganouns Sar\an h! My family name is Saryan.[Azganun§s Saryan e]

B. Qani# tar;kan ;q! How old are you?[KŒani tarekan ekŒ?]

A. Qsan tar;kan! Twenty years old.[KŒsan tarekan]

B. };r qa[aqaziouj\o#une! Your citizenship?[D¿zer kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒiutŒyun§?]

A. Fa\astani qa[aqazi ;m! I am a citizen of Armenia.[Hayastani kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒi em]

B. I#nc l;xoun;r git;q! What languages do you know?[Inc¿hŒ lezuner gitekŒ?]

A. Fa\;r;n … ®ous;r;n! Armenian and Russian. [Hayeren yev ¤useren]

B. A\d l;xoun;row na… groum Do you also read and write[ayt lezunerov nayev g§rum]

ou kardo#um ;q! in those languages?[u kartŒum ekŒ]

* In the flow of speech some Armenian words are drawn together and pronounced as one word. Thisfeature, also called liaison (see Unit 9, pp. 213-214), is designated by the sign in the transcrip-tion of the first four units.

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A. A\o*! Yes![Ayo]

B. O#rn h };r fasz;n! What is your address? [Vorn e d¿zer hast¿sŒen?]

A. :r…an% Paron\an 'o[oz tase%! Ten Paronyan Street, Yerevan.[Yerevan, Paronyan pŒog¿hot¿sŒ tas§]

B. O#rn h };r f;®a.osi famare! What is your telephone number?[Vorn e d¿zer he¤ak¿hosi hamar§?

A. Cors far\our% fisounouj% tasn;rkou! Four-zero-zero, five-eight, one-two.[C¿hŒors haryur, hisunutŒ, tasnerku]

B. Inco#w ;q xba[woum! What is your occupation?[Inc¿hŒov ekŒ §zbag¿hvum?]

A. Ousano[ ;m! I am a student.[Usanog¿h em]

B. I#nc ;q ousoumnasiroum! What are you studying?[Inc¿hŒ ekŒ usumnasirum?]

A. Grakanouj\oun! Literature.[G§rakanutŒyun]

B. <norfakal ;m! Axat ;q! Thank you. You are free to go.[S¿h§norhakal em. Azat ekŒ.]

A. <norfakalouj\oun! Zt;souj\oun! Thanks. Good bye.[S¿h§norhakalutŒyun. T¿sŒ§tesutŒyun.]

2. A is an adult, B is a five-year old child who is lost. The adult addresses the child infor-mally.

A. Anound i#nc h! What is your name?[Anun§t inc¿hŒ e?]

B. Anouns Ani h! My name is Ani.[Anun§s Ani e]

A. Isk axgano#und! And your family name?[Isk azganun§t?]

B. Mal\an! Malyan.[Malyan]

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A. Qani# tar;kan ;s! How old are you?[Khani tarekan es?]

B. Fing tar;kan! Five years old.[Hing tarekan]

A. };r fasz;n git;#s! Do you know your (plur.) address?[D¿zer hast¿shen gites?]

B. Komitas 'o[oz% ;r;soun! Thirty Komitas Street.[Komitas phog ¿hot¿sh yeresun]

A. Isk ];r f;®a.osi fama#re! And your (plur.) telephone number?[Isk d¿zer he¤ak¿hosi hamar§?]

B. Qsanouj% fisounm;k% tasn;rkou! Two-eight, five-one, one-two.[KŒsanuth, hisunmek, tasnerku]

A. Apr;*s! Fima kgnanq … Good for you! Now we’ll go and [Apres. Hima k§g§nankh yev]

kxangafar;nq ];r toun! phone your home.[k§zangaharenkh d¿zer tun]

II TEXT

FA|ASTAN[Hayastan]

Fa\astane 'oqr ;rkir h! A\n ouni ;r;q ou k;s milion bnakic! Fa\;re[Hayastan§ pŒokŒ§r yerkir e. Ayn uni yerekŒ u kes milyon b§nakic¿hŒ. Hayer§

.osoum ;n fa\;r;n! Fa\;r;ne fin l;xou h! Incp;s `rans;r;ne% angl;r;ne% g;r-k¿hosum en hayeren. Hayeren§ hin lezu ye. Inc¿hŒpes franseren§, angleren§, ger-

man;r;ne … a\l l;xoun;r% fa\;r;ne fnd;wropakan l;xou h! Fa\kakan a\boub;nemaneren§ yev ayl lezuner, hayeren§ h§ndevropakan lezu ye. Haykakan aybuben§

fin h! A\n st;[‘;l h M;srop Ma,toze 405 (cors far\our fing) jwakanin! Fa\- hin e. Ayn steg¿ht¿sel e Mesrop Mas¿htot¿sŒ§ 405 (c¿hŒors haryur hing) tŒ§vakanin. Hay-

kakan a\boub;nn ouni 38 (;r;sounouj) ta®! Fa\astane am;nafin qriston\a kakan aybubenn uni 38 (yeresunutŒ) ta¤. Hayastan§ amenahin kŒristonya

;rkirn h! A\n endoun;l h qriston;ouj\oune 301 (;r;q far\our m;k) jwakanin!yerkirn e. Ayn §ntŒunel e kŒristoneyutŒyun§ 301 (yerekŒ haryur mek) tŒ§vakanin]

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Fa\astane [Hayastan] Armenia 'oqr [pŒokŒ§r] small ;rkir [yerkir] country h [e] is oun;nal% ouni [unenal, uni] to have, has;r;q ou k;s [yerekŒ u kes] three and* a halfmilion [milyon] million bnakic [b§nakic¿hŒ] inhabitantfa\;re [hayer§] the Armenians.os;l [k¿hosel] to speak fa\;r;n [hayeren] Armenian (language) fin [hin] old l;xou [lezu] language incp;s [inc¿hŒpes] as, how angl;r;n [angleren] English (language) `rans;r;n [f`ranseren] French (language) g;rman;r;n [germaneren] German (language) … [yev] and*a\l [ayl] other fnd;wropakan [h§ndevropakan] Indo-Europeanfa\kakan [haykakan] Armenian (adjective)a\boub;n [aybuben] alphabet a\n [ayn] it st;[‘;l [steg¿ht¿sel] to createst;[‘;l h [steg¿ht¿sel e] has createdjwakan [tŒ§vakan] date, year ta® [ta¤] letter (graphic sign) am;nafin [amenahin] (the) oldest qriston\a [kŒristonya] Christian;rkir [yerkir] country endoun;l [§ntŒunel] to adoptendoun;l h [§ntŒunel e] has adoptedqriston;ouj\oun [kŒristoneyutŒyun] Christianity

* The coordinating conjunctions … [yev] and ou [u] correspond to the English and. Most of the time,they are interchangeable: faz ou panir [hat¿sŒ u panir] or faz … panir [hat¿sŒ yev panir] breadand cheese. There are, however, some contexts where the language norm requires the use of … or ou(see also the note in Unit 11, p. 255).

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UNIT 1

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

Country Male Female Language Adjective

Fa\astan fa\ fa\oufi fa\;r;n fa\kakan/fa\

[Hayastan] [hay] [hayuhi] [hayeren] [haykakan/hay]Armenia Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian

Am;rika am;rikazi am;rikoufi angl;r;n am;rik\an

[Amerika] [amerikat¿sŒi] [amerikuhi] [angleren] [amerikyan]America American American English American

Kanada kanadazi kanadoufi angl;r;n/`rans;r;n kanadakan

[Kanada] [kanadat¿sŒi] [kanaduhi] [angleren/franseren] [kanadakan]Canada Canadian Canadian English/French Canadian

Anglia angliazi angloufi angl;r;n angliakan

[Anglia] [angliat¿sŒi] [angluhi] [angleren] [angliakan]England English English English English

Âousastan ®ous ®ous ®ous;r;n ®ousakan

[‹usastan] [¤us] [¤us] [¤useren] [¤usakan]Russia Russian Russian Russian Russian

~ransia `ransiazi `ransoufi `rans;r;n `ransiakan

[Fransia] [fransiat¿sŒi] [fransuhi] [franseren] [fransiakan]France French French French French

G;rmania g;rmanazi g;rmanoufi g;rman;r;n g;rmanakan

[Germania] [germanat¿sŒi] [germanuhi] [germaneren] [germanakan]Germany German German German German

Italia italazi italoufi ital;r;n italakan

[Italia] [italat¿sŒi] [italuhi] [italeren] [italakan]Italy Italian Italian Italian Italian

Ispania ispanazi ispanoufi ispan;r;n ispanakan

[Ispania] [ispanat¿sŒi] [ispanuhi] [ispaneren] [ispanakan]Spain Spaniard Spaniard Spanish Spanish

Cinastan cinazi cinoufi cinar;n cinakan

[C¿hŒinastan] [c¿hŒinat¿sŒi] [c¿hŒinuhi] [c¿hŒinaren] [c¿hŒinakan]China Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese

Yaponia yaponazi yaponoufi yapon;r;n yaponakan

[C¿haponia] [c¿haponat¿sŒi] [c¿haponuhi] [c¿haponeren] [c¿haponakan]Japan Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese

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IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

1. COUNTRIES, THEIR PEOPLE AND LANGUAGES

Founastan fou\n fou\n founar;n founakan/fou\n

[Hunastan] [huyn] [huyn] [hunaren] [hunakan/huyn]Greece Greek Greek Greek Greek

:giptos ;giptazi ;giptoufi arab;r;n ;giptakan

[Yegiptos] [yegiptat¿sŒi] [yegiptuhi] [araberen] [yegiptakan]Egypt Egyptian Egyptian Arabic Egyptian

Wrastan wrazi wrazoufi wraz;r;n wrazakan/wraz

[Vrastan] [vrat¿sŒi] [vrat¿sŒuhi] [vrat¿sŒeren] [vrat¿sŒakan/vrat¿sŒ]Georgia Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian

Jourqia jourq jrqoufi jourq;r;n jourqakan/jourq

[TŒurkŒya] [tŒurkŒ] tŒ§rkŒuhi] tŒurkŒeren] [tŒurkŒakan/tŒurkŒ]Turkey Turk Turk Turkish Turkish

Parskastan parsik parskoufi parsk;r;n parskakan

[Parskastan] [parsik] [parskuhi] [parskeren] [parskakan]Iran Iranian Iranian Persian Iranian/Persian

L;fastan l;f l;foufi l;f;r;n l;fakan

[Lehastan] [leh] [lehuhi] [leheren] [lehakan]Poland Pole Pole Polish Polish

Libanan libananzi libananzi arab;r;n libanan\an

[Libanan] [libanant¿sŒi] [libanant¿sŒi] [araberen] [libananyan]Lebanon Lebanese Lebanese Arabic Lebanese

Âouminia ®ouminazi ®ouminoufi ®oumin;r;n ®ouminakan

[‹uminia] [¤uminat¿sŒi] [¤uminuhi] [¤umineren] [¤uminakan]Roumania Roumanian Roumanian Roumanian Roumanian

Foungaria foungarazi foungaroufi foungar;r;n foungarakan

[Hungaria] [hungarat¿sŒi] [hungaruhi] [hungareren] [hungarakan]Hungary Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian

Fndkastan fndik fndkoufi fndk;r;n fndkakan

[H§ndkastan] [h§ndik] [h§ndkuhi] [h§ndkeren] [h§ndkakan]India Indian Indian Hindi Indian

Folandia folandazi folandoufi foland;r;n folandakan

[Holandia] [holandat¿sŒi] [holanduhi] [holanderen] [holandakan]Holland Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch

Isra\;l isra\;lzi/fr;a fr;oufi ;bra\;r;n isra\;lakan/fr;akan

[Israyel] [israyelt¿sŒi/h§rya] [hreuhi] [yebrayeren] [israyelakan/hreakan]Israel Israeli/Jewish Jewish Hebrew Israeli/JewishBoul[aria boul[arazi boul[aroufi boul[ar;r;n boul[arakan

[Bulg¿haria] [bulg¿harat¿sŒi] [bulg¿haruhi] [bulg¿hareren] [bulg¿harakan]Bulgaria Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian

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UNIT 1

1 m;k [mek] 2 ;rkou [yerku]3 ;r;q [yerekŒ]4 cors [c¿hŒors]5 fing [hing]6 w;z [vet¿sŒ]7 \oj [yotŒ]8 ouj [utŒ]9 inn (or ine) [in§n] (or [in§])

10 tasn (or tase) [tas§n] (or [tas§])11 tasnm;k [tasn§mek ]12 tasn;rkou [tasnerku]13 tasn;r;q [tasnerekŒ]

14 tasncors [tasn§c¿hŒors]15 tasnfing [tasn§hing]16 tasnw;z [tasn§vet¿sŒ]17 tasn\oj [tasn§yotŒ]18 tasnouj [tasn§utŒ]19 tasninn [tasn§in§n] 20 qsan [kŒsan]21 qsanm;k [kŒsanmek] 22 qsan;rkou [kŒsanerku]23 qsan;r;q [kŒsanerekŒ]24 qsancors [kŒsanc¿hŒors]25 qsanfing [kŒsanhing]26 qsanw;z [kŒsanvet¿sŒ]27 qsan\oj [kŒsanyotŒ] 28 qsanouj [kŒsanutŒ]

29 qsaninn or -ine [kŒsanin§n] or [-in§]

30 ;r;soun [yeresun]

31 ;r;sounm;k [yeresunmek]

32 ;r;soun;rkou [yeresunerku]

33 ;r;soun;r;q [yeresunerekŒ]34 ;r;souncors [yeresunc¿hŒors]35 ;r;sounfing [yeresunhing]36 ;r;sounw;z [yeresunvet¿sŒ]37 ;r;soun\oj [yeresunyotŒ]38 ;r;sounouj [yeresunutŒ]39 ;r;souninn (-ine)[yeresunin§n (-in§)40 qa®asoun [kŒa¤asun]50 fisoun [hisun]60 wajsoun [vatŒsun]70 \ojanasoun [yotŒanasun]80 oujsoun [utŒsun]90 innsoun [inn§sun]

100 far\our [haryur]200 ;rkou far\our [yerku haryur]300 ;r;q far\our [yerekŒ haryur]400 cors far\our [c¿hŒors haryur]500 fing far\our [hing haryur]600 w;z far\our [vet¿sŒ haryur]700 \oj far\our [yotŒ haryur]800 ouj far\our [utŒ haryur]900 inn far\our [in§n haryur]1 000 faxar [hazar] 1 001 faxar m;k [hazar mek]1 002 faxar ;rkou [hazar yerku]2 000 ;rkou faxar [yerku hazar]3 000 ;r;q faxar [yerekŒ hazar]10 000 tase faxar [tas§ hazar]

2. CARDINAL NUMERALS

Like other languages, Armenian uses Arabic numbers, 1, 2, 3, etc., for cardinal numerals.Cardinal numerals denote quantity, size, measurement, etc., and in Armenian answer thequestion qani# [kŒani?] how many? The Armenian wording for these symbols is present-

ed below. Note that the word for zero (0) is spelled xro [z§ro] or x;ro [zero].

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UNIT 1

2. CARDINAL NUMERALS

ggoouummaarroouumm [gumarum] addition:5 + 6 = 11 Fingin goumara‘ w;z fawasar h tasnm;ki!

[Hingin gumarat¿s vet¿sŒ havasar e tasn§meki]ffaannoouumm [hanum] substraction:10 - 9 = 1 Tasiz fana‘ ine fawasar h m;ki!

[Tasit¿sŒ hanat¿s in§ havasar e meki]bbaaxxmmaappaattkkoouumm [bazmapatkum] multiplication:4 x 5 = 20 Cors angam fing fawasar h qsani!

[C¿hŒors ankŒam hing havasar e kŒsani] bbaavvaannoouumm [baz¿hanum] division:30 ÷ 6 = 5 :r;soune bavana‘ w;zi fawasar h fingi!

[Yeresun§ baz¿hanat¿s vet¿sŒi havasar e hingi]

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1896 faxar ouj far\our innsounw;z [hazar utŒ haryur in§sunvet¿sŒ]1915 faxar inn far\our tasnfin [hazar in haryur tasn§hing]1922 faxar inn far\our qsan;rkou [hazar in haryur kŒsanerku]1983 faxar inn far\our oujsoun;r;q [hazar in haryur utŒsunerekŒ]2007 ;rkou faxar \oj [yerku hazar yotŒ]23 027 qsan;r;q faxar qsan\oj [kŒsanerekŒ hazar kŒsanyotŒ]154 002 far\our fisouncors faxar ;rkou [haryur hisunc¿hŒors hazar yerku]1 000 000 m;k milion [mek milyon] 1 500 000 m;kouk;s milion or m;k milion [mekukes milyon] or

fing far\our faxar [mek milyon hing haryur hazar]

34 687 200 ;r;souncors milion w;z far\our oujsoun\oj faxar ;rkou far\our

[yeresunc¿hŒors milyon vet¿sŒ haryur utŒsunyotŒ hazar yerku haryur]

41 qa®asounm;k [kŒa¤asunmek]42 qa®asoun;rkou [kŒa¤asunerku]43 qa®asoun;r;q [kŒa¤asunerekŒ]54 fisouncors [hisunc¿hŒors]55 fisounfing [hisunhing]56 fisounw;z [hisunvet¿sŒ]67 wajsoun\oj [vatŒsunyotŒ]68 wajsounouj [vatŒsunutŒ]69 wajsouninn [vatŒsunin]71 \ojanasounm;k [yotŒanasunmek]

72 \ojanasoun;rkou [yotŒanasunerku]73 \ojanasoun;r;q [yotŒanasunerekŒ]84 oujsouncors [utŒsunc¿hŒors]85 oujsounfing [utŒsunhing]86 oujsounw;z [utŒsunvet¿sŒ]97 innsoun\oj [in§sunyotŒ]98 innsounouj [in§sunutŒ]99 innsouninn [in§sunin]101 far\our m;k [haryur mek ]111 far\our tasnm;k [haryur tasn§mek ]

JWABANOUJ|OUN [TŒ§vabanutŒyun] ARITHMETIC

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UNIT 1

1. The first conjugation: verb stem + --;;ll [-el]

2. The second conjugation: verb stem + --aall [-al]

EXAMPLES OF THE FIRST-CONJUGATION VERBS:

out-;l [ut-el] to eat, ;rg-;l [yerkŒ-el] to sing, .os-;l [k¿hos-el] to speak, par-;l

[par–el] to dance, an-;l [an–el] to do, .m-;l [k¿h§m–el] to drink, st;[‘-;l [steg¿h-t¿sel]to create, xangafar-;l [zangahar-el] to phone, etc.

EXAMPLES OF THE SECOND-CONJUGATION VERBS:

.a[-al [k¿hag¿h–al] to play, gn-al [g§n–al] to go, kard-al [kartŒ-al] to read, go®-al

[go¤-al] to scream, fax-al [haz-al] to cough, ou,-an-al [us¿h-an–al] to be late, fous-al[hus-al] to hope, orot-al [vorot–al] to thunder, etc.

II. THE INDICATIVE MOOD

1. The present tense of regular verbs

In languages, the indicative is known as the most common mood, since most statementsand questions are expressed in this mood. As opposed to English, which has two types ofpresent tense, namely the present indefinite [I go] and the present continuous [I am going],Eastern Armenian has only one present tense equivalent to both English present tenses.The Armenian present tense is a complex formation which combines the auxiliary verb ;m[em] I am (see p. 12) and the present participle, which is built from the infinitive stem ofthe verb and the ending -oum [-um] (see p. 236):

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

I. THE ARMENIAN INFINITIVE

To conjugate an Armenian verb, it is important to know its uninflected form, i.e. the infini-tive, which is the basic form of verbs as found in dictionaries. The Armenian infinitiveconsists of two elements: the verb stem and the infinitive ending. The infinitive of theverbs gr;l [g§rel] to write and kardal [kartŒal] to read, for instance, can be brokendown into two components: the verb stems gr- [g§r-] and kard- [kartŒ-] and their infini-tive endings -;l [-el] and -al [-al].

There are two infinitive endings and, correspondingly, two conjugation types in Armenian:

1st pers. (m;nq) infinitive stem + oum ;nq [-um enkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) infinitive stem + oum ;q [-um ekŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) infinitive stem + oum ;n [-um en]

1st pers. (;s) infinitive stem + oum ;m [-um em]2nd pers. (dou) infinitive stem + oum ;s [-um es]3rd pers. (na) infinitive stem + oum h [-um e]

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UNIT 1

INDICATIVE MOODPresent tense (affirmative)

ggrr;;ll [g§rel] to write kkaarrddaall [kartŒal] to read

(;s) groum ;m kardoum ;m

(dou) groum ;s kardoum ;s

(na) groum h kardoum h

(m;nq) groum ;nq kardoum ;nq

(douq) groum ;q kardoum ;q

(nranq) groum ;n kardoum ;n

Example:

+one soworoum h fa\;r;n! Na ard;n kardoum h!

[Jon§ sovorum e hayeren. Na artŒen kartŒum e.]John is learning Armenian. He is already reading.

* Normally, Armenian finite forms do not necessarily require personal pronouns (;s% dou% etc.) asthe expressive personal forms of the conjugated verb (;m% ;s% h% etc.) make them redundant.

Infinitive →→ Present participle →→ Indicative present tense

gr-;l [g§rel] → gr-oum [g§r-um] → (;s)* groum ;m [g§rum em]I write or I am writing

kard-al [kartŒal] → kard-oum [kartŒ-um] → (;s) kardoum ;m [kartŒum em]I read or I am reading

All regular verbs follow the pattern below:

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SINGULAR

PLURAL

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2. The present tense of some irregular verbs

a) Three monosyllabic verbs, tal [tal] to give, gal [gal] to come, and lal [lal] to cry devi-ate from the regular pattern: they form their indicative present tense with a participle endingin -is [-is], rather than the regular present participle ending in -oum [-um]. Here is the

indicative present tense of tal [tal] to give, gal [gal] to come, and lal [lal] to cry:

ttaall [tal] to give ggaall [gal] to come llaall [lal] to cry

(;s) talis ;m galis ;m lalis ;m(dou) talis ;s galis ;s lalis ;s(na) talis h galis h lalis h(m;nq) talis ;nq galis ;nq lalis ;nq(douq) talis ;q galis ;q lalis ;q(nranq) talis ;n galis ;n lalis ;n

b) There are irregular and defective verbs (see pp. 334-336) that do not follow the conven-tional pattern of forming just one present tense. Some frequently used Armenian verbshave two parallel sets of present tense, one irregular pattern and one regular. For instance,the verbs lin;l [linel] to be and oun;nal [unenal] to have:

lliinn;;ll* [linel] to be oouunn;;nnaall [unenal] to have

(;s) ;m linoum ;m oun;m oun;noum ;m(dou) ;s linoum ;s oun;s oun;noum ;s(na) h linoum h ouni oun;noum h(m;nq) ;nq linoum ;nq oun;nq oun;noum ;nq(douq) ;q linoum ;q oun;q oun;noum ;q(nranq) ;n linoum ;n oun;n oun;noum ;n

Note that each entry in the first set conjugates as a single word (;m% ;s% etc.) while eachentry in the second one is regular (linoum ;m% linoum ;s% etc.). The difference betweenthe sets is aspectual: While the single forms ;m [em] I am (now) and oun;m [unem] I have(now) express a current state, the regular forms linoum ;m [linum em]) I (usually) amand oun;noum ;m [unenum em] I (usually) have indicate continuity:

A\st;[ ;m! vs. A\st;[ linoum ;m!

[Aysteg¿h em] [Aysteg¿h linum em] I am (now) here. I am (usually) here.

Vamanak oun;m! vs. Vamanak oun;noum ;m!

[Z¿hamanak unem] [Z¿hamanak unenum em]I (now) have time. I (usually) have time.

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* See all forms of the irregular verb lin;l on pp. 334-335 and the defective auxiliary ;m on p. 336.

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3. Uses of the present tense

In Armenian, the primary function of the indicative present tense is to express events,actions, and states that are in effect in the present. It can also indicate an action in progressat the time of speaking:

–I#nc ;s anoum! –Namak ;m groum!*[Inc¿hŒ es anum? Namak em g§rum]What are you doing? I am writing a letter.

This tense also expresses habitual actions:

Douq fa\;r;n kardo#um ;q!

[DukŒ hayeren kartŒum ekŒ?]Do you read Armenian?

It is used to indicate recurrent events and universal truths:

:rkire pttwoum h ar…i ,our=e!

[Yerkir§ p§t§tvum e arevi s¿hurj§]The earth rotates around the sun.

It can indicate an action in the future, implying that events have been arranged:

A\s ama® gnoum ;nq Fa\astan!

[Ays ama¤ g§num enkŒ Hayastan]This summer we are going to Armenia.

In certain narratives, the indicative present expresses past events more dynamically:

Mtnoum ;n qa[aq … am;n inc aw;roum!

[M§tnum en kŒag¿hakŒ yev amen inc¿hŒ averum]They enter the city and destroy everything.

B. NOUNS

1. The definite article -e [-§] / -n [-n]

When referring to particular persons or things, English uses the definite article the, whichprecedes the common noun. Armenian expresses such determination by affixing the definitearticle -e [-§] or -n [-n] to the noun. The selection of -e or -n depends on the phonetic envi-ronment of the noun in question. As a rule, the subject is affixed by the definite article.

* In reference to complex verbal tenses appearing in inverted word order, i.e. ;m groum rather thangroum ;m% see Unit 2, pp. 34-35.

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-e [-§] appears after nouns ending in a consonant, and -n [-n] after nouns ending in a vowel:

,oun → ,oun-e katou → katou-n [s¿hun] → [s¿hun§] [katu] → [katun](dog) → (dogthe) (cat) → (catthe)dog → the dog cat → the cat

-n [-n] may also be attached to a noun that ends in a consonant if it is followed by a wordthat begins with a vowel:

,oun-n ou katou-n Sa m;r 'o[oz-n h! [s¿hunn u katun] [Sa mer pŒog¿hot¿sŒn e](dogthe and catthe) (This our streetthe is)the dog and the cat This is our street.

Unlike in English and other major European languages, proper nouns in East Armenianrequire definite articles. This applies to geographic names:

Cinastane m;‘ ;rkir h! :r…ane ma\raqa[aq h![C¿hŒinastan§ met¿s yerkir e] [Yerevan§ mayrakŒag¿hakŒ e](Chinathe great country is) (Yerevanthe capital is)China is a great country. Yerevan is a capital.

Names of persons also appear with the definite article:

Arame nkaroum h! Anin kardoum h! Aramn ou L…one fa\ ;n![Aram§ n§karum e] [Anin kartŒum e] [Aramn u Levon§ hay en](Aramthe painting is) (Anithe reading is) (Aramthe and Levonthe Armenians are)Aram is painting. Ani is reading. Aram and Levon are Armenians.

2. The indefinite article mi [mi]

Unlike the definite article -e [-§]/-n [-n], the Armenian indefinite article mi [mi] is placedbefore the noun, and is not attached to it in writing:

mi toun mi t[a mi ward [mi tun] [mi t§g¿ha] [mi vartŒ](a house) (a boy) (a rose)a house a boy a rose

However, the indefinite article mi [mi] can be optional. In many cases it can be omittedaltogether. This applies particularly to non-countable nouns:

Sa (mi) ward h! Namak gr;zi! Law gini h! [Sa (mi) vartŒ e] [Namak g§ret¿sŒi] [Lav gini e](This [a] rose is) (Letter I-wrote) (Good wine is)This is a rose. I wrote a letter. It is a good wine.

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Armenian equivalents of the English personal pronoun you

When addressing people, Armenian features two pronouns that correspond in usage to thepersonal pronoun you in English: the informal dou [du] and the formal douq [dukŒ] foryou, which are comparable to tu and vous in French. Dou [du] is a singular form used toaddress close friends and relatives, as well as members of the same social group such asclassmates, students, co-workers, etc. It is also the way in which an adult addresses a child.

EXAMPLES:

Ani% (dou) qani# tar;kan ;s! Ma\rik% (dou) gali#s ;s!

[Ani, (du) kŒani tarekan es?] [Mayrik, (du) galis es?]Ani, how old are you? (informal) Mother, are you coming? (informal)

Like the French vous, the personal pronoun douq [dukŒ] has two applications:

1) it is the formal or polite way to address a stranger or a person of higher status;2) it is the plural form of the personal pronoun used to address two or more people.

EXAMPLES:

Tikin% douq fa#\ ;q! :r;.an;r% (douq) gno#um ;q!

[Tikin, dukŒ hay ekŒ?] [Yerek¿haner, (dukŒ) g§num ekŒ?]Madam, are you Armenian? (formal) Children, are you leaving? (plural)

When the two versions of the personal pronoun you, dou [du] and douq [dukŒ], aredeclined, conventional distinctions are maintained (see Unit 8, p. 186):

informal formal / plural

dou [du] you douq [dukŒ] you qo [kŒo] your ];r [d¿zer] yourq;x [kŒez] (to) you ];x [d¿zez] (to) youq;x(a)niz [kŒez(a)nit¿sŒ] from you ];x(a)niz [d¿zez(a)nit¿sŒ] from youq;x(a)now [kŒez(a)nov] with you ];x(a)now [d¿zez(a)nov] with you

EXAMPLES:

Q;x law faskanoum ;m! };x law c;m lsoum!

[KŒez lav haskanum em] [D¿zez lav c¿hŒem l§sum]I understand you well. (informal) I don’t hear you well. (formal/plural)

Note that the English you does not make case distinctions either, invariably applying youfor the informal q;x [kŒez] (to) you and the formal or plural ];x [d¿zez] (to) you.

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VII WORD FORMATION

Derivations from country names

To form new words from names of countries, Armenian uses the following nominal andadjectival suffixes:

1. -(a)zi [-(a)t¿sŒi] is used to form nouns indicating provenance or nationality:

G;rmania [Germania] Germany → g;rmanazi [germanat¿si] German (male)Yaponia [C¿haponia] Japan → yaponazi [c¿haponat¿sŒi] Japanese (male) Kanada [Kanada] Canada → kanadazi [kanadat¿sŒi] Canadian (male)

2. Provenance and nationality are also expressed by reduced forms corresponding to theroot of the country name:

Fa\astan [Hayastan] Armenia → fa\ [hay] Armenian Âousastan [‹usastan] Russia → ®ous [¤us] Russian L;fastan [Lehastan] Poland → l;f [leh] Pole

3 Less common is the suffix -ik [-ik] added to the root of the proper noun designatingthe country:

Parskastan [Parskastan] Persia → parsik [parsik] Persian (male)Fndkastan [H§ndkastan] India → fndik [h§ndik] Indian (male)

4. -oufi [-uhi] creates feminine counterparts from masculine nouns:

italazi [italat¿sŒi] Italian (male) → italoufi [italuhi] Italian (female)fa\ [hay] Armenian (male) → fa\oufi [hayuhi] Armenian (female) fndik [h§ndik] Indian (male) → fndkoufi [h§ndkuhi] Indian (female)

5. -;r;n [-eren] and -ar;n [-aren] serve to build words denoting languages. They areadded to the root of the country name:

®ous [¤us] Russian (person) → ®ous;r;n [¤useren] Russian (language)fa\ [hay] Armenian (person) → fa\;r;n [hayeren] Armenian (language)fou\n [huyn] Greek → founar;n [hunaren] Greek (language)cinazi [c¿hŒinat¿sŒi] Chinese (male) → cinar;n [c¿hŒinaren] Italian (language)

6. -akan [-akan] is the most productive adjectival suffix. Adjectives are formed byadding this suffix to the root of the noun:

Italia [Italia] Italy → italakan [italakan] Italian (adjective)Jourqia [TŒurkŒya] Turkey → jourqakan [tŒurkŒakan] Turkish (adjective)Âousastan [‹usastan] Russia → ®ousakan [¤usakan] Russian (adjective)

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

Armenian word accentuation

As a rule, Armenian stresses the final syllable of words. This implies that the stress ismobile and shifts to the final syllable when more complex forms of words are created fromless complex ones:

fa\ [háy] Armenian (person)fa\;r [hayér] Armeniansfa\;r;n [hayerén] Armenian (language)fa\;r;niz [hayerenít¿sŒ] from the Armenian (language)fa\agitouj\oun [hayagitutŒyún] Armenology, etc.

There are exceptions to this rule:

1. Since the vowel -e [§] is always unstressed, it is the syllable before the definite article-e [-§] where the stress is placed:

fa\e [háy§] the Armenianfa\;re [hayér§] the Armeniansfa\;r;ne [hayerén§] the Armenian (language)fa\agitouj\oune [hayagitutyún§] the Armenology, etc.

2. Some two-syllable words do not necessarily consist of two vowels in writing. The lastsyllable contains an unwritten [§] which is not pronounced:

bar]r [bart¿sŒ§r] highwagr [vag§r] tigerm;[r [meg¿h§r] honey, etc.

3. When words of any length ending in a consonant assume the possessive articles -s[-s] and -d [-t] (see p. 55), the final syllable containing the unwritten [§] is not stressed:anouns [anún§s] my name, axganound [azganún§t] your surname, ma\rs [máyr§s]my mother, grq;rd [g§rkŒer§t] your books, etc.

4. Ordinal numbers and other words ending in -;rord [-erortŒ] do not stress the final syl-lable. They retain the stress of the main component: fing;rord [híngerortŒ] fifth,qsan;rord [kŒsánerortŒ] twentieth, innsoun;rord [inn§súnerortŒ] ninetieth,qani#;rord [kŒaníerortŒ] which one in the series? etc. (see p. 131).

5. Some common words do not stress the final syllable and must be memorized: or…h[vóreve] any, gon; [góne] at least, mimia\n [mímiayn] only, gouz; [gút¿sŒe] per-haps, gr;j; [grétŒe] almost, nou\np;s [núynpes] also, anpa\man [ánpayman] def-initely, ifark; [ihárke] of course, manawand [mánavand] especially, above all,mi#j; [mitŒe?] Is it possible? etc.

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

Punctuation marks in Armenian

Punctuation marks in Armenian (see Unit 10, p. 241) differs somewhat from those inEnglish. Here is some information on the most commonly used marks.

In its graphic representation, the Armenian comma [%] coincides with its English counterpart.Its usage, however, varies (see p. 241). In contrast, the Armenian period [!] graphically dif-fers from the English full-stop [.] while its usage is very similar to English.

In Armenian, the most distinct punctuation mark, in both representation and usage, is thequestion mark [#]. Rather than concluding the interrogative sentence with an [?], theArmenian [#] is always placed on the stressed syllable of the word emphasized in the inter-rogative sentence.

EXAMPLES:

Qani# l;xou git;q!

[Kani lezu gitekŒ?]How many languages do you know?

Angl;r;n .oso#um ;q!

[Angleren k¿hosum ekŒ?]Do you speak English?

Do#uq ;q .osoum angl;r;n!

[DukŒ ekŒ k¿hosum angleren?]Do you speak English?

Angl;r;n c;#q .osoum!

[Angleren c¿hŒekŒ k¿hosum?]Do you not speak English?

Angl;r;#n ;q .osoum!

[Angleren ekŒ k¿hosum?]Do you speak English?

Cinar;n ;s soworoum% ch#!

[C¿hŒinaren es sovorum, c¿hŒe?]You study Chinese, don’t you?

Mi#j; cinar;n ;s soworoum!

[MitŒe c¿hŒinaren es sovorum]How is it possible that you study Chinese?

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X WRITING

a% s% sa% n% na% asa% m% mas% f% afa A% S% Sa% N% Na% Asa% M% Mas% F% Afa

[a] [s] [sa] [n] [na] [asa] [m] [mas] [h] [aha]

a% s% sa% n% an% asa% m% mas% f% afa

A% S% Sa% N% Na% Asa% M% Mas% F% Afa

o% omn% mom% ou% # o#um% ®% ®ous v% vam% ouv% ø

O% Omn% Mom% Ou% # O#um% Â% Âous V% Vam% Ouv% Ø

o% omn% mom% ou% # ous% ®% ®ous% v% vam% ouv% ø%

O% Omn% Mom% Ou% # Ous% Â% Âous% V% Vam% Ouv% Ø%

[vo] [vom§n] [mom] [u] [us] [¤] [¤us] [z¿h] [z¿ham] [uz¿h] [o]

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XI EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

a. :s groum ;nq!

b. Anin ou Arm;ne kardoum ;m!

c. Mariame a\st;[ h soworoum!

d. Dou law a[=ik h!

e. M;nq i#nc ;n anoum!

f. Na ®o#us ;q!

g. Douq f;®a]a\n oun;#s!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, c, and d. Replace angl;r;n

with `rans;r;n% ®ous;r;n and fa\;r;n.

a. A. Dou angl;r;n .oso#um ;s!

B. A\o*% angliazi ;m!

b. A. Na angl;r;n .oso#um h!

B. An,ou,t .osoum h% angliazi h!

c. A. Angl;r;n .os;l git;#q!

B. Ifark; git;nq% bolors angliazi ;nq!

d. A. Ousano[n;re .oso#um ;n angl;r;n!

B. Angliazi c;n% ba\z .osoum ;n!

3. Complete the sentences.

a. A\st;[ qani# ousano[ h fa\! A\st;[ (2, 3, 4) ;rkou ousano[ h fa\!

b. A\st;[ qani# ousano[ ka! A\st;[ (10, 12, 15) &&&

c. A\st;[ qani# ousano[ h kanadazi! A\st;[ (3, 5, 14) &&&

d. Am;rikan qani# bnakic ouni! &&&

e. Fa\astane qani# bnakic ouni! &&&

f. ~ransian qani# bnakic ouni! &&&

4. Complete the sentences.

a. :s fa\ ;m! Fa\;r;n law git;m!

b. Dou ®ous ;s! Âous;r;n &&& !

c. Na fou\n h! Na .osoum h &&& !

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d. M;nq kanadazi ;nq! M;nq .osoum ;nq &&& … &&& !

e. Douq am;rikazi ;q! >osoum &&& &&& !

f. Nranq `ransiazi ;n! >osoum &&& &&& !

g. Alin jourq h! Na .osoum &&& &&& !

5. Fill in the corresponding words.

a. Parone am;rikazi h% isk øriorde^ g;rmanoufi!

b. Fanse g;rmanazi h% isk Alise^ &&& (~ransia)! c. Iwane ®ous h% isk Nansin^ &&& (Am;rika) h!

d. Miton yaponoufi h% isk Qristo`;re^ &&& (Anglia)! e. M;rin &&& (Kanada) h% isk +one^ &&& (Am;rika)! f. Ousano[e &&& (:giptos) h% isk ousano[oufin^ &&& (Ispania)!g. Øriorde &&& (Cinastan) h% isk parone &&& (Anglia)!

6. Fill in the corresponding words.

a. A\s a\boub;ne fa\kakan h! (Fa\astan)b. Ixab;llan &&& qa[aqaziouj\oun ouni! (Ispania)c. Fanse &&& qa[aqazi h! (G;rmania)d. Miqin &&& qa[aqaziouj\oun ouni! (Founastan)e. Iwane &&& anoun h! (Âousastan)f. A\s axganoune &&& h! (Italia)g. Anafit anoune &&& h! (Fa\astan)h. +onson axganoune &&& h! (Anglia)

7. Use the appropriate forms of the verbs.

a. Dou fa\;r;n gro#um ;s! (gr;l [g§rel] to write)b. Douq ousouzcoufi &&&% isk ;s a,ak;rt &&& ! (;m [em] to be)c. Annan &&& ! (gr;l [g§rel] to write) d. M;nq &&& (kardal [kartŒal] to read) angl;r;n!

e. A\s ousano[n;re &&& &&& fa\;r;n! (.os;l [k¿hosel] to speak)f. Mariame `ransiakan qa[aqaziouj\oun &&& ! (oun;nal [unenal] to have)g. Arame &&& &&& (apr;l [aprel] to live) a\st;[!

8. Translate the following questions, using the appropriate forms to address people.

a. What is your name, Sir?b. How old are you, Ani?

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c. How many languages do you speak, Miss?d. What is your address, Armen?e. What is your telephone number, Mr. Smith?f. What do you study, Anna?g. What are you doing here, children?

9. Answer the following questions.

a. };r anoune … axganounn i#nc h!

b. Qani# tar;kan ;q!

c. };r qa[aqaziouj\oune o#rn h!

d. Angl;r;n .oso#um ;q!

e. Fa\;r;n git;#q!

f. };r fasz;n o#rn h!

10. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. Fa\astane m;#‘ ;rkir h!

b. Fa\astane qani# bnakic ouni!

c. Fa\;r;ne i#nc l;xou h!d. O#w h st;[‘;l fa\kakan a\boub;ne!

e. Qani# ta® ouni fa\kakan a\boub;ne!

f. Qani# ta® ouni latinakan a\boub;ne!

XII PROVERBS

Qani l;xou git;s% a\nqan mard ;s!

[KŒani lezu gites, aynkŒan martŒ es] You are as many (people) as the languages you know.

A,.arfi ,ino[n ou qando[e l;xoun h!

[As¿hk¿harhi s¿hinog¿hn u kŒandog¿h§ lezun e] The world’s builder or destroyer is the tongue.

:rkar l;xoun karyaznoum h k\anqe!

[Yerkar lezun karc¿hat¿sŒ§num e kyankŒ§] A long tongue shortens life.

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Unit 2

On the agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: 1. Identifying things and persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242. Affirming and denying states and actions . . . . . . . . . 25

Vocabulary: 1. Rooms and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282. Classroom items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Grammar: VERBS: Formation of the negative forms of verbs

1. Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302. Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30NOUNS: Formation of the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Armenian-English Contrasts: Word order in Armenian sentences (inversion) . . . . . . . 34

Word Formation: Formation of compound nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Pronunciation: The letters B b% P p% and " ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Orthography: Exclamation marks in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Writing: B b% G g% D d% : ;% X x% H h% E e% J j% I i% L l (@). . 39

Toun ou dproz

[ÉÅx tÇw fv{ÉÉÄ

I DIALOGUES Two friends, A and B, meet in the university hallway.A. Bar…*% M;ri! Hello, Mary!

[Barev, Meri]

B. Bar…*% Lilij! A\st;[ i#nc ;s anoum& Hello, Lilith! What are you doing here?[Barev, LilitŒ. Aysteg¿h inc¿hŒ es anum?]

a,.ato#um ;s! Do you work (here)? [as¿hk¿hatum es?]

A. O*c% fa\;r;n ;m soworoum! No, I’m studying Armenian.[Voc¿h, hayeren em sovorum]

B. A@f% git;m% dou ,at Oh, I know, you have many[Ah, gitem, du s¿hat]

fa\ enk;rn;r oun;s! Armenian friends.[hay §nkerner unes]

A. A\o*% … fa\;r;ne ,at ;m siroum! Yes, and I like Armenian very much. . . [Ayo, yev hayeren§ s¿hat em sirum]

B. Ba\z dou fa\;r;n git;s% ch#! But you know Armenian, don’t you? . [Bayt¿sŒ du hayeren gites, c¿hŒe?]

A. Faskanoum ;m% mi qic hl .osoum ;m% I understand [Armenian], I also speak [Haskanum em, mi kŒic¿hŒ el k¿hosum em,] a little,

ba\z gr;l … kardal cgit;m! but I don’t write or read it.[baytsŒ grel yev kartal c¿hŒgitem]

B. Fa\kakan a\boub;ne dvwa#r h! Is the Armenian alphabet difficult?[Haykakan aybuben§ d§z¿hvar e?]

A. :rkar h% ba\z bnaw dvwar ch! It’s long, but not difficult at all.[Yerkar e, bayt¿sŒ b§nav d§z¿hvar c¿hŒe]

B. Isk fa\;r;n q;rakanouj\o#une! And Armenian grammar? [Isk hayeren kŒerakanutŒyun§?]

A. <at law dasagirq oun;nq! We have a very good textbook.[S¿hat lav dasagirkŒ unenkŒ]

Dranow am;n inc .a[ ou par h! With it, everything is child’s play.[Dranov amen inc¿hŒ k¿hag ¿h u par e]

B. Bolor ta®;re karo#[ ;s gr;l! Can you write all the letters?[Bolor ta¤er§ karog¿h es g§rel?]

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A. O*c% bolore d;® cgit;m! No, I don’t know them all yet.[Voc¿hŒ, bolor§ de¤ c¿hŒ§gitem]

B. Am;n ør fa\;r;ni das oun;#q! Do you have Armenian classes[Amen or hayereni das unekŒ?] every day?

A. O*c% ,abaje ;rkou angam! No, twice a week.[Voc¿hŒ, s¿hapŒatŒ§ yerku ankŒam]

B. Ouxo#um ;s q;x qnn;m! Do you want me to examine you?[Uzum es kŒez kŒ§nnem?]

A. Inco#u ch% sks;*nq! Why not? Let’s start![Inc¿hŒu c¿hŒe? Sk§senkŒ!!!]

B. Sa i#nc h! What’s this?[Sa inc¿hŒ e?]

A. Sa dasaran h! This is a classroom.[Sa dasaran e]

B. Dasarane 'o#qr h! Is the classroom small?[Dasaran§ pŒokŒr e?]

A. O*c% 'oqr ch! M;‘ h! No, it’s not small. It’s big.[Voc¿hŒ, pŒokŒ§r c¿hŒe. Met¿s e]

B. A\st;[ i#nc ;s t;snoum! What do you see here? [Aysteg¿h inc¿hŒ es tesnum?]

A. Mi s;[an% gras;[ann;r … ajo®n;r! A table, desks, and chairs.[Mi seghan, g§raseg¿hanner yev atŒo¤ner]

B. I#nc ka s;[ani wra! What’s on the table?[Inc¿hŒ ka seg¿hani v§ra ?]

A. Grq;r ou t;tr;r! Books and notebooks.[G§rkŒer u tetrer]

B. Ouri, i#nc ka! What else is there?[Uris¿h inc¿hŒ ka?]

A. Matitn;r% gricn;r … mi ®;tin! Pencils, two pens, and an eraser. [Matitner, g§ric¿hŒner yev mi ¤etin]

B. A\st;[ o#w h nstoum! Who sits here?[Aysteg¿h ov e n§stum?]

A. Ousouzice! The teacher does.[Usut¿sŒic¿hŒ§]

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B Isk a\nt;#[! And over there?[Isk aynteg¿h?]

A. A\nt;[ ousano[n;rn ;n nstoum! The students sit there.[Aynteg¿h usanog¿hnern en n§stum]

B. Patin i#nc ka! What’s on the wall?[Patin inc¿hŒ ka?]

A. Grata.tak ou nkarn;r! A blackboard and pictures. [G§ratak¿htak u n§karner]

B. Ouri#,! What else?[Uris¿h?]

A. Mi vamazou\z! A clock.[Mi z¿hamat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ]

B. Apr;@s% law a,ak;rtoufi ;s! Good for you! You are a good pupil [Apres, lav as¿hakertuhi es] (female).

II TEXT LAW PATAS>AN[Lav patask¿han]

A\s .oumbe fa\;r;n h soworoum! A,ak;rtn;re ard;n mi qic .osoum ;n% groum[Ays k¿humb§ hayeren e sovorum. As¿hakertner§ artŒen mi kic¿hŒ k¿hosum en, g§rum

ou kardoum fa\;r;n! A\sør hl fa,w;l ;n soworoum! Ousouzcoufin farznoum h&u kartŒum hayeren. Aysor el has¿hvel en sovorum. Usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhin hart¿sŒ§num e:

–:j; a\s kawiye kis;m% qani# ktor kawiy koun;nam!–Yete ays kavic¿h§ kisem, kŒani k§tor kavic¿h kunenam?

Mi a,ak;rt patas.anoum h& –:rkou ktor! Ousouzcoufin noriz h farznoum&Mi as¿hakert patask¿hanum e: –Yerku k§tor. Usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhin norit¿sŒ e hart¿sŒ§num:

–:j; nori#z kis;m am;n mi ktore! –Cors ktor% –asoum h a,ak;rte!–YetŒe norit¿sŒ kisem amen mi k§tor§? –C¿hŒors k§tor, –asum e as¿hakert§.

–Isk ;j; noriz kis;m% i#nc koun;nanq!–Isk yete norit¿sŒ kisem, inc¿hŒ kunenankŒ?

–Kawiy ci mna& 'o,i kda®na% – patas.anoum h a,ak;rte!–Kavic¿h c¿hŒi m§na; pŒos¿hi k§da¤na, – patask¿hanum e as¿hakert§.]

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III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

law [lav] goodpatas.an [patask¿han] answera\s [ays] this.oumb [k¿humb] group sowor;l [sovorel] to learna,ak;rt [as¿hakert] pupil (male) a,ak;rtoufi [as¿hakertuhi] pupil (female) ard;n [artŒen] already mi qic [mi kŒic¿hŒ] a littlea\sør [aysor] today hl [el] too, alsofa,w;l [has¿hvel] to count ousouzcoufi [usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhi] teacher (female) farzn;l [hart¿sŒ§nel] to ask;j; [yetŒe] if kawiy [kavic¿h] chalkkis;l [kisel] to cut in half;j; kis;m [yetŒe kisem] if I cut it in halfqani# [kŒani] how many?ktor [k§tor] pieceoun;nal [unenal] to havepatas.an;l [patask¿hanel] to answer noriz [norit¿sŒ] againam;n [amen] every, each as;l [asel] to say isk [isk] and, but'o,i [pŒos¿hi] dustmnal [m§nal] to remain, stayci mna [c¿hŒi m§na] won’t remainda®nal [da¤nal] to become, to turnkda®na [k§da¤na] will become, will turn into

baxkajo® [bazkatŒo¤] armchairpat,gamb [pat§s¿hgamb] balconylo[aran [log¿haran] bathroommafyakal [mahc¿hakal] bed (piece of furniture)anko[in [ankog¿¿hin] bed (mattress+bedding)nn=as;n\ak [n§njasenyak] bedroomgorg [gorg] carpeta®asta[ [a¤astagh] ceilingajo® [atŒo¤] chairvamazou\z [z¿¿hamat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] clockmi=anzq [mijant¿sŒkŒ] corridor, hallwaybaxmoz [bazmot¿sŒ] couchwaragou\r [varakŒuyr] curtainya,as;n\ak [c¿has¿hasenyak] dining roomdou® [du¤] doormoutq [mutkŒ] entrancefatak [hatak] floortoun [tun] house, home.ofanoz [k¿hohanot¿sŒ] kitchenlousam'o' [lusampŒopŒ] lampshadef\ouras;n\ak [hyurasenyak] living roomfa\;li [hayeli] mirrorda,namour [das¿hnamur] piano®adio [radio] radioa,.atas;n\ak [as¿hk¿hatasenyak] study rooms;[an [seg¿han] tablef;®a.os [he¤ak¿hos] telephonef;®oustazou\z [he¤ustat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] television setxougaran [zukŒaran] toilet‘a[kaman [t¿sag¿hkaman] vasepatoufan [patuhan] window

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IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

S:N|AKN:R :W KAFOU|Q [Senyakner yev kahuykŒ] ROOMS AND FURNITURE

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lsaran [l§saran] auditoriumpa\ousak [payusak] bagnstaran [n§staran] benchgirq [girkŒ] bookgradaran [g§radaran] bookcase, librarygrapafaran [g§rapaharan] bookcasegrata.tak [g§ratak¿htak] blackboardfa,wic [has¿hvic¿hŒ] calculatorkawiy [kavic¿h] chalkfamakargic [hamakarkŒic¿hŒ] computergras;[an [g§raseg¿¿han] deskba®aran [ba¤aran] dictionary®;tin [¤etin] eraserqnnouj\oun [k§nnutŒyun] examj[japanak [tŒ§g¿¿htŒapanak] filedasa.osouj\oun [dasak¿¿hosutŒyun] lecturedas [das] lessonqart;x [kŒartez] mapnkar [n§kar] picturezouza'a\t [t¿sŒut¿sapŒayt] pointert;tr [tet§r] notebookgras;n\ak [g§rasenyak] officeh= [ej] pagejou[j [tŒug¿htŒ] papergric [g§ric¿hŒ] penmatit [matit] pencilgrcatou' [g§rc¿hŒatupŒ] pen trayb;mafarjak [bemahartŒak] podiumambion [ambion] pulpitqanon [kŒanon] rulerdasagirq [dasagirkŒ] textbook

DASARAN [Dasaran] CLASSROOM

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V GRAMMARA. VERBS1. Formation of the negative forms of verbs To create negative counterparts of affirmative forms, Armenian uses the negative particlecc-- [c¿hŒ-] by prefixing it to the verb. This is, for instance, how the negative forms of theinfinitive are formed:

gr;l [g§rel] to write → ccgr;l [c¿hŒg§rel] not to writekardal [kartŒal] to have → cckardal [c¿hŒ§kartŒal] not to readlin;l [linel] to be → cclin;l [c¿hŒ§linel] not to beoun;nal [unenal] to have → ccoun;nal [c¿hŒunenal] not to have, etc.

EXAMPLE: Lin;l j;# clin;l

[linel tŒe c¿hŒ§linel?]To be or not to be?

The negative counterparts of some common irregular verbs are similarly constructed: ;m [em] I am → cc;m [c¿hŒem] I am notoun;m [unem] I have → ccoun;m [c¿hŒunem] I don’t havegit;m [gitem] I know → ccgit;m [c¿hŒ§gitem] I don’t know, etc.

Compare the full paradigm:

(;s) ;m → cc;m

(dou) ;s → c;s

(na) h → ci/ch*(m;nq) ;nq → c;nq

(douq) ;q → c;q

(nranq) ;n → c;n

oun;m → coun;m

oun;s → coun;s

ouni → couni

oun;nq → coun;nq

oun;q → coun;q

oun;n → coun;n

git;m → cgit;m

git;s → cgit;s

giti → cgiti

git;nq → cgit;nq

git;q → cgit;q

git;n → cgit;n

2. The negative paradigm of present tense indicative (regular verbs)

Regular verbs form the negative paradigm of the present tense indicative by combining thenegated auxiliary c;m [c¿hŒem] (see above) with the present participle ending in -oum:

Affirmative: (;s) groum ;m [(yes) g§rum em] I write/I am writing Negative: (;s) c;m groum [c¿hŒem g§rum] I do not write/I am not writing

Note here the difference in word order: rather than following the present participle groum[g§rum], the negated auxiliary c;m [c¿hŒem] precedes it.

*Note that in the conjugation paradigm of regular verbs (see p. 31) for the third person singular ci[c¿hŒi] is used rather than the regular negative form ch [c¿hŒe]. EXAMPLES: (Na) ci groum! [(Na)c¿hŒi g§rum] He/she is not writing. But: (Na) fa\ ch! [(Na) hay c¿hŒe.] He/she is not an Armenian.

1. pers. (;s) c;m + verb stem + oum [c¿hŒem + verb stem + um]2. pers. (dou) c;s + verb stem + oum [c¿hŒes + verb stem + um]3. pers. (na) ci* + verb stem + oum [c¿hŒi + verb stem + um]

SINGULAR

1. pers. (m;nq) c;nq + verb stem + oum [c¿hŒenkŒ + verb stem + um]2. pers. (douq) c;q + verb stem + oum [c¿hŒekŒ + verb stem + um]3. pers. (nranq) c;n + verb stem + oum [c¿hŒen + verb stem +um]

Present tense indicative (negative)ggrr;;ll ..ooss;;ll kkaarrddaall

[g§rel] to write [k¿hosel] to speak [kartŒal] to readc;m groum c;m .osoum c;m kardoumc;s groum c;s .osoum c;s kardoumci groum ci* .osoum ci kardoumc;nq groum c;nq .osoum c;nq kardoumc;q groum c;q .osoum c;q kardoumc;n groum c;n .osoum c;n kardoum

The three monosyllabic verbs, gal [gal] to come, tal [tal] to give, and lal [lal] to cry(see Unit 1, p. 11) follow the same pattern, but take the participle ending in -is [-is]: galis

[galis], talis [talis], and lalis [lalis].

Affirmative: (;s) galis ;m [(yes) galis em] I come/I am comingNegative: (;s) c;m galis [(yes) c¿hŒem galis] I do not come/I am not coming

ggaall ttaall llaall[gal] to come [tal] to give [lal] to cryc;m galis c;m talis c;m lalisc;s galis c;s talis c;s lalisci galis ci talis ci lalisc;nq galis c;nq talis c;nq lalisc;q galis c;q talis c;q lalisc;n galis c;n talis c;n lalis

* See the note on p. 30.

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PLURAL

All regular verbs follow the pattern below:

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A common East Armenian complex construction that correponds to the English I can iskaro[ ;m [karog¿h em] (literally: I am able). Here is its conjugation paradigm:

(;s) karo[ ;m I can → cc;m karo[ I cannot(dou) karo[ ;s you can → c;s karo[ you cannot(na) karo[ h he/she/it can → ci karo[ he/she/it cannot(m;nq) karo[ ;nq we can → c;nq karo[ we cannot(douq) karo[ ;q you can → c;q karo[ you cannot(nranq) karo[ ;n they can → c;n karo[ they cannot

The parallel regular verb karo[anal [karog¿hanal] has a slightly different aspectualmeaning: to be usually/normally/in general able.

Affirmative: (;s) karo[anoum ;m [karog¿hanum em] I am (usually) able, etc.Negative: (;s) c;m karo[anoum [c¿hŒem karog¿hanum] I am (usually) not able, etc.

B. NOUNSFormation of the plural formsMost Armenian countable nouns form the plural by adding one of the two plural suffixes tothe stem: -;;rr [-er] for monosyllabic nouns and -nn;;rr [-ner] for nouns consisting of morethan one syllable:

lou\s [luys] light → lou\s;;rr [luyser] lightsgorg [gorg] carpet → gorg;;rr [gorger] carpetsmatit [matit] pencil → matitnn;;rr [matitner] pencilspatoufan [patuhan] window → patoufannn;;rr [patuhanner] windows

Only a certain group of monosyllabic nouns form the plural with -nn;;rr:* l;® [le¤] mountain → l;®nn;;rr [le¤ner] mountainsjo® [tŒo¤] grandchild → jo®nn;;rr [tŒo¤ner] grandchildrenga® [ga¤] lamb → ga®nn;;rr [ga¤ner] lambsdou® [du¤] door → d®nn;;rr [d§¤ner] doors

The suffix -nn;;rr is also added to nouns that have only one written vowel, but are pro-nounced as having more than one syllable because of the transitory [§] before or betweenconsonants (see Unit 6, p. 137):

nkar [n§kar] picture → nkarnn;;rr, etc. [n§karner] picturesxg;st [§zgest] dress → xg;stnn;;rr [§zgestner] dresses

But: wagr [vag§r] tiger → wagr;;rr [vagrer] tigers**ast[ [ast§g¿h] star → ast[;;rr [astg¿her] stars**

* Originally, this -n belonged to the stem of these monosyllabic nouns. Compare dou®n% l;®n% etc., in ClassicalArmenian. Modern Armenian has dropped the final -n in the singular, retaining it in the plural form.

** Note that in the plural [§] is reduced; these nouns form their plural like regular monosyllabic nouns&

Compound nouns take the ending --;;r if their second component is a monosyllabic noun:dasagirq [dasagirkŒ] textbook → dasagrq;;rr [dasag§rkŒer] textbooks,og;naw [s¿hokŒenav] steamboat → ,og;naw;;rr [s¿hokŒenaver] steamboatstona‘a® [tonat¿sa¤] Christmas tree →tona‘a®;;rr [tonat¿sa¤er] Christmas trees

However, if the second component is a verbal derivation that is not used as an independ-ent noun, the compound noun takes the plural ending --nn;;r:

sta.os [s§tak¿hos] liar → sta.osnn;;rr [s§tak¿hosner] liars]knors [d¿z§knors] fisherman → ]knorsnn;;rr [d¿z§knorsner] fishermenaxgas;r [azgaser] patriot → axgas;rnn;;rr [azgaserner] patriots

Some nouns may have additional plural forms. Nouns ending in -zi% -azi% and -;zi takealso the archaic plural suffix -qq:

;r…anzi [yerevant¿sŒi] native of Yerevan → ;r…anziqq or ;r…anzinn;;rr native of Yerevan

g\ou[azi [gyug¿hat¿sŒi] peasant → g\ou[aziqq or g\ou[azinn;;rr peasantslo®;zi [lo¤et¿sŒi] a local from Lori → lo®;ziqq or lo®;zinn;;rr locals from Lori

Other irregular plural formations include:kin [kin] woman → kanaa\\qq [kanaykŒ] womentikin [tikin] madam, Mrs. → tiknaa\\qq [tiknaykŒ] or tikinn;;rr ladiesparon [paron] Sir, gentleman → paronaa\\qq [paronaykŒ] Sirs, gentlemenmard [martŒ] human being, man → mardiikk [martŒikŒ] human beings, ment[amard [t§g ¿hamartŒ] man → t[amardiikk [t§g¿hamartŒikŒ] men

Note that after numerals, nouns are generally used in the singular:

fing mard [hing martŒ] five men, ouj ør [utŒ or] eight days, 20 h= [kŒsan ej] 20 pages.

Correspondingly, with such quantifiers as qani# [kŒani?] how many?, mi qani [mikŒani] a few, nouns are often used in the singular:

–Qani# ktor [kŒani k§tor?] how many pieces? (literally: how many piece?)–Cors ktor [c¿hŒors k§tor] four pieces (literally: four piece)

However, after bolor [bolor] all, oro, [voros¿h] certain, baxmajiw [bazmatŒiv] numer-ous, the plural form of the noun is used:

bolor farz;re [bolor hart¿sŒer§] all (the) questionsoro, ousano[n;r [voros¿h usanog¿hner] certain studentsbaxmajiw gou\n;r [bazmatŒiv guyner] numerous colors

After ,at [s¿hat] many and qic [kŒic¿hŒ] few, both singular and plural can follow: ,at ban [s¿hat ban] or ,at ban;r [s¿hat baner] many thingsqic mard [kŒic¿hŒ martŒ] or qic mardik [kŒic¿hŒ martŒik] few people

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTSWord order in Armenian sentences (inversion)

The normal word order of an English simple clause is SVO (Subject - Verb - Object): Mariawrote a letter. In Armenian, although word order is relatively free, a SOV (Subject - Object- Verb) order predominates. Thus, in a simple Armenian clause, be it a statement, question,or command, the conjugated verb tends to occupy the final position:

(:s) vamanak oun;m! (Dou) dram coun;#s!

[(Yes) z¿hamanak unem] [(Du) dram c¿hŒunes?](I time have) (You money not-have?)I have time. Don’t you have money?

When the auxiliary ;m [em] I am fulfills the function of a copula, i.e. a verb that joins asubject to its complement, it generally assumes the typical final position:

Arame fa\ h! +one fa\ ch!

[Aram§ hay e] [Jon§ hay c¿hŒe](Aram Armenian is) (John Armenian not-is)Aram is an Armenian. John is not an Armenian.

However, when the auxiliary ;m [em] I am is part of a compound tense (auxiliary verb ;m+ participle), the auxiliary enforces its own rules. It then positions itself in a sentencedepending on the sentence type.

1. In an affirmative sentence, where the action itself is emphasized, the regular SOV wordorder (participle + auxiliary verb ;m [em] I am) with the auxiliary in final position pre-vails (see pp. 11-12). However, as was seen on p. 30, in the negative counterpart of thesame sentence the word order is inverted: the auxiliary precedes the participle.*

(M;nq) .osoum ;nq! (Douq) c;q lsoum!

[(MenkŒ) k¿hosum enkŒ] [(DukŒ) c¿hŒekŒ l§sum](We talking are) (You not-are listening)We are talking. You are not listening.**

2. In special questions initiated by an interrogative pronoun, typically an inversion occurswhereby the normal word order is changed. For East Armenian this means:

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* Note that rules of reversed word order apply not only to the present tense but to all compound tenses that areformed by the auxiliary verb “;m&” This also includes the following tenses: the indicative imperfect (see Unit3, pp. 52-53), indicative perfect and pluperfect (Unit 5, pp. 96-100), and indicative future (Unit 6, pp. 124-126).

**Compare here the word order in English and Armenian: While it differs in affirmation, it coincides in negation.

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a) placing the emphasized word, i.e. the interrogative pronoun, in initial position;

b) placing the respective response to the question in initial position;

c) placing the auxiliary verb, with or without negation, immediately after the emphasized word.

OO##uurr ;s gnoum! → TToouunn ;m gnoum!

[Ur es g§num?] [Tun em g§num]Where are you going? I am going home.OO##ww ci farznoum! → AAnnnnaann ci farznoum!

[Ov c¿hŒi hart¿sŒ§num?] [Annan c¿hŒi hart¿sŒ§num]Who is not asking? Anna is not asking.

As illustrated, the inverted word order applies to special questions, both affirmative andnegative, and their respective responses. Here, the word order between Armenian andEnglish is obvious.

3. Thus, inversion serves to mark priorities that can be tested by a simple question:

::ss ;m groum! (Question) OO##ww h groum!

[Yes em g§rum] [Ov e g§rum?]I am writing. Who is writing?

(:s) nnaammaakk ;m groum! (Question) II##nncc ;s groum!

[(Yes) namak em g§rum] [Inc¿hŒ es g§rum?]I am writing a letter. What are you writing?((:s) qq;;xx ;m groum! (Question) OO##uumm ;s groum!

[(Yes) kŒez em g§rum] [Um es g§rum?]I am writing to you. To whom are you writing?

4. Unstressed complements of the verb appear between the auxiliary and the participle:NNaa h namak groum! (Question) OO##ww h namak groum!

[Na e namak g§rum] [Ov e namak g§rum?]He is writing a letter. Who is writing a letter?

Na qq;;xx h namak groum! (Question) OO##uumm h na namak groum!

[Na kŒez e namak g§rum] [Um e na namak g§rum?]He is writing a letter to you. To whom is he writing a letter?

Na aa\\ssøørr h namak groum! (Question)::##rrbb h na namak groum!

[Na aysor e namak g§rum] [YerpŒ e na namak g§rum?]He is writing a letter today. When is he writing a letter?

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VII WORD FORMATIONFormation of compound nouns

Armenian compound nouns typically consist of two basic elements that are joined to eachother either directly or by the connecting vowel -a-.

The following compound nouns are joined directly, without a connecting vowel:

k;sør [kesor] midday, noon ← (k;s + ør half + day) ‘owa' [t¿sovapŒ] seashore ← (‘ow + a' sea + shore)

More commonly, however, the two components are joined by the connecting vowel -a-:

f\ouras;n\ak [hyurasenyak] living room ← (f\our + a + s;n\ak)(guest + conn. + room)

farzaxrou\z [hart¿sŒaz§ruyt¿sŒ] interview ← (farz + a + xrou\z)(question + conn. + talk)

The components can originate from various parts of speech:a) noun + noun: g;ta' [getapŒ] riverbank ← (g;t+ a'] river + shore)b) noun + verb: mardaspan [martŒaspan] murderer ← (mard+ span[;l] human + kill)c) verb + noun: gras;[an [g§raseg¿han] desk ← (gr[;l] + s;[an write + table)d) adjective + noun: lialousin [lialusin] full moon ← (li + lousin full + moon)e) pronoun + verb: inqnaji® [inkŒnatŒi¤] airplane ← (inqn + j®[c;l] self + fly)

When the first element ends in -i% this vowel contracts with the connecting a to an ;:

gin;toun [ginetun] wine cellar ← (gini + a + toun wine + conn. + house),og;naw [s¿hokŒenav] steamboat ← (,ogi + a + naw steam + conn. + boat)

Elements of compound nouns may also be joined by the particles -ou- [u] and -…- [yev] and:

a\boub;n [aybuben] alphabet ← (a\b + ou + b;n a + and + b)k;rou.oum [keruk¿hum] feast ← (k;r + ou + .oum eat + and + drink)a®…tour [a¤evtur] commerce ← (a® + … + tour take + and + give)

In Armenian word formation it is common for some vowels to alternate. For instance, i[i] and ou [u] shift to a transitory [§], ou\ [uy] to ou [u], \a [ya] to ; [u], etc.* gin [gin] price → gnazouzak [g§nat¿sŒut¿sŒak] price listsout [sut] lie → sta.os [s§tak¿hos] liarlou\s [luys] light → lousam'o' [lusampŒopŒ] lampshademat\an [matyan] book → mat;nagir [matenagir] bibliographer*

*These alterations are discussed in Unit 5, pp. 107-108.

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

The letters BB bb%% PP pp%% and "" ''

The consonant system of Eastern Armenian differs from that of other Indo-European lan-guages (see p. xx). Rather than a dual system of stop consonants, such as the voiced b andthe voiceles p, East Armenian has a triple system with one voiced b [b] and two voicelessstops, the non-aspirated p [p] and the aspirated ' [pŒ]. The non-aspirated p [p] may seemunusual to the English-speaking student in that it is pronounced with stronger plosion,occupying an intermediate position between the b [b] and the ' [pŒ]. The triple system ofthe related stop consonants b% p% and ' can be presented in the following table:

Each of these stops represents an independent phoneme, i.e. the smallest phonetic unit ina language that distinguishes one word from another. The following three words differ inmeaning in the contrast of the phonemic consonants b% p% and ':

bouj [butŒ] bluntpout [put] dot'ouj [pŒutŒ] Russian weight unit (16,3 kg)

East Armenian is, on the whole, a phonetic language in that words are pronounced as writ-ten: B;niamin [Benyamin] Benjamin, Ab;l [Abel] Abel, P;tros [Petros] Peter, panir

[panir] cheese, 'iliso'a [pŒilisopŒa] philosopher, a' [apŒ] palm, etc.

There are, however, some exceptions. After vowels, after m [m] and r [r], the voiced b [b]is pronounced as the voiceless aspirated ' [pŒ]: .ab;l [k¿hapŒel] to deceive, ,abaj

[s¿hapŒatŒ] Saturday, Fakob [HakopŒ] Jacob, ;rb [yerpŒ] when, nourb [nurpŒ] tender,ourbaj [urpŒatŒ] Friday, sourb [surpŒ] sacred, fambou\r [hampŒuyr] kiss, famb;r;l

[hampŒerel] to be patient, etc. Also, after the consonant [ the voiced b [b] is pronouncedlike the voiceless, non-aspirated p [p]: ;[ba\r [yek¿hpayr] brother, o[b [vok¿hp] lamenta-tion, a[b [ak¿hp] trash, etc. These phonetic deviations apply also to derivations of theabove-mentioned words: nourb [nurpŒ] tender → nrbouj\oun [n§rpŒutŒyun] tenderness,famb;r;l [hampŒerel] to be patient → famb;rouj\oun [hampŒerutŒyun] patience, ;rb[yerpŒ] when → ;rb;mn [yerpŒem§n] sometimes, etc.

voiced B b [b]voiceless non-aspirated P p [p]voiceless aspirated " ' [pŒ]

IX ORTHOGRAPHYExclamation marks in Armenian

There are two exclamation marks in Armenian, the stress or acute mark (*) and the exten-sion mark (@). On the whole, they correspond to the English exclamation mark (!). Like thequestion mark (#) (see p. 18), they are superscripts. Both signs are placed on the stressedsyllable of the emphasized word. The stress or acute mark (*) is placed: 1. Over words stressed in an imperative sentence:

Girqs to*ur! Mi* gna![GirkŒ§s tur!] [Mi g§na!] Give me my book! Don’t go!

2. Over names of persons or words addressed to people:Ara*m% ;s a\st;[ ;m! Paro*n% a\s t;[e axa#t h![Aram, yes aysteg¿h em] [Paron, ays teg¿h§ azat e?] Aram, I am here! Sir, is this seat free?

3. Over one-word replies used as strong assertions:–J;rjs b;r;#l ;s! –A\o*! or: O*c! or: Ifark;! [TŒertŒ§s berel es? Ayo! or: Voc¿hŒ! or: Iharke!] Did you bring my newspaper? Yes! or: No! or: Of course!

4. Over more prominent words singled out in a sentence:C;m t;snoum i*m matite ! or: Im mmaattii**ttee c;m t;snoum![Im matit§ c¿hŒem tesnum] or: [Im matit§ c¿hŒem tesnum] I don’t see my pencil. or: I don’t see my pencil!

The extension mark (@) appears in passionate speech where stressed vowels are prolongedto express emotion. It is placed:1. Over greetings, welcoming expressions, congratulations, wishes, etc.:

–O[=o@u\n! or: <norfawo@r! or: Baro@w ;kar! [Vog¿hjuyn! or S¿hŒ§norhavor! Barov yekar!] Greetings! or: Congratulations! or: Welcome!

2. Over interrogative pronouns that initiate sentences expressing feelings such as admira-tion, regret, astonishment, etc.:

I@nc mard h! or: O@w hr spasoum! or: Ort;@[ ;n a\n ør;re! [Inc¿hŒ martŒ e! or: Ov er spasum! or: Vorteg¿h! en ayn orer§!] What a person! or: Who would expect it! or: Where are those days!

3. Over the majority of interjections: Wa@.! or: A'so@s! or: Wa@\![Vak¿h!! or: ApŒsos! or: Vay!]Woe! or: Alas! or: Ouch!

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UNIT 2

UNIT 2

39

X WRITING

b% ban% g% ga®% d% dou®% ;% ;s% x% xof

B% Ban% G% Ga®% D% Dou®% :% :s% X% Xof

[b] [ban] [g] [ga¤] [d] [du¤] [ye] [yes] [z] [zoh]

h% h@f% i% i*m% j% j;#% l% lal% e% enjr;l

H% H@f% I% I*m% J% J;#% L% Lal% E% Enjr;l

[e] [eh!] [i] [im!] [t] [tŒe?] [l] [lal] [§] [§ntŒrel]

b% ban% g% ga®% d% dou®% ;% ;s% x% xof

B% Ban% G % Ga®% D % Dou®% :% :s% X% Xof

h% h@f% i% i*m% j% j;#% l% lal% e% enjr;l

h% h@f% I I *m% J% J;#% L % Lal% E % E njr;l

XI EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.a. A\s .oumbe fa\;r;n git;nq!

b. Qani# ktor kawiy h soworoum!

c. M;nq cors l;xou kardo#um ;s!

d. Mari*% fa\;r;n law git;s!

e. :s fa\;r;ne ,at h!

f. Dou qani# l;xou ka a\st;[!

g. Sa law patas.an ;m siroum!

2. Combine words from each of the three columns to create a complete sentence.a. Karin;n angl;r;n c;n .osoum!

b. Douq yapon;r;n ci groum!

c. M;rin … +one fa\;r;n c;n kardoum!

d. Arm;ne cinar;n ci ouxoum .os;l!

e. Dou ispan;r;n c;m karo[ sowor;l!

f. :s g;rman;r;n cgit;s!

g. Nranq founar;n law c;q .osoum!

3. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, c, d, and e. Replace the verbkardal by .os;l and gr;l.

a. A. Dou angl;r;n kardo#um ;s!B. A\o*% ,at law ;m kardoum!

b. A. Douq fa\;r;n kardal git;#q! B. A\o*% mi qic kardoum ;nq!

c. A. Marin fa\;r;n law h kardoum!B. Ba\z angl;r;n kardal cgiti!

d. A. Fa\;r;n kardal siro#um ;s!B. Siroum ;m% ba\z law kardal cgit;m!

e. A. A,ak;rtn;re la#w ;n kardoum!B. O*c% law c;n kardoum!

4. Answer the questions using the appropriate plural forms.a. A\s ba®e git;#s! :s bboolloorr ba®;re git;m!b. Dasagirq oun;#q! M;nq mmii qqaannii dasagirq oun;nq!

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UNIT 2

41

UNIT 2

c. T;tr oun;#s! :s ,at &&&

d. Na s.al ano#um h! Na oro, &&&

e. Mi øtar l;xou git;#s! :s ;r;q &&&

f. A\st;[ angliazi ka#! A\st;[ fing &&&

g. Mi fa\ ousano[ git;#q! M;nq mi qani &&&

5. Answer the questions with a negative response following the pattern.

a. Dou fa\;r;n kardo#um ;s! O*c% c;m kardoum!

b. Cinar;n git;#s! O*c% &&&

c. +one `rans;r;n giti#! O*c% na &&&

d. Marin a\st;#[ h ousanoum! O*c% na &&&

e. Am;n ør fa\;r;ni das oun;#q! O*c% m;nq &&&

f. Dou soury .mo#um ;s! O*c% ;s &&&

g. Am;n ør gali#s ;q! O*c% m;nq &&&

h. Ar'in out;l ouxo#um h! O*c% na &&&

6. Complete the sentences.a. Na qani# matit ouni! Na ;rkou matit ouni (2)!

b. Qani# nkar oun;s! :s (10) &&& oun;m!

c. Marin qani# ba® giti! Marin ,at &&& giti!

d. Gradarane ,at grq;r ouni#! Gradarane tase faxar &&& !

e. Fa\kakan a\boub;ne qani# ta® ouni! (39) &&& !

f. A\st;[ qani# ousano[ h fa\;r;n soworoum! Bolor && &!

g. <abaje qani# angam fa\;r;n oun;q! M;nq &&& (3) &&&!

7. Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the verb git;nal.

a. Na g;rman;r;n ,at law ggiittii!

b. :s mi qic `rans;r;n &&& !

c. Dou angl;r;n law &&& !

d. Douq fa\;r;n &&& !

e. M;nq mi qic ®ous;r;n &&& !

f. Nranq ital;r;n &&& !

8. Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the phrasal verb karo[ lin;l.a. Na kkaarroo[[ hh ital;r;n .os;l!

b. Dou &&& &&& fa\;r;n kardal!

c. :s &&& &&& g;rman;r;n .os;l!

d. Nranq kor;azi ;n! Angl;r;n … `rans;r;n cc;;nn kkaarroo[[ .os;l!

e. M;rin ispan;r;n c&&& &&& kardal!

f. M;nq ital;r;n c&&& &&& gr;l!

9. Form sentences using the verb oux;l.a. Na/a\st;[/nst;l! Example: Na ouxoum h a\st;[ nst;l!

b. Dou/fa\;r;n/sowor;l!

c. Silwa/a\s girqe/kardal!

d. M;nq/a\s toune/t;sn;l!

e. M;ri/toun/gnal! Example: M;rin ci ouxoum toun gnal!

f. Nranq/cinar;n/.os;l!

g. :s/,at/a,.at;l!

h. Maria/a\st;[/mnal!

10. Use appropriate forms of ;m and oun;nal.a. :s am;rikazi ;;mm% isk na fa\ hh!

b. Matitn;re o#ur &&& !

c. Marin qani# girq &&& !

d. Anound i#nc &&& !

e. Fa\kakan a\boub;ne 38 ta® &&& !

f. M;nq fa\;r;ni ,at law girq &&& !

g. O#rt;[ &&& a,ak;rtn;re!

11. Answer the questions in a correct word order:a. OO##ww h farznoum! OOuussoouuzziiccnn h farznoum!

b. OO##ww h patas.anoum! AA,,aakk;;rrttnn &&& !

c. II##nncc ;s groum! NNaammaakk ;m &&& !

d. A\st;[ ii##nncc ;s soworoum! FFaa\\;;rr;;nn &&& !

e. OO##ww h law kardoum! MMaarriiaann &&& !

f. II##nncc ;q soworoum! CCiinnaarr;;nn &&& !

g. OO##ww h a\st;[ a,.atoum! MM;;nnqq &&& !

12. Translate the following sentences.a. The room has three windows.b. Can you write all the letters?c. How many pictures do you have?d. I know a few words.

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UNIT 2

e. You have many books.f. All students learn Armenian.g. I have all the notebooks.

13. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.a. A\s .oumbe o#r l;xoun h soworoum!

b. A,ak;rtn;re fa\;r;n mi qic .oso#um ;n!

c. Ousano[n;re fa\;r;n gr;l git;#n!

d. Karda#l hl git;n!

e. A\sør i#nc ;n soworoum!

f. Ousano[e la#w h patas.anoum!

43

UNIT 2

XII PROVERBS

Ow karda% na mard a!

[Ov kartŒa, na martŒ a] He who studies is a person.

Gitouj\oune farstouj\oun h!

[GitutŒyun§ har§stutŒyun e] Knowledge is wealth.

Ousoum staza‘e sowa‘ ci mna!

[Usum stat¿sŒat¿s§ sovats c¿hŒi m§na] The educated won’t remain hungry.

Kardale oski aparan=an h!

[KartŒal§ voski aparanjan e]Education is a golden bracelet.

44

Unit 3

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Making requests and responding to them . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Vocabulary: Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Grammar: VERBS: 1. Armenian equivalents of the English to be . . . . 522. The indicative imperfect tense . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

POSSESSION: 1. Possessive adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542. Possessive articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553. Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Armenian-English Contrasts: Gender in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Word Formation: 1. Derivation of abstract nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582. Derivations of nouns denoting locations . . . . . . . . . . .59

Pronunciation: The letters G g% K k% and Q q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Orthography: : ; or H h ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Writing: > .% ’ ‘% K k% } ]% { [% Z z% | \% < ,% C c% P p . . .62

Out;liqYÉÉw

46

UNIT 3

I DIALOGUES 1. In class: A and B are classmates. They address each other informally.

A. Mi ban ;m .ndr;lou& I have something to ask you: [Mi ban em k¿h§ntŒrelu:

karmir matit oun;#s! Do you have a red pencil?[Karmir matit unes?]

B. Oun;m% afa*! I do, here you are![Unem, aha]

Ba\z w;radar]rou% .ndr;m! But please return it to me![Bayt¿sŒ veradart¿sŒru k¿h§ntŒrem]

A. Ifark;% mi rop;ow h in] p;tq! Of course, I just need it for a minute.[Iharke, mi ropeyov e ind¿z petkŒ]

2. In the office: A and B are colleagues. A addresses B formally

A. Paron Pal\an% sa ];#r fa,wicn h! Mr. Palyan, is this your calculator?[Paron Palyan, sa d¿zer has¿hvic¿hŒn e?]

B. A\o*% inco#u ;q farznoum! Yes, why do you ask?[Ayo, inc¿hŒu ekŒ hart¿sŒ§num?]

A. Mi rop;ow in] kta#q! May I have it for a moment?[Mi ropeyov ind¿z k§takŒ?]

B. An,ou,t% fam;z;*q! Of course, here you are![Ans¿hus¿ht, hamet¿sŒekŒ!]

3. In the students’ residence: A and B live together. A has just returned from shopping.

A. Ø@f% ,at ‘araw ;m! Oh, I’m very thirsty! [Oh, s¿hat t¿sarav em]

Minas% in] mi bavak Minas, would you bring me [Minas, ind¿z mi baz¿hak]

=our kb;r;#s! a glass of water?[jur k§beres?]

B. Sirow! Sa#®e =our ;s ouxoum! Gladly. Do you want cold water?[Sirov. Sa¤§ jur es uzum?]

A. A\o*% ;j; kar;li h! Yes, if it’s possible.[Ayo, yetŒe kareli e]

B. Sa®ou\zo#w! With ice?[Sa¤uyt¿sŒov?]

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UNIT 3

A. A\o*% ;rkou ktor% .ndr;m! Yes, two pieces, please.[Ayo, yerku k§tor, k¿h§ntŒrem]

<norfaka*l ;m! Thank you![S¿h§norhakal em]

B. Carv;! Don’t mention it.[C¿¿hŒarz¿he]

A. Isk ;s mi ban ;m b;r;l! I brought something.Isk yes mi ban em berel]

Karo#[ ;s k®af;l% j; inc h& Can you guess what it is?[Karog¿h es k§¤ahel tŒe inc¿hŒ e:

sa®n h ba\z sa®ou\z ch% qa[zr h It’s cold but it isn’t ice, it’s sweet[sa¤n e bayt¿sŒ sa¤uyt¿sŒ c¿hŒe, kŒag¿ht¿sŒr e]

ba\z karkandak ch! I#nc h! but it isn’t cake. What is it?[bayt¿sŒ karkandak c¿hŒe. Inc¿hŒ e?]

B. Pa[pa[ak h! It’s ice-cream![Pag¿hpag¿hak e!]

4. At the dinner table: Siblings A and B are having lunch together.

A. Bari a.orva*k! Bon appetit![Bari ak¿horz¿hak!]

B. Q;*x hl! The same to you![KŒez el]

Arm;n% a[e k'o.anz;#s! Armen, would you pass me the salt? [Armen, ag¿h§ k§pŒok¿hant¿sŒes?]

A. >ndr;m% faz h#l ;s ouxoum! Here you are! Would you like some[K¿h§ntŒrem, hat¿sŒ el es uzum?] bread, too?

B. A\o*% ;j; kar;li h% lawa,! Yes, lavash if possible.[Ayo, yetŒe kareli e, lavas¿h]

<norfakal ;m! I@nc famow ya, h! Thank you. What a delicious meal![S¿h§norhakal em. Inc¿hŒ hamov c¿has¿h e!]

A. Ya,;re mi,t famow ;n% Meals are always tasty [C¿has¿her§ mis¿ht hamov en]

;rb ma\rikn h patrastoum! when Mother prepares them.[yerpΠmayrikn e patrastum]

B. Mi qic hl jan klzn;#s! Would you also pour me some tan?[Mi kŒic¿hŒ el tŒan k§l§t¿sŒnes?]

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48

UNIT 3

A Sirow% .ndr;m! Certainly, here you are![Sirov, k¿h§ntŒrem]

B. Isk i#nc ;nq .moum! And what shall we drink?[Isk inc¿hŒ enkŒ k¿h§mum?]

Gini kam ouri, .micq oun;#nq! Do we have some wine or any other drink?[Gini kam uris¿h k ¿h§mic¿hŒkŒ unenkŒ?]

A. Gini coun;nq% ba\z afa* sa®e We don’t have wine, but here is some cold[Gini c¿hŒunenkŒ, bayt¿sŒ aha sa¤§]

ªKota\qº^ m;r fa\kakan gar;=oure! “Kotayk,” our Armenian beer.[KotaykŒ, mer haykakan garejur§]

B K;na@zd! Cheers![Kenat¿sŒ§t!]

II TEXTPRUNUS ARMENIACA

Am;n tari Am;rika\iz ,at xbosa,r=ikn;r ;n galis Fa\astan! A\s ama® hl [Amen tari Amerikayit¿sŒ s¿hat zbosas¿h§rjikner en galis Hayastan. Ays ama¤ el

tikin Smijn h a\st;[! Nran ou[;kzoum h Karin;n^ ;r…anzi mi ousano[oufi!tikin SmitŒn e aysteg¿h. N§ran ug ¿hŒekt¿sŒum e Karinen, yerevant¿sŒi mi usanog¿huhi.

Am;n ør nranq nor wa\r;r ;n a\z;loum! A\sør Karin;n nran tanoum h :r…aniAmen or n§rankŒ nor vayrer en ayt¿sŒelum. Aysor Karinen n§ran tanum e Yerevani

k;ntronakan ,ouka! –I@nc fianali ,;nq h :r…ani k;ntronakan ,oukan% –kentronakan s ¿huka. Inc ¿hŒ hianali s ¿henkŒ e Yerevani kentronakan s ¿hukan,

asoum h tikin Smije! –I@nc g;[;zik ou jarm ;n ];r mirgn ou ban=ar;[;ne% asum e tikin SmitŒ§. Inc ¿hŒ geg ¿het ¿sŒik u tŒarm en d ¿zer mirkŒn u band ¿jareg ¿hen§,

manawand d;[]n ou jouxe% s;.n ou ]m;rouke! Fapa ‘ira#ne! Qani@ t;sakn;r%manavand deg¿ht¿sŒn u tŒuz§, sek¿hn u d ¿z§meruk§. Hapa t¿siran§? KŒani tesakner,

incpisi@ gou\n;r% i@nc a®atouj\oun% incpisi@ g;[;zkouj\oun! inc¿hŒpisi guyner, inc¿hŒ a¤atutŒyun, inc¿hŒpisi geg¿het¿sŒkutŒyun!

– Git;#q% or Fa\astane ‘irani fa\r;niqn h& prunus armeniaca h nra latin;r;nGitekŒ vor Hayastan§ t¿sirani hayrenikŒn e? prunus armeniaca e n§ra latineren

anoune% – asoum h Karin;n% – a\sinqn^ fa\kakan salor! – Fima faskanoum ;m%anun§, asum e Karinen, aysinkŒ§n, haykakan salor. Hima haskanum em,

j; incou h ‘irann a\st;[ a\sqan famow% – asoum h tikin Smije! tŒe inc¿hŒu e t¿sirann aystegh ayskŒan hamov, asum e tikin SmitŒ§.]

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49

UNIT 3

am;n [amen] every, each

tari [tari] year

Am;rika\iz[amerikayit¿sŒ] from America

xbosa,r=ik [zbosas¿h§rjik] tourist

gal [gal] to come

a\s [ays] this

ama® [ama¤] summer

hl [el] also, too

tikin [tikin] Mrs., madam

a\st;[ [aysteg¿h] here

nran [n§ran] him/her

ou[;kz;l [ug¿hekt¿sŒel] to accompany

;r…anzi [yerevant¿sŒi] native of

Yerevan

ousano[oufi[usanog¿huhi] female student

ør [or] day

nor [nor] new

wa\r [vayr] place

a\z;l;l [ayt¿sŒelel] to visit

a\sør [aysor] today

nran [n§ran] him/her

tan;l [tanel] to take

tanoum h [tanum e] he/she is taking

k;ntronakan[kentronakan] central

,ouka [s¿huka] market

as;l [asel] to say

asoum h [asum e] says

inc [inc¿¿hŒ] what

fianali [hianali] wonderful

,;nq [s¿henkŒ] building

g;[;zik [geg¿het¿¿sŒik ] beautiful

jarm [tŒarm] fresh

mirg [mirkŒ] fruit

ban=ar;[;n [banjareg¿hen] vegetables

manawand [manavand] especially

d;[] [deg¿ht¿sŒ] peach

joux [tŒuz] fig

s;. [sek¿h] cantaloup

]m;rouk [d¿z§meruk] watermelon

fapa &&& [hapa ...] what about ...

‘iran [t¿siran] apricot

qani [kŒani?] how many?

t;sak [tesak] variety, sort

incpisi [inc¿hŒpisi] what a ...!

gou\n [guyn] color

a®atouj\oun [a¤atutŒyun] abundance

g;[;zkouj\oun [geg¿het¿sŒkutŒyun] beauty

git;#q [gitekŒ?] do you know?

or [vor] that

fa\r;niq [hayrenikŒ] fatherland

prunus armeniaca (lat.) - Armenian plum

nra [n§ra] his/her/its

latin;r;n [latineren] Latin

anoun [anun] name

a\sinqn [aysinkΤn] i.e., namely

salor [salor] plum

fima [hima] now

faskanal [haskanal] understand

faskanoum ;m[haskanum em] I understand

incou [inc¿¿hŒu] why

j; incou [tŒe inc¿¿hŒu] as to why

a\st;[ [aysteg¿h] here

a\sqan [ayskŒan] so (much)

famow [hamov] tasty, delicious

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

50

UNIT 3

lawa, [lavas¿h] Armenian flatbreadgaja [gatŒa] Armenian sweet bread.mor;[;n [k¿h§moreg¿hen] baked goods.orowa‘ [k¿horovat¿s] barbecuefaz [hat¿sŒ] breadkarag [karakŒ] butterkarkandak [karkandak] cake, pastrypanir [panir] cheesefaw [hav] chickenj.wa‘q [tŒ§k¿hvat¿skŒ] cookies, baked goodskajna,o® [katŒnas¿ho¤] cottage cheese, cream cheeseapou.t [apuk¿ht] cured meat]ou [d¿zu] egg ]ouk [d¿zuk] fishpa[pa[ak [pag¿hpag¿hak] ice-creamsounk [sunk] mushroommis [mis] meat]wa‘;[ [d¿z§vat¿seg¿h] omelette]ijaptou[ [d¿zitŒap§tug¿h] olivebrin] [b§rind¿z] rice,aqar [s¿hakŒar] sugara[zan% salaj [ag¿ht¿sŒan, salatŒ] salad;r,ik [yers¿hik] sausageapour [apur] souptolma [tolma] stuffed vine (cabbage) leavesma‘oun [mat¿sun] yogurt

IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

gar;=our [garejur] beersoury [surc¿h] coffeemrgaf\ouj [m§rkŒahyutŒ] fruit juicekaj [katŒ] milkjan [tŒan] tan (Arm. yogurt beverage) j;\ [tŒey] tea(fanqa\in) =our [(hankŒayin) jur] (mineral) water gini [gini] wineø[i [og¿hi] vodka

OUT:LIQ [UtelikŒ] FOOD

EMP:LIQ [§mpelikŒ] BEVERAGES

51

.n]or [k¿h§nd¿zor] apple‘iran [t¿siran] apricotbanan [banan] bananabal [bal] cherry (sour)k;®as [ke¤as] cherry (sweet)armaw [armav] date.a[o[ [k¿hag¿hog¿h] grape(s)limon/kitron [limon/kitron] lemons;. [sek¿h] melonnarin= [narinj] oranged;[] [deg¿ht¿sŒ] peachtan] [tand¿z] pearsalor [salor] plumnou® [nu¤] pomegranates;rk…il [serkevil] quince;lak [yelak] strawberry]m;rouk [d¿z§meruk] watermelon

UNIT 3

MMiirrgg [[MMiirrkkŒ]] FruitsMRG:{:N [M§rkŒeg¿hen] FRUITS

®;fan [¤ehan] basilbaxouk [bazuk] beet, beet rootka[amb [kag¿hamb] cabbagegaxar% st;p[in [gazar, stepg¿hin] carrot‘a[kaka[amb [t¿sag¿hkakag¿hamb] cauliflowerfam;m [hamem] coreander, cilantrowaroung [varung] cucumbersamij [samitŒ] dillsmbouk% badri=an [s§mbuk, badrijan] eggplants.tor [s§k¿htor] garlicso. [sok¿h] onionma[adanos% axatq;[ [mag¿hadanos, azatkŒeg¿h] parsleyp[p;[ [p§g¿hpeg¿h] pepperkarto il [kartofil] potatoddoum [d§tŒum] pumpkin, squashbo[k [bog¿hk] radishjar.oun [tŒark¿hun] tarragonlolik [lolik] tomatoddmik [d§tŒmik] zucchini

BAN+AR:{:N [Banjareg¿hen] VEGETABLES

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V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

1. Armenian equivalents of the English auxiliary verb to be

Armenian has three verbs that are equivalent to the English verb to be. They appear inthree irregular conjugations and differ in form, meaning, and function.

1) The auxiliary verb ;m (;m% ;s% h% ;nq% ;q% ;n) has a largely copular function, i.e. itlinks the subject to its complement. It is used to indicate a current state, status, or presence:

Anin fiwand h! Nranq fa\ ;n:Ani is sick. They are Armenians.

2) The verb lin;l (linoum ;m% linoum ;s% linoum h% linoum ;nq% linoum ;q% linoum

;n) is also used as a copula. It differs, however, from the verb ;m in aspect. Rather thanindicating a current state or presence, lin;l refers to a habitual state or presence:

Na vame corsin a\st;[ h linoum!

At four o’clock, he/she is (usually) here. Or:

3) The defective verb kam (kam% kas% ka% kanq% kaq% kan) means to exist:

Mta‘oum ;m^ our;mn kam!

I think, therefore I am (I exist).

Third-person forms of the verb kam (singular ka% plural kan) correspond to the Englishconstructions there is ... and there are.

S;[ani wra ,at grq;r kan!

There are many books on the table.

The negative counterparts of the affirmative forms are:

1) C;m% c;s% ch/ci (see note on p. 30)% c;nq% c;q% c;n! I am not, you are not, etc.

2) C;m linoum% c;s linoum% ci linoum% c;nq linoum% c;q linoum% c;n linoum!

I am (usually) not or I won’t be, You are (usually) not or you won’t be, etc.

3) Ckam% ckas% cka% ckanq% ckaq% ckan! I am not here or I do not exist, Youare not there or You do not exist, There is no ..., etc.

2. The imperfect tense (regular verbs)

The Armenian imperfect tense indicative places an action or an event in the past indicat-ing that it is in progress, habitual or repeated. It consists of the conjugated imperfect formsof the auxiliary verb ;m [em] I am and the present participle of the main verb (ending in-oum).

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1st pers. (;s) verb stem + oum hi [-um eyi]

2nd pers. (dou) verb stem + oum hir [-um eyir]

3rd pers. (na) verb stem + oum hr [-um er]

1st pers. (m;nq) verb stem + oum hinq [-um eyinkŒ]

2nd pers. (douq) verb stem + oum hiq [-um eyikŒ]

3rd pers. (nranq) verb stem + oum hin [-um eyin]

IMPERFECT

ggrr;;ll [g§rel] to write

affirmative negative

(;s) groum hi chi groum(dou) groum hir chir groum(na) groum hr chr groum(m;nq) groum hinq chinq groum(douq) groum hiq chiq groum(nranq) groum hin chin groum

3. The imperfect tense (irregular verbs)

In the imperfect tense, the most common irregular verbs ggiitt;;nnaall [gitenal] to know and

oouunn;;nnaall [unenal] to have are conjugated as follows:

IMPERFECT

ggiitt;;nnaall [gitenal] to know oouunn;;nnaall [unenal] to have

affirmative negative affirmative negative

(;s) git;i cgit;i oun;i coun;i (dou) git;ir cgit;ir oun;ir coun;ir (na) git;r cgit;r oun;r coun;r(m;nq) git;inq cgit;inq oun;inq coun;inq(douq) git;iq cgit;iq oun;iq coun;iq(nranq) git;in cgit;in oun;in coun;in

All regular verbs follow the pattern below:

PLURAL

SINGULAR

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kkaamm [kam] I exist ggaall [gal] to come(;s) ka\i cka\i galis hi chi galis (dou) ka\ir cka\ir galis hir chir galis(na) kar ckar galis hr chr galis (m;nq) ka\inq cka\inq galis hinq chinq galis(douq) ka\iq cka\iq galis hiq chiq galis(nranq) ka\in cka\in galis hin chin galis

3. Uses of the imperfect tense

The Armenian imperfect tense has several equivalents in English translation. When it isused to indicate a continuous action carried out at a certain point in the past, it correspondsto the English past progressive:

Anznoum hi 'o[ozow% ;rb q;x t;sa! [Ant¿sŒnum eyi pŒog¿hot¿sŒov, yerp kŒez tesa]I was walking down the street when I saw you.

When the imperfect tense refers to a habitual action in the past without being tied to a par-ticular time or situation, it is translated into English with the used to construction:

Na.kinoum na qic hr outoum% qic qnoum% ,at a,.atoum![Nak¿hŒkinum na kŒic¿hŒ er utum, kŒic¿hŒ kŒ§num, s¿hat as¿hk¿hatum]In the past, he used to eat a little, sleep a little, work a lot.

In colloquial speech the imperfect tense indicates a future in the past:

Isk m;nq ard;n gnoum hinq! [Isk menkŒ artŒen g§num eyinkŒ]And we were already about to leave.

B. POSSESSION

In Armenian, possession is mainly expressed by 1) possessive determiners or possessiveadjectives, 2) possessive articles, or 3) possessive pronouns.

1. Possessive adjectives

The possessive adjectives (also called possessive determiners) are:

* Armenian has no grammatical gender (see p. 57 in this unit). **Regarding the distinction Armenian makes for personal pronouns in the third person, see p. 57 in this unit.

1. iimm [[iimm]] my mm;;rr [[mmeerr]] our2. qqoo [[kkŒoo)]] your (informal) ]];;rr [[dd ¿ ¿¿¿zzeerr]] your (plural and formal)3. iirr [[iirr]] or nnrraa [[nn§§rraa]] his/her/its* iirr;;nnzz [[iirreenntt ¿ ¿¿¿ssŒŒŒŒ]] or nnrraannzz [[nn§§rraanntt ¿ ¿¿¿ssŒŒŒŒ]] their****

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EXAMPLES: tounss [tun§s] my house tnn;;rrss [t§ners] my houses, our house

toundd [tun§t] your house tnn;;rrdd [t§ner§t] your houses, your house

tounee [tun§] his/her house tnn;;rree [t§ner§] their houses, his/her house

In Eastern Armenian, redundant forms like im touns [im tun§s] my house (literally: myhouse-mine), qo ,ound [kŒo s¿hun§t] your dog (lit.: your dog-yours), involving both pos-sessive adjective and possessive articles, are not correct. Instead, only one possessive mark-er is used: im toune [im tun§] or touns [tun§s] my house, qo ,oune [kŒo s¿hun§] or ,ound[s¿hun§t] your dog, etc.

The possessive article for the third person and the definite article are homonymous. Thus,,oune can have two meanings, depending on the context:

1. ,oune [s¿hun§] the dog2. ,oune [s¿hun§] his/her dog

To further elucidate, the following redundant form (possessive adjective ir or nra +-e/-n) is acceptable in the third person singular:

3. nra or ir ,oune [n§ra/ir s¿hun§] his/her dog

* Compare the use of the definite articles -e and -n (Unit 1, pp. 13-14).** The plural forms have two meanings. Thus, tnn;;rrss means both my houses and our house, the latter usage

being restricted to colloquial speech. For our house, in standard Armenian the analytical form m;r touneis the norm. The same applies to tnn;;rrdd your houses and your (plur.) house. As for tnn;;rree, it means theirhouses and less commonly his/her house, for which nra tnn;;rree is the standard form.

Like their English counterparts, Armenian possessive adjectives precede nouns:

mm;;rr l;xounn nnrraannzz ;rkire

[mer lezun] [n§rant¿sŒ yerkir§](our language-the) (their country-the)our language their country

Note that in addition to the possessive adjective preceding the noun, the definite article-e is affixed to the noun.

2. Possessive articles

In addition to possessive adjectives, Armenian also uses possessive articles to express posses-sion. Like the definite article, they are affixed to nouns, expressing both possession and deter-mination. The possessive articles are:

1. --ss [[--§§ss]] my --nn;;rrss** [[--nneerr§§ss]] our2. --dd [[--§§tt]] your (informal) --nn;;rrdd [[--nneerr§§tt]] your (plural / formal)3. --ee [[--§§]] // --nn* [[--nn]] his/her/its --nn;;rree [[--nneerr§§]] their

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3. Possessive pronouns

In Armenian, possessive pronouns are nominalized possessive adjectives (see pp. 54-55).Like nouns, they take the definite article -e /-n:

ime [im§] mine

qone [kŒon§] yours (informal)

(1) ir;ne [iren§] or (2) nrane [n§ran§] his/hers/its (see p. 57, section 2)

m;re [mer§] ours

];re [d¿zer§] yours (formal and plural)

(1) ir;nze [irent¿sŒ§] or (2) nranze [n§rant¿sŒ§] theirs

m;ronq [meronkŒ] (those that are) mine or ours (my/our folks)

];ronq [d¿zeronkŒ] (those that are) yours (your folks - formal and plural)

Thus, possession is expressed by the following variety of forms:

im girqe [im girkŒ§] or girqs [girkŒ§s] my book → ime [im§] mineqo girqe [kŒo girkŒ§] or girqd [girkŒ§t] your book → qone [kŒon§] yours ir girqe (1) [ir girkŒ§] or girqe [girkŒ§] his/her book → ir;ne [iren§] his/hersnra girqe(2) [n§ra girkŒ§] or girqe [girkŒ§] his/her book → nrane [n§ran§] his/hers

m;r girqe [mer girkŒ§] or grqn;rs [g§rkŒner§s] our book → m;re [mer§] ours ];r girqe [d¿zer girkŒ§] or grqn;rd [g§rkŒner§t] your book → ];re [d¿zer§] ours ir;nz girqe(1) [irent¿sŒ girkŒ§] or grqn;re [g§rkŒner§] their book

→ ir;nze [irent¿sŒ§] theirsnranz girqe (2) [n§rant¿sŒ girkŒ§] or grqn;re [g§rkŒner§] their book

→ nranze[n§rant¿sŒ§] theirs

EXAMPLE: };r tounn aw;li m;‘ h% qan m;re! Ba\z nranze 'oqr h!

[D¿zer tunn aveli met¿s e kŒan mer§. Bayt¿sŒ n§rant¿sŒ§ pŒokŒr e] Your house is bigger than ours. But theirs is small.

In colloquial speech there are two other common forms that express possession:

EXAMPLE: };ronq ort;#[ ;n! M;ronq mi,t tann ;n!

[D¿zeronkŒ vorteg¿h en?] [MeronkŒ mis¿ht tann en] Where are your folks? My folks are always at home.

((

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

1. Gender in Armenian

Gender in Armenian grammar is unmarked, i.e. there is no expressed grammatical distinctionfor masculine, feminine or even neuter gender as is the case in some European languages (cf.German: der, die, das). Therefore, in Armenian gender can be discerned from the linguisticcontext or situation. The only way to express gender in Armenian is with the nominal suffix-oufi [-uhi], which forms feminine counterparts from masculine nouns indicating persons:

a,ak;rt vs. a,ak;rtoufi male pupil vs. female pupilousano[ vs. ousano[oufi male student vs. female student etc.

Gender distinctions are normally conveyed by distinct words:

a[=ik vs. t[a girl vs. boyfa\r vs. ma\r father vs. mother, etc.

The Armenian personal pronoun in the third person singular does not express gender asdoes English with he/she/it and derivations.

2. Distinct third-person pronouns

Armenian makes a particular third-person distinction. It has two sets of generic third-personpronouns: inq(e) and na for the singular and ir;nq and nranq for the plural. These twosets of third-person pronouns prevent ambiguity when two persons are referred to in thesame context. The pronoun inq(e) with its declined forms ir his/her and ir;n him/herrefers to the subject of the sentence or to a word to which prominence is given in a context.However, the pronoun na and its declined form nran him/her, his/her hark back to a per-son who is secondary to the person designated by inq(e)/ir/ir;n. EXAMPLE:

Arame siroum h ir enk;ro=e … nra ,ane!

[Aram§ sirum e ir §nkeroc¿hŒ§ yev n§ra s¿han§]Aram likes his1 friend and his2 dog.

In this example, ir his1 refers to Aram, while nra his2 to Aram’s friend.

The same distinction is also made in the plural. Here ir;nq they1 and nranq they2 alter-nate with their declined forms ir;nz their/them and nranz their/them. The pronounir;nq they1 refers to a number of initially mentioned persons, while nranq they2 refersto those that are secondary to ir;nq they1.

Fa\;re fargoum ;n ir;nz f\our;rin … patwoum nranz!

[Hayer§ hargum en irent¿sŒ hyurerin yev patvum n§rant¿sŒ]Armenians respect their1 guests and honor them2.

In this sentence, ir;nz their1 refers to Armenians, nranz them2 to their guests.

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VII WORD FORMATION

1. Derivation of abstract nouns

Nouns in grammar are either concrete (house, man) or abstract (joy, growth). Most abstractnouns are derived from other parts of speech. The most productive suffixes that buildabstract nouns in Armenian are: -ouj\oun [-utŒyun], -oum [-um], and -anq [-ankŒ].

1. The suffix -ouj\oun is widely applied to form abstract nouns:

a) from adjectives

a®at [a¤at] plenty, abundant → a®atouj\oun [a¤atutŒyun] abundanceoura. [urak¿h] happy, joyful → oura.ouj\oun [urak¿hutŒyun] joy‘anr [t¿san§r] heavy → ‘anrouj\oun [t¿sanrutŒyun] weightm;‘ [met¿s] big, great → m;‘ouj\oun [met¿sutŒyun] size, greatness.a[a[ [k¿hag¿hag¿h] peaceful → .a[a[ouj\oun [k¿hag¿hag¿hutŒyun] peace

b) from verbs

qnn;l [k§nnel] to examine → qnnouj\oun [k§nnutŒyun] examinationøgn;l [okŒnel] to help → øgnouj\oun [okŒnutŒyun] helppa,tpan;l [pas¿htpanel] to defend → pa,tpanouj\oun [pas¿htpanutŒyun] defense,arounak;l [s¿harunakel] to continue → ,arounakouj\oun [s¿harunakutŒyun] con-

tinuationc) from nouns

ma\r [mayr] mother → ma\rouj\oun [mayrutŒyun] motherhoodj,nami [tŒ§s¿hnami] enemy → j,namouj\oun [tŒ§s¿hnamutŒyun] enmityenk;r [§nker] friend → enk;rouj\oun [§nkerutŒyun] friendship

2. The suffix -oum [-um] creates abstract nouns from verbs:

pa,ar;l [pas¿harel] to besiege → pa,aroum [pas¿harum] siege,arv;l [s¿harz¿hel] to move → ,arvoum [s¿harz¿hum] movementn;r;l [nerel] to forgive → n;roum [nerum] forgiveness stoug;l [stugel] to check → stougoum [stugum] check-up

3. The suffix -anq [-ankŒ] forms abstract nouns from verbs:

a,.at;l [as¿hk¿hatel] to work → a,.atanq [as¿hk¿hatankŒ] workfala‘;l [halat¿sel] to persecute → fala‘anq [halat¿sankŒ] persecutionmarx;l [marzel] to train, to drill → marxanq [marzankŒ] exercise, gymnasticstan=;l [tanjel] to torture → tan=anq [tanjankŒ] torture, suffering

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2. Derivation of nouns denoting locations and places

There are a few suffixes in Armenian that indicate nouns of location. These suffixes are:-anoz [anot¿sŒ], -astan [-astan], and -aran [-aran].

1. The suffix -anoz [-anot¿sŒ] indicates institutional locations. Such nouns are derivedfrom adjectives and nouns:

‘;r [t¿ser] old → ‘;ranoz [t¿seranot¿sŒ] old age homefiwand [hivand] sick → fiwandanoz [hivandanot¿sŒ] hospitalf\our [hyur] guest → f\ouranoz [hyuranot¿sŒ] hotel, guesthousearw;st [arvest] art → arw;stanoz [arvestanot¿sŒ] art studio, etc.

Only a few nouns ending in -anoz [-anot¿s] denote a piece of paper money with a speci-fied amount:

fing [hing] five → finganoz [hinganot¿sŒ] a five-dram-bill (dram=Arm. currency)tase [tas§] ten → tasanoz [tasanot¿sŒ] a ten-dram-bill far\our [haryur] hundred → far\ouranoz [haryuranot¿sŒ] a hundred-dram-bill

2. The suffix -(a)stan [-(a)stan] indicates names of countries:

Fa\astan [Hayastan] Armenia, Founastan [Hunastan] GreeceCinastan [C¿hŒinastan] China, Âousastan [‹usastan] RussiaWrastan [Vrastan] Georgia, Parskastan [Parskastan] Persia, etc.

3. Nouns ending in -aran [-aran] denote various places, rooms, and localities.

dasaran [dasaran] classroombnakaran [b§nakaran] apartmentya,aran [c¿has¿haran] restaurantfamalsaran [hamalsaran] universitylo[aran [log¿haran] bathroom, etc.

Some nouns ending in -aran can also denote furniture, appliances, vessels, etc.:

pafaran [paharan] closetsa®naran [sa¤naran] refrigiratorwa®aran [va¤aran] oven, etc.

A number of nouns in -aran can denote various books:

a\bb;naran [aypbenaran] primeraw;taran [avetaran] bibleba®aran [ba¤aran] dictionary, etc.

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

The letters GG gg%% KK kk%% and QQ qq

Consistent with its consonant system, Eastern Armenian manifests itself here, too, with aset of three stops. Rather than a pair of stops, i.e. the voiced (g) and the voiceles (k) of theIndo-European languages, East Armenian has a triple system with one voiced g [g] andtwo voiceless stops, the non-aspirated k [k] and the aspirated q [kŒ].

Thus, the triple system of the related consonants g% k and q can be presented as follows:

voiced G g [g]voiceless non-aspirated K k [k]voiceless aspirated Q q [kŒ]

Each of these stops represents an independent phoneme, the smallest phonetic unit in a lan-guage to distinguish one word from another. The following three words differ in meaningin the contrast of the phonemic consonants g% k and q:

go[ [gog¿h] thiefko[ [kog¿h] rib, flankqo[ [kŒog¿h] veil

As a rule, words are pronounced as they are written. EXAMPLES: Gabri;l [Gabriel] Gabriel,Gagik [Gagik] Gagik (male name), gagaj [gagatŒ] summit, Katarin; [Katarine]Catherine, kapik [kapik] monkey, Qristos [KŒristos] Christ, qa[aq [kŒag¿hakŒ] city, etc.

There are some exceptions to this general rule:

a) after vowels, g [g] is pronounced as a voiceless aspirated [kŒ] in the following words:fogs [hokŒs] worry, ourag [urakŒ] adze, fognaki [hokŒnaki] plural, ,og [s¿hokŒ] hot(weather), ]ig [d¿zikŒ] tight, long, ]ag [d¿zakŒ] the young, the offspring, karag [karakŒ]butter, igakan [ikŒakan] female, jagawor [takŒavor] king, øgn;l [okŒnel] to help,øgout [okŒut] profit, fagn;l [hakŒnel] to dress, ,ogi [s¿hokŒi] steam, etc. The same ruleapplies to all the derivatives of these words: fogi [hokŒi] soul, fog;kan [hokŒekan] spir-itual, fog;ban [hokŒeban] psychologist, fog…orakan [hokŒevorakan] clergyman, etc.

b) after the consonant r [r], g [g] is pronounced as a voiceless aspirated [kŒ]: karg [karkŒ]class, row, margarit [markŒarit] pearl, margar; [markŒare] prophet, ;rg [yerkŒ]song, mirg [mirkŒ] fruit, ;rg;l [yerkŒel] to sing, jargman;l [tŒarkŒmanel] to translate,parg… [parkŒev] gift, etc.

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

:: ;; or HH hh ?

There are some orthographic and phonetic rules that are prevalent for the use of : ; and H h.

: ; occurs

1. in initial position of words and is pronounced [ye] as in English yesterday:

;s [yes] I, ;rax [yeraz] dream, ;';l [yepŒel] to cook, ;lq [yelkŒ] exit, etc.

2. in medial position of words ‘;’ and stands for [e] as in English red:

m;q;na [mekŒena] machine, gr;l [g§rel] to write, j;j… [tŒetŒev] light, etc.

3. in final position of words ‘;’ and stands for [e]:

rop; [rope] minute, bax; [baze] falcon, fasz; [hast¿sŒe] address, ;j; [yetŒe] if,gouz; [gut¿sŒe] perhaps, etc.

4. within derivations and compounds where ‘;’ is pronounced

a) as [ye] when it appears after vowels:

am;na;rkar [amenayerkar] (the) longest (from am;na+;rkar% liter. most+long),kisa;' [kisayepŒe] half-cooked (from k;s+;';l half+cook), etc.

b) as [e] when it occurs after consonants:

an;r;s [aneres] shameless (from an+;r;s% literally: un+face), qsan;rkou

[kŒsanerku] twenty-two (from qsan+;rkou twenty+two), etc.

5. in the conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb ;m% ;s% ;nq% ;q% and ;n% where ‘;’ is pro-nounced:

a) as [e] when the verb follows words ending in consonants: gnoum ;m [g§num em] I am going, asoum ;n [asum en] they say, etc.

b) as [ye] following words ending in vowels: galou ;m [galu yem] I will come, t[a ;s [t§g¿ha yes] you are a boy, etc.

H h appears

1. in initial position of words and stands for [e] as in English end. hvan [ez¿han] cheap, h= [ej] page, hak [eyak] creature, etc.

2. in final and medial position of words as a result of compounding or derivation: ch is not (from c+h not+is)% anhanal to disappear (from an+hanal% literally:un+exist), wa\rh=q [vayrec¿hŒkŒ] descent (from wa\r+i=n;l down+to descent), etc.

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X WRITING

.% .os;l% ‘% ‘a®% k% k;s% ]% ]ouk% [% a[

>% >os;l% ’% ’a®% K% K;s% }% }ouk% {% A[

[k¿h] [k¿hosel] [t¿s] [t¿sa¤] [k] [kes] [d¿z] [d¿zuk] [g¿h] [ag¿h]

z% zouzak% \% \our% ,% ,oun% c% camic% p% papik

Z% Zouzak% |% |our% <% <oun% C% Camic% P% Papik

[t¿sŒ] [t¿sŒut¿sŒak] [y] [yur] [s¿h] [s¿hun] [c¿hŒ] [c¿hŒamic¿hŒ] [p] [papik]

.% .os;l% ‘% ‘a®% k% k;s% ]% ]ouk% [% a[

> % >os;l% ’% ’a®% k% k;s% }% }ouk% {% A[

z% zouzak% \% \our% ,% ,oun% c% camic% p% papik

Z% Zouzak% |% |our% <% <oun% C% Camic% P % Papik

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XI EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

a. Karin;n ort;#[ h };r fa,wice!

b. Paro*n Sar\an% ,at h .osoum!

c. Ørio*rd% mi ktor karkandak kta#s!

d. Arm;*n% };r anounn i#nc h!

e. :r;.an;re qo ajo®n a\nt;[ h!

f. Sour;*n% git;nq!

g. M;nq ;rkou l;xou .a[oum ;n!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Replace therequested item matit with gric% qanon% ®;tin% fa,wic% etc.

1. A. Matits o#rt;[ h!

B. Cgit;m% sa im matitn h!

2. A. A\s matite o#umn h& qo#nn h!

B. A\o*% sa imn h!

3. A. Mari% sa qo# matitn h!

B. O*c% a\s matite ime ch!

4. A. };r matite mi rop;ow kta#q!

B. Siro@w% ba\z sa ime ch% nrann h!

5. A. Sa im matite ch! Ort;#[ h ime!

B. Cgit;m% j; qonn our h& imn a\st;[ h!

6. A. O#w in] mi matit kta!

B. Im matite oc oqi c;m ta!

3. Answer the following questions.

a. Fa\;r;n .oso#um ;s! A\o*% .osoum ;m!

b. Angl;r;n kardo#um ;s! O*c% c;m kardoum!

c. G;rman;r;n git;s! A\o*% &&&

d. F;®a.os oun;#s! A\o*% &&&

e. Ousano#[ ;s! O*c% &&&

f. <a#t l;xoun;r git;s! O*c% &&&

g. Fa\;r;n kardal karo#[ ;s! A\o*% &&&

h. Cinar;n git;#s! O*c% &&&

i. Vamanak oun;#s! O*c% &&&

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UNIT 3

4. Answer the questions following the pattern.

a. Soury .mo#um ;s! A®a= .moum hi% ba\z fima c;m .moum!

b. Qa[zr;[;n siro#um ;s! A®a= siroum hi% ba\z &&&

c. +one ‘.o#um h! A®a= &&&

d. :r;.an a.orvak ouni#! A®a= &&&

e. Nranq jatron gno#um ;n! A®a= &&&

f. S;[ann;rin out;liq ka#! A®a= ,at &&&

g. A\s gou\ne fawano#um ;s! A®a= &&&

5. Complete the sequences by translating the English text.

a. A\s toune siroum ;m! (It is my house.)b. M;r qa[aqe g;[;zik h! (I like your city, Maria.)c. Nranq fa\;r;n ;n soworoum! (Their teacher is Armenian.)d. Im fasz;n oun;#s! (I don’t. What is your address?)e. Anouns Mari h! (And what is your surname, Maria?)f. Qa[aqaziouj\ouns am;rik\an h! (And what is your citizenship, Ani?)g. Im ma\r;ni l;xoun fa\;r;nn h! (And my mother tongue is English.)h. A\nt;[ mi girq ka! (That is my book.)

6. Derive abstract nouns from the adjectives.

a. <oukan g;[;zik h! Incpisi@ g;[;zkouj\oun!

b. S;[ane a®at h! Incpisi@ &&&

c. :rkire m;‘ h! Incpisi@&&&

d. Sare bar]r h! Incpisi@ &&&

e. Bolore oura. ;n! Incpisi@ &&&

f. Mirge jarm h! Incpisi@ &&&

g. ’irane qa[zr h! Incpisi@ &&&

7. Complete the sentences by inverting the word order.

a. >osoum ;s! <<aatt ;s .osoum!

b. Siroum ;m! <<aatt &&&

c. Soworoum ;m! AA\\sstt;;[[ &&&

d. A,.atoum h! LLaaww &&&

e. >osoum h! ÂÂoouuss;;rr;;nn &&&

f. Kardoum h! WWaatt &&&

g. Talis ;s! QQiicc &&&

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UNIT 3

8. Use an appropriate present-tense form of the verb given in parentheses.

a. :s ,at &&& (sir;l [sirel] to love) kardal!

:s ,at ;m siroum kardal!

b. Dou am;n ø#r &&& (gal [gal] to come) famalsaran!

c. Ar'in i#nc &&& (oux;l [uzel] to wish) sowor;l!

d. Douq a\s ama® o#ur &&& (gnal [g§nal] to go)e. M;nq ,at &&& (sir;l [sirel] to love) m;r ;rkire!

f. A\s ousano[n;re fa\;r;n &&& (sowor;l [sovorel] to study)!g. Douq a\st;[ i#nc &&& (an;l [anel] to do).

9. How would you say it in Armenian? Make a polite request.

a) You are in class; you need certain things.

a. You need a dictionary.

b. You are looking for a pencil.

c. You need a calculator.

d. You have run out of paper.

e. You are looking for a piece of chalk.

f. You have left your ruler behind at home.

g. You cannot find your eraser.

b) You are sitting around a table with friends; you cannot reach many things.

a. The salt is too far from you.

b. You need a piece of bread.

c. You are thirsty.

d. Your wine glass is empty.

e. The salad is out of reach.

f. You need some pepper.

g. You would like some juice.

c) You are filling out a form for a foreigner. You ask:

a. His/her name.b. His/her address.c. His/her telephone number.d. His/her citizenship.e. His/her mother tongue.f. The languages he/she speaks.

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UNIT 3

10. Answer the questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. O#rt;[ h tikin Smije a\s ama®!

b. O#w h nra a®a=norde!

c. O#w h Karin;n!

d. O#ur h tanoum Karin;n tikin Smijin!

e. Tikin Smije K;ntronakan ,oukan fawano#um h!

f. I#nc h asoum tikin Smije!

g. O#r mirgn h% or tikin Smije am;niz ,at h fawanoum!

h. I#nc h prunus armeniaca-n!i. Douq ‘iran siro#um ;q!

XII PROVERBS

Sowa‘ marde qariz 'a'ouke kouti!

[Sovat¿s martŒ§ kŒarit¿sŒ pŒapŒuk§ kuti]The hungry will eat anything softer than stone.

>osqe qamin ktani% k;ra‘e kmna!

[K¿hoskŒ§ kŒamin k§tani, kerat¿s§ k§m§na] What you say, wind will carry away; what you eat, will stay.

(Mardous) a.orvakn atami takn h!

[(MartŒus) ak¿horz¿hakn atami takn e]A person’s appetite is under his teeth.(Message: Once you start eating, you work up your appetite.)

Bane ‘nounde ch% bane snoundn h!

[Ban§ t¿s§nund§ c¿hŒe, ban§ s§nundn e]It’s not the nature, it’s the nurture (that counts).

Unit 4

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Introducing family and friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Vocabulary: Family and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Grammar VERBS: The aorist (simple past) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

NOUNS: 1. The declension paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772. The nominative and accusative cases . . . . . . . 78

Armenian-English Contrasts: Some Armenian expressions of politeness . . . . . . . . . 80

Word Formation: Diminutives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Pronunciation: The letters D d% T t and J j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Orthography: O o or Ø ø ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Writing: + =% W w% T t% R r% " '% Q q% ~ `% Y y% :w% … . . . . 85

67

Entaniq … axgakann;r

YtÅ|Äç tÇw exÄtà|äxá

I DIALOGUES

1. Two friends, A and B, are looking through a family photo album.

A. I@nc sirounik ;r;.a h! What a lovely baby![Inc¿hŒ sirunik yerek¿ha e]

B. Qro=s t[an h% w;z amsakan! He is my nephew, six months old.[KŒ§roc¿hŒ§s t§g ¿han e, vet¿sŒ amsakan]

A. Isk o#w h a\s famakr;li kine! And who is this lovely woman?[Isk ov e ays hamakreli kin§?]

B. :[bors n,ana‘n h! She is my brother’s fiancée.[Yeg¿hpor§s n§s¿hanat¿sn e]

A. Isk ko[qinn;re owq;#r ;n! And who are those next to her?[Isk kog¿hkŒinner§ ovkŒer en?

B. Sa qou\rs h% isk sa ;[bors t[an h! This is my sister and this is my nephew.[Sa kŒuyr§s e, isk sa yeg¿hpor§s t§g¿han e]

A. ’no[n;rid nkare oun;#s! Do you have a picture of your parents?[T¿s§nog¿hnerit n§kar§ unes?]

B. Afa nranq^ nor n,anwa‘! Here they are, newly engaged.[Aha n§rankŒ, nor n§s¿hanvat¿s]

A. Dou mord nman ;s! You look like your mother.[Du mor§t n§man es]

B. Git;m! Isk sa tatiks h% I know. And this is my grandmother,[Gitem. Isk sa tatik§s e]

sa hl papiks^ mors ‘no[n;re! and this is my grandfather, my mother’s [sa el papik§s, mor§s t¿s§nog¿hner§] parents.

A. Incqa@n ;ritasard ;n! How young they are![Inc¿hŒkŒan yeritasartŒ en!]

B. O*c% sa fin nkar h! No, this is an old picture. [Voc¿hŒ, sa hin n§kar e]

Tats fima innsoun tar;kan h! My grandmother is 90 years old now.[Tat§s hima inn§sun tarekan e]

A. Kar‘;m nor t;sa nran a\goum! I think I just saw her in the garden.[Kart¿sem nor tesa n§ran aygum]

B. A\o*% inqn h% ari* ‘anojazn;m! Yes, it’s her; let me introduce you.[Ayo, inkŒn e, ari t¿sanotŒat¿sŒ§nem!]

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(

(

((

(

(

(

( (

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2. A and B are getting to know each other.

A. ’anojananq! Let’s get to know each other.[T¿sanotŒanankŒ]

Anouns Aram h! My name is Aram.[Anun§s Aram e]

B. Oura. ;m ‘anojanalou famar! I am pleased to meet you.[Urak¿h em t¿sanotŒanalu hamar]

Minas Axar\an! Minas Azarian.[Minas Azaryan]

Isk sa kins h^ Karin;n! And this is my wife, Karine.[Isk sa kin§s e, Karinen]

A. <at oura. ;m! A pleasure to meet you.[S¿hat urak¿h em]

Tant;re ];r i#ncn h% How is the host related to you? [Tanter§ d¿zer inc¿hŒn e,]

];r ;[ba#\rn h! Is he your brother?[d¿zer yeg¿hpayrn e?]

B. A\o*! Isk douq ;[bors enk;#rn ;q! Yes. And are you my brother’s friend?[Ayo! Isk dukŒ yeg¿hpor§s §nkern ekŒ?]

A. O*c% a,.atakize! No, his colleague.[Voc¿hŒ, as¿hk¿hatakit¿sŒ§]

3. A is introducing her friend, B, to her mother, C.

C. C;m kar‘oum% or irar ‘anoj ;nq! I don’t think we have met.[C¿hŒem kart¿sum vor irar t¿sanotŒ enkŒ]

A. Ma\ri*k% sa Aramn h^ dasenk;rs! Mother, this is Aram, my classmate.[Mayrik, sa Aramn e, das§nker§s]

Ara*m% ‘anojazi*r% ma\rs h! Aram, meet my mother.[Aram, t¿sanotŒat¿sŒir, mayr§s e]

B. Aram! <at oura. ;m% tikin! Aram. Very pleased to meet you, [Aram. S¿hat urak¿h em, tikin] Madam.

C. };r masin ,at ;m ls;l! I have heard a lot about you.[D¿zer masin s¿hat em l§sel]

Oura. ;m% or w;r=ap;s I am happy to meet you[Urak¿h em vor verc¿hŒapes]

69

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an]amb ;m ‘anojanoum! in person at last.[and¿zamb em t¿sanotŒanum]

B. Nmanap;s! Likewise.[N§manapes]

A. Ara*m% ari* m\ousn;rin hl Aram, let me introduce [Aram, ari myusnerin el]

q;x ‘anojazn;m! you to the others as well.[kez t¿sanotŒat¿sŒ§nem]

B. Siro@w% gnanq! Gladly, let’s go![Sirov, g§nankŒ!]

II TEXT

FOR >ORFOURDE

[Hor k¿horhurtŒ§]

Mi fa\r mi,t .orfourd hr talis ordin;rin% or fam;ra,. apr;n irar f;t! [Mi hayr mis¿ht k ¿horhurtŒ er talis vortŒinerin, vor hameras¿hk¿h apren irar het.

Ordin;re chin lsoum ir;nz fore! Mi ør fa\re frama\;z^ mi za.aw;l b;r;n!Vortiner§ c¿hŒeyin l§sum irent¿sŒ hor§. Mi or hayr§ hramayet¿sŒ mi t¿sŒak¿havel beren.

Za.aw;le tw;z ordin;rin … a®a=ark;z% or a\n kotr;n! Ordin;re 'or];zin%T¿sŒak¿havel§ t§vet¿sŒ vortŒinerin yev a¤ac¿hŒarket¿sŒ, vor ayn kotren. VortŒiner§ port¿sŒet¿sŒin,

ba\z ckaro[azan kotr;l! A\n vamanak fa\re qand;z za.aw;le … ,\ou[;re bayt¿sŒ c¿hŒ§karog¿hat¿sŒan kotrel. Ayn z¿hamanak hayr§ kŒandet¿sŒ t¿sŒakhavel§ yev s¿hyug¿her§

m;k-m;k tw;z ordin;rin% or kotr;n! Ordin;re f;,touj\amb kotr;zin a®an]inmek-mek t§vet¿sŒ vortŒinerin, vor kotren. VortŒiner§ hes¿htutŒyamb kotret¿sŒin a¤and¿zin

,\ou[;re! Apa fa\re asaz ordin;rin& – A\sp;s hl douq% ;j; irar s ¿hyug ¿her§. Apa hayr§ asat ¿sŒ vortŒinerin. – Ayspes el dukŒ, yetŒe irar

amour b®n;q% oc m;ke ci karo[ana fa[j;l ];x% isk ;j; k®w;q% .®ow;q% amur b§¤nekŒ, voc¿hŒ mek§ c¿hŒi karog¿hana hak¿htŒel d¿zez, isk yetŒe k§¤vekŒ, k¿h§¤ovekŒ,

];x m;k-m;k kotr;le f;,t klini!d¿zez mek-mek kotrel§ hes¿ht k§lini.]

70

UNIT 4

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III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

71

UNIT 4

for (genitive from fa\r father) [hor] father’s.orfourd [k¿horhurtŒ] advice.orfourd tal [k¿horhurtŒ tal] to adviseordi [vortŒi] sonfam;ra,. [hameras¿hk¿h] in harmonyapr;l [aprel] to liveirar f;t [irar het] with each otherls;l [l§sel] to listen to, to obeyir;nz [irent¿sŒ] theirmi ør [mi or] one dayframa\;l [hramayel] to orderza.aw;l [t¿sŒak¿havel] birch-broomb;r;l [berel] to bring, to fetch a®a=ark;l [a¤ac¿hŒarkel] to proposekotr;l [kotrel] to break'or];l [port¿sŒel] to try ba\z [bayt¿sŒ] butkaro[anal [karog¿hanal] to be ablea\n vamanak [ayn z¿hamanak] at that time, thenqand;l [kŒandel] to untie,\ou[ [s¿hyug¿h] twigm;k-m;k [mek-mek] one by onetw;z (past from tal to give) [t§vet¿sŒ] gave f;,touj\amb [hes¿htutŒyamb] with easea®an]in [a¤and¿zin] separate, singlea\sp;s hl [ayspes el] this way, thus;j; [yetŒe] ifirar [irar] each otheramour [amur] strongb®n;l [b§¤nel] to holdoc m;ke [voc¿hŒ mek§] nobodyfa[j;l [hag¿htŒel] to vanquish isk [isk] but k®w;l [k§¤vel] to fight.®ow;l [k¿h§¤ovel] to get alienatedf;,t klini [hes¿ht k§lini] it will be easy

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UNIT 4

IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

ENTANIQ% AXGAKANN:R [§ntanikŒ, azgakanner] FAMILY, RELATIVES

‘no[n;r [t¿s§nog¿hner] parents

fa\r(ik)% papa (coll.) [hayr(ik), papa] father

ma\r(ik)% mama (coll.) [mayr(ik), mama] mother

ordi% t[a [vortŒi, t§g¿ha] son

t[a [t§g¿ha] boy

doustr% a[=ik [dust§r, ag¿hc¿hŒik] daughter

a[=ik [ag¿hc¿hŒik] girl

pap(ik) [pap(ik)] grandfather

tat(ik) [tat(ik)] grandmother

jo®(nik) [tŒo¤(nik)] (little) grandchild

‘o® [t¿so¤] great-grandchild

;[ba\r [yeg¿hpayr] brother

qou\r [kŒuyr] sister

for;[ba\r [horeg¿hpayr] paternal uncle

foraqou\r [horakŒuyr] paternal aunt

q;®i [kŒe¤i] maternal uncle

moraqou\r [morakŒuyr] maternal aunt

xarmik [zarmik] cousin (male)

xarmoufi [zarmuhi] cousin (female)

amousin [amusin] husband

kin [kin] wife, woman

.orj ma\r% ma\razou [k¿hortŒ mayr, mayrat¿sŒu] stepmother

.orj fa\r% fa\razou [k¿hortŒ hayr, hayrat¿sŒu] stepfather

qawor [kŒavor] best man

knqafa\r [k§nkŒahayr] godfather

qaworakin [kŒavorakin] best man’s spouse

knqama\r [k§nkŒamayr] godmother

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UNIT 4

n,anw;l [n§s¿hanvel] to get engaged

n,ana‘ [n§s¿hanat¿s] fiancé

n,anwa‘ [n§s¿hanvat¿s] engaged

amousnanal [amusnanal] to marry, to get married

amousnaza‘ [amusnat¿sŒat¿s] married

amouri [amuri] bachelor

farsaniq [harsanikŒ] wedding

amousnalou‘ouj\oun [amusnalut¿sutŒyun] divorce

bavanw;l [baz¿hanvel] to get divorced

bavanwa‘ [baz¿hanvat¿s] divorced

a\ri [ayri] widow(er)

orb [vorpŒ] orphan

.nami(n;r) [k¿h§nami(ner)] in-law(s)

xou\g [zuykŒ] couple

(s)k;sour [(s)kesur] mother-in-law (husband’s mother)

(s)k;sra\r [(s)kesrayr] father-in-law (husband’s father)

xoqanc [zokŒanc¿hŒ] mother-in-law (wife’s mother)

an;r [aner] father-in-law (wife’s father)

fars [hars] daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, bride

farsnazou [harsnat¿sŒu] bride, bride-to-be

';sa [pŒesa] son-in-law, brother-in-law, bridegroom

';sazou [pŒesat¿sŒu] bridegroom

tal [tal] sister-in-law (husband’s sister)

t;gr [tekŒ§r] brother-in-law (husband’s brother)

q;ni [kŒeni] sister-in-law (wife’s sister)

q;nakal [kŒenakal] husband of the wife’s sister

an;r]ag [anerd¿zakŒ] brother-in-law (wife’s brother)

;r;.a [yerek¿ha] child

manouk [manuk] infant

patani [patani] adolescent

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UNIT 4

1st pers. (m;nq) verb stem + ;zinq/azinq [verb stem + et¿sŒinkŒ/at¿sŒinkŒ]

2nd pers. (douq) verb stem + ;ziq/aziq [verb. stem + et¿sŒikŒ/at¿sŒikŒ]

3rd pers. (nranq) verb stem + ;zin/azin [verb. stem + et¿sŒin/at¿sŒin]

1st pers. (;s) verb stem + ;zi/azi [verb stem + et¿sŒi/at¿sŒi]

2nd pers. (dou) verb stem + ;zir/azir [verb stem + et¿sŒir/at¿sŒir]

3rd pers. (na) verb stem + ;z/az [verb stem + et¿sŒ/at¿sŒ]

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

1. The aorist (simple past) tense

The aorist or the simple past is the only simple tense in the conjugation paradigm of theArmenian indicative mood. It expresses a completed action in the past without any impli-cation of duration or progression. EXAMPLES: gr;zi I have written or I wrote from gr;land kardazi I have read or I read from kardal. Below is the aorist pattern for the major-ity of regular verbs that belong to the first (infinitive ending in -;l) and second conjugation(infinitive ending in -al). What follows is a conjugation paradigm of the verbs gr;l andkardal% in both affirmative and negative forms:

AORIST

ggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative(;s) gr;zi cgr;zi kardazi ckardazi

(dou) gr;zir cgr;zir kardazir ckardazir

(na) gr;z cgr;z kardaz ckardaz

(m;nq) gr;zinq cgr;zinq kardazinq ckardazinq

(douq) gr;ziq cgr;ziq kardaziq ckardaziq

(nranq) gr;zin cgr;zin kardazin ckardazin

Some verbs deviate from this pattern. Instead of ending in -(;z)i and -(az)i, these verbs endin a -a: -a% -ar% -aw% -anq% -aq% -an& Compare the verb t;sn;l to see:

t;sa I saw% t;sar you saw% t;saw he/she saw% t;sanq we saw% t;saq you saw%

t;san they saw.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

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UNIT 4

Knowledge of the aorist forms is important as other verbal forms are derived either fromthe infinitive or the aorist stem. Here are some basic rules for the aorist stem construction:

1. replacing the infinitive endings -;l with -;z, and -al with -az (plus ending -i):

INFINITIVE AORIST STEM AORIST (1st pers. sing.)gr-;l gr;z- gr;z-i I wrotekard-al kardaz- kardaz-i I read

2. dropping the infixes -n- and -c- from verbs (plus ending -a):

enk-n-;l to fall enk- enk-a I fellt;s-n-;l to see t;s- t;s-a I sawkor-c-;l to disappear kor- kor-a I disappeared

3. changing n to z in verbal derivations with the infix -an- or -;n- (plus ending -a):

m;‘-an-al to grow big m;‘az- m;‘az-a I grew big‘;r-an-al to grow old ‘;raz- ‘;raz-a I grew oldpar‘-;n-al to boast par‘;z- par‘;z-a I boasted

4. changing n to r in verbal derivations with the infix -azn- or -;zn- (plus ending -i):

f;®azn-;l to remove f;®azr- f;®azr-i

‘i‘a[;zn-;l to make laugh ‘i‘a[;zr- ‘i‘a[;zr-i

The following verbs have irregular aorist forms:

lin;l - to be ;[-a% ;[ar% ;[aw% ;[anq% ;[aq% ;[an

a®n;l - to take a®-a% a®ar% a®aw% a®anq% a®aq% aran

dn;l - to put dr;z-i (or dri)% dr;zir% dr;z% dr;zinq% dr;ziq% dr;zinan;l - to do ar;z-i (or ari)% ar;zir% ar;z% ar;zinq% ar;ziq% ar;zin

gal - to come ;k-a% ;kar% ;kaw% ;kanq% ;kaq% ;kan

tal - to give tw;z-i (or twi)% tw;zir% tw;z% tw;zinq% tw;ziq% tw;zin

out;l - to eat k;r-a% k;rar% k;raw% k;ranq% k;raq% k;ran

enkn;l - to fall enk-a% enkar% enkaw% enkanq% enkaq% enkan*

The negative forms of the aorist are constructed by prefixing the negative marker c-:

gr;zi I wrote or I have written → cgr;zi I didn’t write or I haven’t writtenkardazi I read or I have read → ckardazi I didn’t read or I haven’t writtenar;zi I did or I have done → car;zi I didn’t do or I haven’t doneenka I fell or I have fallen → cenka I didn’t fall or I haven’t fallena®a I took or I have taken → ca®a I didn’t take or I haven’t taken

* See the table of irregular verbs in the Appendix (pp. 334-335).

2. Uses of the aorist tense

The Armenian aorist or simple past tense has several equivalents in English translation.With reference to usual activities in the past, it corresponds to the English simple past:

:r;k na ;rkar a,.at;z% gor‘e w;r=azr;z ou gnaz! [Yerek na yerkar as¿hk¿hatet¿sŒ, gort¿s§ verc¿hŒat¿sŒ§ret¿sŒ u g§nat¿sŒ] Yesterday he worked for a long time, finished his business and left.

As mentioned before, the aorist or simple past tense denotes an action completed at somepoint in the past without any implication of the duration or progression. In this sense, it dif-fers from the Armenian imperfect tense, which indicates a past action in progress:

Nkaroum hi% ;rb dou n;rs mtar! [N§karum eyi, yerpŒ du ners m§tar]I was painting when you came in.

The Armenian aorist can be viewed as the equivalent of the English present perfect, whichrefers to a past action that has current relevance:

Patoufane kotr;zi! A\spisow m;nq a\l…s c.os;zinq![Patuhan§ kotret¿sŒi] [Ayspisov menkŒ aylyev§s c¿hŒ§k¿hoset¿sŒinkŒ]I have broken the window. Thus we haven’t spoken any more.

It is important to note that the Armenian aorist differs from other past tenses in that it isthe witness’ tense. It is used only if the speaker has either witnessed the activity or if he/shecan speak about it with absolute certainty.

The aorist has various secondary functions in colloquial Armenian:

a) as an action very close to the present time or one that is to follow immediately in time.Note in the following example the translation of gnazi as I am going:

:s im as;liqn asazi& fima dou git;s! [Yes im aselikŒn asat¿sŒi; hima du gites]I said what I had to say; now it’s up to you.

b) it can be used as a directive, an appeal for immediate action:

<o*ut ar;q% ,arvw;zi*nq![S¿hut arekŒ, z¿harz¿h§vet¿sŒinkŒ!]Hurry up, let’s go!

c) in conditional sentences, the aorist can replace the subjunctive mood.

:kar% kgnanq& c;kar^ kmnanq! [Yekar, k§g§nankŒ; c¿hŒekar, k§m§nankŒ]If you come, we’ll go; if you don’t come, we’ll stay.

Note that in the above sentence ;kar is translated as if you come:

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Nominative: oo##ww [ov?] who? ii##nncc((ee)) [inc¿hŒ(§)?] what?

Accusative: oo##uumm [um?] whom? ii##nncc((ee)) [inc¿hŒ§?] what?

Genitive: oo##uumm [um?] whose? iinnccii## [inc¿hŒi?] whose? of what?

Dative: oo##uumm [um?] to whom? iinnccii##((nn)) [inc¿hŒi(n)?] to/for what?

Ablative: oouummii##zz [umit¿sŒ?] from whom? iinnccii##zz [inc¿hŒit¿sŒ?] from what?

Instrumental: –– iinnccoo##ww [inc¿hŒov?] with what?

Locative: –– iinnccoo##uumm [inc¿hŒum?] in what?

Nominative: a,ak;rt(e) a,ak;rtn;r(e) dproz(e) dprozn;r(e)

Accusative: a,ak;rtin a,ak;rtn;rin dproz(e) dprozn;r(e)

Genitive: a,ak;rti a,ak;rtn;ri dprozi dprozn;ri

Dative: a,ak;rti(n) a,ak;rtn;ri(n) dprozi(n) dprozn;ri(n)

Ablative: a,ak;rtiz a,ak;rtn;riz dproziz dprozn;riz

Instrumental: a,ak;rtow a,ak;rtn;row dprozow dprozn;row

Locative: — — — dprozoum dprozn;roum

B. NOUNS

1. The declension paradigm

To fulfill various syntactic functions in a sentence, nouns and pronouns in some languageshave an extensive declension system. In other languages, these functions are performed byprepositions and postpositions (see Unit 7, pp. 158-159). English and Armenian have both,although Armenian has a more elaborate system of noun and pronoun declensions.*

Nouns in Armenian have an elaborate declension paradigm, which may overwhelm theEnglish speaker. They change forms either by taking case markers, by undergoing vowelalternations or inner permutations, or by doing both (see Unit 5, pp. 107-108).

Armenian has seven cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumen-tal, and locative. The first four cases, nominative and accusative, genitive and dative, formtwo pairs that may correspond in form but differ in syntactic function. The following spe-cific questions address the different functions of each case:

*English nouns change forms either to express possession or when they are used in the plural (cf.father’s, fathers).

Cases person non-person

Singular Plural Singular Plural

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2. The nominative and accusative cases

The nominative case in singular is the citation form of nouns as they appear in dictionar-ies. It is the initial form in a declension paradigm and has no explicit case markers. It can,however, be used with or without determiners, i.e. a definite article (-e/-n) (see Unit 1,p. 13) or a possessive article ending in -s% -d or -e/-n (see p. 55) as the case may be.

The noun in the nominative case serves primarily as the subject of a sentence, a topic aboutwhich a comment is made:

Anafite wa® gou\n;r hr siroum! Gorgs nor h!

[Anahit§ va¤ guyner er sirum] [Gorg§s nor e]Anahit liked bright colors. My carpet is new.

In the above sentences, Anafite [Anahit§] Anahit and gorgs [gorg§s] my carpet aresubjects and appear in the nominative case. They can be elicited in response to the ques-tions o#w [ov?] who? (Anafite) and i#nce [inc¿hŒ§?] what? (gorge) respectively.

The secondary syntactic function of the nominative case is also to serve as subject com-plement, linked to the subject by the auxiliary verb ;m or other copular verbs:

:[ba\rs bvi,k h! Arame mnoum h enk;rs!

[Yeg¿hpayr§s b§z¿his¿hk e] [Aram§ m§num e §nker§s]My brother is a physician. Aram remains my friend.

In the first sentence, both the subject ;[ba\rs [yeg¿hpayr§s] my brother and its comple-ment bvi,k [b§z¿his¿hk] physician appear in the nominative case. They are linked to eachother by the copula h is. In the second sentence, it is the verb mnal [m§nal] to remain thatlinks the subject Arame [Aram§] Aram to enk;rs [§nker§s] my friend, and both nounsare used in the nominative case.

The accusative varies depending on the semantics of the noun. Eastern Armenian makesa person vs. non-person distinction: nouns that indicate persons use explicit case markers,namely the dative form (see p. 77) while nouns for non-persons do not change, thus coin-ciding with the nominative. In a sentence, the accusative performs the following functions:

a) A direct object governed by a transitive verb:

Fa\re gowoum h ordoun! Nkarn;rs t;sa#r!

[Hayr§ govum e vortŒun] [N§karner§s tesar?]The father praises his son. Have you seen my pictures?

In these sentences, ordoun [vortŒun] son and nkarn;rs [n§karner§s] my pictures aredirect objects of the transitive verbs gow;l [govel] to praise and t;sn;l [tesnel] to seerespectively. Note that in the first sentence, the question asked is (o#um) [um?] whom? withreference to ordoun [vortŒun] and that both the question and the form of the noun ordi[vortŒi] correspond to the dative case (see pp. 102-103). In the second sentence the ques-

tion (i#nc) [inc¿hŒ?] what? refers to an non-person; hence the form nkarn;rs [n§karner§s]

that coincides with the nominative case.

b) A local adverb that answers the question o#ur [ur?] where?

W;r=ap;s toun ;ka! :rb;mn gradaran hi gnoum!

[Verc¿hŒapes tun yeka] [YerpŒem§n gradaran eyi g§num] At last I came home. I used to go to the library sometimes.

Here, the unmarked nouns toun [tun] and gradaran [g§radaran] are adverbials of place.

c) A temporal adverbial that answers the question ;#rb [yerpŒ?] when?

Mi ør hl na anf;tazaw! Fa=ord tari kt;snw;nq!

[Mi or el na anhetat¿sŒav] [HajortŒ tari k§tesn§venkŒ]One day he disappeared. Next year we will see each other.

Here, ør [or] and tari [tari] are unmarked nouns used as adverbials of time.

d) An adverbial indicating measurements and sizes (miles, kilograms, pounds, litres, etc.):

:r;q bavak gini .m;zi! Tase m[on qa\l;zinq!

[YerekŒ baz¿hak gini k¿h§met¿sŒi] [Tas§ m§g¿hon kŒaylet¿sŒinkŒ]I drank three glasses of wine. We walked ten miles.

In the examples above, ;r;q bavak [yerekŒ baz¿hak] three glasses and tase m[on [tas§m§g¿hon] ten miles take the accusative case. The following questions apply:

Orqa#n gini .m;zir! Orqa#n qa\l;ziq!

[VorkŒan gini k¿h§met¿sŒir?] [VorkŒan kŒaylet¿sŒikŒ?]How much wine did you drink? How long did you walk?

The nominative plural takes the ending -(n);r% which can appear with or without determin-ers, i.e. a definite article (-e/-n) or possessive article (-s% -d or -e/-n). This, however,does not apply to nouns that have the plural ending -q , -ik, and -a\q (see p. 33) as theseplural endings do not take the articles -e or -n:

:r;.an;rnn ou,azan! but: Mardik (tikna\q) ou,azan!

[Yerek¿hanern us¿hat¿sŒan] [MartŒikŒ (tiknaykŒ) us¿hat¿sŒan]The children are late. The people (the ladies) are late.

For the direct object, the accusative plural makes the same person vs. non-person distinc-tion as the accusative singular. Nouns indicating persons use their genitive-dative casewhile nouns for non-persons use the nominative-accusative form:

Pa,tpan;@nq ;r;.an;riinn! but: Pa,tpan;@nq m;r anta®n;re!

[Pas¿htpanenkŒ yerek¿hanerin] [Pas¿htpanenkŒ mer anta¤ner§!]Let’s protect the children! Let’s protect our forests!

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Some Armenian expressions of politeness

Like all languages, Armenian has conventionally established conversation units, or gam-bits (see Appendix, p. 301), which are bound by socio-cultural conventions and, most ofthe time, defy literal translation into other languages. Some examples include .ndr;m

[k¿h§ntŒrem], kar;li# h [kareli e?], fam;z;*q [hamet¿sŒekŒ!] (formal), etc.

1. >ndr;m [k¿h§ntŒrem] is frequently used in polite requests and replies. As such, it cor-responds to the English please:

Asa* (informal) / Asaz;*q (formal) .ndr;m &&&

[Asa k¿h§ntŒrem .../ Asat¿sŒekŒ k¿h§ntŒrem ... ]Tell me, please, ...

– Patoufane 'ak;#m! – A\o*% .ndr;m!

[Patuhan§ pŒakem? Ayo, k¿h§ntŒrem] “Shall I close the window?” “Yes, please.”

a) >ndr;m [k¿h§ntŒrem] is also used to make commands sound milder:

Dou®e ba*z ar;q% .ndr;m!

[Du¤§ bat¿sŒ arekŒ, k¿h§ntŒrem!]Open the door, please!

However, there is not always a one-to-one correspondence between the Armenian .ndr;m

and the English please. There are cases where, when Armenian uses .ndr;m% English hasother conventional expressions:

b) >ndr;m serves as a prompt response to “Thank you!”

– <norfaka@l ;m! – >ndr;@m!

[S¿h§norakal em. – K¿h§ntŒrem] “Thank you!” “You are welcome!” or “Don’t mention it!”or “My pleasure!”

c) >ndr;m is employed alone when offering an item to someone:

– >ndr;m!

[K¿h§ntŒrem] Here you are!

d) >ndr;m serves as a reply to a request for permission:

– Jou\l kta#q ];r j;rje kardal! – >ndr;m!

[TŒuyl k§takŒ d¿zer tŒertŒ§ kartŒal? – K¿h§ntŒrem]“May I please read your newspaper?” “By all means!” or“Sure!” or “Please do!”

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2. The very common conversation tool kar;li# h [kareli e?] May I is used to ask for per-mission beforea) entering a room: Kar;li# h!

[Kareli e?] May I (come in)?

b) doing something: Kar;li# h 'or];l!

[Kareli e port¿sŒel?]May I try it?

c) saying something: Kar;li# h mi ban as;l!

[Kareli e mi ban asel)?] May I say something?

3. Fam;z;*q [hamet¿sŒekŒ!] is used:

a) As a polite response to a request for permission: – Kar;li# h! May I?– Fam;z;*q! Please do!

b) As a polite incitement to accept an offer of food or drinks: – Fam;z;*q! Help yourself!

c) As a welcome to guests entering the house: – Fam;z;*q! Come in, please!

4. In everyday talk, there are a few expressions of kindness and hospitality, containing theword anou, [anus¿h] sweet.

a) Ano@u, ara [Anus¿h ara!] (informal) or Ano@u, ar;q [Anus¿h arekŒ!!] (formal or plu-ral) correspond to the English Enjoy! or Enjoy it! These expressions accompany the act ofoffering food:

– Fam;z;*q [hamet¿sek!], anou@, ar;q [anus¿h arekŒ!!].“Help yourself!” “Enjoy it!”

b) Ano@u, lini [Anus¿h lini!] (literally: May it be sweet!) is also used in response to some-one’s appreciation of the food just enjoyed:

– Ya,e ,at fam;[ h(r)! – Ano@u, lini!

[C¿has¿h§ s¿hat hameg¿h e(r)] [Anus¿h lini!] “The meal is/was very tasty.” “I am glad you enjoyed it!”

c) Anou@, lini [Anus¿h lini!] is used around the dinner table as a well-wishing expressionto a guest who has just emptied a glass of wine or any other drink on a happy occasion.

– K;na@zd! (informal) or: – };@r k;naze! (formal/plur.) – Ano@u, lini!

[Kenat¿sŒ§t] [D¿zer kenat¿sŒ§] [Anus¿h lini] “To your health!” “Enjoy it!”

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VII WORD FORMATION

Diminutives

Armenian has three suffixes that create diminutives: -ik [ik], -ak [ak] and -ouk [uk]. Theyimpart to the noun the meaning of smallness (in size or value), affection, endearment, butalso degradation or debasement on the part of the speaker.

1. All three suffixes -ik , -ak% and -ouk are added to nouns; their selection, however, ispredetermined. Each noun combines with a specific suffix:

]ouk [d¿zuk] fish → ]knik [d¿z§knik] little fishliy [lic¿h] lake → lyak [l§c¿hak] little lakear= [arc¿hŒ] bear → ar=ouk [arc¿hŒuk] little bear

2. The most productive diminutive suffix -ik creates the largest number of diminutives:

s;[an [seg¿han] table → s;[anik [seg¿hanik] little table,oun [s¿hun] dog → ,nik [s¿h§nik] doggypata® [pata¤] piece → pata®ik [pata¤ik] little piece

a) Nouns denoting close relatives appear with -ik% expressing intimacy or familiarity:

fa\r [hayr] father → fa\rik [hayrik] daddyqou\r [kŒuyr] sister → qou\rik [kŒuyrik] sispap [pap] grandfather → papik [papik] grandpa

b) Added to proper names, -ik expresses a subjective or emotional attitude toward a person:

Tigran [Tigran] → Tigranik [Tigranik]Mariam [Mariam] → Mariamik [Mariamik]Wardan [VartŒan] → Wardanik [VartŒanik]

Longer names form diminutives by adding the suffix -ik to the first syllable of the name:

Lousin; [Lusine] → Lousik [Lusik]>acatour [K¿hac¿hŒatur] → >acik [K¿hac¿hŒik]Fowfann;s [Hovhannes] → Fowik [Hovik]

c) The suffix -ik and -ouk may also be attached to adjectives. When referring to oraddressing a person or an object, they indicate affection or fondness:

siroun [sirun] cute → sirounik [sirunik] cutieanou, [anus¿h] sweet → anou,ik [anus¿hik] sweetietaq [takŒ] warm → taqouk [takŒuk] warmish, cosyg;r [ger] thick, fat → girouk [giruk] plumpish, flabby

VIII PRONUNCIATION

The letters DD dd%% TT tt%% and JJ jj

Rather than a double system of stop consonants, i.e. the voiced dd and the voiceless t, EastArmenian has a triple system with one voiced d [d] and two voiceless stops, the non-aspi-rated t [t] and the aspirated j [tŒ]:

The triple system of the related consonants d% t and j can be presented as follows:

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Like in the case of b% p and '% each of these consonants is an independent phoneme, i.e.the smallest phonetic unit that distinguishes one word from another. The following threewords differ in meaning in the contrast of the phonemic consonants d% t and j:

d;r [der] role t;r [ter] Lord, masterj;r [tŒer] for (as opposed to d;m [dem] against)

In general, the letters D d% T t and J j are pronounced as written. EXAMPLES: Dani;l

[Daniel] Daniel, Dawij [DavitŒ] David, das [das] lesson, Tigran [Tigran] Tigran,tatik [tatik] grandmother, tant;r [tanter] house lord, J;r;xa [TŒereza] Theresa,jjou [tŒ§tŒu] sour, jaj [tŒatŒ] paw, etc.

There are words that constitute exceptions to this rule with the voiced d [d] pronounced asa voiceless aspirated [tŒ] after vowels and after r [r]: ød [otŒ] air, dadar [datŒar] pause,intermission, xard [zartŒ] adornment, bard [bartŒ] complex, bourd [burtŒ] wool, mard[martŒ] human being, ward [vartŒ] rose, n\ard [nyartŒ] nerve, b;rd [bertŒ] fortress,øriord [oriortŒ] Miss, =ard [jartŒ] massacre, ord [vortŒ] worm, ;rdoum [yertŒum] oath,ardar [artŒar] just, ordi [vortŒi] son, ard;n [artŒen] already, drd;l [d§rtŒel] to incite,a®a=nord [a¤ajnortŒ] leader, etc. In some words, after n [n]: andam [antŒam] member,.ndir [k¿h§ntŒir] problem, k;ndani [kentŒani] animal, endam;ne [§ntŒamen§] totally,endar]ak [§ntŒart¿sŒak] spacious, etc. In certain words, as well as in final position ofwords, -d is pronounced like the voiceless, non-aspirated t [t]: a\d [ayt] that, .;[d;l

[k¿hek¿htel] to strangle, fodwa‘ [hotvat¿s] article, etc. The same applies to the possessiveending -d: tound [tun§t] your house, fa\rd [hayr§t] your father, etc.

voiced D d [d]voiceless non-aspirated T t [t]voiceless aspirated J j [tŒ]

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

OO oo or ØØ øø ??

The following orthographic and phonetic rules govern the usage of the letters O o and Ø øin East Armenian:

O o occurs:

1. in initial position of words and is pronounced [vo] as in English volt:

ordi [vortŒi] son, ors [vors] hunting, otq [votkŒ] foot, etc.

2. in medial and final position of words, ‘o’ is pronounced [o] as in the English word folk:

cors [c¿hŒors] four, bolor [bolor] all, Karo [Karo] Karo (male name), etc.

3. within compound and derived words where ‘o’ is pronounced

a) as [vo] when it appears after vowels:

ar=aors [arc¿hŒavors bear hunting (from ar=+a+ors), am;naorak\al [ame-navorakyal] most qualified (superlative of the adjective orak\al qualified, etc.

b) as [o] when it appears after consonants:

]knors [d¿z§knors] fisherman (from ]ouk+orsal), anoro, [anoros¿h] indefinite(from an+oro,), etc.

EXCEPTION 1: The initial O o is pronounced [o] in the pronoun ow [ov] who and its plu-ral form owq;r [ovkŒer] who;

EXCEPTION 2: Nouns of foreign origin starting with [vo] are spelled with Wo wo rather than the regular O o in initial position:

Wolga [Volga] a river in Russia (Russian: Djkuf), wolt [volt] volt, etc.

Ø ø occurs:

1. in initial position of words and stands for [o] as in English on or all:

ør [or] day, øgn;l [okŒnel] to help, ød [otŒ] air, weather, etc.

2. within words, where ø appears as a result of compounding or derivation:

apørini [aporini] illegal (from ap+ørini outside+law), k;sør [kesor] midday,noon (from k;s+ør half+day), anøgout [anokŒut] useless (from an+øgout

without+use)% anørinak [anorinak] unequaled (from an+ørinak without+ example) etc.

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X WRITING

=% =our% w% w;r% t% tase% r% tarr% w;radar]

+% +our% W% W;r% T% Tase% R% Tarr% W;radar]

[j] [jur] [v] [ver] [t] [tas§] [r] [tarr] [veradart¿sŒ]

'% 'ou®% q% qic% y% yany% `% `,,al% …

"% "ou®% Q% Qic% Y% Yany% ~% ~,,al% :w

[pŒ] [pŒu‹¤] [kŒ] [kŒic¿hŒ] [c¿h] [c¿hanc¿h] [f] [f§s¿hal] [yev]

=% =our% w% w;r% t% tase% r% tarr% w;radar]

+% +our% W% W;r% T% Tase% R % Tarr% W;radar]

'% 'ou®% q% qic% y% yany% `% `,,al% …

"% " ou®% Q % Q ic% Y% Yany% ~% ~,,al% :w

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XI EXERCISES

1. Combine questions from the left column with appropriate responses from the rightcolumn.

a. O#ur gnazir ;r;k! jatron b. O#um t;saq a\sør! f\our;re c. O#w k;raw karkandake! nor ousano[in d. Qani# vam a,.at;zir! ma\rike e. O#w h siroum ;r;.a\in! ;r;k f. :#rb gnazir gradaran! .orfourd g. I#nc tw;z fa\re ordin;rin! ;r;q vam

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in 1, 2, 3, and 4. Replace ma\r withfa\r% ;[ba\r% enk;r% qou\r% n,ana‘% etc., and tikin with paron.

a. A. >ndroum ;m% ‘anojaz;*q! Ma\rs h!B. <at oura. ;m% tikin!

b. A. O#w h a\s famakr;li kine! };r ma#\rn h! B. O*c% Anna\i ma\rn h!

c. A. Ouxo#um ;s ‘anojanal mors f;t!B. Sirow% a\d tikine ma#\rd h!

d. A. Douq Anii i#ncn ;q!B. :s nra ma\rn ;m! Isk do#uq! A. :s hl Arm;ni ma\rn ;m!

3. Complete the sentences according to the pattern.

a. O#ur ;s gnoum! :r…an ;m gnoum! b. :#rb ;s gnoum :r…an! A\sør ;m &&&!c. :r…ane siro#um ;s! <at &&& d. O#w h a\nt;[ aproum! Tatiks &&&e. Ouri, o#w h a\nt;[! Enk;rn;rs &&&f. Karot;#l ;s bolorin! <at &&&g. Qani# ør ;s soworabar mnoum! Tase ør &&&

4. Answer the questions with an affirmative or negative response, using ,at or bnaw.

a. Aramin yanaco#um ;s! A\o*% law ;m yanacoum!b. ~rans;r;n git;#s! O*c% bolorowin cgit;m!c. M;r toun gnazi#r! A\o*% &&&

d. Ma\rikis f;t .os;zi#r! O*c% &&& e. Wardane a\nt;#[ hr! A\o*% &&&f. Enk;rn;ris t;sa#r! A\o*% &&&g. Entaniqis f;t ‘ano#j ;s! O*c% &&&

5. Complete the sentences using the words in the parentheses as diminutives.

a. Yanaco#um ;s! Sa im &&& (qou\r) h! - Sa im qou\rikn h!b. Afa* m;r famalsarane! Im &&& (fa\r) a\nt;[ h a,.atoum! c. O#w h a\s tariqot kine! Sa im &&& (tat) h! d. A\s ;r;.a\in yanaco#um ;s! A\o*% tikin Sar\ani &&& (jo®) h! e. O#um h na ,at siroum! Ir &&& (pap)!f. A\d t[a\i anoune i#nc h! &&& (Wardan)!g. A\d kine Anna\i i#ncn h! &&& (ma\r) h!

6. Complete the sentences, following the example in a.

a. Na .osoum hr% isk douq chiq .osoum!b. Na chr ouxoum% isk ;s &&&c. Na git;r% isk dou &&&d. Na galis hr% isk ;s &&&!e. Na a\nt;[ chr linoum% isk nranq &&&f. Na siroum hr kardal% isk ;s &&&g. Na angl;r;n .osoum hr% isk m;nq &&&

7. Insert the appropriate Armenian greeting.a. &&& % ma\rik! (Hello!)b. &&& % Arm;n! (So long!)c. &&& % tatik! (Good night!)d. &&& % fa\rik! (Good morning!)e. &&& % paron Fakob\an! (Good evening!)f. &&& % ;r;.an;r! (Welcome to you!)g. &&& % tikin! (See you later!)

8. Form interrogative sentences, concluding with the following words.a. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .os;zi#r!b. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& cgr;zi#q!c. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& gna#z!d. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fawan;zi#r!e. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& csir;zi#n!f. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& twi#r!g. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& a,.at;#z!

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9. How would you say it in Armenian?

a. May I introduce to you my relatives?b. This is my uncle (my mother’s brother: q;®i).c. This is my uncle’s wife.d. This is my grandfather. e. This is my grandmother.f. This is my aunt (my father’s sister: foraqou\r).

10. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. Fa\re i#nc .orfourd tw;z ordin;rin!b. Ordin;re ir;nz fore ls;zi#n! c. Fa\re i#nc frama\;z mi ør!d. I#nc a®a=ark;z fa\re ordin;rin!e. Ordin;re karo[aza#n za.aw;le kotr;l!f. Incp;#s kotr;zin ordin;re ,\ou[;re! g. I#nc asaz a\n vamanak fa\re!

XII PROVERBS

Fawe j…ow h j®coum% marde^ axgakanow!

[Hav§ tŒevov e tŒ§¤c¿hŒum, martŒn azgakanov]Birds fly with their wings, humans with their kin.

’;re tan s\ounn h!

[T¿ser§ tan syunn e]The elder is the pillar of the house.

Ordin forn h qa,oum% a[=ike^ more!

[VortŒin horn e kŒas¿hum, ak¿hc¿hŒik§ mor§]A son takes after his father, a daughter after her mother.

M;‘azaw% m;‘ zaw dar]aw!

[Met¿sat¿sŒav, met¿s t¿sŒav dart¿sŒav](Your child) grew, your pain grew.

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Unit 5

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Asking for an opinion and expressing one . . . . . . . . 90

Vocabulary: Clothes, colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Grammar: VERBS: The perfect and pluperfect tenses . . . . . . . . .96NOUNS: 1. Declension types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2. The genitive and dative cases . . . . . . . . . 102

Armenian-English Contrasts: 1. Impersonal sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052. Expressions of personal preference . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Word Formation: Vowel alterations and mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Pronunciation: The letters { [ and > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Orthography: :w% ;w or … ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Fagoust;[;n … gou\n;r

VÄÉà{|Çz tÇw VÉÄÉÜá

I DIALOGUES

1. A has invited B, a friend, to his//her new apartment. B’s opinion is important to A.

A. Fawano#um ;s nor bnakarans! Do you like my new apartment?[Havanum es nor b§nakaran§s?]

B. A\o*% ,at ;m fawanoum! Yes, I like it very much.[Ayo, s¿hat em havanum]

No#r ;s t;[a'o.w;l! Did you just move in?[Nor es teg¿hapŒok¿hvel]

A. A\o*! Dourd gali#s h t;sarane! Yes! Do you like the view?[Ayo. Dur§t galis e tesaran§?]

B. <a@t! Kafou\qd hl h g;[;zik! Very much! Your furniture is also nice.[S¿hat. KahuykŒ§t el e geg¿het¿sŒik]

A. Am;n inc w;r=;rs gn;zi! I bought everything recently.[Amen inc¿hŒ verc¿hŒer§s g§net¿sŒi]

Go*rgs t;s! G;[;zik h% ch#! Look at my carpet! It’s beautiful, isn’t it?[Gorg§s tes! Geg¿het¿sŒik e, c¿hŒe?]

B. Fianali@ h! Fa\kaka#n h! It’s wonderful! Is it Armenian?[Hianali e. Haykakan e?]

A. A\o*! Isk i#nc kar‘iqi ;s Yes. And what do you think [Ayo. Isk inc¿hŒ kart¿sikŒi es]

a\s \ou[ankari masin! about this oil painting?[ays yug¿han§kari masin?]

B. Wat ch! It’s not bad.[Vat c¿hŒe]

A. I#nc h% dourd c;ka#w! What’s wrong, you don’t like it?[Inc¿hŒ e, dur§t c¿hŒekav?]

B. Dvwaranoum ;m as;l! I can’t tell you.[D§z¿hvaranum em asel]

Vamanakakiz arw;ste c;m faskanoum! I don’t understand modern art.[Z¿hamanakakit¿sŒ arvest§ c¿hŒem haskanum]

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2. A is on her way to the theatre when she meets her friend B:

B. O#ur a\sp;s% xougwa‘-xardarwa‘! Where are you going, all dressed up?[Ur ayspes, zukŒvat¿s-zartŒarvat¿s?]

A. Jatron! Fawano#um ;s fagousts! To the theatre. Do you like my dress?[TŒatron. Havanum es hakŒust§s?]

B. A\o*% ,at siroun h! No#r h! Yes, it’s very nice. Is it new?[Ayo, s¿hat sirun e. Nor e?]

A. A\o*! Isk gl.arks dourd gali#s h! Yes. And how do you like my hat?[Ayo. Isk g§lk¿hark§s dur§t galis e?]

B. Da h#l h nor! Baro@w ma,;s! Is that also new? Wear it in good [Da el e nor? Barov mas¿hes] health!

A. Ko,ikn;rs cnkat;zir! You didn’t notice my shoes.[Kos¿hikner§s c¿hŒ§n§katet¿sŒir]

B. An,ou,t nkat;zi& mia\n j; Of course I noticed them; only[Ans¿hus¿ht n§katet¿sŒi; miayn tŒe ]

krounkn;re ,at bar]r c;#n! aren’t the heels too high?[k§runkner§ s¿hat bart¿sŒ§r c¿hŒen?]

A. A\o*% bar]r ;n% … fognoum ;m! Yes, they are high and I get tired. [Ayo, bart¿sŒ§r en yev hokŒnum em]

Ba\z kin ;nq% ch#! But we’re women, aren’t we?[Bayt¿sŒ kin enkŒ, c¿hŒe?]

3. A is a customer, B is a sales lady in a department store.

A. Karo#[ ;q in] zou\z tal Could you show me[Karog¿h ekŒ ind¿z t¿sŒuyt¿sŒ tal]

zouza';[ki kapou\t fagouste! the blue dress in the window?[t¿sŒut¿sŒapŒeg¿hki kapuyt hakŒust§?]

B. >ndr;m! Ouxo#um ;q 'or];l! Sure! Would you like to try it on?[K¿h§ntrem. Uzum ekŒ pŒort¿sŒel?]

A. O*c% ouri,i famar h! No, it’s for someone else.[Voc¿hŒ, uris¿hi hamar e]

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II TEXT

ANAFITE :W FA|:LIN:RE[Anahit§ yev hayeliner§]

:rb qou\rs^ Anafite% d;® 'oqr hr% ,at hr siroum wa® gou\n;re& wa® karmire [Yerp kŒuyr§s, Anahit§, de¤ pŒokŒr er, s ¿hat er sirum va¤ guyner§; va¤ karmir§

… wa® narn=agou\ne nra gou\n;rn hin! Na ,at hr siroum na… fa\;lin;re! yev va¤ nar§njaguyn§ n§ra guynern eyin. Na s ¿hat er sirum nayev hayeliner§.

Our or gnar% mi fa\;li hr gtnoum ou a®a=e kangna‘^ ir t;sqow fianoum!Ur vor g§nar, mi hayeli er g§tnum, u a¤ac ¿hŒ§ kangnat ¿s ir teskŒov hianum.

Fagouste nra famar ,at kar…or hr! Mi ør xg;stn hr% m\ous øre^ ko,ike&Hakust§ n§ra hamar s¿hat karevor er. Mi or §zgestn er, myus or§ kos¿hik§

dour chr galis nran% … chr ouxoum dproz gnal! Ma\rs fousafat hr!dur c¿hŒer galis n§ran, yev c¿hŒer uzum d§prot¿sŒ g§nal. Mayr§s husahat er.

–I@nc qmafay h m;r a[=ike% – asoum hr na faya.% – cgit;m^ inc an;m Inc¿hŒ kŒ§mahac¿h e mer ag¿hc¿hŒik§, asum er na hac¿hak¿h, c¿hŒ§gitem inc¿hŒ anem.

–K'o.wi% – asoum hr fa\rs% – ;rb m;‘ana% k'o.wi! Fa\rs irawazi hr! A\sørK§pŒok¿hvi, asum er hayr§s, yerpŒ met¿sana, k§pŒok¿hvi. Hayr§s iravat ¿sŒi er. Aysor

Anafite fa\tni nkarcoufi h … fianali tantikin! Isk fa\;lin;#re! Anahit§ haytni n§karc¿hŒuhi e yev hianali tantikin. Isk hayeliner§?

–Fima ;r;.an;rs ;n fa\;lin;rs! Nranz m;= ;m t;snoum in]% – asoum h na!Hima yerek¿haner§s en hayeliner§s. N§rant¿sŒ mec¿hŒ em tesnum ind¿z, asum e na.

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Aw;li 'oqr ca'se coun;#q! Don’t you have a smaller size?[Aveli pŒokŒr c¿hŒapŒs§ c¿hŒunekŒ?]

B. Sa miakn h% dra famar h x;[ce! This is the only one, that’s why it’s on[Sa miakn e, d§ra hamar e zeg¿hc¿hŒ§] sale.

A. I#nc h w;r=nakan gine! What is the final price?[Inc¿hŒ e verc¿hŒnakan gin§?]

B. <at hvan h& Tase faxar dram! Very cheap. Ten thousand drams.[S¿hat ez¿han e; tas§ hazar dram]

A. Fianali h! Gn;lou ;m! That’s great! I’ll buy it. [Hianali e. G§nelu yem]

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fa\;li [hayeli] mirror

;rb [yerpŒ] when

qou\r [kŒuyr] sister

d;® [de¤] still, yet

'oqr [pŒokŒ§r] small, young

a[=ik [ac¿hc¿hŒik] girl

sir;l [sirel] to love, to like

wa® [va¤] bright

gou\n [guyn] color

karmir [karmir] red

narn=agou\n [nar§njaguyn] orange

nra [n§ra] his/her/its

na… [nayev] also

our or [ur vor] wherever

gnal [g§nal] to go

our or gnar [ur vor g§nar] wherever

she would go

gtn;l [g§tnel] to find

a®a=e [a¤ac¿hŒ§] in front of it

kangna‘ [kangnat¿s] standing

t;sq [teskŒ] looks

fianal [hianal] to admire

fagoust [hakŒust] clothing

nra famar [n§ra hamar] for her

kar…or [karevor] important

mi ør [mi or] one day

m\ous øre [myus or§] another day

xg;st [§zgest] dress

ko,ik [kos¿hik] shoe

dour gal [dur gal] to please

oux;nal [uzenal] to wish

chr ouxoum [c¿hŒer uzum] didn’t wish

fagn;l [hakŒnel] to wear

dproz [d§prot¿sŒ] school

ma\r [mayr] mother

fousafat [husahat] desperate

qmafay [kŒ§mahac¿h] capricious

faya. [hac¿hak¿h] often

git;nal [gitenal] to know

an;l [anel] to do

cgit;m% inc [c¿hŒ§gitem, inc¿hŒ anem]an;m I don’t know what to do.

'o.w;l [pŒok¿hvel] to change

k'o.wi [k§pŒok¿hvi] she’ll change

fa\r [hayr] father

m;‘anal [met¿sanal] to grow older

;rb m;‘ana [yerp met¿sana]

when she grows older

irawazi [iravat¿sŒi] right

a\sør [aysor] today

fa\tni [haytni] well-known

nkarcoufi [n§karc¿hŒuhi] painter (fem.)

fianali [hianali] wonderful

tantikin [tantikin] homemaker

isk [isk] what about ...

fima [hima] now

;r;.a [yerek¿ha] child

nranz m;= [n§rant¿sŒ mec¿hŒ] in them

t;sn;l [tesnel] to see

in] [ind¿z] me, myself

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

gognoz [gokŒnot¿sŒ] apron

goti [goti] belt

aparan=an [aparanjan] bracelet

wartiq [vartikŒ] briefs

koyak [koc¿hak] button

fagoust [hakŒust] clothing, dress

w;rarkou [verarku] coat

ø]iq [od¿zikŒ] collar

bambak [bambak] cotton

xg;st [§zgest] dress

mou,tak [mus¿htak] fur

];®noz [d¿ze¤not¿sŒ] glove

pa\ousak [payusak] handbag

gl.ark [g§lk¿hark] hat

baykon [bac¿hkon] jacket

wxnoz [v§znot¿sŒ] necklace

wxkap [v§zkap] necktie

gi,;ranoz [gis¿heranot¿sŒ] nightgown

krknako,ik [k§rknakos¿hik] overshoe

grpan [g§rpan] pocket

tabat [tabat] pants

,al [s¿hal] scarf

(w;rna),apik [(verna)s¿hapik] shirt

ko,ik [kos¿hik] shoe

,r=axg;st% ';, [s¿h§rjazgest, pŒes¿h] skirt, hem

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IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

FAGOUST:{:N [HakŒusteg¿hen] CLOTHING

m;taqs [metakŒs] silk

fo[aja' [hog¿hatŒap] slipper

goulpa [gulpa] sock, stocking

lo[axg;st [log¿hazgest] swimsuit

'o[kap [pŒog¿hkap] tie

fowanoz [hovanot¿sŒ] umbrella

n;rqna,apik [nerkŒnas¿hapik] undershirt

andrawartiq [andravartikŒ] underwear

famaxg;st [hamazgest] uniform

bourd [burtŒ] wool

sryagou\n [s§rc¿haguyn] brown

s… [sev] black

kapou\t [kapuyt] blue

goun;[ [guneg¿h] colorful

osk;gou\n [voskeguyn] gold-colored

kanac [kanac¿hŒ] green

mo.ragou\n [mok¿hraguyn] grey

narn=agou\n [nar§njaguyn] orange

wardagou\n [vartŒaguyn] pink

karmir [karmir] red

ar‘ajagou\n [art¿satŒaguyn] silver-colored

;rknagou\n [yerknaguyn] sky blue, azure

manou,akagou\n [manus¿hakaguyn] violet

spitak/y;rmak [spitak/c¿hermak] white

d;[in [deg¿hin] yellow

baz kanac% etc. [bat¿sŒ kanac¿hŒ] light green

moug kanac% etc. [mukŒ kanac¿hŒ] dark green

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GOU|N:R [Guyner] COLORS

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

1. The perfect and pluperfect tenses (indicative)

In addition to the aorist (gr;zi% gr;zir% gr;z, etc. )* and the imperfect (groum hi% groum

hir% groum hr% etc.),** Armenian uses the perfect and pluperfect to express actions thattook place in the past. They are compound tenses formed by combining the auxiliary verb;m% in the present and imperfect tense respectively, with the past participle (ending either in-;l /-az;l) of the base verb (gr;l ;m% gr;l hi / kardaz;l ;m% kardaz;l hi% etc.)&The past participle of the base verb is built as follows:

a) For first-conjugation verbs (ending in -;l), the infinitive and the past participle coincide:

Infinitive Past Participle sir;l [sirel] to love → sir;l

ka®ouz;l [ka¤ut¿sŒel] to build → ka®ouz;l% etc.

b) Second-conjugation verbs (ending in -al) and irregular verbs add -;l to the aorist stem:

Infinitive Aorist Past Participle kardal [kartŒal] to read kardaz-i → kardaz;l

gal [gal] to come ;k-a → ;k;l

out;l [utel] to eat k;r-a → k;r;l% etc.

2. Formation of the perfect tense (affirmative)

The perfect paradigm consists of the past participle ending in -;l or -az;l and the pres-ent tense of the auxiliary verb ;m& All verbs build their perfect as follows:

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1st pers. (;s) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l ;m [-el/-at¿sŒel em]2nd pers. (dou) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l ;s [-el/-at¿sŒel es]3rd pers. (na) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l h [-el/-at¿sŒel e]

1st pers. (m;nq) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l ;nq [-el/-at¿sŒel enkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l ;q [-el/-at¿sŒel ekŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l ;n [-el/-at¿sŒel en]

* See Unit 4, pp. 74-76** See Unit 3, pp. 53-54.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st pers. (m;nq) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l hinq [-el/-at¿sŒel eyinkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l hiq [-el/-at¿sŒel eyikŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l hin [-el/-at¿sŒel eyin]

1st pers. (;s) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l hi [-el/-at¿sŒel eyi]2nd pers. (dou) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l hir [-el/-at¿sŒel eyir]3rd pers. (na) inf. or aorist stem + -;l/-az;l hr [-el/-at¿sŒel er]

Perfect (affirmative)

ggrr;;ll ddnn;;ll (to place) kkaarrddaall

(;s) gr;l ;m dr;l ;m kardaz;l ;m

(dou) gr;l ;s dr;l ;s kardaz;l ;s

(na) gr;l h dr;l h kardaz;l h

(m;nq) gr;l ;nq dr;l ;nq kardaz;l ;nq

(douq) gr;l ;q dr;l ;q kardaz;l ;q

(nranq) gr;l ;n dr;l ;n kardaz;l ;n

3. Formation of the perfect tense (negative)

The perfect tense forms its negative paradigm by combining the respective negative formsof the auxilary verb ;m = c;m with the -;l or -az;l participle:

ggrr;;ll gr;l ;m → c;m gr;l I have written → I haven’t written

kkaarrddaall kardaz;l ;m → c;m kardaz;lI have read → I haven’t read

ddnn;;ll dr;l ;m → c;m dr;l I have placed → I haven’t placed

4. Formation of the pluperfect tense

Pluperfect consists of the past participle ending in -;l or -az;l and the imperfect tense ofthe auxiliary verb ;m → hi& All verbs form pluperfect in the following way:

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SINGULAR

PLURAL

Pluperfect (affirmative)

ggrr;;ll ddnn;;ll kkaarrddaall

(;s) gr;l hi dr;l hi kardaz;l hi

(dou) gr;l hir dr;l hir kardaz;l hir

(na) gr;l hr dr;l hr kardaz;l hr

(m;nq) gr;l hinq dr;l hinq kardaz;l hinq

(douq) gr;l hiq dr;l hiq kardaz;l hiq

(nranq) gr;l hin dr;l hin kardaz;l hin

5. Formation of the pluperfect (negative):

The pluperfect tense forms its negative paradigm by combining the respective negativeforms of the auxilary verb ;m (hi → chi) with the -;l or -az;l participle:

ggrr;;ll gr;l hi → chi gr;l I had written → I hadn’t written

ddnn;;ll dr;l hi → chi dr;l I had put → I hadn’t put

kkaarrddaall kardaz;l hi → chi kardaz;lI had read → I hadn’t read

6. Uses of the perfect tense

The perfect tense (gr;l ;m% kardaz;l ;m, etc.) refers to a past action that still holds inthe present time:

}\oune ;k;l h ou ‘a‘k;l am;n inc!

[D¿zyun§ yekel e u t¿sat¿skel amen inc¿hŒ]The snow has fallen and has covered everything. (I am witnessing it.)

a) In that sense, it differs in meaning from the aorist (gr;zi% gr;zir% gr;z, etc.), whichexpresses a past action without any reference to duration or progression. Compare theusage of these two tenses in the following sentences:

perfect: Bolor enk;rn;rd ;k;l ;n q;x t;sn;lou!

[Bolor §nkerner§t yekel en kŒez tesnelu]All of your friends have come to see you. (They are still here.)

aorist: Bolor enk;rn;rd ;kan q;x t;sn;lou!

[Bolor §nkerner§t yekan kŒez tesnelu]All your friends came to see you. (No indication whether they are still here.)

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There are other differences in meaning between these two past tenses:

b) While the aorist (gr;zi% kardazi% etc.) refers to an action in the immediate past, theperfect (gr;l ;m% kardaz;l ;m% etc.) indicates a more general and distant action. Thusthe choice between these two past tenses is made according to the context:

perfect – A\s girqe kardaz;#l ;s! Have you (ever) read this book?

aorist – :r;k kardazi! I read it yesterday.

perfect – Tarin;r a®a= ;m kardaz;l! I read it years ago.

Therefore, words such as just now, yesterday, etc., are more likely to appear with the aoristthan with the perfect:

aorist – Q;x o#w asaz! – :r;k ls;zi! (But not: :r;k ;m ls;l!)[–KŒez ov asat¿sŒ? –Yerek l§set¿sŒi] (But not: Yerek em l§sel]Who told you? I heard it yesterday.

c) As opposed to the aorist, past activity expressed by the perfect does not necessarilyindicate activity experienced by the speaker, but rather knowledge of an activity:

aorist – Annan ort;#[ h! – Inc-or t;[ ggnnaazz!

[–Annan vorteg¿h e? – Inc¿hŒ-vor teg¿h g§nat¿sŒ]

Where is Anna? She went somewhere. (I saw her going.)

perfect – A,otn o#ur h! –Dproz hh ggnnaazz;;ll!

[–Ashotn ur e? – D§prot¿sŒ e g§nat¿sŒel]Where is Ashot? He went to school. (I believe.)

d) The Armenian perfect also has a reportative or mediative meaning that plays an impor-tant role in colloquial speech. Forms such as gnaz;l ;m% ;k;l ;m% etc., and most typical-ly, forms in the third person gnaz;l h% ;k;l ;n% etc., indicate a past activity regarded bythe speaker as alleged, hearsay, or information not witnessed but rather obtained from athird party:

Ir;n (ibr… j;) t;s;l ;m% ba\z c;m bar…;l!

[Iren (ipŒrev tŒe) tesel em, bayt¿sŒ c¿hŒem barevel]I have (allegedly) seen him, but have not greeted him.

Ls;zi#r! Karin;n amousnaz;l h!

[L§set¿sŒir? Karinen amusnat¿sŒel e]Have you heard? Karine got married. (So they say.)

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e) In certain contexts of colloquial speech, the perfect tense can indicate an action in thefuture:

M;k hl or nman ban ;s ar;l% f;td c;m .osi!

[Mek el or n§man ban es arel, het§t c¿hŒem k¿hosi]If you ever do (literally: did) something like that, I will not talk to you again.

7. Uses of the pluperfect tense

Pluperfect is a past perfect tense that denotes an activity completed prior to another activ-ity in the past. Here are two examples to illustrate the use of pluperfect in Armenian:

:rb fasanq% fam;rgn ard;n sskkssww;;ll hhrr!

[YerpŒ hasankŒ, hamergn artŒen sk§svel er]When we arrived, the concert had already started.

Cgit;i% or nranq zzaannkkaazz;;ll hhiinn gal!

[C¿hŒ§giteyi, vor n§rankŒ t¿sŒankat¿sŒel eyin gal]I didn’t know that they had wanted to come.

Pluperfect can also indicate an action previous to another action that the speaker has notwitnessed but reports on it based on hearsay or on the action’s results:

Marian wa[ouz ir enk;rn;ri f;t cchhrr ..ooss;;ll!

[Marian vag¿hut¿sŒ ir §nkerneri het c¿hŒer k¿hosel]Maria had not spoken to her friends for a long time.

B. NOUNS

1. Declension types

When declined, nouns change their forms in the genitive case first: they either take a gen-itive case marker or mutate or do both. Therefore, basic declensions are named afterchanges that nouns undergo in the genitive case, such as the -ii declension, -oouu declen-sion, -oorr declension, etc. Here are the common declension types:

--ii declension

This is the most productive declension type. Most Armenian common and proper nouns,as well as nominalized (i.e. non-nominals with the definite article -e) adjectives, partici-ples, postpositions, numerals, and pronouns are declined by this paradigm:

s;[an → s;[ani% qa[aq → qa[aqi% ‘a® → ‘a®i% care → cari% \oje → \oji%

gra‘e → gra‘i% m;=e → mi=i% m\ouse → m\ousi% "arix → "arixi% etc.

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--oouu declension

Here belong many nouns ending in -i: ]i → ]iou% oski → oskou% a,ak;rtoufi →a,ak;rtoufou; all infinitives: gr;l → gr;lou% gal → galou% .m;l → .m;lou% etc.;some proper names, Armenian and non-Armenian: M;[ri → M;[rou% Lo®i → Lo®ou%

Gorki → Gorkou% etc.; and the following nouns: mard → mardou% amousin → amous-

nou% anko[in → anko[nou% Astwa‘ → Ast‘ou% a\gi → a\gou% gini → ginou% etc.

--aann declension

Abstract nouns ending in -oum: ousoum → ousman% bouvoum → bouvman% etc., somemonosyllabic words like dou® → d®an% ga® → ga®an% ]ouk → ]kan% mouk → mkan%

jo® → jo®an% etc., and the nouns: a,oun → a,nan% garoun → garnan% and manouk

→ mankan% etc. Also abstract nouns ending in -ouj\oun: oura.ouj\oun →oura.ouj\an% ‘;rouj\oun → ‘;rouj\an% barouj\oun → barouj\an% etc.

--wwaa declension

Nouns denoting time: vam → vamwa% ør → ørwa% ,abaj → ,abajwa% tari →tarwa% gi,;r → gi,;rwa% z;r;k → z;r;kwa% ama® → ama®wa% ]m;® → ]m;®wa%

a®awot → a®awotwa% vamanak → vamanakwa% etc., and many temporal adverbs:a\sør → a\sørwa% ;r;k → ;r;kwa% wa[e → wa[wa% a®a= → a®a=wa% fima →fimikwa% wa[ouz → wa[ouzwa% etc.

--oorr declension

Some nouns denoting family members: fa\r → for% ma\r → mor% ;[ba\r → ;[bor%and compounds such as mor;[ba\r → mor;[bor% etc.

--oo== declension

A few nouns denoting relatives and friends: qou\r → qro=% kin → kno=% enk;r →enk;ro=% sk;sour → sk;sro=% tal → talo=% t;gr → t;gro=% t;r → tiro=% tikin→ tikno=% etc.

--oo declension

This is the remnant of an archaic declension type. Very few words take this genitive form:fou\s → fouso% soug → sgo% s;r → siro% patiw → patwo% mamoul → mamlo% etc.

There are also certain irregular genitive-dative forms that apply to only one word or a fewwords:

-a: a[=ik → a[=ka

-;r: doustr → dst;r% ka\sr → ka\s;r-wan: maf → mafwan% anoun → anwan

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-\an: s\oun → s\an% galoust → galst\an% ‘nound → ‘nnd\an%

ank\oun → ank\an% ar\oun → ar\an

Although certain semantic groups of nouns tend to gravitate towards particular declensiontypes, there are no exhaustive rules. Therefore, the declension of each noun must belearned separately. Note that in contemporary usage many nouns tend to follow the morecommon -i declension. This occurs particularly in colloquial speech:

ar\oun → ar\an or ar\ouni

anoun → anwan or anouni

manouk → mankan or manouki (proper name only: Manouki)

galoust → galst\an or galousti

While the singular forms of the genitive and dative cases manifest a great diversity, thiscannot be said about the plural cases which, in fact, are quite uniform. The plural geni-tive/dative of nouns is formed from the nominative singular with the addition of the plu-ral -(n);r ending + -i(n):

Nom. sing. a[=ik girl → gen. sing.: a[=ka → gen./dat. plur.: a[=ik-n;r-i(n)

Nom. sing. anoun name → gen. sing.: anwan → gen./dat. plur.: anoun-n;r-i(n)

Nom. sing. ]i horse → gen. sing.: ]iou → gen./dat. plur.: ]i-;r-i(n)Nom. sing. qou\r sister → gen. sing.: qro= → gen./dat. plur.: qou\r-;r-i(n)

Some nouns preserve the genitive singular mutations or alternation of certain root vowels(see pp. 107-108 in this unit) in the plural:

Nom. sing. girq book → Gen. sing.: grqi → gen./dat. plur.: grq;ri(n)Nom. sing. sout lie → Gen. sing.: sti → gen./dat. plur.: st;ri(n)

Some nouns deviate from this plural genitive/dative pattern: Nouns with the plural suffix-q, -ik% or -a\q (see pp. 32 and 102) take the ending -z:

Nom. sing. kin woman → Nom. plur.: kana\q → gen./dat. plur.: kananz

Nom. sing. mard man → Nom. plur.: mardik → gen./dat. plur.: mardkanz

Nom. sing. Grigor Grigor → nom. plur.: Grigor;nq → gen./dat. plur.: Grigor;nz

2. The genitive and dative cases

These two cases coincide basically in form, but differ in function. While the genitive is alwaysused without the definite article, the dative appears with or without it.

The genitive case primarily expresses possession. It may also indicate provenance andattribution; as such, it modifies a noun that is either the subject or the complement of a sen-

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tence. In Armenian, the genitive is commonly placed before the noun it modifies:

:r…ani .a[o[e -i declension[Yerevani k¿hag¿hog¿h§]the grapes of Yerevan

mardou ;raxn;re -ou declension[martŒu yerazner§]the man’s dreams

n®an gou\ne -an declension[n§¤an guyn§]the color of pomegranate

oura.ouj\an arzounqn;re -\an declension[urak¿hutŒyan art¿sŒunkŒner§]the tears of joy

tarwa ;[anakn;re -wa declension[tarva yeg¿hanakner§]the seasons of the year

qro=s amousine -o= declension[kŒ§roc¿hŒ§s amusin§]my sister’s husband

Genitive forms of nouns are often synonymous with adjectives derived from nouns:

mor s;re ma\rakan s;re

[mor ser§] [mayrakan ser§]a mother’s love motherly love

jagawori palate jagaworakan palate

[tŒakŒavori palat§] [tŒakŒavorakan palat§]the King’s palace the royal palace

tan a,.atanq tna\in a,.atanq

[tan as¿hk¿hatankŒ] [t§nayin as¿hk¿hatankŒ]housework home work, domestic work

The genitive is also required by some prepositions and postpositions:

a®anz a,.atanqi fors masin

[a¤ant¿sŒ as¿hk¿hatankŒi] [hor§s masin]without work about my father

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The primary function of the dative case is to indicate the recipient or the beneficiary of anaction. It is the case of the indirect object. Many verbs, nouns and adjectives govern theindirect object in the dative case (see Unit 11, p. 262).

While in Armenian a limited number of verbs take only one object in the dative (see p.262), there is a large group of verbs that govern two objects, one in the dative, the other inthe accusative. Verbs of ‘giving’ (lending, offering, etc.) and ‘communicating’ (saying,reporting, explaining, writing, etc.) belong to this group. In each of the following sen-tences, for instance, verbs take both a direct and an indirect object (see p. 263):

Girqs ousano[in tw;zi! >ndire q;x bazatr;l ;m!

[GirkŒ§s usanog¿hin t§vet¿sŒi] [K¿h§ntŒir§ kŒez bat¿sŒatrel em]I gave my book to the student. I have explained the problem to you.

The direct and indirect objects in the sentences above are governed by the verbs tal

to give and bazatr;l to explain respectively: As a rule, the direct object in the accusa-tive case refers to a thing (girqs% .ndire), the indirect object in the dative case repre-sents a person (ousano[in% q;x) who is the recipient of the action.

The dative case may also be used to express various adverbials, for instance:

a) time

Ma\isin ward;re bazwoum ;n! K;sgi,;rin mi ]a\n ls;zi!

[Mayisin vartŒer§ bat¿sŒvum en] [Kesgis¿herin mi d¿zayn l§set¿sŒi] In May, roses open. At midnight I heard a noise.

b) place

Na d®ane kangna‘ h! Ktourin mi j®coun hr ;rgoum!

[Na d§¤an§ kangnat¿s e] [K§turin mi tŒ§¤c¿hŒun er yerkŒum]He is standing at the door. There was a bird singing on the roof.

c) manner (price, measure, age, etc.)

Faxar drami gn;zi! M;nq nou\n tariqi mardik ;nq!

[Hazar drami g§net¿sŒi] [MenkŒ nuyn tarikŒi enkŒ]I bought (it) for a hundred drams. We are (people) of the same age.

d) purpose

Ya,i gnazinq! :kanq øgn;lou!

[C¿has¿hi g§nat¿sŒinkŒ] [YekankŒ okŒnelu]We went to dinner. We came to help.

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

1. Impersonal sentences

Unlike English, Armenian has an elaborate set of personal endings for conjugating verbs,rendering personal pronouns redundant. This applies not only to sentences where the personis implied in the context and identified by the personal ending but even more so to sentencesthat don’t have an expressed subject. While impersonal sentences in English start with theempty subject word it, or the impersonal pronoun one, Armenian does not use a pronoun.

1. Impersonal sentences in the 3rd person singular refer to daylight and temperature changes:

Mjnoum h / lousanoum h / zrtoum h% etc.[M§tŒnum e / lusanum e / t¿sŒ§rtum e, etc.]It is getting dark / light / cold, etc.*

2. Impersonal sentences with adjectives and nouns linked by a copula (h% ch% hr% ;[aw%

etc.) evaluate various situations and events or pass judgment on them:

(An)kar;li (c)h / dvwar (c)h / amoj (c)h / wtangawor (c)h% etc.[(An)kareli (c¿hŒ)e/d§z¿hvar (c¿hŒ)e/amotŒ (c¿hŒ)e/v§tangavor (c¿hŒ)e% etc.]It is (im)possible/it is (not) difficult/it is (not) shameful/it is (not) dangerous

3. Sentences starting with p;tq (c)h [petkŒ (c¿hŒ)e] express necessity, a need or an order:

P;tq h faskanal / p;tq ch wfatw;l / p;tq h ,tap;l% etc.[PetkŒ e haskanal / petkŒ c¿hŒe v§hatvel / petkŒ e §s¿htapel, etc.]One/We must understand / One/We should not wince / One/We must hurry, etc.

4. Impersonal sentences with a verb in the 3rd person singular of the passive voice (see p.155) have synonymous forms in the 3rd person plural of the active voice:

Aswoum h or asoum ;n / fan]nararwoum h or fan]nararoum ;n% etc.[Asvum e or asum en / hand¿znararvum e or hand¿znararum en, etc.]It is said or they say / it is recommended or they recommend, etc.

Note that the only contrasting feature in the formation of impersonal sentences betweenArmenian and English is that Armenian does not use pronouns as the English does (cf. it,they, one, etc.). As for the use of verbal categories, i.e. person, number, tense, mood, andvoice, the formation of impersonal sentences in these two languages is mostly similar.

* Synonymous sentences describing weather conditions have a subject, but still lack reference to the doer ofthe action: An]r… / karkout / ]\oun h galis% etc.

[And¿zrev / karkut / d¿zyun e galis, etc.]It is raining / hailing / snowing, etc.

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2. Expressions of personal preference

There are two basic verbs expressing personal preference in Armenian: sir;l [sirel] tolove, fawan;l [havanel] to like, and one phrasal verb dour gal [dur gal] to appeal, toplease. In their affirmative or negative forms the basic verbs express people’s likes anddislikes:

Siroum ;m vs. C;m siroum Fawanoum ;m vs. C;m fawanoum

[sirum em vs. c¿hŒem sirum] [havanum em vs. c¿hŒem havanum]I love vs. I don’t love I like vs. I don’t like

The meaning of the Armenian verb sir;l [sirel] has a broader scope than that of theEnglish verb to love. It often overlaps with the meaning of fawan;l [havanel] to like.However, the use of the verbs sir;l and fawan;l do not, on the whole, pose great diffi-culty to the English-speaking learner of Armenian. It is the very common phrasal verbdour gal [dur gal] to appeal, to please (literally: to come across as appealing or likeableto someone) that needs special attention. Here is how dour gal [dur gal] is used:

1. The preferred item is brought into focus by moving it from the object to the subject posi-tion. Thus, rather than the construction I like X the reverse construction, X pleases me, isemployed:

(:s) fawanoum ;m kinonkare! vs. Kinonkare in] dour h galis!

[(Yes) havanum em kinon§kar§] [Kinon§kar§ ind¿z dur e galis]I like the film. The film pleases me.

Thus, the person who likes or dislikes something or someone – marked by X – is beingexpressed by a personal pronoun (in]% q;x% nran% m;x% ];x% nranz% etc.) or a noun(Anna\in% mors% enk;ro=s etc.) in the dative case.

X-e mardkanz% Arm;nin% m;x% bolorin ,at dour ;kaw/c;kaw!

[X-§ martŒkant¿sŒ, Armenin, mez, bolorin s¿hat dur yekav/c¿hŒekav] People, Armen, we, everybody liked/disliked X very much.

2. While the conjugated verb gal agrees in person and number with the subject X assertedas being liked or disliked, the possessive markers attached to the nominal component dourrefer to the subject who likes or dislikes something. The latter is carried out by using the pos-sessive adjective (im% qo% nra% m;r% ];r% nranz) before dour.

Singular

1st person: X-e in] dour ;kaw [X-§ ind¿z dur yekav]2nd person: X-e q;x dour ;kaw [X-§ kŒez dur yekav]3rd person: X-e nran dour ;kaw [X-§ n§ran dur yekav]

Plural

1st person: X-e m;x dour ;kaw [X-§ mez dur yekav] 2nd person: X-e ];x dour ;kaw [X-§ d¿zez dur yekav]3rd person: X-e nranz dour ;kaw [X-§ n§rant¿sŒ dur yekav]

3. The possessive adjective (im% qo% nra% m;r% ];r% nranz) can be replaced by a noun(person) or other pronoun in the dative case (see p. 104 in this unit).

X-e Arm;nin% Anna\in% mardkanz% bolorin dour ;kaw!

[X-§ Armenin, Annayin, martŒkant¿sŒ, bolorin dur yekav] Armen, Anna, people, everybody liked/disliked X.

4. In a sentence containing the phrasal verb dour gal, questions are asked as follows:

a. For the person to whom X does or does not appeal, the dative: o#um to whom?

O#um dour c;kaw a\s ilme! :[bors dour c;kaw!

[Um dur c¿hŒekav ays film§?] [Yeg¿hpor§s dur c¿hŒekav]Who didn’t like this film? My brother did not like it.(Lit.: To whom did this film not appeal?)(It did not appeal to my brother.)

b. For the person or thing being liked/disliked the nominative: o#w who? or i#nc what?

O#w q;x dour ci galis! I#nce q;x dour ci galis!

[Ov kŒez dur c¿hŒi galis?] [Inc¿hŒ§ kŒez dur c¿hŒi galis?]Who does not please you (informal)? What does not please you?

VII WORD FORMATION

Vowel alterations and mutations in the same root

In word formation, declension, and in plural formation certain root vowels within words maychange or be suppressed on a regular basis. This change is triggered by the shift of stressfrom the root to the next, usually the last syllable of words. As a result, words with commonroots display recurring vowel alterations and mutations that can be isolated and described:

1. ii [[ii]] →→ ee [[§]]*

EXAMPLES: sirt [sirt] heart → srti [s§rti] heartgen, srtaban [s§rtaban] cardiologist,srtagin [s§rtagin] heartfelt, etc., gir [gir] letter → gr;l [g§rel] to write,gro[ [g§rog¿h] writer, gradaran [g§radaran] library, grakan [g§rakan] lit-erary, etc., girq [girkŒ] book → grq;r [g§rkŒer] books, etc.

* Note that here e [§] is pronounced, but not written, except in hyphenation (see Unit 9, p. 215.)

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2. ii [[ii]] →→ Ø *

EXAMPLES:patiw [pativ] honor → patwi [patvi] honorgen, patw;l [patvel] to honor, patwawor [patvavor] honorablefa,iw [has¿hiv] account → fa,wi [has¿hvi] accountgen, fa,w;l [has¿hvel] to count, to calculate, fa,wapaf [has¿hvapah] accountant

3. ii [[ii]] →→ oouu [[uu]]

EXAMPLES:a\gi [aygi] garden → a\gou [aygu] gardengenordi [vortŒi] son → ordou [vortŒu] songengini [gini] wine → ginou [ginu] winegen

4. oouu [[uu]] →→ ee [[§]] (pronounced but not written)EXAMPLES

sout [sut] lie → sti [s§ti] liegen, st;l [s§tel] to lie, sta.os [s§tak¿hos] liarbourd [burtŒ] wool → brd; [b§rtŒe] woolgen, brd\a [b§rtŒya] woolen dours [durs] out(side) → drsi [d§rsi] outsidegen, drs;zi [d§rset¿sŒi] outsidertoun [tun] house → tn;r [t§ner] houses, gir [gir] letter → gr;r [g§rer] letters

5. oouu [[uu]] →→ Ø *EXAMPLES:

ousoum [usum] study → ousman [usman] studygenanzoum [ant¿sŒum] passage → anzman [ant¿sŒman] passagegen

6. oouu\\ [[uuyy]] →→ oouu [[uu]]EXAMPLES:

lou\s [luys] light → lousawor [lusavor] bright, lousamout [lusamut] window fou\s [huys] hope → fouso [huso] hopegen, fousafat [husahat] desperatejou\n [tuyn] poison → jounawor [tŒunavor] poisonous, jounawor;l [tunavorel] to poison

7. ;; [[ee]] →→ ii [[ii]]

EXAMPLES:s;r [ser] love → siro [siro] lovegen, sir;l [sirel] to love, sir;kan [sirekan]lover, sirafarw;l [siraharvel] to fall in lovet;r [ter] master → tiro= [tiroc¿hŒ] mastergen, tir;l [tirel] to reign, etc., nw;r [n§ver] present → nwir;l [n§virel] to give (a gift), etc.

* Ø stands for the complete reduction of the vowel.

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

The letters {{ [[ and >> ..

{ [ [g¿h] and > . [k¿h] stand for a pair of voiced and voiceless guttural consonants inArmenian that do not exist in the English alphabet. Guttural is the term for sounds that arecreated in the throat.

The voiced { [ is pronounced like the uvular ‘r’ in Parisian French pronunciation; cf ‘r’in rouge - red, or arrière - behind; cf. the Modern Greek ‘Á’ in Á¿Ù· [g¿hata] cat.

EXAMPLES: {axaros [G¿hazaros] Lazarus, lo[al [log¿hal] to swim, [;kawar [g¿hekavar]leader, etc.

The voiceless > . is pronounced like the German velar fricative x-Laut in acht - eight orBach.

EXAMPLES: .os;l [k¿hosel] to speak, oura. [urak¿h] joyful, happy, .a®n [k¿ha¤§n] mixed,.ra.ous;l [k¿hŒ§rak¿husel] to encourage, etc.

Armenian words that contain both of these guttural sounds represent certain difficulties forthe English-speaking learner. They can be overcome by steady practice.

EXAMPLES: .a[o[ [k¿hag¿hog¿h] grape, .a[a[ [k¿hag¿hag¿h] peaceful, .a[a[ouj\oun

[k¿hag¿hag¿hutŒyun] piece, ka.a[an [kak¿hag¿han] gallows, etc.

In some words, { [ [g¿h] is pronounced > . [k¿h], confusing in some cases even the nativespeaker. Consider the common words a[=ik [ag¿hc¿hŒik] girl and a[qat [ag¿hkŒat] poor,pronounced [ak¿hc¿hŒik] and [ak¿hkŒat] respectively.

Note the following spelling and pronunciation rules:

1. Before } ] [d¿z] and + = [j], the letter { [ [g¿h], not > . [k¿h], is written although thepronunciation is close to > . [k¿h]:

d;[] [deg¿ht¿sŒ] peach pronounced [dek¿ht¿sŒ]c[=ik [c¿hŒ§g¿hc¿hŒik] bat pronounced [c¿hŒ§k¿hc¿hŒik]

2. Before J j the letter { [ [g¿h], not > . [k¿h], is written despite the fact that the pro-nunciation of { [ [g¿h] is close to > . [k¿h]:

jou[j [tŒug¿htŒ] paper pronounced [tŒuk¿htŒ]ma[j;l [mag¿htŒel] to wish pronounced [mak¿htŒel]fa[janak [hag¿htŒanak] victory, etc. pronounced [hak¿htŒanak]

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

:w% ;w or … ?

In modern Eastern Armenian there are two distinct spellings for the sound combinations[yev] and [ev]:

a) the ligature … that exists only in the lower caseb) two letters, ; and w% appearing as :w or ;w

Unlike the two Armenian letters ; and w, the graphic sign … does not belong to the Armenianalphabet due to its ambiguous phonetic value. It is however perceived as a complementationto the alphabet and is widely used to replace the combination ;+w in East Armenian writingand printing. Here are some orthographic and phonetic rules for the usage of :w% ;w or ….

1. Occurences of …:

a) The ligature … is used to designate an independent word, namely the coordinateconjunction … [yev] with the meaning and.

EXAMPLES: … a\ln Mardik … nranz mi=awa\re

[yev ayl§n] [MartŒik yev n§rant¿sŒ mijavayr§] et cetera (literally: and other[s]) Humans and their environment

b) In medial or final position of words, … stands for [ev] after consonants: ;r…ou\j [yereevvuytŒ] phenomenon, j… [tŒeevv] arm, ar… [areevv] sun, øj…an [otŒeevvan]inn, shelter, t;r… [tereevv] leaf, ibr… [ipŒreevv] as, in the role of, or…h [voreevve] any, etc.

c) In medial or final position of words … stands for [yev] after vowels: na… [nayyeevv] also, as well, j;… [tŒeyyeevv] although, etc.

d) In initial position of words … occurs only in two instances: …s [yyeevv§s] also, aswell and …;j [yyeevvet] right away, at once.

2. Occurences of :w% ;w:

a) In initial position of names of foreign origin, compounds and derivations thereof::wropa [Yevropa] Europe, ;wropakan [yyeevvropakan] European, fnd;wropakan

[h§ndevropakan] Indo-European, etc.

b) In hyphenation: ;r;-wou\j% j;-wawor% ar;-wa\in% etc.

c) When printed in capital letters: :R:WOU|J [yerevuytŒ] phenomenon,AR:W:LQ [arevelk] East, J:W [tŒev] arm, etc.

d) In compound words, when the letters ;+w meet by coincidence: tar;;ww;r= [tareverc¿hŒ] end of the year (from tari+a+w;r= year+end) fog;;wwiyak

[hokŒevic¿hak] emotional state, (from fogi+a+wiyak soul+state), etc.

X EXERCISES

1. Combine words from each of the columns to create appropriate utterances; trans-late them.a. Gorg;rs dours ci galis!

b. C;m siroum nor ;n!

c. A\s fagouste wa® gou\n;re!

d. Fagoustd c;m karo[!

e. Ort;#[ h fawano#um ;s!

f. Jatron gnal fa\;lin!

g. T;sarans no#r h!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the given patterns in 1, 2, 3 and 4. Replacefagoust with gl.ark% w;rarkou% ko,ikn;r% 'o[kap% pa\ousak% etc.

1. A. Fagousts fawano#um ;s!B. <at ya,akow h! Baro@w wa\;l;s nor fagoustd!

2. A. Fagousts dourd gali#s h!B. A\o*% ba\z ;s ard;n t;s;l ;m a\s fagouste!

3. A. Fagousts g;[;zik h% ch#!B. A\s fagoustd im ya,akow ch! Kn;r;s% in] dour ci galis!

4. A. Arame fawan;#z fagoustd! B. Arame im fagoustn;re ;rb;q ci fawanoum!

3. Form mini-dialogues according to the given patterns 1, 2, 3 and 4. Replace the dis-cussed item ya, with .mor;[;n% apour% ]wa‘;[% a[zan% etc.

1. A. Ya,s fawano#um ;s!B. A\o*% ,at fam;[ h! Apr;@s!

2. A. I@nc fam;[ h ya,d!B. Im ya,;re mi,t hl siroum ;s!

4. A. A\s ya,e do#u ;s patrast;l!B. Ouri, o#w h a\st;[ ya, patrastoum!

5. A. Ya,s incp;#s h!B. Wat ch! A. I#nc h% q;x dour ci# galis!B. A\spisi ya,;r c;m siroum!

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4. Complete the sentences by using the negative forms of the verbs in parentheses.

a. A\s bnakarane 'oqr h& cfawan;zi! (fawan;l)b. A\s ba®e cinar;n h& &&& (faskanal)c. A\s ya,;re ‘anr hin& &&& (dour cgal)d. A\s fagouste fin h& &&& (fagn;l)e. A\s girqe jank h& &&& (gn;l)f. A\s ginin jjou hr& &&& (dour cgal)g. A\d gl.arke ,at m;‘ hr& &&& (dour gal)

5. Respond to the questions according to the given pattern.

a. Ya, k;r;#l ;s! O*c% d;® c;m k;r;l!

b. Gini .m;#l ;s! O*c% d;® &&&

c. A\s ;r,ike 'or];#l ;s! O*c% &&&

d. A\s girqe kardaz;#l ;s! O*c% &&&

e. Soury .m;#l ;s! O*c% &&&

f. Pa[pa[ak gn;#l ;s! O*c% &&&

g. }wa‘;[ sarq;#l ;s! O*c% &&&

6. Complete the second statement according to the given pattern.

a. – J;\ ouxo#um ;s! – NNoorr ;m j;\ .m;l!

b. – Soury c;#s ouxoum .m;l! – MMii qqiicc aa®®aa== &&&

c. – Qou\rs ci ouxoum jatron a\z;l;l! – ::rr;;kk &&&

d. – Girqe c;#s ouxoum kardal! – MMii aammiiss aa®®aa== &&&

e. – Ouxo#um ;s ya,;l! – NNoorr &&&

f. – <ouka gnaz;#l ;s! – AA®®aawwoott\\aann &&&

g. – Nor nkars t;s;#l ;s! – ::rr;;kk &&&

7. Answer the following questions using the words in parentheses.

a. Fawano#um ;s a\s nkare! (,at) A\o*% ,,aatt ;m fawanoum!

b. Papikd law lso#um h! (dvwar) Mi qic ddvvwwaarr h lsoum!

c. Gradaran gno#um ;s! (faya.) A\o*% ffaayyaa.. &&&

d. Fa\rd inco#u c;kaw! (mi,t ou,) Na mmii,,tt &&&

e. Jatron a\z;lo#um ;s! (faya.) A\o*% ffaayyaa.. &&&

f. Nra l;xoun faskano#um ;s! (dvwar) Mi qic ddvvwwaarr &&&

g. Siro#um ;s lo[al! (,at) A\o*% ,,aatt &&&

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8. Complete the sentences following the pattern.

a. Na galis hr% isk ;s chi galis!

b. Na ouxoum hr cinar;n sowor;l% isk ;s &&&

c. Na groum hr% isk dou &&&

d. Nranq .osoum hin% isk douq &&&

e. Na a\nt;[ hr linoum% isk dou &&&

f. Na siroum hr kardal% isk ;s &&&

g. Na ,at hr kardoum% isk m;nq &&&

9. Complete the interrogative sentences and respond to them.

a. O#um f;t hir .osoum! Enk;ro=s f;t hi .osoum!

b. I#nc &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (gr;l)! Namak &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

c. O#um &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (namak gr;l)! Mors &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

d. O#w &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(gal)! Annan &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

e. O#ur&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(gnoum)! <ouka &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

f. Ort;#[ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(sowor;l)! Famalsaranoum &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

g. c. I#nc &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(oux;l)! Mi ban &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

10. How would you say it in Armenian?

A. Your classmate’s opinion is important to you. You ask:

a. What’s your opinion of our teacher? (kar‘iq)b. How was my answer? (patas.an)c. I read Armenian well, don’t I?d. He speaks Armenian well, doesn’t he?e. Don’t you like my letter?f. Don’t you think that this book is good?g. Do you like our new teacher?

B. You have guests in your new house. You ask them about their impressions:

a. How do you like our new apartment? b. our garden?c. our kitchen?d. my bedroom?e. our dining room ?f. our new furniture?

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11. Answer the questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. I#nc hr siroum Anafite% ;rb 'oqr hr!

b. I#nc gou\n;r hr siroum Anafite!

c. O#w hr fousafat!

d. I#nc hr asoum ma\rike!

e. I#nc hr patas.anoum fa\rike!

f. Qani# ;r;.a ouni a\sør Anafite!

g. I#nc h anoum a\sør Anafite!

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XI PROVERBS

Mardoun mard ,ino[e fagoustn h!

[MartŒun martŒ s¿hinog¿h§ hakŒustn e]Clothes make the man.

Fagoust tour^ ,norfqi gam% faz tour^ ouvi gam!

[HakŒust tur, s¿h§norkŒi gam, hat¿sŒ tur, uz¿hi gam]

Dress me to look smart; feed me to be strong.

H,e^ jambow% marde^ fagoustow!

[Es¿h§ tŒambov, martŒ§ hakŒustov] Donkeys (are judged) by their saddles, humans by their clothes.

’ala‘ fagouste inqn ir;n kma,wi!

[T¿salat¿s hakŒust§ inkŒn iren k§mas¿hvi]Folded clothing wears out by itself.(Message: Clothes are to be used.)

Unit 6

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Asking about and telling time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Vocabulary: Time expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Grammar: VERBS: 1.The future and the future imperfect . . . . . . .124 2. The imperative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

NOUNS: The ablative case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

NUMERALS: 1. Ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312. Distributive numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323. Fractional numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Armenian-English Contrasts: Interrogative sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Word Formation: Formation of nouns denoting persons . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Pronunciation: The letters } ]% ’ ‘% and Z z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Orthography: Armenian syllabification and the transitory [§] . . . . . .137

Vamanaka\inartafa\touj\ounn;r

g|Åx XåÑÜxáá|ÉÇá

I DIALOGUES

1. A and B are students taking the same Armenian course. It is before Armenian class.

A. Vame qani#sn h! What time is it?[Z¿ham§ kŒanisn e?]

B. Oujn anz k;s h! It’s half past eight.[UtŒn ant¿sŒ kes e]

A. Our;mn d;® k;s vam oun;nq That means we still have half an hour[Urem§n de¤ kes z¿ham unenkŒ]

minc… fa\;r;ni dase! before Armenian class.[minc¿hŒev hayereni das§]

B. Ou[i[ ;r;soun rop;! Exactly thirty minutes.[Ug¿hig¿h yeresun rope]

A. I@nc law h& Ari* miasin That’s great! Come, let’s prepare[Inc¿hŒlav e! Ari miasin]

fa\;r;ni dasin patrastw;nq! for the Armenian class together.[hayereni dasin patrast§venkŒ]

B. :s patrast ;m! I’m ready.[Yes patrast em]

A. Ko[qis nsti*r ou in] øgni*r! Sit next to me and help me![Kog¿hkŒis n§stir, u ind¿z okŒnir!]

B. Girqe ba*z ara ou karda*! Open the book and read![GirkŒ§ bat¿sŒ ara u kartŒa!]

2. At the Yerevan train station. A is getting information from B at the information desk.

A. :#rb h vaman;lou gnazqe! When is the train arriving?[YerpŒ e z¿hamanelu gnat¿sŒkŒ§?]

B. Ort;[i#z! From where?[Vorteg¿hit¿sŒ?]

A. Spitakiz! From Spitak.[Spitakit¿sŒ]

B. Spitaki gnazqn ou,anoum h! The train from Spitak is delayed.[Spitaki g§nat¿sŒkŒn us¿hanum e]

A. Qani# rop;iz h a\st;[ lin;lou! In how many minutes will it be here?[KŒani ropeyit¿sŒ e aysteg¿h linelu?]

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B. A\n vaman;lou h vame tasin! It will arrive at ten o’clock.[Ayn z¿hamanelu e z¿ham§ tasin]

A. Ort;#[ karo[ ;m gn;l Where can I buy today’s[Vorteg¿h karog¿h em g§nel]

ørwa j;rj;rn ou amsagr;re! newspapers and magazines? [orva tŒertŒern u amsagrer§?]

B. A\st;[iz ou[i[ gnaz;*q% Go straight from here and [Aysteg¿hit¿sŒug ¿hig¿h g§nat¿sŒekŒ,]

]a. ko[moum j;rji krpak ka! there’s a newspaper kiosk on the left.[d¿zak¿h kog¿hmum tŒertŒi k§rpak ka]

A. <norfakalouj\o@un! Thank you![S¿hnorakalutŒyun!]

3. In the Armenian class. A is a foreign student, B is the Armenian teacher.

A. Mi ban karo#[ ;m farzn;l! May I ask (you) something?[Mi ban karog¿h em hart¿sŒ§nel?]

B. >ndr;m! Sure.[K¿h§ntŒrem]

A. I#nc h n,anakoum ªørazou\zº! What does orat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ mean?[Inc¿hŒ e n§s¿hanakum “orat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ”?]

B. Ørazou\z n,anakoum h calendar! Orat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ means calendar.[Orat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ n§s¿hanakum e “calendar”]

A. Isk i#nc ;n asoum computer-in! And how do you say computer?[Isk inc¿hŒ en asum computerin?]

B. ªFamakargicº! HamakarkŒic¿hŒ.[HamakarkŒic¿hŒ]

A. Karo#[ ;q ba®e krkn;l Can you repeat the word[Karog¿h ekŒ ba¤§ k§rknel]

… as;l% j; incp;s h grwoum! and tell me how it’s spelled? [yev asel tŒe inc¿hŒpes e g§rvum]

B. A\o*% sirow! A\sp;s h grwoum^ Yes, sure. It’s spelled like this:[Ayo, sirov. Ayspes e g§rvum:]

F-a-m-a-k-a-r-g-i-c![H-a-m-a-k-a-r-kŒ-i-c¿hŒ]

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II TEXT

FA|ASTANI ARAGILE[Hayastani aragil§]

Fa\astanoum ,at aragiln;r kan! Aragile ir bou\ne ,inoum h bar]r ‘a®;ri%[Hayastanum s ¿hat aragilner kan. Aragil§ ir buyn§ s ¿hinum e bart¿sŒ§r t ¿sa¤eri,

tn;ri kam va\®;ri wra! Aragiln;re ambo[= tarin Fa\astanoum c;n mnoum!t§neri kam z¿hay¤eri v§ra. Aragilner§ ambok¿hc¿hŒ tarin Hayastanum c¿hŒen m§num.

Nranq wa.;noum ;n zrtiz% … ;rb ]m;®e galis h% cwoum ;n … gnoum d;piN§rankŒ vak¿henum en t¿sŒ§rtit¿sŒ, yev yerp d¿z§me¤§ galis e, c¿hŒ§vum en yev g§num depi

faraw% d;pi taq ;rkrn;r! Fa\ g\ou[azin giti% or ;rb garoune ga% … ødeharav, depi takŒ yerk§rner. Hay gyug¿hat¿sŒin giti, vor yerpŒ garun§ ga, yev otŒ§

taqana% aragile øtar ;rkrn;riz krkin kw;rada®na Fa\astan! Na giti% or takŒana, aragil§ otar yerk§rnerit¿sŒ k§rkin k§verada¤na Hayastan. Na giti, vor

aragiln;re galis ;n% gtnoum ir;nz fin bou\ne … baxmanoum! aragilner§ galis en, g§tnum irent ¿sŒ hin buyn§ yev bazmanum.

Dra famar h% or fa\kakan a®a‘n asoum h& Marti innin^ aragiln ir bnin! D§ra hamar e, vor haykakan a¤at¿sn asum e: Marti innin, aragiln ir b§nin.

Aragiln;re ,at øgtakar j®counn;r ;n! Aragiliz wa.;noum ;n ø];re …Aragilner§ s¿hat okŒtakar tŒ§¤c¿hunner en. Aragilit¿sŒ vak¿henum en ot¿sŒer§ yev

wnasatou m\ous k;ndanin;re!v§nasatu myus kentŒaniner§.]

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4. A and B are strangers, meeting in the university hallway.

A. Asaz;*q% .ndr;m% ort;#[ h gradarane! Tell me please, where is the library?[AsatsŒekŒ k¿h§ntŒrem, vorteg¿h e g§radaran§?]

B. A\st;[iz j;qw;*q ]a.& Turn left from here,[Aysteg¿hit¿sŒ tŒekŒvekŒ d¿zak¿h]

dimazi dou®n h! and it’s the door facing you.[dimat¿sŒi du¤n e]

A. <norfakal ;m! Thank you.[S¿h§norakal em]

B. Ba\z a\sør gradarane 'ak h! But the library is closed today.[Bayt¿sŒ aysor g§radaran§ pŒak e]

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aragil [aragil] stork

,at [s¿hat] much, many

kan [kan] there are

bou\n [buyn] nest

,in;l [s¿hinel] to build

,inoum h [s¿hinum e] is building

bar]r [bart¿sŒ§r] high

‘a® [t¿sa¤] tree

toun [tun] house

tn;ri wra[t§neri vra] on the houses

va\® [z¿hay¤] cliff

va\®;ri wra [z¿hay¤eri v§ra] on cliffs

ambo[= [ambog¿hj] entire

tari [tari] year

mnal [m§nal] to stay

c;n mnoum [c¿hŒen m§num] don’t stay

wa.;nal [vak¿henal] to fear

wa.;noum ;n [vak¿henal] they fear

zourt [t¿sŒurt] cold

zrtiz [t¿sŒ§rtit¿sŒ] from the cold

;rb [yerpŒ] when

]m;® [d¿z§me¤] winter

gal [gal] to arrive

galis h [galis e] is coming

f;®anal [he¤anal] to go away

f;®anoum ;n [he¤anum en] they go away

cw;l [c¿hŒ§vel] to fly over

cwoum ;n [c¿hŒ§vum en] they fly over

d;pi [depi] towards, to

faraw [harav] south

taq [takŒ] warm

;rkir [yerkir] country

;rkrn;r [yerk§rner] countries

g\ou[azi [gyughat¿sŒi] peasant

git;nal [gitenal] to know

giti [giti] he knows

;rb [yerpŒ] when

garoun [garun] spring

ød [otŒ] air

taqanal [takŒanal] to warm up

øtar [otar] foreign

;rkrn;riz [yerk§rnerit¿sŒ] from countries

krkin [k§rkin] again

w;rada®nal [verada¤nal] to return

gtn;l [g§tnel] to find

gtnoum ;n [g§tnum en] they find

ir;nz [irent¿sŒ] their

fin [hin] old

baxmanal [bazmanal] to breed

dra famar [d§ra hamar] therefore

a®a‘ [a¤at¿s] proverb

as;l [asel] to say

mart [mart] March

marti 9-in [marti innin] on March 9

ir bnin [ir b§nin] in its nest

øgtakar [okŒtakar] useful

j®coun [tŒ§¤c¿hŒun] bird

ø] [ot¿sŒ] snake

ø];re [ot¿sŒer§] the snakes

m\ous [myus] other

wnasatou [v§nasatu] harmful

k;ndani [kentŒani] animal

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

founwar [hunvar] January';trwar [pŒet§rvar] Februarymart [mart] Marchapril [april] Aprilma\is [mayis] Mayfounis [hunis] June

* The word ,abaj [s¿hapŒatŒ] has two meanings: week and Saturday.

;rkou,abji [yerkus¿hapŒtŒi] Monday;r;q,abji [yerekŒs¿hapŒtŒi] Tuesdaycor;q,abji [c¿hŒorekŒs¿hapŒtŒi] Wednesdayfing,abji [hings¿hapŒtŒi] Thursdayourbaj [urpŒatŒ] Friday,abaj [s¿hapŒatŒ] Saturdaykiraki [kiraki] Sunday

vam [z¿ham] hourrop; [rope] minutewa\rk\an [vayrkyan] secondk;s vam [kes z¿ham] half an hourqa®ord vam [ka¤ortŒ z¿ham] a quarter of an hourør [or] daya®awot [a¤avot] morningk;sør [kesor] noonk;søriz f;to [kesorit¿sŒ heto] afternoon;r;ko [yereko] eveninggi,;r [gis¿her] nightk;s gi,;r [kes gis¿her] midnight,abaj* [s¿hapŒatŒ] 1. week; 2. Saturdayamis [amis] monthtari [tari] yeartasnam\ak [tasnamyak] decadedar [dar] centuryfaxaram\ak [hazaramyak] millennium

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IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

b) <ABAJWA ØR:RE [S¿hapŒatŒva orer§] THE WEEK DAYS

c) AMISN:RE [Amisner§] THE MONTHS

a) VAM OU VAMANAK [Z¿ham u z¿hamanak] TIME EXPRESSIONS

fima [hima] nowf;to [heto] after, thena®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ] beforemi,t [mis¿ht] always,arounak [s¿harunak] continuously;rb;q [yerpŒekŒ] never;rb;mn [yerpŒem§n] sometimesfaya. [hac¿hak¿h] oftena\sør [aysor] todaywa[e [vag¿h§] tomorrow;r;k [yerek] yesterday(;r;k ch) m\ous øre [(yerek c¿hŒe) myus or§] the day before yesterdaywa[e ch m\ous øre [vag¿h§ c¿hŒe myus or§] the day after tomorrowa\s a®awot/gi,;r [ays a¤avot/gis¿her] this morning, tonight;r;k/anz\al gi,;r [yerek/ant¿sŒyal gis¿her] last nighta\s ,abaj/amis/tari [ays s¿hapŒatŒ/amis/tari] this week/month/year fa=ord ,abaj/amis/tari [hajortŒ s¿hapŒatŒ/amis/tari] next week/month/yearanz\al ,abaj/amis/tari [ant¿sŒyal s¿hapŒatŒ/amis/tari] last week/month/yearw;r=;rs [verc¿hŒer§s] lately, recently,outow [s¿hutov] soon, shortlywa[ [vag¿h] earlywa[ouz [vag¿hut¿sŒ] since longkrkin% noriz [k§rkin, norit¿sŒ] againa\souf;t… [aysuhetev] hencefortha\sørwaniz [aysorvanit¿sŒ] starting todaywa[waniz [vag¿hvanit¿sŒ] starting tomorrow

garoun [garun] springama® [ama¤] summera,oun [as¿hun] fall]m;® [d¿z§me¤] winter

foulis [hulis] Julyøgostos [ogostos] Augusts;pt;mb;r [september] Septemberfokt;mb;r [hoktember] Octoberno\;mb;r [noyember] Novemberd;kt;mb;r [dektember] December

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e) VAMANAKI MAKBA|N:RE [Z¿hamanaki makbayner] ADVERBS OF TIME

d) TARWA :{ANAKN:RE [Tarva yeghanakner§] THE SEASONS OF THE YEAR

1. VAME QANI#SN H! [Z¿ham§ kŒanisn e?] WHAT TIME IS IT?

a. Vame m;kn h (;rkousn h% corsn h, ..., tasn;rkousn h)![Z¿ham§ mekn e (yerkusn e, c¿hŒorsn e, ..., tasnerkusn e]It’s one (two, four, ..., twelve).

b. Vame m;k anz k;s h* (;rkousn anz k;s h, ..., inn anz k;s h)! [Z¿ham§ mek ant¿sŒ kes e (yerkusn ant¿sŒ kes e, ..., inn ant¿sŒ kes e]It’s half past one (half past two, ..., half past nine).

c. (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn, ;r;qn% corsn% ..., inn) anz qa®ord h!

[Z¿ham§ mekn (yerkusn, yerekŒn, c¿hŒorsn ..., inn) ant¿sŒ kŒa¤ort e ]It’s a quarter past one (two, ..., nine).

d. (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn, ;r;qn% ..., oujn) anz fing h!

[Z¿ham§ mekn (yerkusn, yerekŒn, ..., utŒn) ant¿sŒ hing e]It’s five (minutes) past one (two, three, ..., nine).

f. (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn% ;r;qn% ..., oujn) anz qsan h!

[Z¿ham§ mekn (yerkusn, yerekŒn, ..., utŒn) ant¿sŒ kŒsan e]It’s twenty (minutes) past one (two, three, ..., eight).

e. (Vame) m;kiz** (;rkousiz, ;r;qiz% ..., tasiz) qa®ord h pakas!

[Z¿ham§ mekit¿sŒ (yerkusit¿sŒ, yerekŒit¿sŒ ..., tasit¿sŒ) kŒa¤ort e pakas]It’s a quarter to one (two, three, ..., ten).

g. (Vame) m;kiz (;rkousiz% ..., tasnm;kiz) fing h pakas!

[Z¿ham§ mekit¿sŒ (yerkusit¿sŒ, ..., tasn§mekit¿sŒ) hing e pakas]It’s five (minutes) to one (two, ..., eleven).

h. (Vame) m;kiz (;rkousiz% ..., tasn;rkousiz) qsan h pakas!

[Z¿ham§ mekit¿sŒ (yerkusit¿sŒ, ..., tasnerkusit¿sŒ) kŒsan e pakas]It’s twenty (minutes) to one (two, ..., twelve).

* Another possible word order is: Vame m;kn anz h k;s (1:30)% tasn anz h qsan (10:20), etc.**Ablative forms such as m;kiz% ;rkousiz etc. can be replaced by the dative forms m;kin% ;rkousin% etc.

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l

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

VAMAZOU|ZE [Z¿hamat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ§] THE CLOCK

2. VAME QANISI#N! [Z¿ham§ kŒanisin?] AT WHAT TIME?

a. (Vame) m;kin (;rkousin% corsin, ..., tasn;rkousin)! [Z¿ham§ mekin (yerkusin, c¿hŒorsin, ..., tasnerkusin]At one (two, four, ... twelve) o’clock.

b. (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn% fingn% ..., inn) anz k;sin!

[Z¿ham§ mekn (yerkusn, hingn, ..., inn) ant¿sŒ kesin]At half past one (two, five, ..., nine).

c. (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn, ..., inn) anz qa®ordin!

[Z¿ham§ mekn (yerkusn, ..., inn) ant¿sŒ kŒa¤ortŒin]At quarter past one (two, ..., nine).

d. (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn% ;r;qn%..., oujn) anz fingin!

[Z¿ham§ mekn (yerkusn, yerekŒn, ..., utŒn) ant¿sŒ hingin]At five (minutes) past one (two, three, ..., eight).

e (Vame) m;kn (;rkousn% ;r;qn, ..., tasn) anz qsanin!

[Z¿ham§ mekn ant¿sŒ (yerkusn, ..., yerekŒn, tasn) ant¿sŒ kŒsanin]At twenty (minutes) past one (two, three, ..., ten).

f (Vame) m;kiz* (;rkousiz, ..., tasiz) qa®ord pakas!

[Z¿ham§ mekit¿sŒ (yerkusit¿sŒ, ..., tasit¿sŒ) kŒa¤ortŒ pakas] At quarter to one (two, ..., ten).

g. (Vame) m;kiz (;rkousiz, ..., inniz) fing pakas!

[Z¿ham§ mekit¿sŒ (yerkusit¿sŒ, ..., innit¿sŒ) hing pakas]At five to one (two, ..., nine).

h. (Vame) m;kiz (;rkousiz, ..., inniz) qsan pakas!

[Z¿ham§ mekit¿sŒ (yerkusit¿sŒ, ..., innit¿sŒ) kŒsan pakas]At twenty to one (two, ..., nine).

*All ablative forms such as m;kiz% ;rkousiz etc. can be replaced by the dative forms m;kin% ;rkousin% etc.

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l

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

1st pers. (;s) verb stem -;lou/-alou + ;m [verb stem+-elu/-alu + em]2nd pers. (dou) verb stem -;lou/-alou + ;s [verb stem+-elu/-alu + es]3rd pers. (na) verb stem -;lou/-alou + h [verb stem+-elu/-alu + e]

1st pers. (m;nq) verb stem -;lou/-alou + ;nq [verb stem+-elu/-alu + enkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) verb stem -;lou/-alou + ;q [verb stem+-elu/-alu + ekŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) verb stem -;lou/-alou + ;n [verb stem+-elu/-alu + en]

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

I. THE FUTURE AND FUTURE IMPERFECT TENSES (INDICATIVE)

To express future activities and events Armenian has two future tenses in the indicativemood: future and future imperfect. Both are compound tenses.

1. Formation of the future tense:

The future tense is formed by combining the future participle ending in -;lou (gr;lou) or-alou (kardalou) and the conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb ;m I am. EXAMPLES: gr;lou ;m [g§relu em] I am going to write/I shall write, etc.

kardalou ;m [kartŒalu em] I am going to read/I shall read, etc.

For the future tense, all regular verbs follow the pattern below:

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INDICATIVE MOODFUTURE

ggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative

(;s) gr;lou ;m c;m gr;lou kardalou ;m c;m kardalou

(dou) gr;lou ;s c;s gr;lou kardalou ;s c;s kardalou

(na) gr;lou h ci gr;lou kardalou h ci kardalou

(m;nq) gr;lou ;nq c;nq gr;lou kardalou ;nq c;nq kardalou

(douq) gr;lou ;q c;q gr;lou kardalou ;q c;q kardalou

(nranq) gr;lou ;n c;n gr;lou kardalou ;n c;n kardalou

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st pers. (m;nq) verb stem -;lou/-alou + hinq [verb stem+-elu/-alu + eyinkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) verb stem -;lou/-alou + hiq [verb stem+-elu/-alu + eyikŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) verb stem -;lou/-alou + hin [verb stem+-elu/-alu + eyin]

1st pers. (;s) verb stem -;lou/-alou + hi [verb stem+-elu/-alu + eyi]2nd pers. (dou) verb stem -;lou/-alou + hir [verb stem+-elu/-alu + eyir]3rd pers. (na) verb stem -;lou/-alou + hr [verb stem+-elu/-alu + er]

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2. Formation of the future imperfect tense:

The future imperfect tense is formed by combining the future participle ending in -;lou(gr;lou) or -alou (kardalou) and the conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb ;m I am inthe imperfect. EXAMPLES: gr;lou hi [g§relu eyi] I was going to write, etc. and kardalou

hi [kartŒalu eyi] I was going to read, etc. All regular verbs follow the pattern below:

The future imperfect

ggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative(;s) gr;lou hi chi gr;lou kardalou hi chi kardalou

(dou) gr;lou hir chir gr;lou kardalou hir chir kardalou

(na) gr;lou hr chr gr;lou kardalou hr chr kardalou

(m;nq) gr;lou hinq chinq gr;lou kardalou hinq chinq kardalou

(douq) gr;lou hiq chiq gr;lou kardalou hiq chiq kardalou

(nranq) gr;lou hin chin gr;lou kardalou hin chin kardalou

3. Uses of the future tense

a) The future tense denotes actions or states that the speaker expects to take place in thefuture:

A\s ;r;ko miasin ;nq ya,;lou!

Tonight we will have dinner together.

Asoum ;n^ ]\oun h galou!

They say it will snow.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

b) In particular contexts, the future may also connote determination, compulsion, threat,or promise on the part of the speaker.

A\s øre fi,;lou ;m!

I’ll remember this day.

c) In most cases, it is linked to a condition expressed by a subordinate clause:

:j; cgas% t.r;lou ;m!

If you don’t come, I’ll be sad.

The conditional clause may also be implied:

T.r;lou ;m!

I’ll be sad.

d) The future may be used to express an exhortation:

An;lou ;s a\n% inc or ;s ;m asoum!

You’ll do what I tell you to do.

Note that the auxiliary verb is not repeated when the clause contains more than one verb:

:rg;lou% par;lou … oura.analou ;nq!

We’ll sing, dance, and have fun.

4. Uses of the imperfect future tense

It denotes actions or states that were anticipated in the past but did not take place:

Namake ggrr;;lloouu hhii%% ba\z f;to mitqs 'o.;zi!

I was going to write the letter, but then I changed my mind.

Yi,t a\n pafin% ;rb n;rs hhii mmttnn;;lloouu%% dou®e 'akw;z!

I was about to enter the room when the door closed.

II. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

The imperative serves to designate commands, requests, demands, offers, and entreaties.In Armenian these can be rendered assertively or prohibitively.

1) Assertive commands are mainly expressed by the imperative mood, which has two sec-ond-person forms in Armenian: singular and plural.

1. Imperative Singular:

a) Regular verbs form their singular imperative forms by replacing the infinitive endings-;l with -i*r, and -al with -a*.

;rg-;l → ;rg-i*r gn-al → gn-a*

.os-;l → .os-i*r kard-al → kard-a*

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b) Verbs with the suffixes -an-% -;n-% -n- and -c- form the singular imperative by addingto the aorist stem the ending -i*r.

Infinitive Aorist Sing. Imperative

f;®-an-al → f;®az-a → f;®az-i*r

mot-;n-al → mot;z-a → mot;z-i*r

i=-n-;l → i=-a → i=-i*r

'a.-c-;l → 'a.-a → 'a.-i*r

c) Verbs with the causative suffix -zn- add to the aorist stem the ending -o*u&

faska-zn-;l → faskazr-i → faskazr-o*u

mot;-zn-;l → mot;zr-i → mot;zr-o*u

d) Prohibitive commands are initiated by the prohibitive particle mi* don’t. Most regularverbs derive their prohibitive singular from their assertive forms:

;rgi*r → mi* ;rgir / gna* → mi* gna

w;rzrou* → mi* w;rzrou 'a.i*r → mi* 'a.ir

e) Verbs with the suffixes -an-% -;n-% and -zn- form their prohibitive singular by addingto the infinitive stem the ending -a or -i.

f;®-an-al → mi* f;®an-a wa.-;n-al → mi* wa.;n-a

mo®-an-al → mi* mo®-an-a kor-zn-;l → mi* korzn-i2. Imperative Plural

a) Regular verbs are derived from the aorist stem and take the ending -;*q:

;rg-;l → ;rg;z-i → ;rg;z-;*q

.a[-al → .a[az-i → .a[az-;*q

m;‘-an-al → m;‘az-a → m;‘az-;*q*

b) Irregular verbs normally use the aorist stem for both singular and plural imperatives:

gal → ;ka → ;*k or ari* / ;k;*q

out;l → k;ra → k;*r / k;r;*q

lal → lazi → la*z / laz;*q**

c) The plural prohibitive uses the infinitive stem by replacing the infinitive endings -;lwith -;q, and -al with -aq. However, -;z;q and -az;q forms are also possible:

.os-;l → mi* .os-;q% .a[-al → mi* .a[-aq or mi* .a[-az-;q

gr-;l → mi* gr-;q% mot;n-al% → mi* mot;n-aq or mi* mot-;z-;q

* In current every-day speech, plural imperative forms derived from the infinitive stem are also common.Compare wax;*q% .m;*q% .os;*q% etc. rather than wax;z;*q% .m;z;*q% .os;z;*q% etc.

** The singular imperative has a variety of irregular endings and forms (see Appendix, table of irregular verb,pp. 334-335).

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B. NOUNS

1. Formation of the ablative

The Armenian ablative has no equivalent case in English. Whereas English expresses abla-tive meaning by such prepositions as from, of, etc., Armenian achieves the same effect byadding the ablative marker to nouns and pronouns. The most common markers for theablative in Armenian are --iizz and -oouuzz, which are normally added to the nominative form.

toun house → tn-iizz from the house, ar…;lq East → ar…;lq-iizz from the East, dou you→ q;x(a)n-iizz from you, mard human being → mard-oouuzz from the human being, etc.

There are, however, some words that form their ablative based on the genitive case: fa\rNom. sing.: fa\r father → gen. sing.: for → abl. sing.: for-izNom. sing.: qou\r sister → gen. sing.: qro= → abl. sing.: qro=-iz

When the genitive case ends in -a, there is an -n- included between the genitive form andthe ablative ending -iz:

Nom. sing.: a[=ik girl → gen. sing.: a[=ka → abl. sing.: → a[=ka-n-iz

Nom. sing.: ør day →gen. sing.: ørwa → abl. sing.: → ørwa-n-iz

Some nouns also preserve the genitive singular mutations or alterations of certain rootvowels (see pp. 107-108) in the plural:

Nom. sing. girq book → gen. sing.: grqi → gen./dat. plur.: grqizNom. sing. sout lie → gen. sing.: sti → gen./dat. plur.: stiz

Nom. sing. fa,iw account → gen. sing.: fa,wi → gen./dat. plur.: fa,wiz

The diversity of noun stems in the singular is not preserved in the plural. The ablative plu-ral is based on the nominative plural and is formed mostly by simply adding the ablativemarker -iz to the plural ending -(n);r:

Sing. plur.: qou\r → nom. plur.: qou\r;r → abl. plur.: qou\r;rizSing. plur.: fa\r → nom. plur: fa\r;r → abl. plur.: fa\r;rizSing. plur.: a\gi → nom. plur: a\gin;r → abl. plur.: a\gin;riz

Exception to this rule: a limited group of nouns with the plural ending -q% -;nq% -onq%-ik% or -a\q (see Unit 2, p. 33). The ablative of these nouns is based on the genitive/dativeplural ending in -z:

Nom. sing. Grigor;nq → gen. plur.: Grigor;nz → abl. plur.: Grigor;nzizNom. sing. m;ronq → gen. plur.: m;ronz → abl. plur.: m;ronzizNom. plur.: kana\q → gen. plur.: kananz → abl./ plur.: kananziz

Nom. sing. mardik → gen. plur.: mardkanz → gen./dat. plur.: mardkanziz

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2. Uses of the ablative case

The ablative is used

1. When governed by a verb or an adjective (see Unit 11, p. 264):

A\s ,niz wa.;noum ;m!

[Ays s¿h§nit¿sŒ vak¿henum em]

I am afraid of this dog.

In this example, the ablative form ,niizz of this dog is governed by the verb wa.;nal tobe afraid. Note that the English to be afraid is followed by the preposition of (this dog).

Acqiizz f;®ou% mtqiizz f;®ou!

[Ac¿hŒkŒit¿sŒ he¤u, m§tkŒit¿sŒ he¤u]

Out of sight, out of mind.

This proverb contains two ablative forms, acqiz [ac¿hŒkŒit¿sŒ] [lit.: from the eye] andmtqiz [m§tkŒit¿sŒ] [lit.: from the mind], governed by the adverb f;®ou [he¤u] away, far.

2. To describe various circumstantial details such as source, origin, removal, or distance.It can indicate, for instance, the starting point of an event or an action.

a) The person who carried out an action:

A\s nw;rn staz;l ;m moriizzs!

[Ays n§vern stat¿sŒel em morit¿sŒ§s]

I received this gift from my mother.

The form moriizzs from my mother is an ablative. It indirectly indicates the performer ofthe action, namely the person who bestowed the gift. The question here is: oouummii##zz

[umit¿sŒ?] from whom? or by whom?

b) The place where an action begins:

Ort;[i#z ;s galis! <ouka\iizz!!

[Vorteg¿hit¿sŒ es galis? S¿hukayit¿sŒ]

Where do you come from? From the market.

This example already contains the appropriate question for the ablative form ort;[i#z

from where? <ouka\iizz from the market.

c) The person, the place or the material from which people or things originate:

:rkouss hl nou\n foriizz ;nq! <;nqe ka®ouz;zin qariizz!

[Yerkus§s el nuyn horit¿sŒ enkŒ] [S¿henkŒ§ ka¤ut¿sŒet¿sŒin kŒarit¿sŒ]

We both have the same father. They built the house from stone.

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The ablative forms foriz (question: oouummii##zz [umit¿sŒ?]) and qariizz (question: iinnccii##zz[inc¿hŒit¿sŒ?]) indicate the origin of the subjects in question.

d) The time as a starting point of an action or event:

M;k ,abajiizz kgam! Anz\al tarwaniizz a\st;[ ;nq!

[Mek s¿hapŒatŒit¿sŒ k§gam] [Ant¿sŒyal tarvanit¿sŒ aysteg¿h enkŒ]I will come in a week. We have been here since last year.

Here, the questions iinnccqqaa##nn vvaammaannaakkiizz [inc¿hŒkŒan z ¿hamanakit¿sŒ?] would apply to thestarting point in the future, and ;;rrbbwwaannii##zz [yerpŒvanit¿sŒ?] to the starting point in the past.

e) The cause of an action or state:

Zrtiizz do[oum ;m! Sowiizz ,at;re mafazan!

[T¿sŒ§rtit¿sŒ dog¿hum em] [Sovit¿sŒ s¿hater§ mahat¿sŒan] I am shivering with cold. Many died of starvation.

3. The ablative expresses partitive meaning by indicating a whole from which a part (apiece, a number, etc.) is separated:

Qou\r;riizz m;ke sa h! A\s faziizz mi ktor k;*r!

[KŒuyrerit¿sŒ mek§ sa e] [Ays hat¿sŒit¿sŒ mi k§tor ker] This is one of the sisters. Eat a piece of this bread!

4. The ablative is used in comparisons:

Oskin ar‘ajiizz (aw;li) jank h! :s q;xaniizz arag ;m waxoum!

[Voskin art¿satŒit¿sŒ (aveli) tŒank e] [Yes kŒezanit¿sŒ arag em vazum]¿Gold is more expensive than silver. I run faster than you do.

5. The ablative is employed in passive constructions when the original subject is removedfrom its position and shifted to an indirect object. Compare the following sentence, in whichthe actual subject has been shifted from the nominative to the ablative form of the noun ar…(cf. ar…iz by the sun) and the pronoun m;nq (cf. m;r+ko[miz by us) (see p. 154):

>ote .an]w;z ar…iizz! J,namin fa[jw;z m;r ko[miizz!

[K¿hot§ k¿hand¿zŒvet¿sŒ arevit¿sŒ] [TŒ§s¿hnamin hak¿htŒ§vet¿sŒ mer kog¿hmit¿sŒ]

The grass was scorched by the sun. The enemy was conquered by us.

6. In addition to nouns and pronouns, words of other word classes (adverbs, postpositions,numerals, etc.) may be nominalized and used in the ablative case:

a\st;[ [aystegh] here → a\st;[iizz [aysteg¿hit¿sŒ] from here

]a. [d¿zak¿h] left → ]a.iizz [d¿zak¿hit¿sŒ] from the left

m;= [mec¿hŒ] in, inside → mi=iizz [mijit¿sŒ] from the inside

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The first four numbers are exceptions to the rule:

1 m;k [mek] → a®a=in [a¤ac¿hŒin] first2 ;rkou [yerku] → ;rkrord [yerkrortŒ] second3 ;r;q [yerekŒ] → ;rrord [yerrortŒ] third4 cors [c¿hŒors] → corrord [c¿hŒorrortŒ] fourth

Below are regularly formed ordinal numerals:

5 fing [hing] → fing;rord [hingerortŒ] fifth6 w;z [vet¿sŒ] → w;z;rord [vet¿sŒerortŒ] sixth7 \oj [yotŒ] → \oj;rord [yotŒerortŒ] seventh8 ouj [utŒ] → ouj;rord [utŒerortŒ] eighth9 inn or ine [inn] or [in§]→ inn;rord [innerortŒ] ninth

10 tasn or tase [tas§n] or [tas§]→ tasn;rord [tasnerortŒ] tenth11 tasnm;k [tasn§mek] → tasnm;k;rord* [tasn§mekerortŒ] 11th 12 tasn;rkou [tasnerku] → tasn;rkou;rord [tasnerkuerortŒ]12th 13 tasn;r;q [tasnerekŒ] → tasn;r;q;rord [tasnerekŒerortŒ] 13th15 tasnfing [tasn§hing] → tasnfing;rord [tasn§hingerortŒ] 15th20 qsan [kŒsan] → qsan;rord [kŒsanerortŒ] 20th21 qsanm;k [ksanmek → qsanm;k;rord [kŒsanmekerortŒ] 21st*30 ;r;soun [yeresun] → ;r;soun;rord [yeresunerortŒ] 30th40 qa®asoun [kŒa¤asun] → qa®asoun;rord [ka¤asunerortŒ] 40th50 fisoun [hisun] → fisoun;rord [hisunerortŒ] 50th60 wajsoun [vatsun] → wajsoun;rord [vatŒsunerortŒ] 60th70 \ojanasoun [yotŒanasun] → \ojanasoun;rord [yotŒanasunerortŒ] 70th80 oujsoun [utsun] → oujsoun;rord [utŒsunerortŒ] 80th85 oujsounfing [utsun§hing] → oujsounfing;rord [utŒsun§hingerortŒ] 85th90 innsoun [inn§sun] → innsoun;rord [inn§sunerortŒ] 90th

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* Note that in two-digit numbers (21, 22, etc.), the regular forms -m;k;rord, -;rkou;rord% -;r;q;rord,cors;rord% etc. ) are employed rather than the common irregular forms (a®a=in% ;rkrord% ;rrord% corrord).

C. NUMERALS

1. Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals denote the relative position of things, persons, and phenomena in asequence, row, class, line, etc. In Armenian, ordinal numerals are derived from cardinalnumerals by adding the suffix -rord [-rortŒ] or -;rord [-erortŒ] to the stem.

ORDINAL NUMERALS CARDINAL NUMERALS

100 far\our [haryur] → far\our;rord [haryurerortŒ] 100th101 far\our m;k [haryur mek] → far\ourm;k;rord [haryurmekerortŒ] 101st500 fing far\our [hing haryur] → fingfar\our;rord[hingharyurerortŒ] 500th1000 faxar [hazar] → faxar;rord [hazarerortŒ] 1000th

Corresponding to the patterns above, the question qani#;rord which one ? (in a sequence,in a row, etc.) is derived from the question qani# how many?

Armenian uses cardinal, not ordinal, numerals to indicate days of the month. For this pur-pose, cardinal numbers are nominalized (by adding the definite article -e to the stem) andappear after the genitive form of the noun denoting the month:

Ma\isi m;ke The first of May or May the first [Maygen onethe] (literally: The one of May)

Founwari w;ze The sixth of January or January the sixth[Januarygen sixthe] (literally: The six of January)

Nominalized cardinal numerals are declined like regular -i declension nouns (see p. 100):

Aprili ;r;qin On the third of April [Aprilgen threedat] (literally: On the three of April)

Ma\isi m;kiz f;to After the first of May [Maygen oneabl after] (literally: After the one of May)

2. Distributive numerals

Distributive numerals indicate numeric distribution or assignment of items. To this end

a) the suffix -akan is added to the cardinal numerals:

m;k 1 → m;kakan [mekakan] one to each;rkou 2 → ;rkouakan [yerkuakan] two to eachtase 10 → tasakan [tasakan] ten to eachqsan 20 → qsanakan [kŒsanakan] twenty to eachfar\our 100 → far\ourakan [haryurakan] a hundred to each, etc.

Reduced forms such as 5-akan, 20-akan, 35-akan etc. are also common.

b) cardinal numerals are reduplicated:

m;k 1 → m;k-m;k [mek-mek] one to/of each;rkou 2 → ;rkou-;rkou [yerku-yerku] two to/of each

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far\our 100 → far\our-far\our [haryur-haryur] hundred to/of eachfaxar 1000 → faxar-faxar [hazar-hazar] thousand to/of each

The question for distributive numerals is: qaniaka#n how many each? EXAMPLES: –Qaniaka#n dolar stazaq! –Qsanakan!

[KŒaniakan dolar stat¿sŒakŒ? –KŒsanakan.]“How many dollars did each of you receive?” “Twenty (each).”

:rkou-;rkou ,arqi kangn;zinq!

[Yerku-yerku s¿harkŒ kangnet¿sŒinkŒ]

We lined up in pairs.

3. Fractional numerals

Fractional numerals denote a fraction or fractions of a unit in terms of numerals. The nu-merator is indicated by a cardinal numeral while the denominator by an ordinal one (end-ing in -(;)rord) which is very often formed by adding the suffix -akan.

EXAMPLES DENOMINATORS:(5) fing → fing;rord [hingerortŒ] or fing;rordakan [hingerortŒakan](9) ine → inn;rord [innerortŒ] or inn;rordakan [innerortŒakan](7) \oj → \oj;rord [yotŒerortŒ] or \oj;rordakan [yotŒerortŒakan](20) qsan → qsan;rord [kŒsanerortŒ] or qsan;rordakan [kŒsanerortŒakan]

There are three exceptions:

(2) ;rkou [yerku] → k;s [kes] half(3) ;r;q [yerekŒ] → ;rrord [yerrortŒ] third(4) cors [c¿hŒors] → qa®ord [kŒa¤ortŒ] quarter

EXAMPLES OF FRACTIONAL NUMERALS:

2/3 ;rkou ;rrord [yerku yerrortŒ] or ;rkou ;rrordakan [yerku yerrortŒakan]3/5 ;r;q fing;rord [yerekŒ hingerortŒ] or ;r;q fing;rordakan

[yerekŒ hingerortŒakan]3/4 ;r;q qa®ord [yerekŒ kŒa¤ortŒ] or ;r;q qa®ordakan [yerekŒ kŒa¤ortŒakan]6/8 w;z ouj;rord [vet¿sŒ utŒerortŒ] or w;z ouj;rordakan [vet¿sŒ utŒerortŒakan]12/20 tasn;rkou qsan;rord [tasnerku kŒsanerortŒ] or tasn;rkou qsan;rordakan

[tasnerku kŒsanerortŒakan]

Sometimes the syllable -;r in the fractional numbers is reduced:

7/10 \oj tasn;rord [yotŒ tasnerortŒ] or 7/10 \oj tasnordakan [yotŒ tasnortŒakan]

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Interrogative sentences in Armenian

Like other languages, Armenian has two types of interrogative sentences:

a) specific questions seeking new, supplementary information;b) general questions that require a yes or no-answer.

1) While English employs mostly wh-words for specific questions, Armenian uses inter-rogative words of diverse origins: o#w [ov?] who?, i#nc [inc¿hŒ?] what?, o#ur [ur?]where?, ;#rb [yerpŒ?] when?, inco#u [inc¿hŒu?] why?, incp;#s [inc¿hŒpes?] how?, etc.

O#w asaz krkin w;r=in ba®e! Who had [literally: said] the last word again?

However, word order in interrogative sentences is not as rigid as it is in English, where wh-words normally appear at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. In Armenian, inter-rogative words can appear in any position:

W;r=in ba®e krkin o#w asaz! [Literally: *The last word again who had?] W;r=in ba®e o#w krkin asaz! [Literally: *The last word who again had?] Krkin o#w asaz w;r=in ba®e! [Literally: *Again who had the last word?]Krkin w;r=in ba®e o#w asaz! [Literally: *Again the last word who had?]

2) The structure of general yes/no-questions in Armenian also differs from that of English.For example, Armenian does not initiate general questions with an auxiliary verb, as isthe case in English (by using “to do”):

(Dou) ispan;r;n .oso#um ;s! Do you speak Spanish? [Literally: *You Spanish speak?]

In accordance with the prevalent (SOV-Subject-Object-Verb) word order in Armenian,general questions rarely start with a finite verb. In fact, the word order of general questionsand regular statements can be identical, the only difference being the intonation and punc-tuation. Compare the word order of the statement below:

(Dou) ispan;r;n .osoum ;s! You do speak Spanish.

However, if the verb itself carries the question mark, it can shift positions:

>>oossoo##uumm ;;ss ispan;r;n! Do you speak Spanish? [As opposed to write, read, etc.]

Since any independent word in a sentence can carry the question mark (see Unit 1, p. 18),we have also the following options:

IIssppaann;;rr;;##nn ;s .osoum! Do you speak Spanish? [As opposed to Greek, German, etc.]DDoo##uu ;s .osoum ispan;r;n! Do you speak Spanish? [As opposed to he, they, etc.]

* Ungrammatical sentences in English are marked with an asterisk

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VII WORD FORMATION

Formation of nouns denoting persons

The most productive suffixes for forming nouns denoting persons are:

-azi/-;zi/-zi [-at¿sŒi /-et¿sŒi /-t¿sŒi]-(a)pan [-(a)pan]-ord [-ortŒ]-ic [-ic¿hŒ]-ban [-ban]

1. Nouns formed by the suffix -azi/-;zi/-zi denote residents. These nouns are derivedfrom common and proper nouns of place:

g\ou[ [gyug¿h] village → g\ou[azi [gyug¿hat¿sŒi] peasantWan [Van] Van → wan;zi [vanet¿sŒi] originating from Van:r…an [Yerevan] Yerevan → ;r…anzi [yerevant¿sŒi] resident of Yerevan

2. Nouns ending in -(a)pan indicate a profession. They are derived from nouns:

dou® [du¤] door → d®napan [d§¤napan] porterpart;x [partez] garden → partixpan [partizpan] gardnerka®q [ka¤kŒ] coach, carriage → ka®apan [ka¤apan] coachman

3. The suffix -ic [-ic¿hŒ] added to verbal stems form nouns denoting professions:

;rg;l [yerkŒel] to sing → ;rgic [yerkŒic¿hŒ] singernkar;l [n§karel] to paint → nkaric [n§karic¿hŒ] painterfsk;l [h§skel] to control → fskic [h§skic¿hŒ] controller

4. The suffix -ord [-ort] comes with verbal and nominal stems and indicates occupations:

sa\l [sayl] cart → sa\lord [saylortŒ] carter, cartwrightorsal [vorsal] to hunt → orsord [vorsortŒ] hunterf;t…;l [hetevel] to follow → f;t…ord [hetevortŒ] follower

While most of these derivations do not specify gender, some form parallel nouns extended bythe suffix -oufi [-uhi], which designates female gender:

nkaric [n§karic¿hŒ] painter → nkarcoufi [n§karc¿hŒuhi] female painter;rgic [yerkŒic¿hŒ] singer → ;rgcoufi [yerkŒc¿hŒuhi] female singer g;rmanazi [germanat¿sŒi] Geman (male) → g;rmanoufi [germanuhi]

German (female

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

The letters }} ]]%% ’’ ‘‘%% and ZZ zz

Similarly to all East Armenian stops discussed so far (see Unit 2, p. 37, Unit 3, p. 59, Unit4, p. 83), the East Armenian affricates* are also represented by a triple system. } ]% ’ ‘

and Z z are a set of affricates that correspond to the following three distinct sounds:

The meaning of the following words differs in the contrast of the affricates ]% ‘ and z:

]a. [d¿zak¿h] left

‘a.(;l) [t¿sak¿h(el)] (to) sell

za. [t¿sŒak¿h] twig

1) } ] stands for the voiced affricate [d¿z], a composite sound that starts with the voicedstop [d] and ends with the voiced sibilant [z]. It sounds like the combination of [d+z] inthe English odds or kids.

EXAMPLES: ]ouk [d¿zuk] fish, ø]iq [od¿zikŒ] collar, ]i [d¿zi] horse, etc.

2) ’ ‘ represents the voiceless non-aspirated affricate [t¿s], a complex sound that startswith the voiceless non-aspirated stop [t] and ends with the voiceless sibilant [s]. It is pro-nounced similarly to the English combination [t+s] without any aspiration.

EXAMPLES: ‘a[ik [t¿sag¿hik] flower, ‘ow [t¿sov] sea, ‘i‘a[;l [t¿sit¿sag¿hel] to laugh, etc.

3) Z z represents the voiceless aspirated affricate [t¿sŒ], a complex sound that starts withthe voiceless aspirated stop [tŒ] and ends with the voiceless sibilant [s]. It is pronouncedsimilarly to the English combination [t+s] in lots or cats.

EXAMPLES: zanz [t¿sŒant¿sŒ] net, baz [bat¿sŒ] open, zouzak [t¿sŒut¿sŒak] list, etc.

EXCEPTION: In a number of words ] [d¿z] is pronounced as z [t¿sŒ] after r [r]: bar]r

[bart¿sŒ§r] high, 'or] [pŒort¿sŒ] attempt, bar] [bart¿sŒ] pillow, ar]ak [art¿sŒak] prose,d;r]ak [dert¿sŒak] taylor, war];l [vart¿sŒel] to rent, etc.

* Affricate: a complex sound that consists of a stop and a sibilant (note their romanization).

voiced } ] [d¿z]voiceless non-aspirated ’ ‘ [t¿s]voiceless aspirated Z z [t¿sŒ]

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

Armenian syllabification and the transitory vowel [§]

In general, Armenian words form as many syllables as the number of vowels they contain:

one syllable pat [pat] walltwo syllables ®;tin [¤etin] eraser three syllables entaniq [§ntanikŒ] familyfour syllabes ;rkou,abji [yerkus¿hapŒtŒi] Mondayfive syllables wirafatouj\oun [virahatutyun] surgery, etc.

However, this rule does not hold for all Armenian words. Certain words can have

two syllables but only one vowel: nkar [n§kar] picture ([§] between n and k)three syllables but only one vowel: mkrt;l [m§k§rtel] to baptize ([§] between m

and k, k and r)

As seen above, additional syllables are formed due to the transitory vowel [§],which is not written but clearly pronounced between consonants. There are some rulesgoverning this syllabification. For instance, [§] is pronounced but not written

1) between two consonants in initial position of words:

mnal [m§nal] to stay, gnal [g§nal] to go, jjou [t§tu] sour, ktor [k§tor] piece, tkar [t§kar] weak, s.al [s§k¿hal] mistake, etc.

2) before s, x, and , in initial position of words when followed by the plosive con-sonants b% p% '% g% k% t% and j (see Unit 10, pp. 240):

xgou\, [§zguys¿h] cautious, sks;l [§sk§sel] to start, xgal [§zgal] to feel, etc.

3) when the negative particle c- [c¿hŒ-] is prefixed to verbs:

clin;l [c¿hŒ§linel] not to be from lin;l [linel] to be, cgit;m [c¿hŒ§gitem] I don’tknow from git;m [gitem] I know, etc.

4) when k- [k-] and k- [k-] is prefixed to verbs:

kgam [k§gam] I will/may come from gam [gam], kwax;m [k§vazem] I will runfrom wax;m [vazem] (see Unit 10, p. 224), etc.

5) when the possessive articles -s [-s]% -d [-t], and -n [-n] are suffixed to nouns:

tound [tun§t] your house from toun [tun] house, mats [mat§s] my finger frommat [mat] finger, Tigran M;‘n [Tigran Met¿s§n] Tigran the Great, etc.

6) in the final, unstressed syllable of some words:

ark[ [ark§g¿h] box, ast[ [ast§g¿h] star, m;tr [met§r] meter, etc.

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138

X EXERCISES

1. Combine appropriate strings of sentences from each of the two columns.

a. Vame qani#sn h! Vame ;rkousin!

b. :#rb ;s galou! M;kn anz k;s h!

c. Qani# vam a,.at;zir! Carvi!

d. Vame qanisi#n ;s gnalou! Fing vam!

e. A\sør amsi qani#sn h! Gradaraniz!

f. F\our;re ;#rb ;n galou! S;pt;mb;ri m;kn h!

g. Ort;[i#z ;s galis! :r;ko\an!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the pattern in a, b, c, and d. Replace the wordsfamalsaran with jatron% ya,aran% toun% gradaran, etc.

a. Git;#s% j; our gnaz a\s a[=ike!

:j; c;m s.alwoum% ffaammaallssaarraann!

b. Qani# famalsaran oun;q!

Cgit;m% ba\z m;r qa[aqoum ,at ffaammaallssaarraannnn;;rr kan!

c. In] kas;#q% j; sa inc dou® h!

Kar‘;m ffaammaallssaarraannii dou®n h!

d. Ort;[i#z h galis a\s ousano[e!

In] asazin% or ffaammaallssaarraanniizz h galis!

3. Form mini-dialogues according to the given pattern in a, b, c, d, and e. Replace a\sør%where appropriate, with wa[e% a\s ;r;ko% ;rkou,abji øre% a\s ,abaj, etc.

a. Koux;i imanal% j; ;rb ;kaw nor ousouzice!

Kar‘;m aa\\ssøørr ;kaw!

b. Fa\rd G;rmania\iz aa\\ssøø##rr vaman;z!

O*c% ;r;k vaman;z!

c. Git;#s% j; das;re ;rb sksw;zin!

AA\\ssøørrwwaanniizz ;n skswoum!

d. AA\\ssøørrwwaa fandipoume vame qanisi#n h!

Orqan in] fa\tni h% vame corsin!

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UNIT 6

4. Answer the questions, using the data in parentheses.

a. Vame qani#sn h! Vame corsn h (10.00, 4.15, 6.00, 5.20, 10.30, 3.45, etc.)b. A\sør i#nc ør h! A\sør kiraki h (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, etc.)c. O#r amisn h! Founwar amisn h (March, May, July, October, December, etc.)d. A\sør amsi qani#sn h! Ma\isi m;kn h (21.03, 28.11, 24.01, 28.05, etc.)e. Jwakane o#rn hr! Faxar ine far\our qa®asounm;kn hr (1889, 1900, 1915,

1922, 1993, 2005, 2007, etc.)f. O#r dasaranoum ;s! (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, etc.)g. Qaniaka#n dolar stazaq! (10, 30, 45, 50, 100, etc.)

5. Complete the sentences according to the pattern.

a. Dou ;#rb ;s dproz gnalou! Vame \ojin! (7:00)b. :ranoufin ;#rb h a\st;[ lin;lou! Vame (4:15) &&& !

c. :r;.an;re vame qanisi#n ;n dproziz galou! (5:20)d. Dase ;#rb h sksw;lou! (8:30)e. Dou vame qanisi#n ;s ya,;lou! (12:30)f. Douq a\sør ;#rb ;q m;kn;lou! (2:45)g. Fa\rikd a,.atanqiz ;#rb h toun galou! (8:15)

6. Respond to the questions using the items in parentheses. Follow the pattern.

a. Ort;[i#z ;s galou! Incp;s mi,t% famalsaraniz ;m galou! (famalsaran)b. Isk fa\rikd ort;[i#z h galou! Incp;s mi,t% &&& (a,.atanq)c. Isk ma\rikd ort;[i#z h galou! Incp;s mi,t% &&& (,ouka)d. Isk qou\rikd ort;[i#z h galou! Incp;s mi,t% &&& (gradaran)e. Isk ;[ba\rd ort;[i#z h galou! Incp;s mi,t% &&& (dproz)f. Isk papikd ort;[i#z h galou! Incp;s mi,t% &&& (ya,aran)g. Isk ousouzice ort;[i#z h galou! Incp;s mi,t% &&& (toun)

7. Form interrogative sentences according to the pattern.

a. O#w &&& (Moskwa% apr;l)! O#w h Moskwa\oum aproum!

b. Ort;#[ &&& (fa\rikd% a,.at;l)!

c. :#rb &&& (douq% ya,;l)!

d. O#um &&& (dou% girqe% tal)!

e. Qani# angam &&& (douq% a\st;[% gal)!

f. :rbwani#z &&& (qou\rd% :r…an% apr;l)!

g. O#r &&& (dou% gou\n;r% sir;l)!

h. Ort;[i#z &&& (Maria% gal)!

i. Inco#u &&& (;r;.a% lal)!

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8. Ask for information on the whereabouts of persons and items:

a. a relativeb. a bookc. a special foodd. a piece of clothinge. a country

9. Translate into Armenian.

a. There are 12 months and four seasons in a year. b. The seasons are: spring, summer, fall, and winter. c. Each season has three months. January is the first month, February is the second month,

March is the third month, etc., and December is the last month of the year. d. There are thirty or thirty-one days in a month. e. Only February has 28 or 29 days. f. There are 24 hours in a day and 60 minutes in an hour. g. How many weeks are there in a year? Fifty-two. h. How many days are there in a week? Name the days of the week!

10. Derive verbs from the adjectives given in parentheses.

a. Toune 'oqr h! (m;‘) P;tq h m;‘azn;l!

b. W;rarkoun n;[ h! P;tq h &&& (la\n)c. Øriord Warde t.our h! P;tq h &&& (oura.)d. S;n\ake sa®n h! &&& (taq)e. <apike m;‘ h! &&& ('oqr)f. Lou\se ,at mot h! &&& (f;®ou)g. Fagouste kary h! &&& (;rkar)

11. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. Aragile ir bou\ne ort;#[ h ,inoum!

b. Aragiln;re ]m®ane inci#z ;n wa.;noum!

c. Aragiln;re ]m®ane ort;[i#z ;n cwoum!

d. Aragiln;re ]m®ane o#ur ;n gnoum!

e. Fa\ g\ou[azin i#nc giti aragili masin!

f. I#nc h asoum fa\kakan a®a‘e!

g. O#w h wa.;noum aragiliz!

a. Dou aragil t;s;#l ;s!

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XI PROVERBS

Ama®wa 'ou,e% ]m;®wa nou,e!

[Ama¤va pus¿h§, d ¿z§me¤va nus¿h§]The summer’s thorn (is) the winter’s almond.

Tarwa cors ;[anakn;re drazi ;n% m;ke m\ousin faka®ak!

[Tarva c¿hŒors yeghanakner§ d§rat¿si en, mek§ myusin haka¤ak]The four seasons of the year are neighbors, all at odds with one another.

Ama®wa an]r…in% ]m;®wa ar…in mi* fawata!

[Ama¤va and¿zrevin, d¿z§me¤va arevin mi havata]Do not rely on summer rain, nor on winter sun.

Tari ka^ ør h pafoum% ør ka^ tari!

[Tari ka or e pahum, or ka tari]Some years feed for a day, some days feed for a year.

Marti innin^ aragile ir bnin!

[Marti innin, aragil§ ir b§nin]On the ninth of March, the stork is back in its nest.(Folk belief on the arrival of spring)

Unit 7

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Vocabulary: Body parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Grammar: VERBS: 1. The subjunctive mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502. The passive voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

NOUNS: The instrumental case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Armenian-English Contrasts: Prepositions and postpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Word Formation: Derivation of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Pronunciation: The letters + =% Y y% and C c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Orthography: Â ® or R r ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Marmni mas;rUÉwç ctÜàá

I DIALOGUES 1. A and B are friends; they meet at work.

A. I#nc h pataf;l! What happened? [Inc¿hŒ e patahel?]

Gounat ;s! Fiwand t;sq oun;s! You’re pale. You look ill.[Gunat es. Hivand teskŒ unes]

B. A\o*% law c;m! Yes, I’m not well. I don’t know what it is.[Ayo, lav c¿hŒem]

A. Wa#t ;s xgoum! What’s wrong? [Vat es §zgum?]

B. Glou.s h zawoum! I have a headache.[G§luk¿h§s e t¿sŒavum]

A. +;rmouj\oun oun;#s! Have you got a fever?[JermutŒyun unes?]

B. Cgit;m% gouz; mi qic! I don’t know; maybe a little.[C¿hŒ§gitem, gut¿sŒe mi kŒic¿hŒ]

A. Faxo#um ;s! Do you have a cough?[Hazum es?]

B. <at ouv;[! A bad one.[S¿hat uz¿heg¿h]

A. Bv,ki dim;#l ;s! Did you see a doctor?[B§z¿h§s¿hki dimel es?]

B. D;® oc! Not yet. [De¤ voc¿hŒ]

A. Inco#u ;s ou,aznoum% gna*! Why are you delaying it? Go![Inc¿hŒu es us¿hat¿sŒ§num, g§na?]

B. Wa[e gnalou ;m! I’ll go tomorrow. [Vag¿h§ g§nalu em]

2. A is a physician, B a patient.

A. Inci#z ;q gangatwoum! What’s your problem?[Inc¿hŒit¿sŒ ekŒ gangatvum?]

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UNIT 7

B. Kokords zawoum h% I have a sore throat,[KokortŒ§s e t¿sŒavum]

do[aznoum ;m! and I’m shivering.[dog¿hat¿sŒ§num em]

A. "ori zaw oun;#q! Do you have abdominal pain?[PŒori t¿sŒav unekŒ?]

B. O*c% ba\z sirts h .a®noum! No, but I’m nauseous.[Voc¿hŒ, bayt¿sŒ sirt§s e k¿ha¤num]

A. Fima qnn;m ou t;sn;nq! Let me examine you now, and we’ll see[Hima kŒ§nnem u tesnenkŒ] (what’s wrong).

B. Bvi*,k% ‘a#nr h wiyaks! Doctor, am I in a critical state?[B§z¿his¿hk, t¿san§r e vic¿hak§s?]

A. Mi* mta‘;q% ;r…i mrs;l ;q! Don’t worry, you probably have a cold.[Mi m§tat¿sekŒ, yerevi m§rsel ekŒ!]

3. A is a mother who brought her child to the emergency ward. B is the receptionist.

A. Øgn;z;*q% ;r;.a\is qjiz Help me, my child’s nose[OkŒnet¿sŒekŒ, yerek¿hayis kŒ§tŒit¿sŒ]

a®at ar\oun h galis! is bleeding profusely. [a¤at aryun e galis]

B. :#rb h sksw;l! When did it start?[YerpŒ e §sk§svel?]

A. :rkou vam a®a= … ci ktrwoum! Two hours ago and it won’t stop.[Yerku z¿ham a¤ac¿hŒ yev c¿hŒi k§t§rvum]

Cgit;m^ incn h patya®e! I don’t know what’s causing it.[C¿hŒ§gitem inc¿hŒn e patc¿ha¤§]

B. Bvi,ke or ga% kimananq! When the doctor comes, we’ll find out.[B§z¿his¿hk§ vor ga, amen inc¿hŒ kasi]

A. :rani@ j; bvi,ke ,out gar! I wish the doctor would arrive soon![Yerani tŒe b§z¿his¿hk§ s¿hut gar]

B. T;s;*q% afa galis h! Look, he’s coming![TesekŒ, aha galis e]

145

UNIT 7

II TEXT"I{E

"i[n a®a=in fa\azqiz tg;[ k;ndani h! M;‘ glou. ouni … .o,or d;mq% ori

wra acq;re a\nqan 'oqr ;n% or gr;j; c;n ;r…oum! Akan=n;re la\n ;n% m;=qe^

bar]r% otq;re^ t]…% morjn hl gor, gou\n ouni! B;raniz dours ;n galis ;rkou

.o,or vaniqn;r% oronz ;rkarouj\oune ;rkou m;triz anznoum h! "[i knyije

orp;s ];®q h ‘a®a\oum! Na ir knyijow am;n gor‘o[ouj\oun karo[ h katar;l!

Faka®ak ir ca';rin^ na qic out;liqow gofanoum h! "i[e f;x ou bari k;n-

dani h% na bar;kam h mardoun! Enk;rakan h ou a,.atas;r … ir ouvow mar-

doun ,at øgtakar h! Saka\n na wtangawor h da®noum% ;rb ir f;t anardar

;n warwoum! A\n vamanak 'i[e ir vaniqn;row farwa‘oum h mardoun% nran

ir knyijow g;tin h tapaloum … otq;row ko.k®toum!

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UNIT 7

'i[ [pŒig¿h] elephanta®a=in fa\azqiz [a¤ajin hayat¿sŒkit¿sŒ] at first glancetg;[ [t§geg¿h] uglyk;ndani [kentŒani] animalm;‘ [met¿s] bigglou. [g§luk¿h] head.o,or [k¿hos¿hor] huge d;mq [demkŒ] faceori wra [vori v§ra] on whichacq [ac¿hŒkŒ] eyea\nqan [aynkŒan] so 'oqr [pŒokŒ§r] smallgr;j; [gretŒe] almost;r…al [yereval] to be seenakan= [akanj] earla\n [layn] widem;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ] backbar]r [bart¿sŒ§r] highotq [votkŒ] foot, legt]… [t§d¿zev] deformedmorj [mortŒ] skingor, [gors¿h] gray

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

147

UNIT 7

gou\n [guyn] colorb;ran [beran] mouthdours gal [durs gal] to stick outvaniq [z¿hanikŒ] tuskoronz [voront¿sŒ] of which;rkarouj\oun [yerkarutŒyun] lengthm;tr [met§r] meteranzn;l [ant¿sŒnel] to surpassknyij [k§nc¿hitŒ] trunkorp;s [vorpes] as];®q [d¿ze¤kŒ] hand‘a®a\;l [t¿sa¤ayel] to serve gor‘o[ouj\oun [gort¿sog¿hutŒyun] actionkatar;l [katarel] to perform faka®ak [haka¤ak] despiteca' [c¿hŒapŒ] measure, sizefaka®ak ir ca';rin [haka¤ak ir c¿hŒapŒerin] despite his sizeqic [kŒic¿hŒ] littleout;liq [utelikŒ] foodgofanal [gohanal] to content oneself f;x [hez] humblebari [bari] kindbar;kam [barekam] friendmard [martŒ] human beingenk;rakan [§nkerakan] friendlya,.atas;r [as¿hk¿hataser] industriousouv [uz¿h] strengthøgtakar [okŒtakar] usefulsaka\n [sakayn] howeverwtangawor [v§tangavor] dangerousda®nal [da¤nal] to becomeir f;t [ir het] with/to himanardar [anartŒar] unjustwarw;l [varvel] to treat farwa‘;l [harvat¿sel] to hitg;tin [getin] groundtapal;l [tapalel] to subvert g;tin tapal;l [getin tapalel to knock down to the groundko.k®t;l [kok¿hk§¤tel] to trample

'or [pŒor] abdomen, belly

j… [tŒev] arm

m;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ] back

morouq [morukŒ] beard

ar\oun [aryun] blood

marmin [marmin] body

oskor [voskor] bone

ou[;[ [ug¿heg¿h] brain

kour‘q [kurt¿skŒ] breast, chest

a\t [ayt] cheek

kxak [k§zak] chin

akan= [akanj] ear

armounk [armunk] elbow

acq [ac¿hŒkŒ] eye

fonq [honkŒ] eyebrow

jarjic [tŒartŒic¿hŒ] eyelash

d;mq/;r;s [demkŒ/ yeres] face

mat [mat] finger

otq [votkŒ] foot

zouzamat [t¿sŒut¿sŒamat] forefinger

yakat [c¿hakat] forehead

max(;r) [maz(er)] hair

];®q [d¿ze¤kŒ] hand

glou. [g§luk¿h] head

sirt [sirt] heart

konq(;r) [konkŒ(er)] hip(s)

a[iqn;r [ag¿hikŒner] intestines

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UNIT 7

IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

MARMNI MAS:R [Marmni maser] BODY PARTS

‘not [t¿s§not] jaw

fod [hod] joint

;rikam [yerikam] kidney

‘ounk [t¿sunk] knee

srounq [s§runkŒ] leg

,rjounq [s¿h§rtŒunkŒ] lip

l\ard [lyartŒ] liver

ykou\j [c¿h§kuytŒ] little finger

mi=namat [mic¿hŒnamat] middle finger

b;ran [beran] mouth

;[oung [yeg¿hung] nail (finger/toe)

port [port] navel

‘o‘rak [t¿sot¿srak] nape

wix [viz] neck

n\ard [nyartŒ] nerve

qij [kŒitŒ] nose

qimq [kŒimkŒ] palate

a' [apŒ] palm

matn;mat [matnemat] ring finger

ous [us] shoulder

ma,k [mas¿hk] skin

gang [gang] skull

o[na,ar [vog¿hnas¿har] spine

qounq [kŒunkŒ] temple

axdr [azd§r] thigh

kokord [kokortŒ] throat

bjamat [b§tŒamat] thumb

l;xou [lezu] tongue

atam [atam] tooth

;rak [yerak] vein

iran [iran] waist

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1st pers. (m;nq) verb stem + -;nq or -anq [verb stem + -enkŒ or -ankŒ]

2nd pers. (douq) verb stem + -;q or -aq [verb stem + -ekŒ or -akŒ]

3rd pers. (nranq) verb stem + -;n or -an [verb stem + -en or -an]

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

I. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Unlike the indicative mood, which denotes certainty and factuality, the subjunctive moodexpresses potential, imaginary, conditional, or optional actions. In Armenian, the subjunc-tive mood has two basic paradigms: a) the subjunctive future and b) the subjunctive past.

1. The subjunctive future

The subjunctive future represents simple forms consisting of the infinitive stem and per-sonal endings. There are two sets:

1) those containing -;- (1st conjugation): gr-;l → gr-;m% gr-;s% etc.2) those containing -a- (2nd conjugation): kard-al → kard-am% kard-as% etc.

Thus, for the subjunctive future, all verbs follow the pattern below:

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1st pers. (;s) verb stem + -;m or -am [verb stem + -em or -am]

2nd pers. (dou) verb stem + -;s or -as [verb stem + -es or -as]

3rd pers. (na) verb stem + -i or -a [verb stem + -i or -a]

SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE

ggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative(;s) gr;m cgr;m kardam ckardam

(dou) gr;s cgr;s kardas ckardas

(na) gri cgri karda ckarda

(m;nq) gr;nq cgr;nq kardanq ckardanq

(douq) gr;q cgr;q kardaq ckardaq

(nranq) gr;n cgr;n kardan ckardan

PLURAL

SINGULAR

1st pers. (m;nq) verb. stem +-;inq or -a\inq [verb. stem + -eyink or -ayinkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) verb. stem +-;iq or -a\iq [verb. stem + -eyik or -ayikŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) verb. stem +-;in or -a\in [verb. stem + -eyin or -ayin]

1st pers. (;s) verb. stem + -;i or -a\i [verb. stem + -eyi or -ayi]2nd pers. (dou) verb. stem + -;ir or -a\ir [verb. stem + -eyir or -ayir]3rd pers. (na) verb. stem + -;r or -ar [verb. stem + -er or -ar]

2. The subjunctive past

The subjunctive past forms are also simple and consist of the infinitive stem and a set ofspecial personal endings. There are two sets:

1) those containing -;- (1st conjugation) gr-;l → gr-;i% gr-;ir% etc.2) those containing -a- (2nd conjugation) kard-al → kard-a\i% kard-a\ir% etc.

Thus, for the subjunctive past, all verbs follow the pattern below:

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SUBJUNCTIVE PASTggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative(;s) gr;i cgr;i karda\i ckarda\i

(dou) gr;ir cgr;ir karda\ir ckarda\ir

(na) gr;r cgr;r kardar ckardar

(m;nq) gr;inq cgr;inq karda\inq ckarda\inq

(douq) gr;iq cgr;iq karda\iq ckarda\iq

(nranq) gr;in cgr;in karda\in ckarda\in

The irregular verbs tal% gal% lal follow the -a- pattern:

Infinitive (c)talSubjunctive future (c)tam% (c)tas% (c)ta% (c)tanq% (c)taq% (c)tanSubjunctive past (c)ta\i% (c)ta\ir% (c)tar% (c)ta\inq% (c)ta\iq% (c)ta\in

3. Uses of the subjunctive future

In Armenian, both the future and past subjunctive have a wide range of applications withvarious meanings. Most commonly, they appear in subordinate clauses.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

The subjunctive future has

a) an optative meaning expressing a wish or an urge that can be made in the form of astatement or question:

GGaamm^ tt;;ssnn;;mm^ inc ka! AAss;;##mm%% j; ccaass;;mm!

Let me come and see what’s on. Should I say it or not?

b) a mandative meaning used in subordinate clauses starting with the conjunction or [vor]that to express a command, a suggestion, a blessing or a curse:

Astwa‘ ccaannii% or ]\oun ga!! Astwa@‘ lliinnii qo øgnakane!

God forbid that it snow! May God be your helper!

AAnnii‘‘wwii@@ a\n øre! CClliinnii% or ou,anas!

Damn that day! Make sure you are not late!

c) a final meaning used in subordinate clauses introduced by or that or orp;sxi [vor-peszi] in order to, to express a purpose or a goal:

+anazi% or gor‘s ww;;rr==aazznn;;mm! :ka% orp;sxi mi ban ..nnddrr;;mm!

I tried to finish my work. I came to ask for something.

d) an inclusive first-person-plural imperative meaning that may be rendered by Let’s ... orLet’s not ...

;rg;l → ;rg;*nq → c;rg;*nq Let’s sing! → Let’s not sing!.os;l → .os;*nq → c.os;*nq Let’s talk! → Let’s not talk!.a[al → .a[a*nq → c.a[a*nq Let’s play!→ Let’s not play!

e) in a less direct imperative function, the subjective third-person singular and plural formsare often intensified by adding the imperative jo[ let:

Jo[ Astwa@‘ m;x øgni! God help us!Jo[ cgna@! Let him/her stay! (Literally: Let him/her not go!)

f) a conditional meaning used in a subordinate (conditional) clause initiated by the con-junction ;j; [yetŒe] if. Such conditions leave the question open as to whether the actionwill be fulfilled or not:

:j; o[= mmnnaannqq% ,at ban ;nq t;sn;lou!

If we stay alive, we will experience many things.

g) a temporal meaning used in subordinate (temporal) clauses introduced by the conjunc-tion ;rb [yerpŒ] when. In such clauses, the verb always refers to the future:

:rb wa[e mm;;kknn;;ss%% ;t ccnnaa\\;;ss!

When you leave tomorrow, don’t look back.

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4. Uses of the subjunctive past

a) The subjunctive past resembles the subjunctive future in its optative meaning. There is,however a difference: the subjunctive past expresses an unfulfilled desire. This could bean action or an event that did or did not take place in the past. Correspondingly, affir-mative forms indicate desired but unfulfilled activity and negative forms express eventsthat were undesired but did occur. Usually, the optative meaning is reinforced in sen-tences starting with the formulas ;rani@ j; &&& [yerani te] I wish ..., I only wish ...,koux;i (or) &&& [kuzeyi (vor)] I wish, or ou@r h(r) or &&& [ur e(r) (vor) ...] I wish ...,etc.

Ou@r h(r) (or) ,,aaff;;iirr!! :rani@ j; a\nt;[ clliinn;;ii!

I wish you had won. (But you didn’t.) I wish I were not there. (But I was)

b) The optative meaning of the past subjunctive can also refer to the future. In that sense,the two forms, future subjunctive and past subjunctive, are very close in meaning, forinstance, in constructions such as ggnnaamm tt;;ssnn;;mm nran = ggnnaa\\ii tt;;ssnn;;ii nran.However, in these parallel forms the latter expresses a much more urgent desire that isdifficult or impossible to fulfill. A popular Armenian song of WWII period starts withthe words

JJ®®cc;;ii mtqow toun &&&

I wish I’d fly home in my thoughts ...

c) The subjunctive past is often used in subordinate clauses. It appears in temporal clausesintroduced by the temporal conjunctions ;rb [yerpŒ] when, f;nz or [hent¿sŒ vor] assoon as, etc.

F;nz or na n;rs mmttnn;;rr% katakn;rn skswoum hin!

As soon as he came in, the jokes would start.

d) To express a hypothetical condition, namely in a subordinate (conditional) clause initi-ated by the conjunction ;j; [yetŒe] if. Such forms imply that the action has not takenplace or it is doubtful that it will:

:j; ggaa\\iirr%% gouz; irar ffaannddiipp;;iinnqq!

If you came, perhaps we would meet.

e) The subjunctive past forms are commonly used in conversation to make a request or toask for a favor in a more polite way:

Law klin;r% or ggnnaa\\iirr … Maro\in kkaanncc;;iirr!

It would be nice if you went and called Maro.

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wwaayyaa®®;;ll to sell →→ wwaayyaa®®--ww;;ll to be soldkkoocc;;ll to call →→ kkoocc--ww;;ll to be calledkkaarrddaall to read →→ kkaarrddaazz--ii →→ kkaarrddaazz--ww;;ll to be readmmoo®®aannaall to forget →→ mmoo®®aazz--aa →→ mmoo®®aazz--ww;;ll to be forgottenddnn;;ll to put →→ ddrr--ii →→ ddrr--ww;;ll to be placed

II. THE PASSIVE VOICE

Verbs express not only mood, tense, person, and number, but also voice. In languages,voice is used to indicate whether the subject is the doer or the receiver of the action.EXAMPLES:

a) active voice: Marde awtom;q;nan waya®;z! The man sold the car.

In sentence (a), the grammatical subject marde is the doer of the action ‘a.;l% whileka®qe the grammatical (direct) object is the receiver of the action waya®;l.

b) passive voice: Awtom;q;nan waya®w;z mardou ko[miz! The car was sold bythe man.

In sentence (b), the word order is reversed: the original direct object awtom;q;nan isbrought into focus and placed in subject position, while the original subject marde isremoved from focus and shifted to the position of indirect object. In sentence (b), the real-life role of the grammatical subject awtom;q;nan is not an active but a passive one. Toexpress this passivity the active verb waya®;l must be transformed into the passive verbwaya®w;l& Passive verbs are formed by combining the infinitive or the perfect (aorist)stem with the suffix -w- + the infinitive ending -;l. EXAMPLES:

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Passive verbs are conjugated like regular verbs ending in -;l!Present: Kocwoum ;m% kocwoum ;s% kocwoum h% kocwoum ;nq% kocwoum ;q% koc-

woum ;n! C;m kocwoum, c;s kocwoum% etc.Imperfect: Kocwoum hi% kocwoum hir% kocwoum hr% kocwoum hinq% kocwoum hiq%

kocwoum hin! Chi kocwoum% chir kocwoum% etc. Aorist: Kocw;zi% kocw;zir% kocw;z% etc. Ckocw;zi% ckocw;zir% etc. Future I: Kocw;lou ;m% kocw;lou ;s% kocw;lou h% kocw;lou ;nq% kocw;lou ;q%

kocw;lou ;n! C;m kocw;lou% c;s kocw;lou% etc.Future II: Kocwa‘ ;m lin;lou% kocwa‘ ;s lin;lou, etc. Kocwa‘ c;m lin;lou, etc.Perfect: Kocw;l ;m, kocw;l ;s, kocw;l h, etc. C;m kocw;l, etc.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Pluperfect Kocw;l hi, kocw;l hir% kocw;l hr% etc. Chi kocw;l% chir kocw;l% etc.

Imperative Kocwi*r, kocw;*q; Mi* kocwir, mi* kocw;q&

In a passive sentence, the subject of the original sentence is transformed:

1) from the nominative into the ablative

a) active voice Dou in] wirawor;zir! You offended me.

b) passive voice :s q;xniz wiraworw;zi! I was offended by you.

2) from the nominative into a phrase, using the postposition ko[miz by + abl.:

a) active voice Bolore nran fargoum hin! Everyone respected him.

b) passive voice Na bolori ko[miz fargwa‘ hr! He was respected by all.

The subject of the original sentence is often omitted altogether:

Awtom;q;nan waya®w;z! The car was sold.

This occurs

1) when the doer of the action is unknown:

Toune ko[optw;z! The house has been robbed.

2) when the doer of the action is irrelevant:

A\s farze ,outow klou‘wi! This problem will soon be solved.

3) when the doer of the action is easily inferred:

Na.agafe w;rentrw;z! The president was re-elected.

4) in reporting, where a tone of detachment and impartiality is relevant:

Tnør;ni gor‘e qnnwoum h! The director’s case is being examined.

The fact that the original grammatical subject can be omitted allows passive verbsto be employed especially in impersonal sentences. Note that this applies only to the third-person singular:

A\s =oure ci .mwi! This water is not drinkable.

Anouns a\sp;s h grwoum! My name is spelled this way.

As a rule, only transitive verbs followed by a direct object are readily transformed into apassive verb. However, in impersonal sentences intransitive verbs may sometimes betransformed into passive ones: tal to give → trw;l to be given, bazatr;l to explain→ bazatrw;l to be explained, etc.

A\s nw;re ci trwi! This gift is not presentable.

Incp;#s h sa bazatrwoum! How can this be explained?

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B. NOUNS

1. The instrumental case

The Armenian instrumental has no equivalent case in English. Whereas English expressesinstrumental meaning by either a preposition such as with, by, on, etc., or the constructionby means of, by way of, etc., Armenian achieves the same effect by adding the instrumen-tal case marker to nouns and pronouns. The most common marker for the instrumentalcase is --ooww as in otq foot → otqooww on foot, matit pencil → matitooww with a pen-cil, ;s I → in]anooww with me, etc.

Abstract nouns ending in -oouujj\\oouunn are the exception to this rule. They may also take theending -oouujj\\aammbb in the instrumental singular:

dvwarouj\oun difficulty → dvwaroouujj\\aammbb or dvwaroouujj\\oouunnooww with difficultyoura.ouj\oun joy → oura.oouujj\\aammbb or oura.oouujj\\oouunnooww with pleasure

2. Uses of the instrumental case

A. The instrumental expresses various meanings.

a) to show the instrument or the means by which an action is carried out:

Faze danakooww ;n ktroum!

Bread is cut with a knife.

C;m siroum inqnaji®ooww yanaparford;l!

I don’t like to travel by plane.

b) to denote the addition of one item to another:

Sourye kajooww ;m siroum!

I like coffee with milk.

A\s apoure brn]ooww ;n ;'oum!

They cook this soup with rice.

c) to indicate the manner, way, or mode in which an action occurs:

Na fouxmounqooww ls;z in]!

He listened to me with emotion.

Famb;roouujj\\aammbb spas;zi!

I waited patiently (literally: with patience).

d) used with singular forms of temporal nouns to denote limited periods of time:

M;k ,abajooww ;ka!

I came for a week.

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e) used with plural forms of temporal nouns to express extended periods of time:

Ør;rooww / ,abajn;rooww / amisn;rooww% etc. nran ct;sa!

I haven’t seen him/her for days / weeks / months, etc.

B. The instrumental case may be governed by a verb or an adjective (see p. 265):

A\s goumarooww bbaawwaarraarrwwoouumm ;;mm!

I am pleased (content myself) with this sum.

M;nq ffppaarrtt ;;nnqq m;r anz\alooww!

We are proud of our past.

In the first example above, the instrumental case is required by the verb bawararw;l tobe pleased (to content oneself with something). In the second example, it is the construc-tion fpart lin;l to be proud that governs the instrumental. As can be seen in the trans-lations, the prepositions with and of convey the same meaning in English as the instrumen-tal case marker -ow in Armenian.

Along with the instrumental forms, Armenian also uses nouns with postpositions (such asf;t with, or mi=ozow by means of, etc.). These parallel constructions have differentmeanings. Compare the use of the noun bvi,k doctor in the following two sentenceswhere it is used (a) with the postposition f;t with and (b) in the instrumental case (with-out a postposition or preposition).

EXAMPLES:

a) Noundat + postposition f;t with

}kan ff;;tt spitak gini ;n .moum! (along with fish)With fish they drink white wine.

b) Noun in the instrumental case

Mia\n ]kooww c;m k,tana! (by [eating] fish alone)Fish alone doesn’t fill me up.

OTHER EXAMPLES:

a) Mardkanz ff;;##tt ;kar!

Did you come (along) with people?

b) "o[ozn;re lzwa‘ hin mardkanzooww!

The streets were filled with people.

AND: gnazqi f;t (along) with the train vs. gnazqow by train a,.atanqi f;t (along) with work vs. a,.atanqow by means of work,etc.

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Armenian prepositions and postpositions

In languages, aside from declension, there are special words that create a grammatical rela-tionship between words in a sentence. These are prepositions and postpositions. Prepositionsappear before nouns and pronouns, and postpositions after them, although some of them canappear before or after nouns and pronouns. English has only prepositions, such as for, after,since, outside, etc. In Armenian, prepositions are less common than postpositions.

Armenian postpositions and prepositions require that nouns and pronouns following and pre-ceding them take a particular case. Compare the use of the Armenian postposition masin

[masin] about that follows the noun or the pronoun placed in the genitive:

qo masin [kŒo masin] about yougrqi masin [g§rkŒi masin] about the bookmardkanz masin [martŒkant¿sŒ masin] about peoplem;r f\our;ri masin [mer hyureri masin] about our guests

Below are the most common postpositions classified according to the case they govern.

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a®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ] in front of

a®jiw [a¤tŒiv] on theoccasion of

dimaz [dimat¿sŒ] facing

d;m [dem] against

;t… [yetev] behind

vamanak [z¿hamanak] during

wra [vra] on

tak [tak] underneath

m;= [mec¿hŒ] in

m;=t;[ [mec¿hŒteg¿h] in the

middle of

mi=… [mijev] between

,our= [s¿hurj] around

masin [masin] about

t;[ [teg¿h] instead of

øroq [orokŒ] during

faka®ak* [haka¤ak] against

famar [hamar] for

fama]a\n*[hamad¿zayn] according to

fam;mat [hamemat] compared to

fand;p [handep] towards

f;t [het] with

mot [mot] next to, near

nman [n§man] like

,norfiw* [s¿h§norhiv] thanksto

p;s [pes] like

'o.ar;n [pŒok¿haren] instead

a®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ] before

a\n ko[m [ayn kog¿hm]beyond

a\s ko[m [ays kog¿hm] on this side of

bazi* [bat¿sŒi] except

dours [durs] outside

xat [zat] except

i w;r [i ver] since

f;®ou [he¤u] far from

f;to [heto] after

n;rs [ners] inside

sksa‘* [§sk§sat¿s] starting,as of, since

w;r… [verev] above

n;rq… [nerkŒev] below

POSTPOSITIONS WITH THE GENITIVE

POSTPOSITIONS WITH THE DATIVE

POSTPOSITIONS WITH THE ABLATIVE

* The asterisk indicates words used as both prepositions and postpositions: faka®ak im kamqin or imkamqin faka®ak against my wish.

The most common prepositions are:

anka. [ankak¿h] independent of Abl.a®anz [a¤ant¿sŒ] without Dat.d;pi [depi] towards Dat./Acc.est [§st] according to Dat.ibr(…) [ipŒr(ev)] as Acc.fanoun [hanun] for (the sake of) Dat.minc(…) [minc¿hŒev] until Dat./Acc.orp;s [vorpes] as, in the capacity of Acc.na.qan [nak¿hkŒan] before Acc.

Compare the use of such prepositions:

a®anz q;x [a¤ant¿sŒ kŒez] without youminc… ;r;ko [minc¿hŒev yereko] till eveningfanoun fa\r;niqi [hanun hayrenikŒi] for the sake of the fatherlandibr… mard [ipŒrev martŒ] as a human being

Many postpositions are by origin declined forms of nouns. Consider the following nounsin the instrumental case that are chiefly used as postpositions:

f;t…anqow [hetevankŒov] as a result of from f;t…anqinstr. result patya®ow [patc¿ha¤ov] because of from patya®instr. causemi=ozow [mijot¿sŒov] by means of from mi=ozinstr. means

Armenian postpositions and prepositions express various meanings, such as:

Place m;= in, wra on, tak under, mot next to, w;r… above, n;rq… below, etc.Time f;to after, na.qan before, minc… till, ørow during, etc.Manner p;s as, nman like, mi=ozow by means of, etc.Cause patya®ow because of, ,norfiw thanks to, na\a‘ depending on, etc. Measure ca' as much as, aw;li more, aw;li qan more than, etc.Reference masin about, w;rab;r\al referring to, a®jiw on the occasion of, etc.Objective famar for, fanoun for the sake of, føgout for the benefit of, etc.

Some of them have more than one meaning. Thus, the postposition a®a= can indicate bothplace (in front of) and time (before). The case they govern differs accordingly:

Tangen a®a= in front of the houseDasizabl a®a= before the lesson (See table on previous page.)

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VII WORD FORMATION

Derivation of verbs

There are several suffixes in Armenian that form verbs derived from other word classes,such as a) from nouns, adjectives, adverbs and b) from simple verbs.

A. To derive verbs from nouns, adjectives and adverbs, Armenian has two productive suf-fixes: -al (an+al) [an+al] and -;l& It forms

1) intransitive verbs with -al (an+al) [-an+al]

a) from nouns:

qar [kŒar] stone → qaranal [kŒaranal] to hardenenk;r [§nker] friend → enk;ranal [§nkeranal] to befriendb\our;[ [byureg¿h] crystal → b\our;[anal [byureg¿hanal] to crystalize

b) from adjectives and adverbs:

m;‘ [met¿s] big → m;‘anal [met¿sanal] to grow, to become bigtaq [takŒ] warm → taqanal [takŒanal] to warm upf;®ou [he¤u] far → f;®anal [he¤anal] to go away, to depart

2) intransitive verbs with -;l [-el]

a) from nouns:

,ounc [s¿hunc ¿hŒ] breath → ,nc;l [s¿h§nc¿hŒel] to breathegi,;r[gis¿her] night → gi,;r;l [gis¿herel] to stay overnightan]r… [and¿zrev] rain → an]r…;l [and¿zrevel] to rain

b) from adjectives:

kanac [kanac¿hŒ] green → kanac;l [kanac¿hŒel] to become greenapou, [apus¿h] stupid → ap,;l [aps¿hel] to stun, to get astonished'a'ouk [pŒapŒuk] soft → 'a'k;l [pŒapŒkel] to soften up

3) transitive verbs with -;l [-el]

a) from nouns:

ardouk [arduk] iron → ardouk;l [hardukel] to irongrpan[g§rpan] pocket → grpan;l [g§rpanel] to pocketpativ [patiz¿h] punishment → patv;l [patz¿hel] to punish

b) from adjectives:

datark [datark] empty → datark;l [datarkel] to emptyapafow [apahov] secure → apafow;l [apahovel] to secureparx [parz] clear → parx;l [parzel] to clarify

B. To form derivative verbs from simple verbs, Armenian uses various means:

1) the suffix -(a)zn;l/-(;)zn;l to derive transitive (causative) verbs from intransitives:

oura.anal to rejoice → oura.azn;l to make sb. happyspas;l to wait → spas;zn;l to make sb. waitqa\l;l to walk → qa\l;zn;l to make sb. walk

Causation may also be expressed analytically by adding the verb tal to give to the main verb:

kar;l to sew → kar;l tal to have sewnou[ark;l to send → ou[ark;l tal to have sentb;r;l to bring → b;r;l tal to have brought

EXAMPLES:A\s fagouste kar;l tw;zi! I had this dress sewn. D;[e ou[ark;l tour! Have the medication delivered.Namake ou[ark;l ;m talis! I am having the letter sent.

Redundant forms, i.e. combinations of verbs ending in -(a)zn;l/-(;)zn;l and the verbtal% are common but not recommended:

spas;zn;l to make smb. wait → spas;zn;l tal to make smb. waitqa\l;zn;l to make smb. walk → qa\l;zn;l tal to make smb. walk

b) the infixes -t-% -ot- or -at- to create verbs expressing repetitive actions:

qa,;l to pull → qa,k®t;l to dragko.;l to step → ko.ot;l to tramplektr;l to cut → ktrat;l to cut in pieces

c) the infix -w- to construct

a. passive voice from transitive verbs:

qnn;l to examine → qnnw;l to be examinedka®ouz;l to build → ka®ouzw;l to be builtspan;l to kill → spanw;l to get killed

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ørfn;l to bless → ørfnw;l to get blessed (see pp. 154-155)

b. reciprocal verbs from transitive verbs:

t;sn;l to see → t;snw;l to see each otherfambour;l to kiss → fambourw;l to kiss each otherbavan;l to separate → bavanw;l to separate (from each other), divorce

Not all verbs have this flexibility. Reciprocity is also expressed analytically by the recip-rocal pronoun irar each other.

M;nq irar cfamox;zinq!

We did not convince each other.

A\s ;rkou enk;rn;re irar siroum ;n& nranq irariz c;n fognoum!

These two friends love each other; they do not get tired of each other.

c. reflexive verbs from transitive verbs:

sanr;l to comb → sanrw;l to comb one’s hairlwanal to wash → lwazw;l to wash oneself

Reflexivity can also be expressed by a reflexive pronoun (i.e. q;x yourself, ir;n himself,etc.):

Q;x mi* gowir!

Don’t praise yourself!

As the examples illustrate, -w- is added to the infinitive or aorist stem of the verb& Thisresults in the complex ending -w;l% -azw;l or -;zw;l:

sir-;l to love → sir-w;l to be lovedørfn-;l to bless → ørfn-w;l to be blessed kard-al to read → kardaz-i I read → kardaz-w;l to be readkaryazn;l to shorten → karyazr-i I shortened → karyaz-w;l to be shorteneddn;l to put, to place → dr-i I put → dr-w;l to be placed

Thus, a series of related verbs can be created that vary in grammatical meaning:

intransitive transitive passive

mot;nal to approach mot;zn;l to draw closer mot;zw;l to be brought closerm;‘anal to grow m;‘azn;l to make grow m;‘azw;l to be made big(ger)'a\l;l to shine 'a\l;zn;l to polish 'a\l;zw;l to be polished

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

The letters ++ ==%% YY yy%% and CC cc

+ =% Y y and C c are a set of three affricates that stand for the following three distinctsounds:

1) + = is the voiced affricate [j], a complex sound that begins with the voiced stop [d] andends with the voiced sibilant [z¿h] (cf. the English ‘g’ in gender or ‘j’ in jeans).

EXAMPLES: =our [jur] water, =;rm [jerm] warm, etc.

2) Y y represents the voiceless non-aspirated affricate [c¿h], a complex sound that startswith the voiceless non-aspirated stop [t] and ends in the voiceless sibilant [s¿h] (cf. theEnglish ‘ch’ in bench).

EXAMPLES: yany [c¿hanc¿h] fly, oy [voc¿h] style, yoyanak [c¿hoc¿hanak] swing, etc.

3) C c represents the voiceless aspirated affricate [c¿hŒ], a combination of the voiceless aspi-rated stop [t] and the voiceless sibilant [c¿h] (cf. the English ‘ch’ in charm, arch).

EXAMPLES: cor [c¿hŒor] dry, camic [c¿hŒamic¿hŒ] raisin, carcar;l [c¿hŒarc¿hŒarel] to torture, etc.

EXCEPTIONS: in certain positions = [j] can be pronounced like the voiceless aspirated c[c¿hŒ]:

a) after vowels: a®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ] before, a= [ac¿hŒ] right, o=il [voc¿hŒil] louse, m;= [mec¿hŒ]in, a®a=in [a¤ac¿hŒin] first, m;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ] back, etc. The same applies to all genitiveforms ending in -o= [-oc¿hŒ], like qou\r [kŒuyr] sister → q§ro= [kroc¿hŒ] sister’s, kin [kin]woman → kno= [k§noc¿hŒ] woman’s, etc.

b) after r [r]: ar= [arc¿hŒ] bear, jr=;l [t§rc¿hŒel] to wet, w;r= [verc¿hŒ] end, and deriva-tions: w;r=in [verc¿hŒin] last, w;r=nakan [verc¿hŒnakan] final, etc.

c) after [ [g¿h]: a[=ik [ak¿hc¿hŒik] girl, o[= [vok¿hc¿hŒ] alive, ambo[= [ambok¿hc¿hŒ] entire,o[=o@u\n [vok¿hc¿hŒuyn] salute!, etc.

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voiced + = [j]voiceless non-aspirated Y y [c¿h]voiceless aspirated C c [c¿hŒ]

IX ORTHOGRAPHY

ÂÂ ®® or RR rr ??

The letters  ® and R r stand for two distinct sound values:  ® [¤] is an alveolar tril-ling or rolled sound with a strong vibration, like the “r” in Russian and Spanish. R r [r] rep-resents a softer, rather liquid sound. The meaning of two words can differ in the contrast ofthese consonants. EXAMPLES:

war;l [varel] to lead vs. wa®;l [va¤el] to burnkr;l [k§rel] to carry vs. k®;l [k§¤el] to forge

For beginners, the distinction between  ® and R r represents a challenge in both pronun-ciation and spelling. Therefore, the different spellings ( ® or R r) in certain Armenianwords must be memorized. Here are some helpful hints:

1. As any Armenian dictionary shows, there are only a few words starting with the letters ® or R r& Commonly known words starting with  ® are ®;tin [¤etin] rubber,eraser, ®axmik [¤azmik] fighter, ®oumb [¤umb] bomb, ®oyik [¤oc¿hik] salary,Âousastan [‹usastan] Russia, and their derivatives. There are even fewer wordsstarting with R r: rop; [rope] minute, rop;akan [ropeakan] instantaneous, andthe Armenian male name Ra` i [Rafi] Raffi.

2. Within words, ® usually appears before n: a®n;l [a¤nel] to take, da®nal [da¤nal] toturn% b®n;l [b§¤nel] to hold% spa®nal [spa¤nal] to threaten, etc. Exceptions: garnan

[garnan], which is the genitive form of garoun spring, etc.

3. Before consonants other than n% the letter r appears in: mard [martŒ] human being,bourd [burtŒ] wool, ;rdoum [yertŒum] oath, ward [vartŒ] rose, etc. Exceptions: ];®q[d¿ze¤kŒ] hand, 'a®q [pŒa¤kŒ] glory, ka®q [ka¤kŒ] coach, etc.

4. Words, which in Classical Armenian ended in -®n% have dropped the final n% leavingthe following words with a final ®: dou® [du¤] door, ama® [ama¤] summer, ]m;®[d¿z§me¤] winter, l;® [le¤] mountain, jo® [tŒo¤] grandchild, etc.

5. Here are some commonly used words with ® in final position or between two vowels:

anta® [anta¤] forest a®at [a¤at] abundantba® [ba¤] word ja'a®;l [tŒapŒa¤el] to roamk,i® [k§s¿hi¤] weight go®ox [go¤oz] haughtyasta® [asta¤] lining ou®ouzq [u¤ut¿sŒkŒ] tumorb;® [be¤] load a®a=in [a¤ac¿hŒin] first ‘ou® [t¿su¤] crooked ‘a® [t¿sa¤] tree pata® [pata¤] piece, bite va®ang [z¿ha¤ang] heir, heiressj,wa® [tŒ§s¿hva¤] miserable faka®ak [haka¤ak] against

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X EXERCISES

1. Answer the questions according to the pattern.

a. Fiwa#nd ;s! Fiwand hi% ba\z fima a\l…s fiwand c;m!

b. Do[azno#um ;s! Do[aznoum hi% ba\z &&&

c. Faxo#um ;s! Faxoum &&&

d. Glou.d zawo#um h! &&&

e. +;rmouj\oun oun;#s! &&&

f. Kokordd zawo#um h! &&&

g. Wa#t ;s xgoum! &&&

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, c, and d. Replace the itemssoury/kaj with j;\/,aqar% wiski/sa®ou\z% ø[i/=our% gini/soda, etc.

a. A. Sourye inco#w ;q .m;lou!B. Ifark; kajow!

b. A. Souryi f;t i#nc b;r;m!B. Mi qic kaj% ;j; kar;li h!

c. A. Soury b;r;#m!B. A\o*% ;j; kar;li h^ a®anz kaji!

d. A. :k;*q soury .m;nq!B. Sirow% ba\z ;s sourye kajow ;m .moum!

3. Answer the questions according to the pattern.

a. Jatron gnazi#r! O*c% c;m gnaz;l% gnam j;# cgnam!

b. Namak gr;zi#r! O*c% &&&

c. Girqs kardazi#r! O*c% &&&

d. Anna\i f;t .os;zi#r! O*c% &&&

e. "i[e t;sa#r! O*c% &&&

f. >mor;[;ne k;ra#r! O*c% &&&

g. Anna\in nw;re tw;zi#r! O*c% &&&

4. Complete the sentences according to the pattern in a.

a. Dou®e &&& ('ak;l)! Dou®e 'akw;z!

b. Drame &&& (‘a.s;l)! Drame &&&

c. Toune &&& (waya®;l)! &&&

d. Farze &&& (qnn;l)! &&&

e. Fiwande &&& (bouv;l)! &&&

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f. Namake &&& (ou[ark;l)! &&&

g. Ya,e &&& (;';l)! &&&

h. Kaje &&& (ja';l)! &&&

5. Ask questions using the items given in parentheses. Follow the pattern in a.

a. Kaje ,aqaro#w ;s .moum% j;# a®anz ,aqari!

b. J;\e &&& (kitron)c. Ø[in &&& (sa®ou\z)d. Sourye &&& (kaj)e. Ya,e &&& ;s outoum &&& (faz)f. }oun &&& (a[)g. Faze &&& (karag)h. }ouke &&& (jar.oun)

6. Answer the questions following the pattern in a.

a. "i[e inco#w h am;n inc anoum! Knyijow!

b. Apoure inco#w ;nq outoum! (gdal)c. Ginin inco#w ;nq .moum! (bavak)d. Ousouzcin incp;#s ;q ls;l! (ou,adrouj\oun)e. Incp;#s ;s galis famalsaran! (f;‘aniw)f. Incp;#s ;s gnoum a,.atanqi! (otq)

7. Form sentences following the pattern in a.

a. I#nc ;s groum! (namak% gr;l) Namak ;m groum!

b. (girq% kardal)

c. (gini% .m;l)

d. (.n]or% out;l)

e. (namak% ou[ark;l)

f. (am;n inc% faskanal)

8. Ask questions starting with an interrogative pronoun (incp;#s% inco#w% etc.).

a. Fa\rs ;kaw iinnqqnnaajjii®®ooww!

b. Na.aya,s k;ra aa..oorrvvaakkooww!

c. Ya,e patrast;zi kkaarraaggooww!

d. Sourys .moum ;m kkaajjooww ou ,,aaqqaarrooww!

e. Na mi,t spasoum h ffaammbb;;rroouujj\\aammbb!!

f. A,.atanqi ;m gnoum ff;;‘‘aanniiwwooww!!

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9. Conclude the sentences, using the verbs in parentheses in the subjunctive mood.

a. Ouxo#um ;s gam! (gal)

b. +anazinq% or m;r gor‘e &&& (w;r=azn;l)!

c. Nranq ;kan% orp;sxi };xaniz mi ban &&& (.ndr;l)!

d. :rani@ j; dou hl a\st;[ &&& (lin;l)!

e. Cgit;m% j; incp;s &&& nran a\d bane! (bazatr;l)

f. Cgit;nq% &&& (gnal) j;# &&& (mnal)!

g. Ou@r h% or am;n mard q;x nman &&& (lin;l)

10. Translate the sentences, using the appropriate subjunctive forms.a. If I have time, I will be there.b. If you want, we can go.c. I want you to learn this proverb (a®a‘).d. I don’t want you to leave.e. If he came, we would see him.f. If you saw Armenia, you would like it.

11. Ask a person a series of questions about her/his health in Armenian.

a) A classmate of yours is ill.b) An elderly Armenian lady on the street does not feel well.c) You visit an aunt in the hospital.

12. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. I#nc t;sak k;ndani h 'i[e!

b. I#nc gou\n ouni 'i[e!

c. Incpisi# acq;r ouni 'i[e!

d. Orp;s i#nc h ‘a®a\oum '[i knyije!

e. "i[e ,atak;#r k;ndani h!

f. "i[e ;#rb h wtangawor da®noum!

g. I#nc h anoum 'i[e% ;rb mardik nra f;t anardar ;n warwoum!

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XI PROVERBS

Glou.d or zawi% otqid zawe kmo®anas!

[G§luk¿h§t vor t¿sŒavi, votkŒit t¿sŒav§ k§mo¤anas]If you get a headache, you will forget your footache.

};®qe ];®q klwana% ;rkouse^ ;r;se!

[D¿ze¤kŒ§ d ¿ze¤kŒ k§l§vana, yerkusn el yeres§] One hand washes the other, and both wash the face.

Bar;kamd gl.id h na\oum% j,namid^ otqid!

[Barekam§t g§lk¿hit e nayum, tŒ§s¿hnamit votkŒit] A friend looks at your face, an enemy at your feet.

Srtiz sirt yam'a ka!

[S§rtit¿sŒ sirt c¿hampŒa ka] From heart to heart, there is a path.

Unit 8

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Describing and comparing people and things . . . . . 170

Vocabulary: 1. Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1742. Adjectives, antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Grammar: VERBS: 1. The mandative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 2. The nominalized infinitive . . . . . . . 182

ADJECTIVES: 1. Functions of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . .1842. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

PRONOUNS: Declension of personal pronouns . . . . 186

Armenian-English Contrasts: The Armenian deictic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Word Formation: Formation of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Pronunciation: Armenian ‘diphthongs’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Orthography: The spelling of Armenian ‘diphtongs’ . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Masnagitouj\ounn;r

cÜÉyxáá|ÉÇá

I DIALOGUES

1. A and B are colleagues, discussing their new director after the first meeting.

A. M;r nor tnør;nin t;sa#r! Have you seen our new director?[Mer nor t§norenin tesar?]

Dourd gali#s h! Do you like him?[Dur§t galis e?]

B. :s na.ordin hi ,at siroum! I liked his predecessor very much.[Yes nak¿hortŒin eyi s¿hat sirum]

A. :s sran ;m fawanoum! Nra ;lou\je I like this one better. His speech [Yes s§ran em havanum. N§ra yeluytŒ§]

w;r=in vo[owin tpaworic hr! at the last meeting was impressive.[verc¿hŒin z¿hog ¿hovin t§pavoric¿hŒ er]

B. Ba\z mi qic ;rkar c.os;#z! But didn’t he speak a bit too long?[Bayt¿sŒ mi kŒic¿hŒ yerkar c¿hŒ§k¿hoset¿sŒ?]

M;‘amit h jwoum! He seems to be haughty.[Met¿samit e tŒ§vum]

A. Isk artaqini masin i#nc kas;s! And what do you say about his looks?[Isk artakŒini masin inc¿hŒ kases?]

G;[;zik mard h% ch#! He’s a handsome man, isn’t he?[Geg¿het¿sŒik martŒ e, c¿hŒe?]

B. Iskap;s% n;rka\anali mard h% He is indeed a good-looking man,[Iskapes nerkayanali martΠe]

ba\z da i#nc kar…or h! but why is that important?[bayt¿sŒ da inc¿hŒ karevor e?]

A. Kt;sn;s% j; inc fianali You’ll see what a wonderful[K§tesnes, tŒe inc¿hŒ hiyanali]

[;kawar h lin;lou! leader he’ll be.[g¿hekavar e linelu]

B. Fousanq% or c;s s.alwoum! Let’s hope that you’re not mistaken.[HusankŒ, vor c¿hŒes s§k¿halvum]

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2. A and B are girlfriends, engaged in gossip.

A. Fawano#um ;s Karo\i n,ana‘in! Do you like Karo’s fiancé?[Havanum es Karoyi n§s¿hanat¿sin?]

B. :s nran d;® c;m t;s;l! I haven’t seen her yet.[Yes n§ran de¤ c¿hŒem tesel]

A. :r;k ;k;l hr m;r fawaqou\jin! She came to our party yesterday.[Yerek yekel er mer havakŒuytŒin]

B. Incpisi#n h! Dourd ;ka#w! What is she like? Did you like her? [Inc¿hŒpisin e? Dur§t yekav?]

A. Karo\iz aw;li bar]rafasak h She’s taller than Karo,[Karoyit¿sŒ aveli bart¿sŒrahasak e]

… nraniz^ tariqow m;‘! and older than him.[yev n§ranit¿sŒ tarikŒov met¿s]

B. Gon; g;[;zi#k h! Is she pretty at least?[Gone geg¿het¿sŒik e?]

A. :j; in] farzn;s% tg;[ h! If you ask me, she’s ugly.[YetŒe ind¿z hart¿sŒ§nes, t§geg¿h e]

B. I#nc hr fag;l! What was she wearing?[Inc¿hŒ er hakŒel?]

A. Anya,ak kin h! She is a woman with no taste.[Anc¿has¿hak kin e]

B. F;te .os;zi#r! Did you talk to her?[Het§ k¿hoset¿sŒir?]

A. O*c% ckaro[aza! Inqn hr No, I couldn’t. She did [Voc¿hŒ, c¿hŒ§karog¿hat¿sŒa. InkŒn er ]

boloriz ,at .osoum! all of the talking.[bolorit¿sŒ s¿hat k¿hosum]

B. In] xarmaznoum h Karo\i ya,ake! I am surprised at Karo’s taste.[In zarmat¿sŒ§num e Karoyi c¿has¿hak§]

A. Na ;#rb h ya,ak oun;z;l! Did he ever have taste?[Na yerpŒ e c¿has¿hak unet¿sŒel?]

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II TEXTLAWAGOU|N WKA|AKANE

Mi gitnakan ;ritasard øgnakan hr 'ntroum kar…or 'or]arkman

famar! <at;re dim;zin fa\tararwa‘ t;[i famar% … w;r=ap;s gitnakane

entr;z m;kin!

– Asa*% .ndr;m% – farzr;z nran enk;rn;riz m;ke% – inco#u entr;zir a\d

;ritasardin! Na oc mia\n q;x an‘anoj hr% a\l… wka\akan hl coun;r! Ouri,

j;kna‘oun;r% orqan git;m% ;kan ou gnazin law wka\akann;row ou bnoujagr;-

row% isk dou nranz cendoun;zir!

– As;m% – patas.an;z gitnakane% – j; incou a\d ;ritasardin a,.a-

tanqi endoun;zi! D;® spasasrafoum t;sa% j; na incp;s nsta‘ t;[iz w;r

kazaw ou ajo®e xi=;z tar;z mi tikno=! Gras;n\aks mtn;louz a®a= gl.arke

fan;z … dou®e 'ak;z a®anz a[mouki! Apa spas;z% or ir;n t;[ a®a=ark;m!

Our;mn qa[aqawari h ou nrbankat! Git;m% or d;® ousano[ h% ba\z … fatouk

jo,ak h stanoum! Our;mn mtawor karo[ouj\ounn;r ouni% endounak h ou a,.a-

tas;r! Farz;ris tw;z arag% y,grit … yi,t patas.ann;r% oronq bolorn hl in]

gofazrin! Isk ;rb nran farzri% j; incou bnoujagir couni% patas.an;z% or sa

a,.atanq gtn;lou ir a®a=in 'or]n h! :w or ,at hr ouxoum fnaraworouj\oun

stanal a,.atanqoum ir;n drs…or;lou! I@nc ;s kar‘oum% a\s bolor fatkouj-

\ounn;re% miasin w;rzra‘% mi#j; mi 'a\loun wka\akan carv;n!

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III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

lawagou\n [lavaguyn] best

wka\akan [v§kayakan] diploma

gitnakan [gitnakan] scientist

'ntr;l [pΤntrel] to search

øgnakan [okŒnakan] assistant

kar…or [karevor] important

'or]arkoum [pŒort¿sŒarkum] experiment

dim;l [dimel] to apply

fa\tararwa‘ [haytararvat¿s] announced

w;r=ap;s [verc¿hŒapes] finally

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;ritasard [yeritasartŒ] young (man)

an‘anoj [ant¿sanotŒ] unknown

j;kna‘ou [tŒeknat¿su] candidate

bnoujagir [b§nutŒagir] recommendation

endoun;l [§ntŒunel] to accept

spasasraf [spasas§rah] waiting room

w;r k;nal [ver kenal to get up

xi=;l [zijel] to yield

tar;z [taret¿sŒ] aged

mtn;l [m§tnel] to enter

fan;l [hanel] take off

'ak;l [pŒakel] to close

a[mouk [ag¿hmuk] noise

a®a=ark;l [a¤ac¿hŒarkel] to offer

qa[aqawari [kŒag¿hakŒavari] polite

nrbankat [n§rpŒan§kat] considerate

fatouk [hatuk] special

jo,ak [tŒos¿hak] stipend

stanal [stanal] to receive

mtawor [m§tavor] mental

karo[ouj\oun [karog¿hutŒyun] capacity

endounak [§ntŒunak] capable

a,.atas;r [as¿hk¿hataser] diligent

arag [arag] fast, quick

y,grit [c¿h§s¿hgrit] exact

gofazn;l [gohat¿sŒ§nel] to satisfy

gtn;l [g§tnel] to find

'or] [pŒort¿¿sŒ] attempt, try

fnaraworouj\oun [h§naravorutŒyun] chance

drs…orw;l [d§rsevorvel] to reveal himself

fatkouj\oun [hatkutŒyun] quality

miasin w;rzra‘ [miasin vert¿sŒ§rat¿s] taken together

mi#j; [mitŒe?] Don’t you think?/Isn’t it?

'a\loun [pŒaylun] brilliant

arv;nal [arz¿henal] to be worth

fa,wapaf [has¿hvapah] accountant

d;rasan* [derasan] actor

g\ou[atnt;s [gyug¿hat§ntes] agronomist

yartarap;t [c¿hartarapet] architect

arw;stag;t [arvestaget] artist

nkaric [n§karic¿hŒ] artist-painter

fazagor‘ [hat¿sŒagort¿s] baker

warsawir [varsavir] barber

darbin [darpŒin] blacksmith

ormnadir / f\ousn [vormnadir / hyus§n] bricklayer

msawaya® [m§savac¿ha¤] butcher

ata[]agor‘ [atak¿ht¿sŒagort¿s] carpenter

gan]apaf [gand¿zapah] cashier

,inarar [s¿hinarar] constructor, builder

.ofarar [k¿hoharar] cook

atamnabou\v [atamnabuyz¿h] dentist

diwanag;t [divanaget] diplomat

tnør;n [t§noren] director

bvi,k [b§z¿his¿hk] doctor, physician

d;r]ak [dert¿sŒak] dressmaker

tnt;sag;t [t§ntesaget] economist

inv;n;r% yartarag;t [inz¿hener, c¿hartaraget] engineer

];®narkat;r [d¿ze¤narkater] entrepreneur

;rkraban [yerkraban] geologist

osk;ric [voskeric¿hŒ] goldsmith, jeweler

warsafardar [varsahardar] hairdresser

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IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

* Some nouns indicating professions have female counterparts formed by the suffix -oufi [-uhi]:d;rasan [derasan] actor → d;rasanoufi [derasanuhi] actress, ousouzic [usut¿sŒic¿hŒ] maleteacher → ousouzcoufi [usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhi] female teacher (see p. 57).

MASNAGITOUJ|OUNN:R [MasnagitutŒyunner] PROFESSIONS

qnnic [kŒ§nnic¿hŒ] inspector

lragro[ [l§ragrog¿h] journalist

datawor [datavor] judge

irawaban [iravaban] lawyer

l;xwaban [lezvaban] linguist

waya®akan [vac¿ha¤akan] merchant

bouvqou\r [buz¿hkŒuyr] nurse (female)

bouvak [buz¿hak] nurse (male)

n;rkarar [nerkarar] painter

d;[agor‘ [deg¿hagort¿s] pharmacist

banas;r [banaser] philologist

lousankaric [lusan§karic¿hŒ] photographer

da,nakafar [das¿hnakahar] pianist

ødacou [otŒac¿hŒu] pilot

banast;[‘ [banasteg¿ht¿s] poet

ostikan [vostikan] policeman

warcap;t [varc¿hŒapet] premier

qafana [kŒahana] priest

dasa.os [dasak¿hos] professor, lecturer

‘ragraworo[ [t¿s§ragravorog¿h] programmer

fratarakic [hratarakic¿hŒ] publisher

j[jakiz [tŒ§g¿htŒakit¿sŒ] reporter, correspondent

qartou[ar [kŒartug¿har] secretary (male)

ko,kakar [kos¿hkakar] shoemaker

warord [varortŒ] driver

masnag;t [masnaget] specialist

wirabou\v [virabuyz¿h] surgeon

ousouzic [usut¿sŒic¿hŒ] teacher

a®…trakan [arevt§rakan] trader

anasnabou\v [anasnabuyz¿h] veterinarian

vamagor‘ [z¿hamagort¿s] watchmaker

banwor [banvor] worker

gro[ [g§rog¿h] writer

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A’AKANN:R [At¿sakanner] ADJECTIVES

fin [hin] old

nor [nor] new

;ritasard [yeritasartŒ] young

‘;r [t¿ser] old

axniw [azniv] honest

anaxniw [anazniv] dishonest

xgou\, [zguys¿h] careful, cautious

anxgou\, [an§zguys¿h] careless

a,.atas;r [as¿hk¿hataser] diligent

‘ou\l [t¿suyl] lazy

a®ata];®n [a¤atad¿ze¤n] generous

vlat [z¿h§lat] stingy

g;[;zik [geg¿het¿¿sŒik] beautiful

tg;[ [t§geg¿h] ugly

g;r [ger] fat

nifar [nihar] slim

ja'j'wa‘ [tŒapŒtŒ§pŒvat¿s] sloppy

kokik [kokik] neat

jou. [tŒuk¿h] dark (about people).art\a, [k¿hartyas¿h] blonde, fair

bar]rafasak [bart¿¿sŒrahasak] tall

karyafasak [karc¿hahasak] short

fay;li [hac¿heli] pleasant

tfay [t§hac¿h] unpleasant

f;taqrqrakan [hetakŒ§rkŒrakan] interesting

]an]rali [d¿zand¿zrali] boring

f;taqrqras;r [hetakŒ§rkŒraser] curious

antarb;r [antarber] indifferent

ouv;[ [uz¿hegh] strong

jou\l [tŒuyl] weak

qa=% anwa. [kŒaj, anvak¿h] brave, fearless

wa.kot [vak¿hkot] coward

lour= [lurj] serious

j;j…amit [tŒetŒevamit] frivolous

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1st (m;nq) piti or p;tq h+ verb stem+;nq/anq [piti or petkŒ e + verb stem+enkŒ/ankŒ]

2nd (douq) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;q/aq [piti or petkŒ e + verb stem+ekŒ/akŒ]

3rd (nranq) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;n/an [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+en/an]

1st (;s) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;m/am [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+em/am]

2nd (dou) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;s/as [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+es/as]

3rd (na) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+i/a [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+i/a]

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

I. THE MANDATIVE MOOD

The mandative mood expresses actions or states considered by the speaker to be necessaryand obligatory. There are four mandative tenses:

1. Mandative future I

The mandative future I is a compound tense consisting of the modal particle piti or p;tq

h and the personal forms of the base verb in the subjunctive future (see p. 150):

subjunctive future: gr;m/kardam → mandative future I: piti gr;m or p;tq h gr;m%

piti kardam or p;tq h kardam& All regular verbs follow the pattern given below:

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MANDATIVE FUTURE Iggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

(;s) piti or p;tq h gr;m piti or p;tq h kardam

(dou) piti or p;tq h gr;s piti or p;tq h kardas

(na) piti or p;tq h gri piti or p;tq h karda

(m;nq) piti or p;tq h gr;nq piti or p;tq h kardanq

(douq) piti or p;tq h gr;q piti or p;tq h kardaq

(nranq) piti or p;tq h gr;n piti or p;tq h kardan

2. Mandative past I

The mandative past I is a compound tense that consists of the particle piti or p;tq h

and the conjugated personal forms of the subjunctive past (see p. 151).subjunctive past: gr;i/karda\i → mandative past I: piti gr;i or p;tq h gr;i%

piti karda\i or p;tq h karda\i&

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st (m;nq) piti or p;tq h+ verb stem+;inq/a\inq [piti or petkŒ e + verb stem+eyinkŒ/ayinkŒ]

2nd (douq) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;iq/a\iq [piti or petkŒ e + verb stem+eyikŒ/ayikŒ]

3rd (nranq) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;in/a\in [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+eyin/ayin]

All regular verbs follow the pattern given below:

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1st (;s) piti or p;tq h+ verb stem+;i/a\i [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+eyi/ayi]

2nd (dou) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;ir/a\ir [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+eyir/ayir]

3rd (na) piti or p;tq h + verb stem+;r/ar [piti or petkΠe + verb stem+er/ar]

MANDATIVE PAST I

ggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative

(;s) piti or p;tq h gr;i piti or p;tq h karda\i

(dou) piti or p;tq h gr;ir piti or p;tq h karda\ir

(na) piti or p;tq h gr;r piti or p;tq h kardar

(m;nq) piti or p;tq h gr;inq piti or p;tq h karda\inq

(douq) piti or p;tq h gr;iq piti or p;tq h karda\iq

(nranq) piti or p;tq h gr;in piti or p;tq h karda\in

3. Formation of the negative paradigms

For both the mandative future I and mandative past I, the negation particle c- is prefixed topiti or p;tq h% resulting in cpiti or cp;tq h + the corresponding subjunctive form.

MANDATIVE FUTURE I MANDATIVE PAST I

negative

(;s) cpiti or cp;tq h gr;m cpiti or cp;tq h karda\i

(dou) cpiti or cp;tq h gr;s cpiti or cp;tq h karda\ir

(na) cpiti or cp;tq h gri cpiti or cp;tq h kardar

(m;nq) cpiti or cp;tq h gr;nq cpiti or cp;tq h karda\inq

(douq) cpiti or cp;tq h gr;q cpiti or cp;tq h karda\iq

(nranq) cpiti or cp;tq h gr;n cpiti or cp;tq h karda\in

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st pers. (;s) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ piti or p;tq h lin;m/lin;i

2nd pers. (dou) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ piti or p;tq h lin;s/lin;ir

3rd pers. (na) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ piti or p;tq h lini/lin;r

1st pers. (m;nq) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ piti or p;tq h lin;nq/lin;inq

2nd pers. (douq) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ piti or p;tq h lin;q/lin;iq

3rd pers. (nranq) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ piti or p;tq h lin;n/lin;in

4. Mandative future II and the mandative past II

In addition to the primary set of mandative paradigms, mandative future I and mandativepast I, there are two secondary paradigms, which we will call mandative future II andmandative past II. They consist of the mandative future I and past I forms of the auxiliaryverb lin;l (cf. piti lin;m and piti lin;i) respectively and the past participle (end-ing in -a‘ or -aza‘) (see p. 236): gra‘ or kardaza‘ piti/p;tq h lin;m and gra‘

or kardaza‘ piti/p;tq h lin;i.

All regular verbs follow the pattern given below:

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PLURAL

SINGULAR

MANDATIVE FUTURE II MANDATIVE PAST II

affirmative

(;s) gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;m gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;i

(dou) gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;s gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;ir

(na) gra‘ piti or p;tq h lini gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;r

(m;nq) gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;nq gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;inq

(douq) gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;q gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;iq

(nranq) gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;n gra‘ piti or p;tq h lin;in

5. Formation of the negative paradigms

For this secondary set of mandative paradigms, the negative particle c- is prefixed topiti or p;tq h% resulting in gra‘ cpiti or cp;tq h lin;m etc. (mandative futureII) and gra‘ cpiti or cp;tq h lin;i% etc. (mandative past II).

6. Uses of the mandative future I

a) The mandative future I denotes actions or states anticipated by the speaker in the future.Compared to the indicative future (cf. gr;lou/kardalou ;m etc.), the action expressed bythe mandative future I (cf. piti gr;m/piti kardam etc.) contains a sense of necessi-ty or obligation, which at times can be perceived as an action contrary to the speaker’s wish:

A\s tari banak piti/p;tq h gnam!

This year I must go to the army.

b) The modal particles piti% p;tq h are used as synonyms, although at times the formswith p;tq h express a stronger necessity. In the second person, p;tq h is widely usedin orders:

Dou p;tq h anmi=ap;s f;®anas a\st;[iz!

You must leave this place immediately.

c) In certain contexts, mandative future I may also connote determination on the part ofthe speaker to carry out an action in the future:

:s piti/p;tq h ,arounak;m im gor‘e!

I intend to continue my work.

d) Used in the second person, in some contexts the mandative future I may also indicate asupposition or presumption:

Enk;ro=s piti/p;tq h yanac;s!

You must know my friend.

e) At times, piti or p;tq h are followed by the conjunction or, which softens themandatory meaning. Compare the translation:

Enk;ro=s piti/p;tq h or yanac;s!

You must certainly know my friend.

7. Uses of the mandative past I

a) The mandative past I denotes a potential action or state that according to the speaker couldhave occured, but did not. Hence the negative meaning of affirmative forms and the affirma-tive meaning of negative forms. Thus, piti gr;i I should have written implies cgr;zi Ihaven’t written and cpiti gr;i I shouldn’t have written implies gr;zi I have written.

Fa=ord kiraki na piti amousnanar!

Next Sunday he was to get married. (In reality, he didn’t get married.)

b) As the mandative past I indicates potential actions that did not occur, second-personforms are frequently used to express advice or a reproach:

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A\d toune piti gn;ir!

You should have bought that house. (You were going to, but didn’t.)

This can be expressed by shorter sentences, such as:

Piti gn;ir! A\d bane cpiti an;ir!

You should have bought (it). You shouldn’t have done that.

c) The mandative past I may also refer to the present time to express wishes and desiresin a more polite manner. In that sense, it corresponds to the English “I would ...” or “Iwouldn’t...”:

Piti .ndr;i% or f;ts ga\ir!

I would ask you to come with me.

8. Uses of the mandative future II

a) The mandative future II indicates an action that in the speaker’s mind must be complet-ed at a certain point in the future:

Minc… wa[e a\s a,.atanqe p;tq h awarta‘ lin;m!

By tomorrow I must have this work completed.

b) Used in the second person, the mandative future II can be synonymous with the imper-ative mood, indicating an order or a strong demand for an action to be completed at acertain point in the future:

Vame 12-in drame b;ra‘ piti lin;s!

By 12 o’clock you must have brought the money.

c) In some contexts, the mandative future II can express an action that according to thespeaker’s conviction or guess must have been completed at the time of speech:

Na wa[ouz p;tq h gnaza‘ lini!

He must have gone long ago.

9. Uses of the mandative past II

a) The mandative past II indicates an action that should have taken place in the past butfailed to do so:

Namake minc… fima piti/p;tq h grwa‘ lin;r!

The letter should have been written by now.

b) The very meaning of failure imparts to the statement a sense of wrong-doing. Hence therecurrent use of the mandative II in reproaches to others, as well as to oneself. It can berendered in English by should have, shouldn’t have, etc.

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};x piti/p;tq h xangafara‘ lin;i!

I should have phoned you. (But I didn’t.)

A\d bane in] cpiti/cp;tq h asa‘ lin;ir!

You shouldn’t have told me that. (But you did.)

II. THE NOMINALIZED INFINITIVE

The Armenian infinitive is readily nominalized and it is used in two forms:

a) with the definite article -e/-nb) with the possessive articles -s% -d% -e/-n

;rg;l to sing → ;rg;le the singing → ;rg;ls my singing .a[al to play → .a[ale the playing → .a[ald your playing.os;l to speak → .os;le the speaking → .os;le his/her speaking

The nominalized infinitive is declined like a regular noun following the -ou declension.Below is the declension paradigm of the infinitive with the definite article -e/-n in thesingular:*

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Nom./Acc. ;rg;le .a[ale .os;le

Gen./Dat. ;rg;lou(n) .a[alou(n) .os;lou(n)

Abl. ;rg;louz .a[alouz .os;louz

Instr. ;rg;low .a[alow .os;low

Nom./Acc. ;rg;ls .a[al .os;ls

Gen./Dat. ;rg;lous .a[alous .os;lous

Abl. ;rg;louzs .a[alouzs .os;louzs

Instr. ;rg;lows .a[alows .os;lows

Below is the declension paradigm of the infinitive used with the possessive articles -s% -d% -e/-n in the singular:

* The plural paradigm is restricted to colloquial speech.

SINGULAR

SINGULAR

Uses of the nominalized infinitive

The nominalized infinitive ending with the definite article -e/-n is used as an abstractnoun indicating an action or state. In this usage, the nominalized infinitive has much incommon with the English gerund:

’’..;;llee wnasakar h! AApprr;;llee arw;st h!

Smoking is harmful. Living is an art.

Nominalized infinitives are readily declined and fulfill various functions in sentences:

Anzar a®anz in] nnkkaatt;;lloouu! LLaallooww ocinc c;s 'o.i!

You passed without noticing me. By crying you won’t change anything.

In the first sentence, the verb nkat;l is in the dative case as required by the prepositiona®anz without. In the second sentence, the verb lal appears in the instrumental case.

With an attribution to a person, the nominalized infinitive appears with a noun in the geni-tive case or the possessive adjective im% qo% nra% etc. Most commonly, however, it is usedwith the possessive article -s, -d, -e/-n (see Unit 3, p. 55). It functions as a verbal nounthat indirectly refers to a person’s action or state. These personalized infinitives can trans-form complete sentences into nominal phrases designating facts. Compare:

:r;.an ard;n qa\loum h! → :r;.a\i qqaa\\ll;;llee m;x oura.azr;z!

The child is already walking. → The child’s walking made us happy.

Nranq ou,anoum ;n! → Nranz oouu,,aannaallee in] mtafogoum h!

They are late. → Their being late worries me.

Dou ‘.o#um ;s! → ’’..;;lldd in] xarmazr;z!

Are you smoking? → Your smoking surprised me.

When derived from a transitive verb, these nominalizations may take a direct object:

Nor toun gn;zir! → NNoorr ttoouunn ggnn;;lldd law lour h!

You bought a new house. → Your buying a new house is good news.

Nominalized infinitives can also be prefixed with the negation marker c-:

Annan ci patas.anoum! → Nra ccppaattaass..aann;;llee tarørinak h!

Anna is not answering. → Her not-answering is strange.

Personalized formations appear also with case markers, as governed by a verb, prepositionor postposition:

Fiiwwaannddaannaalloouudd masin in] cfa\tn;zin! (fiwandanal in genitive +d) They didn’t inform me about your falling ill.

MM;;kknn;;lloouuzzss f;to am;n inc 'o.w;z! (m;kn;l in ablative +s) After my departure everything changed.

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B. ADJECTIVES

1. Functions of adjectives

As in many languages, Armenian adjectives are used

1) as modifiers of nouns, such as a®o[= healthy in a®o[= ;r;.a healthy child (attribu-tive function);

2) complements to a copular verb, as fam;[ tasty in ya,e fam;[ h the meal is tasty, orouv;[ strong in ouv;[ h jwoum he seems strong (predicative function);

3) as modifiers of verbs, indicating the manner in which an action is performed as law

good in law ;n paroum they dance well (adverbial function).

In all three functions, Armenian adjectives do not change forms. When used alone, how-ever, to refer to people and things, Armenian adjectives function as nouns. As such, they cantake on the definite article -ee/-nn, the possessive articles -ss% -dd% -ee/-nn, case markersaccording to the -i declension of nouns, and the plural ending -(nn);;rree.

EXAMPLES: lawee the good one, lawiizz from the good one, lawss or im lawee my goodone, law;;rree the good ones, law;;rrooww with the good ones, etc. As with regular nouns, thedefinite article -nn appears, rather than the common -ee% after the final vowel of an adjectiveor after the final consonant, if the following word begins with a vowel: carnn ou barinn theevil and the good (see p. 283).

When adjectives are used to refer to people in general, English and Armenian behave dif-ferently: While English uses only the singular, Armenian predominantly employs the plu-ral: faroustn;re the rich, anwanin;re the famous, m;r ;ritasardn;re our young.Moreover, unlike English, where only selective adjectives can be nominalized in this role,Armenian knows almost no restrictions.

2. Comparison

To indicate the extent or the degree of quality inherent to certain items, Armenian adjectiveshave three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.

The positive degree is the plain form of adjectives as they appear in dictionaries:

law goodoura. joyousf;taqrqrakan interesting, etc.

1) The positive degree is used in constructions where two compared items, persons, or eventsare said to be equal or similar in quality. This is rendered in English by the correlative subor-dinators as ... as. For this purpose, Armenian uses two constructions. The first constructionincludes a\nqan &&&% orqan& nou\nqan &&&% orqan& a\nca' &&&% orca' as (much) ... as.

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Nra a®a=in w;pe nou\nqan f;taqrqrakan h% orqan w;r=ine!His first novel is as interesting as the last one.

The second construction for the positive degree uses the postpositions pp;;ss or ccaa'' thatgovern the dative case (see Unit 7, p. 158):

Arame Arm;ni p;s a,.atas;r h!Aram is as diligent as Armen.

2) The comparative degree serves to compare two items according to greater or lesser degreesof quality. In Armenian, it is always a combination of the comparative aw;li more (for supe-riority) or nwax or pakas less (for inferiority) with the simple form of the adjective:

g;[;zik beautiful → aw;li g;[;zik more beautiful f;taqrqrakan interesting → nwax or pakas f;taqrqrakan less interesting

a) To introduce the second item of comparison, comparative constructions involve the wordqan than:

A®a=in karge aw;li jank h% qan ;rkrorde!The first row is more expensive than the second one.

b) The second item of comparison can be shown in the ablative case:

A®a=in karge ;rkrordiz (aw;li) jank h!The first row is more expensive than the second one.

c) When adjectives hark back to an earlier sentence or clause for comparison, some sen-tence structures can be elliptic:

Ma\rs mi,t fiwand hr% ba\z fa\rs aw;li a®o[= chr! My mother was always ill, but my father was not much healthier.

3) The superlative degree indicates the highest or lowest degree in quality. There are threesuperlative constructions in Armenian.

a) A construction consisting of am;niz of all and the plain form of the adjective:

;ritasard young → am;niz ;ritasard (the) youngest (of all)dvwar difficult → am;niz dvwar (the) most difficult

b) A derivation consisting of the superlative prefix am;na- and the plain adjective:

m;‘ big → am;nam;‘ (the) biggest;r=anik happy → am;na;r=anik (the) happiest

c) A derivation that combines the plain adjective with the superlative suffix -agou\n:

m;‘ big → m;‘agou\n the biggestouv;[ strong → ouv;[agou\n the strongest

Some adjectives take both (b) and (c) constructions: am;nalaw and lawagou\n the best%am;nabar]r and bar]ragou\n the highest% am;nafin and fnagou\n the oldest% etc.

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1st Person ;s I m;nq we

2nd Person dou you (informal) douq you (formal and plural)

3rd Person a) inq(e) he/she/it/himself/herself ir;nq they, themselves

b) na he/she/it nranq they

Nominative inq(e) ir;nq na nranq

Genitive ir ir;nz nra nranz

Dative ir;n ir;nz nran nranz

Accusative ir;n ir;nz nran nranz

Ablative ir;niz ir;nziz nraniz nranziz

Instrumental ir;now ir;nzow nranow nranzow

Nominative ;s m;nq dou douq

Genitive im m;r qo ];r

Dative in] m;x q;x ];x

Accusative in] m;x q;x ];x

Ablative in](a)niz m;x(a)niz q;x(a)niz ];x(a)niz

Instrumental in](a)now m;x(a)now q;x(a)now ];x(a)now

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C. PRONOUNS

Declension of personal pronouns

As in English, Armenian personal pronouns make distinctions in person (first, second, and

third), number (singular and plural), and case (although in Armenian, there is a more exten-

sive declension paradigm: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and instrumen-

tal). The declension of personal pronouns in Armenian is more developed than that of

nouns. Armenian personal pronouns, however, do not distinguish gender in the third-person

singular (as in the English he/she/it), but have two sets of pronouns in the third person.

SINGULAR PLURAL

3rd Person

Form (a): Singular Plural Form (2): Singular Plural

1st Person 2nd Person 1st Person 2nd PersonSingular Plural Singular Plural

VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

The Armenian deictic system

Deictic words (I, you, here, now, this, that, etc.) reflect the speaker’s proximity to things,people, time, and place. Languages express this proximity between speaker and reality indifferent ways. While standard English makes two distinctions (this/that, here/there, etc.),Armenian makes three (a\s/a\d/a\n% a\st;[/a\dt;[/a\nt;[% etc.).*

This is illustrated in the table below where deictics indicate various distances from thespeaker: (1) immediate proximity (a\s [ays] this near me); (2) moderate distance (a\d[ayt] that near you); (3) greater distance (a\n [ayn] that over there).

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1. a\s [ays] 1. a\st;[ [aysteg¿h] 1.a\sqan [ayskŒan] 1. a\sp;s [ayspes]2. a\d [ayt] 2. a\dt;[ [aytteg¿h] 2. a\dqan [aytkŒan] 2. a\dp;s [aytpes]3. a\n [ayn] 3. a\nt;[ [aynteg¿h] 3. a\nqan [aynkŒan] 3. a\np;s [aynpes]

Here is a table corresponding to the same group of deictics in English.

1. this 1. here 1. this much 1. this way2. that 2. there 2. that much 2. that way

1. a\s girqe [ays girkΤ] this book

2. a\d girqe [ayt girkΤ] } that book3. a\n girqe [ayn girkΤ]

Consequently, there can be no exact equivalents in translation. As illustrated below, theArmenian groups (2) and (3) are reduced to a single category in English.

The recurring sounds associated with each of these three groups are ss%% dd and nn. Note thatthese sounds are always present in the Armenian deictic system, for instance, in the personalpronouns ;ss% ddou% nna; these sounds also constitute the possessive articles -ss% -dd% -ee/-nn&&

* Many non-standard English dialects have three demonstratives (cf. this, that, yon/yonder) corre-sponding to Early Modern English (cf. the Shakespearean here, there, yonder). Compare also theSpanish demonstratives este, ese, aquel and the Latin hic, iste, ille.

1. girqss [girkΤs] my book

2. girqdd [girkΤt] your book

3. girqee [girkŒ§] or girqn [girkŒn] his/her book

VII WORD FORMATION

Formation of adjectives

1. The Armenian adjectival prefixes are: an- [an-], c- [c¿hŒ-], dv- [d§z¿h-], t- [t-], ap-

[ap-]. They correspond to the English prefixes un-, dis-, in- and the suffix -less.

Of all the adjectival and nominal prefixes in Armenian, an- is the most productive. It ischiefly used to create antonyms derived from

a) both radical and derived adjectives:

maqour clean → anmaqour uncleanka\oun steady → anka\oun unsteadyfa=o[ successful → anfa=o[ unsuccessfulpatas.anatou responsible → anpatas.anatou irresponsible

b) nouns:

n,an sign → ann,an insignificant m;[q guilt → anm;[ innocent fot odor → anfot odorlessfou\s hope → anfou\s hopeless

Note that abstract nouns ending in -ouj\oun can be formed from most adjectives with theprefix an- (see Unit 3, p. 58).

anfog careless → anfogouj\oun carelessnessanya,ak tasteless → anya,akouj\oun tastelessnessanm;[ innocent → anm;[ouj\oun innocenceanpatiw dishonest → anpatwouj\oun dishonor, disgrace

The prefixes c-, dv-, t-% and ap- are less productive. They all have a negative meaning.

c- : kam;nal to wish → ckam unkind.os;l to speak → c.oskan taciturn

dv- : gof content → dvgof discontent gou\n color → dvgou\n pale

t- : git;nal to know → tg;t ignorantfay;li pleasant → tfay unpleasant

ap- : ør;nq law → apørini illegal,norfq grace → apa,norf disgraceful

Many of these adjectives can have parallel formations with the more productive prefix an-:ckam - ankam unkind, dvgou\n - angou\n pale, apørini - anør;n illegal, etc.

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2. The adjectival suffixes -ali [-ali]% -;li [-eli]% -akan [-akan]/-;kan [-ekan],-aki

[-aki], -a\in [-ayin], -at [-at], -aw;t [-avet], -awor [-avor]/ -;wor [-avor],-awoun [-avun], -; [-e]/-\a [-ya], -;li [-eli], -;[ [-eg¿h], -;ni [-eni], -ic [-ic¿hŒ],-ot [-ot]/-kot [-kot], -\al [-yal], -\an [-yan], -ou [-u], -oun [-un], etc. are produc-tive, adding various meanings to the adjectives derived from nouns, verbs, numerals,etc. They correspond to the English adjectival suffixes, such as -ish, -(l)y, -ful, -able, -fold, -en, etc.

EXAMPLES:

-ali soskal to dread → soskali dreadful

-;li at;l to hate → at;li detestable

-akan ør day → ørakan daily

-;kan ,af profit → ,af;kan profitable

-aki baxoum many → baxmaki manyfold

-a\in ød air → øda\in aerial

-at gou\n color → gounat pale

-aw;t bou\r scent → bouraw;t fragrant

-awor m;[q guilt, sin → m;[awor guilty, sinful

-;wor oun;nal to have → oun…or wealthy

-awoun karmir red → karmrawoun reddish

-; 'a\t wood → 'a\t; wooden

-\a apaki glass → apak\a made of glass

-;[ ouv strength → ouv;[ strong

-;ni ma\r mother → ma\r;ni maternal

-ic foux;l to move → fouxic moving (emotionally)

-ot \ou[ grease → \ou[ot greasy, fat

-kot wa. fear → wa.kot fearful, faint-hearted

-\al orak;l to qualify → orak\al qualified, high-quality

-\an ar…;lq East → ar…;l\an Eastern

-ou fat;l to cut → fatou sharp

-oun fnc;l to sound → fncoun sounding,

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

Armenian ‘diphthongs’

Diphthongs are defined as the combination of two vowels that are pronounced as a complex

but unsegmentable, gliding speech sound that makes up one syllable. For instance, the

English ai in pain, oy in toy, oa in boat, etc. Armenian does not have diphthongs in the clas-

sical sense of the term. It combines, however, one vowel (a% ;% o% ou) with the semi-vowel \

to produce a sequence of two sounds that can in some positions within words be perceived

as one syllable. There are two such sound combinations:

a) vowel+\

a\ [áy]: ba\ [báy] verb, a\‘ [áyt¿s] goat, ]a\n [d¿záyn] voice

;\ [éy]: j;\ [tŒéy] tea, f;@\ [héy] hey! (exclamation)

o\ [óy]: .o\ [k¿hóy] ram, No\ [Nóy] Noah

ou\ [úy]: lou\s [lúys] light, bou\n [búyn] nest% qou\r [kŒúyr] sister

b) \+vowel

\a [ya]: \amb [yamb] iamb, k\anq [kyankŒ] life, ka\an [kayan] station, etc.

\; [ye]: ;s [yes] I, … [yev] and, wa\;l;l [vayelel] to enjoy, etc.

\i [yi]: kga\i [k§gayi] I would come, mardka\in [martŒkayin] human, etc.

\o [yo]: \oj [yotŒ] seven, ard\oq [artŒyokŒ] who knows?, etc.

\ou [yu]: \ou[ [yug¿h] oil% f\our [hyur] guest, ard\ounq [artŒyunkŒ] result, etc.

\e [y§]: ba\e [bay§] the verb% .o\e [k¿hoy§] the ram, etc.

Of the two groups of sound combinations listed above, those under (a), i.e. vowel+\% are

closest to sounds commonly known as diphthongs. However, these sound combinations can

be easily segmented in Armenian, whereas in English they cannot. This occurs when new

syllables starting with another vowel are added and the stress is shifted to the next syllable.

In this case, according to Armenian hyphenation rules, the vowels are separated from \.

Compare: ba\ [báy] verb - ba-\;r [ba-yér] verbs, j;\ [tŒéy] tea - j;-\i [tŒe-yí] of the

tea, No-\an Tapan [No-yan Tapan] Noah’s Ark, etc.

This is how the sound combinations listed above under (b), i.e. \+vowel, can be generated:

Fa-\astan [Ha-yastan] Armenia from fa\ [hay] Armenian

fa-\;r [ha-yer] Armenians –ªº–

fa-\ordi [ha-yortŒi] son of an Armenian –ªº–

fa-\ouj\oun [ha-yutŒyun] Armenian race –ªº–

fa-\e [ha-y§] the Armenian (person) –ªº–

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

The spelling of Armenian ‘diphthongs’

In addition to the combinations a\% ;\% o\% ou\% diphthong-like compound sounds [ey],[ye], [oy], [yo], etc., (see previous page) can result from a variety of other spellings. Hereare the most common ones:

[ey] is spelled not only ;\ but also h\ in initial position of words of foreign origin (cf.H\`;l Eiffel)

[oy] is spelled not only o\ but also ø\ in initial position of words of foreign origin (cf.Ø\stra. Oistrakh)

[ya] is mostly spelled \a, but also ia as in øwkianos [ovkyanos] ocean, f;qiaj[hekŒyat] fairy tale and ;a in fr;a [h§rya] Jew, etc.

[ye] is predominantly spelled ; in initial position and \; within words (cf. na\;l)%but also as i; as in Wi;tnam [Vyetnam] Vietnam, pr;mi;r [premyer] premier, etc.

[yi] is mostly spelled \i after a (cf. ama\i)& It also appears in word forms such ashi [eyi] I was, kas;i [kaseyi] I would say, etc., and in some proper names after a followedby i: Nairi [Nayiri], Aida [Ayida], etc.

[yo] is normally spelled \o (cf. \oj)% but also io as in ®adio [¤adyo] radio, as wellas in certain word forms such as rop;ow [ropeyov] with/by the minute, ]iow [d¿ziyov] byhorse, etc.

[yu] is regularly spelled \ou (cf. ]\oun), but also iou as in amonioum [amonyum]amonium, z;lsious [t¿sŒelsyus] Celsius, etc. It also occurs before the suffix of abstract nouns-ouj\oun as in margar;ouj\oun [markareyutŒyun] prophecy, .ab;ouj\oun [k¿hapŒeyu-tŒyun] fraud, etc.

[y§] never occurs initially and medially in Armenian words. It appears only in finalposition when the definite article e is added to nouns ending in -\: j;\e [tey§] the tea%fa\e [hay§] the Armenian (person), etc. The sound combination \e [y§] is never stressed(see Unit 1, p. 17).

All above-mentioned two-sound sequences are segmentable into two syllables and there-fore cannot be considered diphthongs: mi-ak [mi-yak] the only, fr;-a [h§r-ya] Jew,ti-;x;rq [ti-ye-zerkŒ] universe, ]i-awor [d¿zi-ya-vor] rider, mi-ouj\oun [mi-yu-tŒyun] union, Oukra-ina [Ukra-yi-na] Ukraine, Nairi [Na-yi-ri], stadion [stadi-yon], ]iow [d¿zi-yov], etc.

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UNIT 8

X EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

a. A\s toune nor h% a\n a[=kaniz aw;li g;[;zik h!

b. A\s a[=ike ;ritasardn;riz aw;li ouv;[ h!

c. Nou\nqan oura. ;m am;nabar]r jo,ake stazaw!

d. Nor ousano[e ba\z fa\rs hl ,at a®o[= ch!

e. A\s ‘;r marde orqan or dou!

f. Sa am;najank ba\z m\ouse aw;li nor h!

g. Ma\rs fiwand h% tn;riz m;kn h!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, c, and d. Replace the itemstnør;n/;ritasard with a,ak;rt/a,.atas;r% ousano[/.;lazi% øgnakan/maqras;r% a,.ato[e/lour=% etc.

a. A. A\nt;[ kangna‘ h m;r nor tnør;ne!B. };r tnør;nn a\sqan ;ritasa#rd h!

b. A. Nor tnør;ni f;t ‘anojaza#r!B. A\o*% orqa@n ;ritasard h!

c. A. M;r nor tnør;nin t;sa#r! Fawano#um ;s!B. A\o*% ,at aw;li ;ritasard h% qan m;re!

d. A. O#rn h ];r tnør;ne!B. Am;niz ;ritasarde!

3. Answer the questions, using antonyms. Follow the pattern.

a. A\s ,;nqe ,at fin h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ nor h!

b. A\s a[=ike g;[;zik h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ &&&

c. Ousano[e .;lazi h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ &&&

d. A\s farze kar…or h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ &&&

e. Fa\;r;ne dvwar h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ &&&

f. A\s dase f;taqrqrakan h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ &&&

g. Arm;ne mi qic ‘ou\l h% ch#! O*c% endfaka®ake^ &&&

4. Answer the questions according to the pattern.

a. A\s girqe ja#nk h! A\o*% aw;li jank h% qan kar‘oum hi! Am;najank

grq;riz h!

b. A\s a,ak;rtn a,.atas;#r h! A\o*% aw;li &&&

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c. A\s .mor;[;ne fam;#[ h! A\o*% &&&

d. A\s bvi,ke la#wn h! A\o*% &&&

e. Toune fi#n h! A\o*% &&&

f. S;n\ake lousawo#r h! A\o*% &&&

g. Dase dvwa#r h! A\o*% &&&

h. Fa\;r;ne f;#,t l;xou h! A\o*% &&&

5. Use the nominalized infinitive according to the pattern.

a. Siroum ;m kardal! Kardal sir;ls bolore git;n!

b. Na mi,t ou,anoum h! Nra mi,t &&& in] n;[aznoum h!

c. Fa\astani mrg;re fam;#[ ;n! Fa\astani mrg;ri fam;[ &&& ;s git;i!

d. A\s marde ,at wka\akann;r ouni! A\s mardou wka\akan &&& kar…or ch!

e. Dou s;n\ak mta#r! S;n\ak &&& ct;sa!

f. Na ,at qa[aqawari h! Nra qa[aqawari &&& kar…or h!

g. Bvi,k kanc;zi! Bvi,k &&& øgn;z!

6. Replace the words in boldtype with personal pronouns in the appropriate case.

a. A\d marde aa,,..aattaakkiizzss h! :s nnrraann wa[ouz ;m yanacoum!

b. MM;;rr kkaattoouunn ‘;r h% a\l…s mouk ci b®noum% ba\z m;nq &&& ,at ;nq siroum!

c. ::rr;;..aann;;rree ;kan! Dou &&& t;sa#r!

d. AA\\dd kkiinnee ousouzcoufis h! :s &&& hi spasoum!

e. <<oouunnee facoum h! :s &&& wa.;noum ;m!

f. Gitnakane øøggnnaakkaann h 'ntroum! &&& wka\akann;re kar…or c;n!

g. EEnnkk;;rroouuffiiss ,at l;xoun;r giti% ba\z &&& ma\r;ni l;xoun fa\;r;nn h!

7. Insert the appropriate forms of the verbs ;m% lin;m or kam.

a. Mta‘oum ;m% our;mn &&& (I exist)b. A\s qa[aqi m;= law jatronn;r &&& (there are no)c. Kiraki ør;re na tane &&& ([usually] is not)d. :j; fima gnas% na a\nt;[ &&& (is expected to be)e. "o[ozn;roum ,at mardik &&& (there are)f. Qani# ousano[ dasi &&& (are usually) am;n ør!

g. :j; m;x 'ntr;n% m;nq a\st;[ &&& (are not)

8. Complete the sentences following the pattern.

a. Inco#u c.os;zir! P;tq h .os;ir!

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b. Inco#u cgn;zir! P;tq h &&&

c. M;q;nan cnkat;zi! P;tq h &&&

d. Krkin ou,azar! Cp;tq h ou,ana\ir!

e. Arm;ne ,out gnaz qn;lou! Cp;tq h &&&

f. <at k;ra! Cp;tq h &&&

g. Arm;ne ,at .m;z! Cp;tq h &&&

9. How would you say it in Armenian?

a. Describe the appearance of your best friend.b. Describe the character of your best friend.c. Describe yourself.

10. You would like to know.

You have missed your first Armenian class. You ask : i) a fellow student

ii) an older participant in the coursea. About the instructorb. About the classroomc. About the groupd. About the textbook(s)e. About the assignmentsf. About the next class

11. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. O#um hr 'ntroum gitnakane!

b. Gitnakane gta#w m;kin!

c. I#nc farzr;z gitnakanin nra bar;kamn;riz m;ke!

d. I#nc ar;z ;ritasarde spasasrafoum!

e. I#nc ar;z ;ritasarde gitnakani s;n\ak mtn;louz a®a=!

f. Incpisi# patas.ann;r tw;z ;ritasarde!

g. Inco#u ;ritasarde bnoujagir coun;r!

h. Incpisi# fou\s;r oun;r ;ritasarde!

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195

UNIT 8

XI PROVERBS

Law h gitounin g;ri% qan ang;tin sir;li!

[Lav e gitunin geri, kŒan angetin sireli]Better to be a wise man’s slave than a fool’s friend.

<at anou, h% take 'ou, h!

[S¿hat anus¿h e, tak§ pŒus¿h e](If) it’s very sweet, there’s a thorn underneath.(Message: Beware of two-faced people.)

Anou, l;xoun m;[riz anou, h!

[Anus¿h lezun meg¿hrit¿sŒ anus¿h e]A sweet tongue is sweeter than honey.

<at lawe 'ntro[e ,at watin kfandipi!

[S¿hat lav§ pŒ§ntrog¿h§ s¿hat vatin k§handipi]He who searches for the best will encounter the worst.

Unit 9

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

Vocabulary: Nature, flowers, trees, animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

Grammar: VERBS: 1. Resultative constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . .2052. Two-part verbs or phrasal verbs . . . . . . .207

NOUNS: The locative case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209PRONOUNS: Interrogative and relative pronouns . . . .210

Armenian-English Contrasts: The relative pronoun or(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Word formation: Formation of adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

Pronunciation: Connecting words that belong together (liaison) . . .213

Orthography: Hyphenation in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Bnouj\oun% ‘a[ikn;r …k;ndanin;r

atàâÜx? YÄÉãxÜá? tÇw TÇ|ÅtÄá

I DIALOGUES

A and B are roommates discussing the weather.

1. IN SPRING

A. I@nc fianali ;[anak h a\sør! What wonderful weather we[Inc¿hŒ hianali yeg¿hanak e aysor!] are having today!

B. W;r=ap;s garoun h! ’a®;re Finally, it’s spring. The trees[Verc¿hŒapes, garun e. T¿sa¤er§ ]

kanac;l ;n% ‘a[ikn;re^ bazw;l! have become green, flowers [kanac¿hŒel en, t¿sag¿hikner§ bat¿sŒvel] have opened.

A. A\s tarwa ]m;®e mi qic This past winter lasted a bit too[Ays tarva d¿z§me¤§ mi kŒic¿hŒ]

;rkar hr! Ar…in karot mnazinq! long. We’ve missed the sun.[yerkar er. Arevin karot m§nat¿sŒinkŒ]

B. Ba\z ,outow ,ogn sksw;lou h! But soon the hot weather will [Bayt¿sŒ s¿hutov s¿hokŒn §sk§svelu e] start.

A. I@nc kary h Fa\astani garoune! Spring in Armenia is so short![Inc¿hŒ karc¿h e Hayastani garun§!]

2. IN SUMMER

A. I@nc taq h a\st;[! It’s so hot in here![Inc¿hŒ takŒ e aysteg¿h!]

Patoufane cbaz;#nq! Shouldn’t we open the window?[Patuhan§ c¿hŒ§bat¿sŒenkŒ?]

B. O*c% drsoum aw;li taq h! No, it’s warmer outside.[Voc¿hŒ, d§rsum aveli takŒ e]

A. Ba\z a\nt;[ ødn aw;li maqour h! But the air is fresher out there.[Bayt¿sŒ aynteg¿h otŒn aveli makŒur e]

B. A\o*% ba\z a\sør .onaw h! Yes, but it’s humid today.[Ayo, bayt¿sŒ aysor k¿honav e]

3. IN FALL

A. Do#urs ;s galis! Are you going out? [Durs es galis?]

B. A\o*% p;tq h gras;n\ak gnam! Yes, I have to go to my office. [Ayo, petkŒ e g§rasenyak g§nam]

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UNIT 9

A. An]r… h galou! Na\i*r amp;rin! It’s going to rain. Look at the clouds![And¿zrev e galu. Nayir amperin]

B. Oci*nc% an]r…anoz oun;m! No problem, I have an umbrella. [Voc¿hŒic¿hŒ, and¿zrevanot¿sŒ unem]

A. Orotoum h% lso#um ;s! There is thunder, can you hear it?[Vorotum e, l§sum es?]

Taq fagir% zourt h! Put something warm on, it’s cold.[Tak hakir, t¿sŒurt e]

B. C;m mrsoum! I don’t feel cold.[Ind¿z hamar t¿sŒurt c¿hŒe]

Siroum ;m xow ;[anake! I like cool weather.[Sirum em zov yeg¿hanak§!]

4. IN WINTER

A. A\sør ,at zourt h% mrsoum ;m! It’s very chilly today, I’m cold.[Aysor s¿hat t¿sŒurt e, m§rsum em]

B. Tasn astiyan xro\iz za‘r h! It’s ten degrees below zero.[Tasn astic¿han z§royit¿sŒ t¿sŒat¿s§r e]

:w i@nc ouv;[ qami h! And what a strong wind![Yev inc¿hŒ uz¿heg¿h kŒami e!]

Kar‘;s ]\oun h galou! It looks like it will snow.[Kart¿ses d¿zyun e galu]

A. Mi* asa% nori#z ]\oun! Don’t tell me it’s going to snow [Mi asa, norit¿sŒ d¿zyun?] again.

B. Mi* gangatwir! Don’t complain! [Mi gangatvir!]

A\s tari ]m;®e m;[m h! Winter is mild this year.[Ays tari d¿z§me¤§ meg¿hm e]

A. Irawazi ;s! Mi,t nou\nn h& You’re right. It’s always the same:[IravaŒt¿sŒi es. Mis¿ht nuynn e]

Am®ane ]m;® ;nq 'ntroum% In summer we long for winter, [Am¤an§ d¿z§me¤ enkŒ pŒ§ntrum,]

]m®ane^ ama®! and in winter we long for summer.[d¿z§m¤an§ ama¤]

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UNIT 9

II TEXT

Y<MARIT PATMOUJ|OUN

T;r…a.it mi ‘a® kar anta®i m;=! Mi ør nra t;r…n;re sks;zin d;[n;l& f;to

bolore osk;gou\n dar]an ou m;k-m;k g;tin enkan! A,ounn hr% or kamaz-

kamaz ja';l hr ‘a®i t;r…n;re!

Mi ør hl ]\oun ;kaw% ou nra 'ajiln;re ‘a‘k;zin m;rkaza‘ y\ou[;re 'a'ouk

w;rmaki p;s! Sa hl ]m;®n hr% or ]\ounow ‘a‘k;l hr ‘a®e!

F;to ]\ounn anf;tazaw% ou m;[m mi fowik ,o\;z qna‘ y\ou[;re! Apa ar…e

‘ag;z ou fambour;z y\ou[;re% oronq ‘a‘kw;zin bo[bo=n;row! Nranziz dours

;kan siroun t;r…n;r ou ‘a[ikn;r! Garounn hr% or ‘a®in fagzr;l hr nor

fagoustn;r!

I w;r=o a\d ‘a®iz ka.w;zin ptou[n;r% oronq p;s-p;s gou\n;row 'a\loum hin

ar…i tak! :kan ;r;.an;r … m;k a® m;k pok;zin ptou[n;re! Ama®n hr% or

‘a®in tw;l hr oski ptou[n;r!

Ba\z patmouj\oune a\st;[ ci w;r=anoum% qani or a\n am;n tari krknwoum h!

GARNAN KAROT

Karot;l ;nq q;x% g;[;zi*k garoun%

<ou*t ari m;x mot% b;*r taqouk ør;r%

B;*r pa\‘a® ar…% b;*r ‘a[ik siroun%

B;*r ;rgo[ j®coun% b;*r kanac da,t;r!

Ba*z m;r srt;re% dou® ou patoufan%

Jo[ bazw;n% ‘a[k;n ward% m;.ak% ,ou,an&

"ak s;n\akn;riz dours ganq% axatw;nq%

Kanac da,t gnanq% .a[anq% zatkot;nq!

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y,marit [c¿h§s¿hmarit] true, genuinepatmouj\oun[patmutŒyun] storyt;r…a.it [terevak¿hit] full of leaves‘a® [t¿sa¤] treeanta® [anta¤] forestt;r… [terev] leafsks;l [sk§sel] to startd;[n;l [deg¿hnel] to turn yellowf;to [heto] after, thenbolore [bolor§] all of themosk;gou\n [voskeguyn] gold-coloredda®nal [da¤nal] to becomem;k-m;k [mek-mek] one-by-oneg;tin [getin] groundenkn;l [§nknel] to falla,oun [as¿hun] autumnkamaz-kamaz [kamat¿sŒ-kamat¿sŒ] slowlyja';l [tŒapŒel] to pourmi ør hl [mi or el] and one day]\oun [d¿zyun] snow'ajil [pŒatŒil] flake‘a‘k;l [t¿sat¿skel] to coverm;rkaza‘ [merkat¿sŒat¿s] nakedy\ou[ [c¿hyug¿h] branch'a'ouk [pŒapŒuk] softw;rmak [vermak] blanketp;s [pes] like]m;® [d¿z§me¤] winteranf;tanal [anhetanal] to disappearm;[m [meg¿hm] mildfow(ik) [hov(ik)] wind,o\;l [s¿hoyel] to caressqna‘ [kŒ§nat¿s] asleepar… [arev] sun‘ag;l [t¿sakŒel] to risefambour;l [hampŒurel] to kiss

‘a‘kw;l [t¿sat¿sk§vel] to get coveredbo[bo= [bog¿hboj] budsiroun [sirun] pretty‘a[ik [t¿sag¿hik] flowerfagzn;l [hagt¿sŒ§nel] to dressi w;r=o [i verc¿hŒo] finallyka.w;l [kak¿hvel] to hangptou[ [p§tug¿h] fruitp;s-p;s [pes-pes] various'a\l;l [pŒaylel] to shinepok;l [pokel] to pickama® [ama¤] summeroski [voski] gold(en)w;r=anal [verc¿hŒanal] to endqani or [kŒani vor] since krknw;l [k§rk§nvel] to repeat itselfkarot;l [karotel] to missg;[;zik [geg¿het¿sŒik] beautifulgaroun [garun] spring,o*ut ari [s¿hut ari] come soon!b;r;l [berel] to bringtaq(ouk) [takŒ(uk)] warmpa\‘a® [payt¿sa¤] bright;rgo[ [yerkog¿h] singingj®coun [tŒ§¤c¿hŒun] birdda,t [das¿ht] fieldbaz;l [bat¿sŒel] to openjo[ [tŒog¿h] may, letbazw;l [bat¿sŒvel] to open up‘a[k;l [t¿sag¿hkel] to bloomward [vartŒ] rosem;.ak [mek¿hak] carnation,ou,an [s¿hus¿han] lily'ak [pŒak] closeaxatw;l [azatvel] to break awayzatkot;l [t¿sŒatkotel] to jump around

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

ast[a‘a[ik [astg¿hat¿sag¿hik] aster

m;.ak [mek¿hak] carnation

margarta‘a[ik [margartat¿sag¿hik] daisy

fasmik [hasmik] jasmine

,ou,an [s¿hus¿han] lily

fowta,ou,an [hovtas¿hus¿han] lily of the valley

ward [vartŒ] rose

kakac [kakac¿hŒ] tulip

amp(;r) [amp(er)] cloud(s)

m,ou,/ma®a.ou[ [m§s¿hus¿h/ma¤ak¿hug¿h] fog

karkout [karkut] hail

sa®ou\z [sa¤uyt¿sŒ] ice

ka\‘ak [kayt¿sak] lightning

an]r… [and¿zrev] rain

‘ia‘an [t¿siat¿san] rainbow

orot [vorot] thunder

;rkinq [yerkinkŒ] sky

]\oun [d¿zyun] snow

'ojorik/]\ounamrrik [pŒotŒorik/d¿zyunam§rrik] storm/snowstorm

ar… [arev] sun

qami [kŒami] wind

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IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

n,;ni [n§s¿heni] almond tree

.n]or;ni [k¿h§nd¿zoreni] apple tree

‘iran;ni [t¿siraneni] apricot tree

k;ci [kec¿hŒi] birch

bal;ni [baleni] cherry tree

:{ANAK [Yeg¿hanak] WEATHER

’A{IKN:R [T¿sag¿hikner] FLOWERS

’AÂ:R [T¿sa¤er] TREES

gom;, [gomes¿h] buffalo

forj [hortŒ] calf

katou [katu] cat

kow [kov] cow

,oun [s¿hun] dog

h,/awanak [es¿h/avanak] donkey

a\‘ [ayt¿s] goat

]i [d¿zi] horse

ga®(nouk) [ga¤(nuk)] lamb

.ox [k¿hoz] pig

yagar [c¿hagar] rabbit

oc.ar [voc¿hŒk¿har] sheep

noyi [noc¿hi] cypress

j.k;ni/j.ki [tŒ§k¿hkeni/tŒ§k¿hki] maple tree

ka[ni [kag¿hni] oak tree

armaw;ni [armaveni] palm tree

tan];ni [tand¿zeni] pear tree

;[…ni [yeg¿hevni] pine tree

salor;ni [saloreni] plum tree

n®n;ni [n§¤neni] pomegranate tree

bardi [bardi] poplar

k;®as;ni [ke¤aseni] cherry tree

enkoux;ni [§nkuzeni] walnut tree

ou®;ni [u¤eni] willow

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d;[]anik [deg¿ht¿sŒanik] canary

yout [c¿hut] chick

a[awni [ag¿havni] dove, pigeon

bad [bad] duck

sag [sag] goose

ENTANI K:NDANIN:R [§ntani kentŒaniner] DOMESTIC ANIMALS

TNA|IN JÂCOUNN:R [T§nayin tŒ§¤c¿hŒunner] DOMESTIC BIRDS

ar= [arc¿hŒ] bear

'i[ [pŒig¿h] elephant

a[w;s [ag¿hves] fox

en]ou[t [§nd¿zug¿ht] giraffe

napastak [napastak] hare

a®\ou‘ [a¤yut¿s] lion

kapik [kapik] monkey

®ng;[=\our [¤§ngeg¿hjyur] rhinoceros

wagr [vag§r] tiger

ga\l [gayl] wolf

faw [hav] hen

aqa[a[/aqlor [akŒag¿hag¿h/akŒlor] rooster, cock

fndkafaw [h§ndkahav] turkey

joujak [tŒutŒak] parrot

siramarg [siramarg] peacock

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ag®aw [ag¤av] crow

ar‘iw [art¿siv] eagle

bax; [baze] falcon

kaca[ak [kac¿hŒag¿hak] magpie

so.ak [sok¿hak] nightingale

bou [bu] owl

kaqaw [kakŒav] partridge

lor(ik) [lor(ik)] quail

yny[ouk [c¿h§nc¿h§g¿huk] sparrow

sar\ak [saryak] starling

aragil [aragil] stork

‘i‘;®nak [t¿sit¿se¤nak] swallow

ang[ [ang§g¿h] vulture

'a\t'orik [pŒaytpŒorik] woodpecker

WA|RI K:NDANIN:R [Vayri kentŒaniner] WILD ANIMALS

WA|RI JÂCOUNN:R [Vayri tŒ§¤c¿hŒunner] WILD BIRDS

1st pers. (m;nq) infinitive stem + -a‘ ;nq/hinq [-at¿s enkŒ/eyinkŒ]2nd pers. (douq) infinitive stem + -a‘ ;q/hiq [-at¿s ekŒ/eyikŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) infinitive stem + -a‘ ;n/hin [-at¿s en/eyin]

1st pers. (;s) infinitive stem + -a‘ ;m/hi [-at¿s em /eyi]2nd pers. (dou) infinitive stem + -a‘ ;s/hir [-at¿s es /eyir]3rd pers. (na) infinitive stem + -a‘ h/hr [-at¿s e /er]

V GRAMMARA. VERBS

1. Resultative constructions

A limited number of neutral verbs and all passive verbs (ending in -w;l) form special syn-tactic constructions known as resultatives. The resultative constructions consist of the aux-iliary verb ;m – in the present and imperfect tenses respectively – and the past participleending in -a‘. Resultative constructions denote the state of a subject resulting from pre-vious actions and lasting up to the present ([;s] nsta‘ ;m I am sitting, [a\n] ka®ouzwa‘

h it is built, etc.), or lasting until some point in the past ([;s] fogna‘ hi I was tired, [dou]qna‘ hir you were asleep, [na] kapwa‘ hr he/she was attached, etc.)

All types of verbs listed above follow the pattern below:

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Present Past Present Pastnnsstt;;ll to sit down ffoouuxxww;;ll to be moved

Affirmative

(;s) nsta‘ ;m nsta‘ hi fouxwa‘ ;m fouxwa‘ hi(dou) nsta‘ ;s nsta‘ hir fouxwa‘ ;s fouxwa‘ hir (na) nsta‘ h nsta‘ hr fouxwa‘ h fouxwa‘ hr (m;nq) nsta‘ ;nq nsta‘ hinq fouxwa‘ ;nq fouxwa‘ hinq(douq) nsta‘ ;q nsta‘ hiq fouxwa‘ ;q fouxwa‘ hiq (nranq) nsta‘ ;n nsta‘ hin fouxwa‘ ;n fouxwa‘ hin

Negative(;s) nsta‘ c;m nsta‘ chi fouxwa‘ c;m fouxwa‘ chi(dou) nsta‘ c;s nsta‘ chir fouxwa‘ c;s fouxwa‘ chir (na) nsta‘ ch nsta‘ chr fouxwa‘ ch fouxwa‘ chr (m;nq) nsta‘ c;nq nsta‘ chinq fouxwa‘ c;nq fouxwa‘ chinq(douq) nsta‘ c;q nsta‘ chiq fouxwa‘ c;q fouxwa‘ chiq (nranq) nsta‘ c;n nsta‘ chin fouxwa‘ c;n fouxwa‘ chin

SINGULAR

PLURAL

2. Uses of resultative constructions

Resultative constructions can be formed from verbs expressing the following meanings:

1) various positions of the body: nst;l to sit down% pa®k;l to lie down% kangn;l tostand up, enkn;l to fall down% ka.w;l to hang% etc.

2) emotional and physical states: barkanal to get angry, fogn;l to get tired% m;®n;l

to die% .®ow;l to get upset% xarmanal to stun, fousafatw;l to despair, etc.

3) passive verbs derived from transitive verbs by adding the infix -w- (see p. 154): fouxw;lto be moved% og…orw;l to get excited% ka®ouzw;l to be built% gtnw;l to be found% etc.

While Armenian present tense constructions (see pp. 10-11) express actions in progress,resultative constructions denote a state that resulted from a prior action or process. Let uscompare parallel forms of the same verbs.

Present indicative Present resultative nstoum ;m I am sitting down nsta‘ ;m I am sittingbarkanoum h he/she is getting angry barkaza‘ h he/she is angryka®ouzwoum h it is being built ka®ouzwa‘ h it is built

As can be seen, the word order in both the -oum [-um] and -a‘ [-at¿s] constructions coin-cides in affirmation. It differs, however, in negation.c;m nstoum I am not sitting down But: nsta‘ c;m I am not sittingci*Ã ba rkanoum he/she is not getting angry But: barkaza‘ ch he/she is not angryci ka®ouzwoum it is not being built But: ka®ouzwa‘ ch it is not built

A closer look at the resultative constructions reveals a difference in temporal meaningdepending on the semantics of the base verb. While resultative constructions of verbsdenoting human states express present time (qna‘ ;n they are sleeping [now], fogna‘

;n they are tired [now], etc.), passive verbs of action express past time (ka®ouzwa‘ ;n

they are built, awartwa‘ ;n they are completed, etc.). This allows to express all threedimensions of time:

PAST PRESENT FUTUREka®ouzwa‘ h ka®ouzwoum h ka®ouzw;lou h(it) has been built (it) is being built (it) is going to be built

The same distinction holds for the imperfect forms of resultative constructions:

ka®ouzwa‘ hr ka®ouzwoum hr ka®ouzw;lou hr

(it) was built it was being built it was going to be built

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*Note that the two paradigms, affirmative and negative, differ not only in the word order but also in the waynegation of the 3rd person singular is formed: ci vs. ch.

3. Phrasal or two-part verbs

Besides regular verbs, like gr;l or kardal, Eastern Armenian makes extensive use ofphrasal or two-part verbs. Phrasal verbs derive from short verbs that indicate movementand common activities (gnal% gal% tal, an;l, etc.) and a complementary word. Many ofthem have, both in form and content, counterparts in English: n;rs gal to come in, wa\renkn;l to fall down, w;r k;nal to get up, f;t gal to come back, etc. However, Armenianhas by far a greater inventory of such verbs. Phrasal verbs are present in both written andspoken Armenian, but are most typical of informal and colloquial speech. The two parts areperceived as a whole and can often be replaced by another verb with the same meaning:laz lin;l - lal to cry, par gal - par;l to dance, jou\l tal - jou\latr;l to allow,.a[ an;l - .a[al to play, lou® mnal – l®;l to be silent, etc. Such parallel formationscan differ slightly in meaning or style: qa, tal to drag - qa,;l to pull, foup tal topush - fp;l to touch, ja' tal to shake - ja';l to pour out, to spill, etc. SomeArmenian two-part verbs are have no solid counterpart in Armenian. Compare: zou\z tal

to show, kang a®n;l to stop, ];®q b;r;l to obtain, ;r;s tal to spoil (cf. about chil-dren), m;= b;r;l to cite% etc.

Armenian two-part verbs consist usually of a short verb and a complementary word of anyprovenance: a noun (]a\n tal to call, wr;v a®n;l to avenge, ];®q tal to touch, etc.),an adverb (m;= b;r;l to cite, n;rs gal to come in, a®a= gal to emerge, etc.), an adjec-tive (baz an;l to open, m;‘ .os;l to brag, lou® mnal to be silent, etc.), an exclamation(a. qa,;l to long for, wa\ an;l to deplore etc.), etc. In such formations, the base verbis conjugated while the complementary word remains unchanged: baz ;m anoum I open%]a\n ;m talis I call% m;= ;nq b;r;lou we will cite% ‘a' ;n tw;l they applauded%wa\r ;n enk;l they fell down, etc. Note here the obligatory inverted word order in com-plex tenses with the auxiliary verb always preceding the participle (see p. 35).

There are also two-part verbs consisting of two verbs usually combined by a hyphen.These combinations express two simultaneous or consecutive actions that are perceived asa unity. Due to the dynamism that such formations impart to speech, they are more popu-lar in colloquial use: out;l-.m;l to feast (literally: to eat+to drink), as;l-.os;l to chat(literally: to say+to speak), ;';l-ja';l to cook abundantly (literally: to cook+to pour),a®n;l-tal to argue (literally: to take+to give), gal-fasn;l to come all the way (literal-ly: to come+to reach), a®n;l-'a.c;l to escape (literally: to take+to flee), jo[n;l-

f;®anal to get away (literally: to leave+to depart), fagn;l-kap;l to dress up (literally:to wear+to tie), etc. As a rule, both parts are conjugated, appearing in the same tense: out-

oum-.moum ;nq we are having a feast, qa,;z-taraw he/she pulled (something) away,as;zin-.os;zin they chatted, (na) fag;l-kap;l h he/she is all dressed up, etc.

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akan= dn;l to listenangir an;l to learn by heartanz k;nal to pass, to go awayacq gz;l to glimpseacqow tal to bewitch (by an evil eye)a®a= b;r;l to createa®a= gal to emergea®a= tan;l to furthera®a= qa,;l to promotebar… tal to greetbaz an;l to openglou. b;r;l to bring about, to achieveglou. gal to be achievedglou. fan;l to come to termsgl.i enkn;l to realized;m gnal to opposed;m dn;l to resistd;n n;t;l to throw awaydour gal to please dours an;l to expeldours gal to exit, to come out;® gal to boil;r;s tal to spoil (a person);r;s a®n;l to get spoiledja' tal to shakej… a®n;l to get encouragedjou\l tal to allowxrou\z an;l to chatlaz lin;l to cry .a[ an;l to play.ou\s tal to avoid‘a' tal to applaudkang a®n;l to stopkargi b;r;l to put in order(f);t b;r;l to bring back

(f);t gal to come back(f);t mnal to fall behind(f);t a®n;l to take backfoup tal to push, to squeeze ];®q a®n;l to mock ];®q b;r;l to obtain];®q tal to touch];®q m;kn;l to give a hand];®q qa,;l to give upman gal 1& to stroll; 2. to searchman a‘;l to take smb. for a walkm;= b;r;l to cite, to quotem;= enkn;l to meddle, to interferem;= qa,;l to drag smb. inmitq an;l to think, to contemplate mot gal to approachn;rs gal to come inn;rs qa,;l to drag in, to involve,ou® gal to turn over,ou® tal to turnotnako. an;l to tramplepar gal to dancesirt an;l to take courage, to daresirt a®n;l to get encouragedsirt ma,;l to worrysirt tal to encouragesous k;nal to remain silentwax anzn;l to give upwa\r enkn;l to fall downw;r k;nal to stand upwr;v a®n;l to avengetake dn;l to appropriatezou\z tal to show 'oul gal to collapse'o. tal to lend

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SOME COMMON PHRASAL OR TWO-PART VERBS

B. NOUNS

1. The locative case

The locative case generally indicates the location where the action expressed by the verbis taking place. The Armenian locative has no equivalent case in English. Whereas Englishexpresses locative meaning by a preposition such as in (cf. in school), at (cf. at home), etc.,Armenian achieves the same effect by adding the locative case marker to nouns and somepronouns. The most common marker for the locative case is --oouumm% which is added to anoun’s nominative singular or plural form. Compare: famalsaran university → famal-

saranoouumm at the university, girq book → grqoouumm in the book, qa[aqn;r cities →qa[aqn;roum in the cities, fa\;lin;r mirrors → fa\;lin;roum in the mirrors, etc.

2. Uses of the locative case

Unlike other cases in Armenian, not all nouns can take the locative case. Due to the mean-ing they express, some semantic groups of nouns lack the locative case ending in -oouumm:abstract nouns (like oura.ouj\oun joy, spasoum expectation, etc.), nouns denoting per-sons, both proper and common (like Aram Aram, fa\r father, tnør;n director, etc.),nouns not denoting location (like matit pencil, as;[ needle, moury hammer, etc.), the no-minalized infinitive (like out;le the eating, apr;le the living) and many time expressions(like founwar January, ;r;q,abji Tuesday, gi,;r night, etc.). When the need for thelocative meaning arises, the preposition m;= in is used with the noun in the genitive case:,abajwa m;= in the week, oura.ouj\an m;= in the joy, out;lou m;= in eating, etc. Inmany cases, the locative ending in -oouumm and the analytical construction noungen+m;= areinterchangeable:

a,.atanqoum or a,.atanqi m;= in the workacq;roumd or acq;rid m;= in your eyesim srtoum or im srti m;= in my heartgrq;roum or grq;ri m;= in the books

In addition to nouns, many other parts of speech can take the locative case marker --oouumm.These can be adverbs of place, such as a®=… up front → a®=…oouumm in the front, w;r…above → w;r…oouumm at the top, f;t… behind → f;t…oouumm in the rear, etc. There are alsomany other parts of speech that take the locative case marker --oouumm, such as pronouns: dathat → dranoouumm in that, sa this → sranoouumm in this, etc.

Besides the locative of place, a locative of time is often used to indicate the time withinwhich an action takes place: a\s daroouumm in this century, m;r vamanakn;roouumm in ourtimes, skxboouumm at the beginning, w;r=oouumm at the end, fing øroouumm in five days, orqa#n

vamanakoouumm within how much time?, k;s vamoouumm within half an hour, etc.

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C. PRONOUNS

Interrogative and relative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are words with which particular questions are asked: o#w who?,i#nc what?, o#r which?, ou#r where?* (in which direction?), ort;#[ where?*, etc.Without the question mark, these words can serve as relative pronouns. Relative pronounsintroduce relative sentences that refer to an antecedent in the main clause or complementcertain sentence elements. Here are some of the most common interrogative pronouns andtheir corresponding relative pronouns in Armenian:

O#r which? O#r nkarn ;s siroum! Which picture do you like?Sa a\n nkarn h% or siroum ;s! This is the picture you like.

O#w who? O#w hr in] 'ntroum! Who was looking for me? Ow or q;x 'ntroum hr% gtaw! Whoever was looking for you, found you.

I#nc what? I#nc ;s korzr;l! What have you lost?A\n% inc korzr;l ;s% a\st;[ ch! What you’ve lost is not here.

Incqa#n how much? Incqa#n ;s wyar;l! How much did you pay?Incqan or wyar;l ;s% ;t kstanas! You’ll get back as much as you paid.

Ort;#[ where?* Ort;#[ ;s jo[;l entaniqd! Where did you leave your family? Sa a\n qa[aqn h% ort;[ jo[;l ;m entaniqs! This is the city where I left

my family.

O#ur where?* O#ur piti gna\ir! Where were you supposed to go? :s nranz zou\z tw;zi a\n t;[e% our piti gna\i! I showed them the place

where I was supposed to go.

:#rb when? :#rb mafazaw fa\rd! When did your father die?C;m mo®ana a\n øre% ;rb fa\rs mafazaw! I’ll never forget the day when my

father died.

Incp;#s how? Incp;#s bazatr;m am;n inc! How should I explain everything?Cgit;m% incp;s bazatr;m am;n inc! I don’t know how to explain everything.

Inco#u why? Inco#u c;kar! Why didn’t you come?C;m faskanoum^ incou c;kar! I don’t understand why you didn’t come.

* Armenian has two pronouns for the question ‘where’ 1. Ort;#[ inquires about the location of someone orsomething: Ort;#[ ;s! Where are you? 2. O#ur presupposes motion or direction: O#ur gnaz! Where didhe go? Compare the German ‘wo?’ and ‘wohin?’

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Nom. or(e) [vor(§)] oronq [voronkŒ] who, which, thatGen. ori [vori] oronz [voront¿sŒ] whose, of whichDat. orin [vorin] oronz [voront¿sŒ] to whom, to whichAcc. orin [vorin] (person) oronz [voront¿sŒ] whom, which

or(e) [vor(§)] (non-person)Abl. oriz [vorit¿sŒ] oronziz [voront¿sŒit¿sŒ] from whom, from whichInstr. orow [vorov] oronzow [voront¿sŒov] with whom, with whichLoc. oroum [vorum] oronzoum [voront¿sŒum] in whom, in which

Singular Plural

VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

The relative pronoun oorr((ee)) in Armenian

1. The use of relative pronouns in relative clauses in Armenian and English reveals con-siderable differences. Thus, for the single pronoun oorr((ee)) in Armenian, English has aset of three relative pronouns: a) who, b) which, and c) that. Who refers to a personalantecedent, which to a non-personal one, while that does both or follows its own rules.Unlike English, however, Armenian makes a distinction between singular and plural,using or(e) for antecedents expressed in the singular and oronq for plural antecedents:

Bvi,ke% oorr ;kaw &&& The physician who/that came ...

A\n ,;nq;re% oorroonnqq a\rw;zin &&& Those buildings which/that burnt down ...

2. The English who has two declined forms (whose and whom), while the Armenian or(e)[vor(§)] has an extensive declension paradigm with two distinct sets for both the sin-gular and the plural:

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Distinctions in case are made according to the government of the verb, distinctions in num-ber according to the number of antecedents. Compare:

T[an% oorriinn t;sar% &&& The boy whom/that you saw, ...

Kana\q% oorroonnzz f;t ;kar% &&& The women with whom you came, ...

3. While the English relative pronoun may be omitted when used as a direct object, the useof a relative pronoun in Armenian relative clauses is obligatory:

Kine% oorriinn siroum ;m% &&& The woman (whom) I love, ...

4. Armenian has also a set of indefinite relative pronouns consisting of two words: ow orwhoever, oum or whomever, inc or whatever, etc. More expressive forms include the par-ticle hl: ow hl or whoever, regardless of who, inc hl or whatever, no matter what etc.:

Ow (hl) or ga% barow ga! Whoever comes, is welcome.Oum (hl) farzn;s% q;x kasi! Whomever you ask, he/she will tell you.

VII WORD FORMATION

Formation of adverbs

While adjectives primarily modify nouns, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and otheradverbs. In doing so, they describe how, when, where, and to what degree an action is per-formed. The most important types of adverb are:

a) adverbs of manner (question: incp;#s [inc¿hŒpes?] how?)b) adverbs of place (question: o#ur [ur?] /ort;#[ [vorteg¿h?] where?) (see note on p. 210)c) adverbs of time (question: ;#rb [yerpŒ?] when?)d) adverbs of cause (question: inco#u [inc¿hŒu?] why?)e) adverbs of measure (question: orqa#n [vorkŒan?] how much?)

According to their formation, various categories of adverbs may be established:

1. Radical adverbs that cannot necessarily be identified as derivations from other words:;rb;q [yerpŒekŒ] never, a\st;[ [aysteg¿h] here, dourse/drsoum [durs§/d§rsum]outside, mi,t [mis¿ht] always, fima [hima] now, f;to [heto] after% etc.

2. Adverbs derived from adjectives by means of the following suffixes:-abar: bnakan [b§nakan] natural → bnakanabar [b§nakanabar] naturally -aki: ou[i[ [ug¿hig¿h] direct → ou[[aki [ug¿hg¿haki] directly-ap;s: a\l [ayl] other → a\lap;s [aylapes] otherwise -owin: ambo[= [ambog¿hc¿hŒ] entire → ambo[=owin [ambog¿hc¿hŒovin] entirely-or;n: wstaf [v§stah] sure → wstafor;n [v§stahoren] surely

3. Adjectives functioning as adverbs without affixes:

;rkar [yerkar] long → ;rkar mnazir [yerkar m§nat¿sir] you stayed (a) long timekamaz [kamat¿sŒ] slow, quiet → kamaz qa\lir [kamat¿sŒ kŒaylir] walk slowly

4. Nouns with case markers:

s;r [ser] love → sirow [sirov] gladly (instrumental case)n;rka [nerka] present → n;rka\oums [nerkayums] presently (locative case)

5. A special participle ending in -is (see p. 237) indicates simultaneity of actions:

;rg;l [yerkŒel] to sing → ;rg;lis [yerkŒelis] while singing faxal [hazal] to cough → faxalis [hazalis] while coughing, etc.

6. Many infinitives in the instrumental case can be used as adverbs of manner:

wax;l [vazel] to run → wax;low [vazelov] (by/in) running fousal [husal] to hope → fousalow [husalov] hoping, etc.

7. Repetition of adjectives or adverbs constitutes another productive model:

arag [arag] fast → arag-arag [arag-arag] quicklykamaz [kamat¿sŒ] slow → kamaz-kamaz [kamat¿sŒ-kamat¿sŒ] slowly

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((

((

((

((

8. Repetition of nouns, with the first part appearing in the ablative case:

t;[ [teg¿h] place → t;[iz t;[ [teg¿hit¿sŒ teg¿h] from place to place (abl. case)‘a\r [t¿sayr] end → ‘a\riz ‘a\r [t¿sayrit¿sŒ t¿sayr] from one end to the other b;ran [beran] mouth → b;rn;b;ran [berneberan] from mouth to mouth

VIII PRONUNCIATION

Connecting words that belong together (liaison)

In Armenian, some words in an utterance stand out by means of stress while others remainin the background. Depending on their role in a sentence, i.e. whether they are lexicalwords (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, numerals, pronouns) or grammatical (auxiliaryverbs, conjunctions, particles, the indefinite article), words can be stressed or unstressedrespectively. In the flow of speech, many grammatical words are more likely to beunstressed and they may be reduced to weak forms. As a result, in reading or speaking,two or three separately written words can be drawn together, using one stress and utteredall in the same breath. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘liaison’.

1. Liaison occurs when a stressed lexical word is followed by an unstressed grammaticalword that usually starts with a vowel:

anouns* h &&& [anún§s e] my name is ...axat h [azát e] he/she is free nranq hl [n§ránkŒ el] they, too

2. Liaison is particularly evident in comound verbal forms where auxiliary verbs startingin ; connect to participles of the conjugated verb:

gnoum ;m &&& [g§núm em] I am goinggalis ;s [galís es] you are coming (informal you)par;l ;nq [parél enkŒ] we have danced

Note that in the verbal forms above, the initial ; [ye] is pronounced [e], which is the typ-ical pronunciation of ; in a medial position of words. Compare also the liaison of wordsother than verbs:

o#w ;s (dou) [óv es?] who are you? (informal you) oura. ;m [urák¿h em] I am glad

3. In complex verbal forms, when auxiliary verbs appear with the negative particle ‘c-’the stressed word is the auxiliary while the basic verb remains unstressed:

* Note that in this section the stress sign [ *] is used for phonetic purposes only, except for the prohibitive formson the next page under 5.

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c;*m gnoum [c¿hŒém g§num] I am not goingc;*s galis [c¿hŒés galis] you are not coming (informal you)c;*nq par;lou [c¿hŒénkŒ parelu] we are not going to dancec;*q .ostaz;l [c¿hŒékŒ k¿hostat¿sŒel] you have not promised

4. In the mandative future, it is the participle that is stressed while the particle piti isunstressed:

piti go®a*m [piti go¤ám] I am going to screampiti as;*s [piti asés] you are going to say it (informal you)

However, when the particle piti appears with the negative c-, the stress shifts back:

cpiti* go®am [c¿hŒ§pití go¤am] I am not going to screamcpiti* as;s [c¿hŒ§pití ases] you are not going to say

5. In prohibitive constructions, it is the particle mi* that is emphasized:

Mi* .osir [mí k¿hosir] Don’t speak!Mi* gna [mí g§na] Don’t go!

6. Liaison occurs also in the infinitive form of phrasal or two-part verbs (see pp. 207-208)where the non-verbal element is normally stressed while the verb itself is not:

pa*r gal [pár gal] to dancezo*u\z tal [t¿sŒúyt¿sŒ tal] to showxro*u\z an;l [z§rúyt¿sŒ anel] to have a talk

The same applies to all conjugated forms of these verbs where the stress remains alwayson the non-verbal part. Compare:

pa*r ;kanq [pár yekankŒ] we have dancedzo*u\z tour [t¿sŒúyt¿sŒ tur!] show me!

In all other cases in conjugation, when the pattern consists of three words, these are drawntogether like one word with only a single stress on the non-verbal component:

pa*r ;nq galis [pár enkŒ galis] we are dancingzo*u\z ;m tw;l [t¿sŒúyt¿sŒ em t§vel] I have shown

7. Two-part conjunctions, with the second part being or or j;% stress only the first part:

mia*\n j; [miáyn tŒe] only, kar‘;*s j; [kart¿sés tŒe] as if, f;*nz or [hént¿sŒ vor] as soon as, qani* or [kŒaní vor] since, etc.

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((

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( (

( (

((

IX ORTHOGRAPHY

Hyphenation in Armenian

To hyphenate words, Armenian uses the same sign (-) as English does. The following rulesapply in Armenian:

1. One-syllable words such as toun house, l;® mountain, lou® silent, sounk mushroom,etc., are not divisible.

2. One consonant between two vowels is transferred to the next line: pa-ka-sou-j\oun

default, n;-ro-[a-mit forgiving, etc.

3. Two consonants between two vowels are separated: par-tix-pan gardener, bax-

man-dam consisting of many members, etc.

4. Two vowels appearing in a compound word must be separated: mi-a-nal unite, h-ou-j\oun essence, ti-;-x;rq universe, etc.

5. Three consonants between two vowels are divided by keeping the first two consonantstogether and transferring the third one to the next line: kang-n;l to stand, jarg-man

translator, bar]-ranal to rise, to climb, etc.

6. The unwritten but pronounced e [§] before and between consonants constitutes a syl-lable and must therefore be written when hyphenated: ger-k;l to embrace from grk;l,em-be®-n;l to grasp from emb®n;l, 'er-'our foam from 'r'our, es-ke-s;l tostart from sks;l, etc.

7. A lone letter cannot be transferred to the next line.

8. Compound words can be separated according to their components: anglou. headlessas an-glou., a\sqan this much as a\s-qan, etc.

9. Compound words, with one consonant between two vowels, can be separated eitheraccording to their components or according to the general rule by which a consonantbetween two vowels is transferred to the next line: k;sør noon, midday as in k;s-ør ork;-sør% g;ta' river shore as in g;t-a' or g;-ta', ‘ow;x;rq seashore as in ‘ow-;x;rq or ‘o-w;x;rq, '[oskr ivory as in 'e[-oskr or 'e-[oskr% etc.

10. Syllables containing the letter \ allow both choices: ank\oun corner as in an-k\oun

or ank-\oun% dar]\al again as dar-]\al or dar]-\al, parxouj\oun as in par-

xou-j\oun or par-xouj-\oun, etc.

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UNIT 9

X EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

}m;®e .ndr;m% n;*rs fam;z;q!

A,oune ]\oun h galis!

Ama®e ;k;*q .a[anq!

A\sør ,at taq h!

:r;.an;*r% noriz ,at .onaw h!

Sour;*n% faya. an]r… h galis!

Paro*n Sar\an% patoufane 'aki*r% zourt h!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, and c. Replace the words inboldface with ]]\\oouunn ggaall% oorroottaall%% kkaarrkkoouutt ggaall% and qqaammii ''cc;;ll&

a. A. I#ncp;s h ;[anake!B. AAnn]]rr…… hh ggaalliiss!

b. A. Do#urs ;s gnalou!B. A\o*% ard;n aann]]rr……ee dadar;l h!

c. A. Ls;zi% or a\st;[ ,at aann]]rr…… h galis!B. :s aann]]rr……iizz c;m wa.;noum!

3. Answer the following questions according to the pattern.

a. Out;l ouxo#um ;s! O*c% ,norfakal ;m% ;s nor ;m k;r;l!

b. A\s girqe kardaz;#l ;s! A\o*% nor &&&

c. Na.aya,;l ouxo#um ;s! O*c% ,norfakal ;m% mi qic a®a= &&&

d. A\d kinonkare t;s;#l ;s! A\o*% anz\al ,abaj &&&

e. M;x f;t soury .m;lo#u ;s! O*c% ,norfakal ;m% nor &&&

f. Ouxo#um ;s fangstanal! O*c% ,norfakal ;m% k;s vam a®a= &&&

g. };®q;rd ouxo#um ;s lwanal! O*c% ,norfakal ;m% &&& nor

4. Build sentences following the pattern.

a. A\s namake ;s gr;zi! Sa a\n namakn h% or ;s gr;zi!

b. A\s ,niz wa.;noum ;m! Sa a\n ,ounn h% oriz &&&

c. Y\ou[;re ]\ounow ‘a‘kw;zin! Sranq y\ou[;rn ;n% &&&

d. ’a[ikn;re dou b;r;zir! Sranq &&&

e. :r;.an mrg;re k;raw! Sa &&&

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UNIT 9

f. A\s danakow faze ktr;zi! &&&

g. A\s ya,e dou fawan;zi#r! &&&

5. Complete the sentences, following the pattern.

a. :s ;rb;q gini c;m .moum! Dou hl c.m;s!

b. :s ;rb;q a\dp;s c;m .osoum! >ndr;m dou hl &&&

c. :s ;rb;q c;m ou,anoum! T;*s or &&&

d. :s a\dpisi t;[;r c;m gnoum! Clini or &&&

e. :s ou,adir ;m! T;*s or &&&

f. :s wa[ ;m xarjnoum! Piti .ndr;i% or &&&

g. :s dou®e kamaz ;m 'akoum! :j; kar;li h% &&&

6. Translate.

a. The weather is beautiful. Let’s go out!b. It’s a cloudy day. Stay at home!c. It’s cold. Make sure you don’t catch a cold!d. It’ll rain. Take an umbrella with you! e. It’s very windy and it’s freezing. Take a warm coat!f. There is thunder and lightning. Turn off the lights!

7. Form interrogative sentences with reference to the words in boldface.

a. TT;;rr……aa..iitt mmii ‘‘aa®® kar anta®i m;=!

b. A,oune astiyanabar jjaa'';;ll hhrr ‘a®i t;r…n;re!

c. }\an 'ajiln;re ‘a‘k;zin mm;;rrkkaazzaa‘‘ yy\\oouu[[;;rree!

d. }m;®e ]]\\oouunnooww ambo[=owin ‘a‘k;l hr ‘a®e!

e. F;to aarr……ee fambour;z arjnazo[ y\ou[;re!

f. Garoune ‘a®in fagzr;l hr nnoorr ffaaggoouussttnn;;rr!!

8. How would you say it in Armenian? Discuss the weather in your country.

a. In winterb. In springc. In falld. In summer

9. Complete the sentences by translating the words and phrases in parentheses.

A,oun h! Ar…e (sets early)% ør;re karyanoum ;n … (nights) ;rkaroum ;n! Ar…n

a\l…s ci taqaznoum a\np;s% incp;s (in summer)! :rkinqe faya. (cloudy) h%

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UNIT 9

sa®e qami h 'coum … (it rains)! ’a®;ri t;r…n;re (change their color) … da®noum

;n gou\nxgou\n^ d;[in% (brown)% karmir% (golden) … narn=agou\n! Kar‘;s j;

m;ke nranz n;rk;l h! (leaves fall) am;nour! Mi ør hl (all the trees) m;rkanoum ;n!

Mardik patrastwoum ;n (to receive) ]m;®e% ]m;®e ir (good and bad) ko[m;row!

10. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. Incpisi# patmouj\oun h sa!

b. I#nc kar anta®i m;=!

c. I#nc ;[an ‘a®i t;r…n;re mi ør!

d. }m;®n i#nc ar;z!

e. I#nc ;[aw% ;rb garoune ;kaw!

f. :#rb ka.w;zin ‘a®;riz osk;nman ptou[n;re!

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UNIT 9

XI PROVERBS

Loun ou[t mi* ,inir!

[Lun ug¿ht mi s¿hinir]Don’t make a camel out of a flea!

Ta*se ca'ir% m;*k ktrir!

[Tas§ c¿hŒapŒir, mek k§trir]Measure ten times, cut once!

Kama*z gna% or ,out fasn;s!

[Kamat¿sŒ g§na, vor s¿hut hasnes]Go slowly to arrive quickly.

"oqri*z sksir% or m;‘in fasn;s!

[PŒokŒrit¿sŒ §sk§sir, vor met¿sin hasnes!] Start with the small to arrive at the tall.

Unit 10

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Extending and accepting invitations . . . . . . . . . . .220

Vocabulary: Holidays and recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Grammar: VERBS: The hypothetical mood . . . . . . . . . . . 224PRONOUNS: 1. Reciprocal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . 230

2. Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . 2303. Possessive forms of nouns . . . . . . 2314. Definite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

SYNTAX: Simple sentences in Armenian . . . . . .232

Armenian-English Contrasts: Negation in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Word Formation: Formation of participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

Pronunciation: The vowel -e [§] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Orthography: Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Ton;r … vamanz

[ÉÄ|wtçá tÇw exvÜxtà|ÉÇ

I DIALOGUES

1. On the telephone. Lady A is inviting lady B to her house for supper.

A. Bar…* ];x% tiki*n Pal\an% do#uq ;q! Hello, Mrs. Palian, is that you?[Barev d¿zez, tikin Palyan, dukŒ ekŒ?]

B. Bar…*% tiki*n Sar\an! Hello, Mrs. Sarian.[Barev, tikin Saryan]

Incp;#s ;q! I#nc ka-cka! How are you? What’s new?[Inc¿hŒpes ekŒ? Inc¿hŒ ka c¿hŒ§ka?]

A. Ourbaj ;r;ko axa#t ;q! Are you free on Friday night? [UrpŒatŒ yereko azat ekŒ?]

Koux;i ];x … ];r I would like to invite you and your [Kuzeyi d¿zez yev d¿zer]

amousnoun enjriqi frawir;l! husband over for supper.[amusnun §ntŒrikŒi hravirel]

B. M;‘ fayou\qow kga\inq &&& % We would come with great pleasure ...[Met¿s hac¿huykŒov k§gayinkŒ...,]

A. :r;ko\an vame \oje farma#r h! Does seven o’clock in the evening suit you?[Yerekoyan z¿ham§ yotŒ§ harmar e?]

B. A\o*% ba\z m;nq m;nak c;nq% Yes, but we are not alone.[bayt¿sŒ menkŒ menak c¿hŒenkŒ,]

f\our oun;nq ~ransia\iz& qou\rs h! We have a visitor from France; it’s my [hyur unenkŒ Fransiayit¿sŒ; kŒuyr§s e] sister.

A. Oci*nc% ];r qro=n hl b;r;q! No problem, bring your sister along. [Voc¿hŒinc¿hŒ, d¿zer kŒ§roc¿hŒn el berekŒ]

Our;mn spasoum ;nq ];x! So, we’re looking forward to seeing you.[Urem§n spasum enkŒ d¿zez]

B. <norfakal ;nq! Minc ourbaj! Many thanks! Till Friday![S¿h§norakal enkŒ. Minc¿hŒ urpŒatŒ]

2. A is inviting her friend B to a party for her parents’ 50th wedding anniversary.

A. Gofa*r% koux;i#r kiraki øre Gohar, would you like to come over[Gohar, kuzeyir kiraki or§]

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UNIT 10

in] a\z;l;l! Fawaqou\j oun;m! next Sunday? I’m having a party.[ind¿z ayt¿sŒelel? HavakŒuytŒ unem]

B. Sirow! I#nc a®ijow! Gladly! What’s the occasion?[Sirov. Inc¿hŒ a¤itŒov?]

A. Fors … mors amousnouj\an It’s my parents’[Hor§s yev mor§s amusnutŒyan]

50-rd tar;dar]n h! 50th wedding anniversary. [hisunerortŒ taredart¿sŒn e]

Nranz famar anaknkal klini! It’ll be a surprise for them.[Nrant¿sŒ hamar anak§nkal k§lini]

B. Iskap;#s! Qani# fogou ;s frawir;l! Really? How many people have you [Iskapes? KŒani hokŒu es hravirel?] invited?

A. Fisoun (fogou)! Fifty (people).[Hisun (hokŒu)]

B. A\dqan t;[ oun;#s! Do you have that much room?[AytkŒan teg¿h unes?]

A. M;r part;xoum h lin;lou! It’ll be in our garden.[Mer partezum e linelu]

B. Karo#[ ;m q;x or…h banow øgn;l! May I help you with anything?[Karog¿h em kŒez voreve banov okŒnel?]

A. <at ,norfakal ;m% Thank you very much,[S¿hat s¿h§norakal em]

A. øgnakan ,at oun;m! I have a lot of help.[okŒnakan s¿hat unem]

F;td fa\kakan ;rav,touj\oun b;r! Bring some Armenian music with you.[Het§t haykakan yeraz¿h§s¿htutŒyun ber]

B. Am;na\n sirow! With great pleasure. [Amenayn sirov]

Ouri, i#nc koux;ir% or b;r;m! What else would you like me to bring?[Uris¿h inc¿hŒ kuzeyir, vor berem?]

A. M;‘ a.orvak! A big appetite![Met¿s ak¿horz¿hak]

B. Anpa\man kb;r;m! I’ll bring that for sure.[Anpayman k§berem]

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UNIT 10

II TEXT

"OQRIK JOUJAKE

Q;®i Øfane mi joujak oun;r% ore .osoum hr!

’;rounin nran ,at hr siroum … wandaki m;= chr pafoum! Joujake

axat j®ckotoum hr s;n\akoum … chr j®coum dours! :rb ‘;rounin toun hr

galis% s;n\aki dou®e baz hr anoum ou kancoum!

–"oqri*k joujak% ort;#[ ;s!

Joujake patas.anoum hr&

–A\st;@[ ;m% a\st;@[ ;m!

’;rounin oun;r far…ani t[a% anoune^ Gourg;n! Na faya. galis hr

joujaki f;t .a[alou! Mi ør% ;rb ‘;rounin tane chr% Gourg;ne ;kaw% b®n;z

joujakin … grpane dr;z! :rb ouxoum hr gnal% n;rs mtaw ‘;rounin … asaz&

–"oqri*k joujak% ort;#[ ;s!

–A\st;@[ ;m% a\st;@[% – patas.an;z joujake Gourg;ni grpaniz!

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UNIT 10

q;®i [kŒe¤i] uncle'oqrik [pŒokŒrik] smalljoujak [tŒutŒak] parrot‘;rouni [t¿seruni] old manwandak [vandak] cagepaf;l [pahel] to keepaxat [azat] freej®ckot;l [tŒ§¤c¿hŒkotel] to fly around'a.c;l [pŒak¿hc¿hŒel] to escape, to fleekanc;l [kanc¿hŒel] to call ort;#[ [vorteg¿h?] where?far…an [harevan] neighboranoun [anun] nameb®n;l [b§¤nel] to catchgrpan [g§rpan] pocketdn;l [d§nel] to put, to placen;rs mtn;l [ners m§tnel] to come in

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

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UNIT 10

tar;dar] [taredart¿sŒ] anniversary, birthdayknounq [k§nunkŒ] baptism‘nnd\an tar;dar] [t¿s§n§ndyan taredart¿s] birthday anniversarytona.mbouj\oun [tonak¿h§mbutŒyun] celebration, gathering Sourb ’nound [SurpŒ t¿s§nund] ChristmasXatik [Zatik] Eastern,anadrouj\oun [n§s¿hanadrutŒyun] engagement (party)fa\r;ri ør [hayreri or] Father’s Dayfob;l\an [hobelyan] jubileema\r;ri ør [mayreri or] Mother’s DayNor tari [Nor tari] New Year amousnouj\an tar;dar] [amusnutŒyan taredart¿sŒ] wedding anniversary farsaniq [harsanikŒ] wedding

IV THEMATIC GROUPS OF WORDS

parafand;s [parahandes] ball, danceya,k;rou\j [c¿has¿hkeruytŒ] banquetfand;s [handes] ceremony, galakrk;s [k§rkes] circusmrzouj\oun [m§rt¿sŒutŒyun] competitionfam;rg [hamerg] concert.ra.yanq [k¿h§rak¿hc¿hankŒ] feastnawagnazouj\oun [navag§nat¿sŒutŒyun] cruising, sea voyagek;rou.oum [keruk¿hum] feastar,aw [ars¿hav] hikingf\ourasirouj\oun [hyurasirutŒyun] hospitalityfraw;r [hraver] invitationjatron [tŒatron] theatrekino [kino] movie, cinemada,tagnazouj\oun [das¿htag§nat¿sŒutŒyun] picnicfawaqou\j% ;r;kou\j [havakŒuytŒ, yerekuytŒ] gathering, (evening) partyptou\t [p§tuyt] stroll, walkar]akourd [art¿sŒakurtŒ] vacation, holidayyam'ordouj\oun [c¿hamportŒutŒyun] voyage, trip

TON:R [Toner] HOLIDAYS

VAMANZ [Z¿hamant¿sŒ] RECREATION

1st pers. (;s) k+ verb stem + ;m/am [k§+ verb stem +em/am]2nd pers. (dou) k+ verb stem + ;s/as [k§+ verb stem + es/as]3rd pers. (na) k+ verb stem + i/a [k§+ verb stem + i/a]

I. THE HYPOTHETICAL MOOD

This mood expresses actions assumed to be hypothetical, yet probable and necessary. Thereare four hypothetical tenses: the hypothetical future I and II, the hypothetical past I and II.

1. Hypothetical future I

a) The affirmative paradigm of the hypothetical future I is formed by prefixing the conju-gated personal forms of the subjunctive future (see p. 150) with k-. Compare:

subjunctive future: gr;m / kardam → hypothetical future I: kgr;m / kkardam!

All regular verbs follow the pattern given below:

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UNIT 10

V GRAMMAR

A. VERBS

1st pers. (m;nq) k+ verb stem + ;nq/anq [k§+ verb stem +enkŒ/ankŒ]2nd pers. (douq) k+ verb stem + ;q/aq [k§+ verb stem + ekŒ/akŒ]3rd pers. (nranq) k+ verb stem + ;n/an [k§+ verb stem + en/an]

b) The negative paradigm of the hypothetical future I is formed by combining the negatedpresent forms of the auxiliary ;m → c;m (see p. 236) with the negative participle of thebase verb of the type gri and karda. Compare: c;m gri I will not write% c;m karda Iwill not read% etc. (see the paradigm below).

HYPOTHETICAL FUTURE Iggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative

(;s) kgr;m c;m gri kkardam c;m karda

(dou) kgr;s c;s gri kkardas c;s karda

(na) kgri ci gri kkarda ci karda

(m;nq) kgr;nq c;nq gri kkardanq c;nq karda

(douq) kgr;q c;q gri kkardaq c;q karda

(nranq) kgr;n c;n gri kkardan c;n karda

SINGULAR

PLURAL

(m;nq) k+ verb stem + ;inq/a\inq [k§+ verb stem + eyinkŒ/ayinkŒ]

(douq) k+ verb stem + ;iq/a\iq [k§+ verb stem + eyikŒ/ayikŒ]

(nranq) k+ verb stem + ;in/a\in [k§+ verb stem + eyin/ayin]

2. Hypothetical past I

a) The hypothetical past I uses the personal forms of the subjunctive past (see p. 151) ofthe base verb, prefixing them with k-. Compare:

subjunctive past: gr;i → hypothetical past I: kgr;i subjunctive past: karda\i → hypothetical past I: kkarda\i

All regular verbs follow the pattern below:

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HYPOTHETICAL PAST Iggrr;;ll kkaarrddaall

affirmative negative affirmative negative

(;s) kgr;i chi gri kkarda\i chi karda

(dou) kgr;ir chir gri kkarda\ir chir karda

(na) kgr;r chr gri kkardar chr karda

(m;nq) kgr;inq chinq gri kkarda\inq chinq karda

(douq) kgr;iq chiq gri kkarda\iq chiq karda

(nranq) kgr;in chin gri kkarda\in chin karda

(;s) k+ verb stem + ;i/a\i [k§+ verb stem + eyi/ayi]

(dou) k+ verb stem + ;ir/a\ir [k§+ verb stem + eyir/ayir]

(na) k+ verb stem + ;r/ar [k§+ verb stem + er/ar]

b) The negative paradigm of the hypothetical past I is analogous to the negative paradigmof the hypothetical future I. It combines the negated past forms of the auxiliary ;m% i.e. hi→ chi with the negative participle of the base verb: chi gri I would not write% chirkarda you would not read% chinq .osi we would not speak, etc. (see below).

PLURAL

SINGULAR

HYPOTHETICAL FUTURE II HYPOTHETICAL PAST II

ggrr;;ll or kkaarrddaall

(;s) gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;m gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;i

(dou) gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;s gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;ir

(na) gra‘ or kardaza‘ klini gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;r

(m;nq) gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;nq gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;inq

(douq) gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;q gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;iq

(nranq) gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;n gra‘ or kardaza‘ klin;in

4. Formation of the negative paradigms

For the negative forms, this set of hypothetical tenses uses the corresponding hypotheticalnegative paradigms of the auxiliary verb lin;l (cf. c;m lini and chi lini) with theunchanged past participle (ending in -a‘ or -aza‘) (see p. 236) of the base verb: gra‘

c;m lini I will not have written% gra‘ chi lini I would not have written% kardaza‘

c;m lini I will not have read% kardaza‘ chi lini I would not have read% etc.

3. Hypothetical future II and hypothetical past II

In addition to the two primary tenses of the hypothetical mood, hypothetical future I andhypothetical past I, there is a pair of secondary tenses, which we will call hypotheticalfuture II and hypothetical past II. They combine the corresponding hypothetical future Iand past I paradigms of the auxiliary verb lin;l (cf. klin;m and klin;i) with the past par-ticiple ending, in -a‘ or -aza‘ (see p. 236) of the base verb.

EXAMPLES: gra‘ klin;m / gra‘ klin;i, kardaza‘ klin;m / kardaza‘ klin;i, etc.

All regular verbs follow the pattern given below:

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UNIT 10

(;s) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ klin;m/klin;i

(dou) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ klin;s/klin;ir

(na) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ klini/klin;r

(m;nq) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ klin;nq/klin;inq

(douq) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ klin;q/klin;iq

(nranq) participle in -a‘ or -aza‘ klin;n/klin;in

SINGULAR

PLURAL

5. Uses of the hypothetical future I

In East Armenian grammars, the hypothetical mood is also referred to as the supposition-al, conditional and even assertional mood. This confirms the diversity of meanings thatthis mood imparts to the verb. English does not have a comparable mood, although thehypothetical mood, for the most part, can be easily translated into English.

a) The hypothetical future I denotes the speaker’s strong belief that actions or events willtake place at a given time in the future:

Kga krkin garoune% k‘a[ki a,.arfe% … m;nq kfa[j;nq!

Spring will come again, the world will come into bloom, and we will win.

b) The hypothetical future I expresses the speaker’s determination, intention or promise toperform certain actions:

A\s rop;is kgnam% kgtn;m a\d mardoun ou f;t kb;r;m!

I’ll go right now, I’ll find this man and bring him back.

In that sense, it appears more often in negative forms:

:s im ;rkire c;m jo[ni% c;m gna an‘anoj t;[;r!

I will not leave my country, I will not go to unknown places (i.e. I refuse to go).

c) Forms in the second person can appear in orders:

Isk fima kgnas ou boloriz n;ro[ouj\oun k.ndr;s!

And now you will go and apologize to everybody.

d) The hypothetical future I appears in main clauses followed or preceded by a condition-al clause with a verb in the subjunctive mood:

Ka,.at;m% ;j; dou hl a,.at;s! :j; dou 'or];s% ;s hl k'or];m!

I will work, if you will also work. If you try, I will also try.

e) With reference to the present time, both the affirmative and negative forms of this tensecan indicate the speaker’s assumption, guess or supposition:

Nranq a\s vamin tane c;n lini! Na ,at dram koun;na!

At this time, they won’t be at home. He must have a lot of money.

f) In some contexts, this tense denotes recurrent actions and events. It then loses its hypo-thetical meaning, resembling rather the present tense of the indicative mood:

:r;sid kna\i ou k‘i‘a[i& ;rb;*q ci amaci!

She’ll look at your face and laugh; she’ll never feel ashamed.

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This meaning of regularity allows this tense to be widely used in Armenian proverbs:

<oune tiro=e kyanaci! <oune ,an mis ci outi!

The dog recognizes its master. A dog does not eat another dog’s flesh.

6. Uses of the hypothetical past I

a) In some contexts, the hypothetical past I is used to express recurrent activity in the past.In this case, it loses its hypothetical meaning and resembles the past tenses of the indica-tive mood:

:rb bolore kpa®k;in% na ka®n;r ir tiknike … k.os;r nra f;t!

When everybody went to sleep, she would take her doll and talk to her.

b) Another instance where the hypothetical past I loses its hypothetical status and obtainsa meaning that resembles the indicative mood is the following: A temporal clause intro-duced by the temporal conjunction minc… before, by the time is followed by the mainsentence featuring the aorist tense:

Minc… ;s mi ba® kartasan;i% na dou®e baz;z ou gnaz!

By the time I could utter a word, he opened the door and left.

c) The hypothetical past I expresses contrary-to-fact actions. Hence its frequent use inconditional sentences that leave the question open as to whether a condition is met. Inmost cases, the hypothetical past I forms correspond to English I would constructions:

:j; nran t;sn;i% anpa\man kyanac;i!

If I saw him, I would definitely recognize him.

W;pe kkarda\i% ;j; vamanak oun;na\i!

I would read the novel, if I had time.

d) Since the hypothetical past I indicates non-factuality and uncertainty, both affirmativeand negative second-person forms are frequently used to express advice or reproach:

:j; ;s lin;i% chi m;kni kam gon; m;kn;louz a®a= zt;souj\oun kas;i!

If I were you I wouldn’t leave, but at least before leaving I would say goodbye.

e) In polite interaction, the hypothetical past I applies to the present time. Thus, koux;i &&&I would like ..., k.ndr;i &&& I would ask ..., in] kas;i#q &&& would you tell me ..., etc.are forms of politeness. While asking someone for a favor, Armenian affirmative andnegative forms are synonymous. Compare:

N;r;z;*q% in] vame kas;i#q or N;r;z;*q% in] vame chi#q asi!

Excuse me, could you tell me the time?

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f) In rhetorical questions initiated by this tense, great expressivity is achieved:

O#w kmta‘;r% or &&&% O#w chr ouxi &&&% O#w kfamar]akw;r &&&% etc.Who would think that ..., Who wouldn’t wish ..., Who would dare ... etc.

7. Uses of the hypothetical future II

a) The hypothetical future II indicates an action or an event that the speaker expects tohave been completed at some point in the future. Compare:

Minc… wa[e am;n inc w;r=aza‘ klini!

By tomorrow, everything will be finished.

b) Marking the future tense is not the main function of the hypothetical future II. It ischiefly used to indicate an assumption, guess, or supposition. In this case, it is rendered inEnglish by constructions that contain may/might, should, and must:

A\s nkare t;sa‘ klin;s!

You must have seen this picture. (I suppose.)

Inqnaji®n ard;n vamana‘ klini!

The plane may have arrived already. (I suppose.)

Several synonymous constructions are interchangeable:

Lsa‘ klin;s% ...You must have heard ... (I suppose.)

T;sa‘ piti lin;s% ...You must have seen ... (I suppose.)

P;tq h (or) kardaza‘ lin;s% ...You must have read (this). (I suppose.)

8. Uses of the hypothetical past II

The hypothetical past II is commonly used to express an action or an event that could havebut did not take place due to an unfulfilled condition:

Girqe wa[ouz kardaza‘ klin;i% ;j; fawan;i!

I would have read the book if I had liked it. (But I didn’t like it.)

:j; ;[anake law lin;r% inqnaji®e j®a‘ klin;r!

If the weather had been nice, the airplane would have flown. (But it wasn’t nice.)

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B. PRONOUNS

1. Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns designate objects connected with each other by action or state. Thesetwo-way interactions are expressed by the pronouns irar [irar], mim\anz [mimyant¿sŒ],m;km;kou (m;km;ki) each other or one another.

Nranq irar siroum ;n! S;nn ou Anin mim\anz enk;r ;n!

They love each other. Sen and Ani are friends (with each other).

Reciprocal pronouns are declined and appear in sentences with case markers as governedby verbs and adjectives. Compare:

Nranq mim\anzow (instr.) ;n fpartanoum!

They take pride in each other.

Douq irariz (abl.) ,at f;®ou ;q!

You are very far from each other.

2. Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are derived from possessive adjectives that function as determiners.Cf. im toune my house, qo fou\se your hope, etc. Unlike possessive adjectives, posses-sive pronouns stand for nouns, taking on the definite article --ee after consonants and --nneeafter vowels.* Note that rather than -ee or --nnee the second option -nn or --nnnn is used when fol-lowed by a word with an initial vowel.

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1st ;s → im →iimmee or iimmss m;nq →m;r → mm;;rree

2nd dou → qo → qqoonnee douq → ];r → ]];;rree

3rd a) inqe → ir → iirr;;nnee ir;nq → ir;nz → iirr;;nnzzeeb) na → nra → nnrraannee nranq → nranz → nnrraannzzee

EXAMPLES:

Sa im girqe ch! In] ime tour! Sa i#mn h!

This isn’t my book. Give me mine. Is this mine?

Sa nra matitn h! :s nrane c;m ouxoum! Qonn ;m ouxoum!

This is his/her pencil. I don’t want his/hers. I want yours.

Afa* ];r nkare% isk m;re cka! Sa ];rn h% ch#!

Here is your picture, but ours is missing. This is yours, isn’t it?

* Exceptions: iimmss as a second option for the regular iimmee.

3. Possessive forms of nouns

To avoid repetition of a previously mentioned proper noun, Armenian uses possessiveforms of nouns, i.e. compact one-word nouns that stand for both the noun and a newlyintroduced genitive attribute:

Mariami tar;dar]e martin h% Aramine^ ma\isin!

Mariam’s birthday is in March, Aram’s (that of Aram) in May.

Possessive forms of nouns are derived from the genitive case form. They are created byadding to the genitive form the ending -ne. This applies equally to common and propernouns. Most nominalized words of other word classes (see p. 285) follow this pattern aswell. As seen above, the basic English equivalent is a genitive form with the ending -’s,although the meaning of Armenian possessive forms can be more adequately rendered byanalytical constructions. EXAMPLES:

Sona\i toune Sona’s house → Sona\ine Sona’s or that of Sonadprozi yam'an the road to school → dprozine that of the school w;r…i far…ane the neighbor from above → w;r…ine that from above

4. Definite pronouns

Definite pronouns serve to single out or identify an object or a group of objects in a particu-lar context. Definite pronouns consist of two subclasses, one subclass representing determin-ers used before nouns, and the other, regular pronouns that stand for nouns.

DETERMINERS GENUINE PRONOUNS

am;n every am;n m;ke every one of them ambo[= all, (the) entire ambo[=e all of itbolor all bolore/am;nqe all of them, everybodymi qani some, a few mi qanise some of them, a few of them\ouraqanc\our each \ouraqanc\oure each of them

EXAMPLES:

– Bolor ousano[n;re ;k;#l hin! – A\o*% bolore n;rka hin! Am;n m;ke .os;z!

Had all students arrived? Yes, all of them were present. Each of them spoke out.

– Ambo[= girqe kardazi#r! – Ambo[=e^ oc! Mi qani h=! – Mia\n mi qani#se!

Have you read the entire book? Not the entire (book). Just a few pages. Only a few?

– Am;n ousano[ a\dp;#s h mta‘oum! – O*c% bolore nou\n kar‘iqi c;n!

Do all students think that way? No, not all of them share the same opinion.

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C. SYNTAX

Simple sentences in Armenian

A traditional simple sentence consists of only one independent clause. As discussed earlier(see Unit 2, p. 34), in a simple Armenian clause, be it a statement, question, or command,the conjugated verb typically occupies the final position. The following examples illustratethe most common patterns of Armenian simple statement clauses, with the verb indicatedby (V). Other components include subject (S), direct object (O1), indirect object (O2), com-plement (C), and adverb (A).

1. SV: F\oure ;kaw!

(Guestthe/nom came)The guest came.

2. (S)O1V: (M;nq) dou®e 'ak;zinq!

(We doorthe/acc closed)We closed the door.

3. (S)O1CV: (:s) sourye kajow .m;zi!

([I] coffeethe/acc milkinstr drank)I drank coffee with milk.

4. SAV: Enk;rs m;r qa[aqiz f;®azaw!

(Friendmine/nom our cityabl left)My friend left our city.

5. SO2O1V: :r;.an;re m;x ‘a[ikn;r b;r;zin!

(The-childrennom usdat flowersacc brought)The children brought us flowers.

6. SO1AV: Ma\rs ya,e s;[anin dr;z!

(Mothermine/nom mealacc tabledat put)My mother put the meal on the table.

Although these are the normal patterns of simple clauses in East Armenian, word order is notfixed. Clause elements can change their place in each of the above-listed clauses, dependingon choices a speaker makes to stress one particular component of the sentence. Thus, pattern2 can easily change from SOV to

SVO: MM;;nnqq 'ak;zinq dou®e! We closed the door.VSO: ""aakk;;zziinnqq m;nq dou®e! We closed the door.OSV: DDoouu®®ee m;nq 'ak;zinq! We closed the door.

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In any of the patterns on p. 232, the verb is presented by a simple verbal tense. More oftenthese patterns appear with complex tenses that are formed by the auxiliary ;m (aux) plusa participle (part) of the basic verb:

SO1V(part+aux): (M;nq) dou®e 'akoum ;nq / 'ak;l ;nq / 'ak;lou ;nq!

We are closing / have closed / will close the door.

To stress a component of such a clause, inversion is obligatory whereby the stressed elementis moved to an initial position of the clause and is followed immediately by the conjugatedauxiliary verb (see p. 35). As for the participle, it may occupy various positions, but it neverappears before the auxiliary verb.

Any of the patterns discussed on p. 232 could be affected by inversion provided it containsa compound tense, whereby the verb (V) is presented by the auxiliary+participle (aux+part).

COMPARE PATTERN 2:

S+aux+O1+part: MM;;nnqq ;nq dou®e 'ak;l!

We have closed the door. (Or: It’s we who have closed the door.)

part+aux+(S)+O1: ""aakk;;ll ;;nnqq (m;nq) dou®e!

We have closed the door. (Or: We did close the door.)

O1+aux+(S)+part: DDoouu®®nn ;nq (m;nq) 'ak;l!

We have closed the door. (Or: It’s the door that we have closed.)

COMPARE PATTERN 3:

S+aux+part+O1+C: ::ss ;m .m;lou sourye kajow!

I will drink the coffee with milk. (Or: It’s me who will drink the coffee with milk.)

O1+aux+(S)+part+C: SSoouurryynn ;m (;s) .m;lou kajow!

I will drink the coffee with milk. (Or: It’s the coffee that I will drink with milk.)

C+aux+(S)+part+O1: KKaajjooww ;m (;s) .m;lou sourye!

I will drink the coffee with milk. (Or: It’s with milk that I will drink the coffee.)

COMPARE PATTERN 4:

S+aux+A+part: EEnnkk;;rrss h qa[aqiz f;®anoum!

My friend is leaving the city. (Or: It’s my friend who is leaving the city.)

part+aux+S+A: FF;;®®aannoouumm h enk;rs h qa[aqiz!

My friend is leaving the city. (Or: My friend is [indeed] leaving the city.)

A+aux+part+S: QQaa[[aaqqiizz h f;®anoum enk;rs!

My friend is leaving the city. (Or: It’s the city that my friend is leaving.)

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Negation in Armenian

1. Affirmative forms of verbs in Armenian are easily transformed into negative ones byplacing the negative particle c- [c¿hŒ] before verbs. The negative particle c- is neverstressed. When prefixed to an initial consonant, it is followed by a transitory [§]=[c¿hŒ§].

a) c- is prefixed to the infinitive and to most of the independent participles:

gr;l to write → cgr;l not to write% kardal to read → ckardal not to readlazo[e he who cries → clazo[e he who does not cry% etc. (see pp. 237-238)

b) c- is prefixed to the conjugated verb, both base verb and auxiliary:

gr;zi I have written → cgr;zi I haven’t writtengr;lou ;m I will write → c;m gr;lou I won’t write

c) c- is prefixed to the modal particle piti or modal phrase p;tq h:*

piti gr;m I will write → cpiti gr;m I will not writep;tq h gr;i I should have written → cp;tq h gr;i I shouldn’t have written

d) There are two alternatives for the 3rd-person singular form of the auxiliary ;m: ci andch& Ci is restricted to verbal negation in conjugation:

.osoum h he/she speaks → ci .osoum he/she does not speak**kfaskana he/she will understand → ci faskana he/she will not understandk;r;l h he/she has eaten → ci k;r;l he/she hasn’t eaten.

For all other negations, the regular form ch is used:

fiwand h he/she is ill → fiwand ch he/she is not ill, bvi,k h he/she is a physician → bvi,k ch he/she is not a physiciana\st;[ h he/she is here → a\st;[ ch he/she is not here, etc.

2. The prohibitive imperative uses the unattached and stressed negative particle mi* don’twhich is placed before regular imperative forms.

Singular: gri*r write! → mi* grir don’t write! karda* read! → mi* karda

don’t read!, gna* go! → mi* gna don’t go!

Plural: gr;*q write! → mi* gr;q don’t write! kardaz;*q read! → mi* karda-

z;q don’t read!, gnaz;*q go! → mi* gnaz;q don’t go!

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* Forms with c- prefixed to the verb are rare but acceptable: piti cgr;m% piti ckardam% etc.

** To transform affirmative paradigms into negative ones, Armenian does not use a verb equivalent to theEnglish auxiliary verb to do.

3. A means of negation at the sentence level is oc no.

a) oc can be used alone as a one-word sentence or may introduce a full negative response:

— –Inqnaji®e vaman;#l h! –O*c! or –O*c% ci vaman;l!

“Did the airplane arrive?” “No.” or “No, it hasn’t arrived.”

b) Negation is achieved by correlative conjunctions starting with oc% such as oc j; &&& a\l

not ... but, oc mia\n &&& a\l not only ... but, etc.

Oc j; spanw;l h% a\l wiraworw;l!

He was not killed but wounded.

Negation is reinforced using the emphatic correlative conjunction o*c &&& o*c.

O*c outoum ;s% o*c .moum! O*c gi,;r ka q;x famar% o*c z;r;k!

You neither eat, nor drink. There is no night or day for you.

4. Unlike English, double, and even triple negation is standard for East Armenian. Thisoccurs when negative adverbials such as ;rb;q never, oc mi t;[ nowhere, bnaw noway, not at all, oc m;ke no one, ocinc nothing, etc., appear in the same context withnegative verb forms:

Nranq in] ;rb;q ct;[;kazrin a\d masin!

They never informed me about it. (Literally: They never didn’t inform me about it.)

Oc m;ke ocinc cfaskazaw!

Nobody understood anything. (Literally: Nobody didn’t understand nothing.)

A double negation can produce affirmation, if one of the negated components is an in-finitive prefixed with c-:

C;m karo[ cgnal! C;m ouxoum cmasnakz;l!

I must go. I want to participate. (Lit.: I can’t not go. I don’t want not to participate.)

5. To seek consent or invite confirmation, sentences can end with tag questions similar tothe English ..., isn’t it? that directly follow affirmative sentences. Positive tag questions ...,is it? follow negative sentences. Unlike English, however, Armenian always employs neg-ative tag questions ..., a\np;s ch# ..., isn’t it so? or ch# ..., no?

:[anake g;[;zik h% a\np;s ch#!

The weather is nice, isn’t it?

Dou c;s m;kn;lou% ch#!

You won’t leave, will you?

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VII WORD FORMATION

A. Formation of participles

Armenian has two sets of participles.

I. The first set consists of four participles that are bound for use in conjugation paradigms.As such, they are never used independently but only in combination with the correspon-ding forms of the auxiliary verb ;m in its affirmative and negative forms.

1) The present participle ending in -oum: cf. groum/kardoum in groum ;m/kardoum ;m

I am writing/I am reading% etc. and c;m groum/c;m kardoum% I am not writing/I am notreading% etc. (see p. 11-12, 30), groum hi/kardoum hi I was writing/I was reading% etc.and chi groum/chi kardoum% I was not writing/I was not reading% etc. (see pp. 52-53).

2) The past participle ending in -;l/-az;l: cf. gr;l/kardaz;l in gr;l ;m/kardaz;l ;m

I have written/I have read% etc., and c;m gr;l/c;m kardaz;l% I haven’t written/I haven’tread% etc. (see p. 96-97), gr;l hi/kardaz;l hi I had written/I had read% etc. and chigr;l/chi kardaz;l% I had not written/I had not read% etc. (see pp. 97-98).

3) The future participle ending in -;lou/-alou: cf. gr;lou/kardalou in gr;lou ;m/kardalou ;m I am going to write/I am going to read, etc., and c;m gr;lou/ c;m kar-

dalou I am not going to write/I am not going to read, etc., gr;lou hi/kardalou hi Iwas going to write/I was going to read, etc., and chi gr;lou/chi kardalou I was notgoing to write/I was not going to read, etc. (see pp. 124-125).

4) The negative participle ending in -i/-a: cf. gri/karda in c;m gri/c;m karda Iam not going to write/I am not going to read, etc., chi gri/chi karda etc. I would notwrite/I would not read, etc. (see pp. 224-225).

II. The second set consists of four free participles that function independently in sentencesas adjectives, nouns or adverbs:

1) The present participle ending in --o[/--azo[: cf. gro[/kardazo[ in namak gro[

marde the man who is writing a letter% j;rj kardazo[ far…ans my neighbor whois reading a newspaper.

2) the past participle ending in --a‘ or --aza‘: cf. gra‘/kardaza‘ in namak gra‘

marde the man who has written an article% j;rj kardaza‘ far…ans my neighborwho has read the newspaper.

3) the future participle ending in --;liq or --aliq: cf. gr;liq/kardaliq in mardou

gr;liq namake the letter that the man will write% far…anis kardaliq j;rje thenewspaper that my neighbor will read.

For the most part, all these participles have no parallel structures in English and are ren-dered, as the examples show, by relative clauses. Armenian has the choice of both: the par-ticiple and the relative clause:

ka®ouzwo[ qa[aqe = qa[aqe% or ka®ouzwoum h

the city that is being built ka®ouzwa‘ qa[aqe = qa[aqe% or ka®ouzw;l h

the city that has been builtka®ouzw;liq qa[aqe = qa[aqe% or ka®ouzw;lou h

the city that will be built

4) The temporal or synchronical participle has a predominantly independent adverbial usealthough it can also appear in secondary conjugation paradigms. It is formed by adding theending -is to the infinitive of the verb: cf. gr;lis/kardalis while writing/while read-ing. This participle expresses an action concurrent to the main action:

gr;lis s.alw;l to err while writing.os;lis kakax;l to stutter while speakingwax;lis enkn;l to fall while running% etc.

B. Nominalization of participles

Armenian adjectival participles (see p. 236, 1, 2, 3 under II) can readily nominalize. In thiscase, they acquire the features of a noun and appear with the definite article -e or -n orthe possessive article -s% -d% -e or -n% etc., with the plural ending -n;r% and various casemarkers. Since adjectival participles are of verbal origin, they can also appear with thenegation prefix c-. Nominalized participles follow the -i declension of nouns.

1) Nominalized participles ending in -oo[[ refer to a person engaged in an activity. Considerthe following examples:

with the definite article -ee: .oso[ee - he who speaks with the negation prefix cc-: cc.oso[e - he who doesn’t speakwith the plural suffix -nn;;rr: .oso[nn;;rree - those who speak

Such nminalizations appear in all sentence positions. Consider the following example insubject position:

A,.ato[e sowa‘ ci mna!

He who works never stays hungry.

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Nominalized participles ending in -oo[[ appear with case markers:.oso[ii f;t - with someone who speaks

Thus, more complex agglutinated forms can occur:cc-.oso[-nn;;rr-ee - those who do not speak cc-.oso[-nn;;rr-ii mmaassiinn - about those who do not speak, etc.

Compare the Armenian saying using the nominalized participle in the ablative case:

C.oso[n;riz wa.;zir!

Beware of those who do not speak.

2) When nominalized, participles ending in --aa‘‘ are employed to refer to objects, facts,and events.* As such, participles ending in -aa‘‘ appear:

with the possessive article --ss%% --dd%% --ee//--nn:t;sa‘ss - what I see/saw/have seen/will see**

with the plural marker -n;rs:cct;sa‘n;rs - those things that I don’t see/didn’t see/ will seewith both a plural and case marker:t;sa‘n;riis masin - about those (things) that I see/saw/have seen

Since the possessive article occurs in all forms indicating person and number, -a‘ forma-tions are used with -s% -d% -e/-n% and with the plural endings -n;rs% -n;rd% -n;re asneeded:

t;sa‘s what I see, saw, will see t;sa‘d what you see, saw, will seet;sa‘e*** what he/she see, saw, will seet;sa‘n;rs**** m;r t;sa‘e what we see, saw, will seet;sa‘n;rd ];r t;sa‘e what you see, saw, will seet;sa‘n;re nranz t;sa‘e what they see, saw, will see

* Only -a‘ participles derived from transitive verbs (such as t;sn;l to see% ls;l to hear%a®n;l to take% etc.) can build this type of nominalization.

** Depending on context, forms such as t;sa‘s% lsa‘s% a®a‘s% etc., can express present, pastor future time.

*** Forms with the definite article -e/-n refer here to the third person. Thus, t;sa‘e means what

he/she sees/saw/will see, etc.

**** These plural forms are colloquial. The parallel analytical forms such as m;r t;sa‘e% ];rt;sa‘e% nranz t;sa‘e are more appropriate for formal speech&

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The same formations may be prefixed with the negation marker c-:ct;sa‘s what I don’t see, didn’t see, won’t seect;sa‘d what you don’t see, didn’t see, won’t seect;sa‘n;rs what I don’t see, didn’t see, won’t see, etc.

When neutral verbs expressing corporal and emotional states (such as nst;l% kangn;l%

fogn;l% t.r;l% qn;l% etc.) form nominalizations derived by means of -a‘e, they do notindicate objects, facts, and events — as usually with -a‘e — but the person in the indi-cated state. Therefore, formations as nsta‘e the one who is sitting% fogna‘e the onewho is tired% qna‘e the one who is asleep are functionally closer to those nominalizationsending in -o[e: .oso[e he who speaks% a,.ato[e he who works% etc.

Compare the Armenian proverb:

Qna‘n ou m;®a‘e nou\nn h!

(He who is ) asleep and (he who is) dead are just the same.

Given that brevity is one of their most important characteristics, proverbs make extensiveuse of the nominalized participles.Compare the -a‘e noun in a declined form (dative):

L;xwi ‘aka‘in d;[ cka!

There is no remedy for what the tongue has wounded.

Some proverbs include various types of these formations simultaneously:

Ouxa‘e aso[e couxa‘e klsi!

He who says what he wants, will hear what he does not want.

3) Participles ending in -iq can also appear as a noun, using the endings -s% -d% -e/-n:As;liqs asoum ;m ou gnoum% ba\z lin;liqe lin;lou h!

I am saying what he have to say, but it will happen what is bound to happen.

4) Armenian has a group of participial forms going back to declined forms of the infini-tive in various cases.

a) The genitive case: ;rg;l → ;rg;lou% .a[al → .a[alou% pa®k;l → pa®k;lou% etc.

The participle in -;lou/-alou has established itself in attributive function: .m;lou =our

drinking water, gnalou t;[ place to go, apr;lou zankouj\oun desire to live, etc.

b) The instrumental case: gr;l → gr;low% kardal → kardalow% etc.

Participles in -;low/-alow may function as adverbs of manner (see Unit 9, p. 212):

Kardalow l;xou c;s sowori% .os;low ksowor;s!

You do not learn a language by reading, you learn it by speaking.

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

The vowel ee [§§]

The vowel e [§] is the only vowel in Armenian that is never stressed. It is pronounced in var-ious positions of words, but is not always expressed graphically. For its pronunciation, thefollowing rules must be observed:

1. e [§] is always written:

a) in final position where e [§] stands for the definite article: marde [martŒ§] the man,s;[ane [seg¿han§] the table, lour;re [lurer§] the news, etc.

b) in initial position before the consonants [, m, and n: est [§st] according to, e[]al[§g¿hd¿zal] to long for, emb®n;l [§mb§¤nel] to grasp, enk;r [§nker] friend, etc.

c) in compound words where components start with a written e [§]: dasenk;r [das§nker]classmate, norentir [nor§ntir] newly elected, anendounak [an§ntŒunak] inept, etc.

2. e [§] is slightly pronounced, but not written:

a) in initial position of some words, before s, x, followed by the stops b% p% '% g% q% k%

t% and j: xba[mounq [§zbag¿hmunkŒ] occupation, s'o'anq [§spŒopŒankŒ] conso-lation, xgal [§zgal] to feel, etc.

b) in initial position of words, after x% ,% and s when non-stop consonants follow: s.al

[s§k¿hal] mistake, wrong, sgal [s§kŒal] to mourn, sraf [s§rah] hall, ,®a\l [s¿h§¤ayl]wasteful, ,q;[ [s¿h§kŒeg¿h] splendid, ,';l [s¿h§pŒel] to rub, etc.

c) in initial position of words, between two consonants: qnar [kΤnar] lyre, ptou[

[p§tug¿h] fruit, fma\q [h§maykŒ] charm, ptou\t [p§tuyt] promenade, mta‘;l [m§ta-t¿sel] to think, etc.

d) in initial clusters of three consonants, an e [§] is pronounced after the first consonant:sndouk [s§nduk] trunk, mtn;l [m§tnel] to enter, srtagin [s§rtagin] cordial, gndak

[g§ndak] ball (toy), xsp;l [z§spel] to curb, etc.

e) in initial clusters of four or five consonants, an e [§] is pronounced after the first con-sonant, a second e [§] after the second or third consonant: mkrt;l [m§k§rtel] to baptize,trtn=al [t§rt§nd¿jal] to complain, to grouse, ksk‘al [k§sk§t¿sal] to grieve, etc.

f) in final position of words, before a ®% r or [: bou®n [bu¤§n] fervent, ‘anr [t¿san§r]heavy, ast[ [ast§g¿h] star, wagr [vag§r] tiger, etc.

g) in final position of words, when consonants are followed by the personal articles -sand -d: ma\rs [mayr§s] my mother, acq;rd [ac¿hŒkŒer§t] your eyes, etc.

IX ORTHOGRAPHY

Punctuation marks

Armenian has a distinct set of punctuation marks:

1. [!] The Armenian w;r=ak;t [verc¿haket] period is used to indicate the end of a sen-tence.

2. [%] The Armenian storak;t [storaket] comma is used:

a) to mark off similar elements, i.e. words, phrases or clauses in a list or sequence wherethere are either no conjunctions or only a final one;

Dou b;r;zir ward;r% ,ou,ann;r … m;.akn;r!

You brought roses, lilies, and carnations.

When listing nouns, phrases, and sentences, Armenian does not use a comma before theconjunctions … or ou and:

:kaw toun% ya,;z% mi qic fangstazaw … noriz gnaz!

He came home, had dinner, rested a little, and left again.

b) to separate subordinate from main clauses:

:rb q;x t;sa% ard;n ou, hr!

When I saw you, it was already late.

Unlike English, Armenian also separates subordinate clauses that follow the main clause:

Kgam% ;j; vamanak oun;nam!

I will come if I have time.

c) after exclamations and direct address:

Ani*% dou®e ba*z ara!

Ani, open the door!

3. [^] The Armenian bouj [butŒ] is used in the following instances:

a) to replace omitted words:

Dou toun ;s gnalou% isk ;s^ a,.atanqi!

You will go home, and I [will go] to work.

b) to separate words that are drawn together because of missing words:

Im^ q;x twa‘ girqn o#ur h!

(Literally: My [^] to you given book where is?)Where is the book that I gave you?

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c) to separate a word from its apposition:

Tikin Sar\ane^ ousouzcoufis% a\st;[ h!

Mrs. Sarian, my teacher, is here.

4. [&] The Armenian mi=ak;t [mijaket] is used:

a) to link clauses that are connected to each other in some way. In that sense, it corresponds tothe English semicolon (;):

:s fogna‘ hi& oro,;zi fangstanal!

I was tired; I decided to rest.

b) to indicate what will follow in a sequence. In that sense, it replaces the English colon:

Farzs a\s h& o#ur gnazir!

My question is: where did you go?

c) to anticipate direct speech before quotation marks (see below, 5a):

d) to mark abbreviated words:

Prn& Pal\an

Mr. Palian

5. [ª&&&º] The Armenian cak;rt [c¿hŒakert] quotation mark is used:

a) to open and close quoted material, a word, phrase, sentence or passage from a book ordirect speech:

Dou asazir& ª<at oura. ;mº!

You said: “I am very glad.”

Note that in a dialogue, quotation marks are replaced by a long dash, especially when theanswer immediately follows the question:

–O#ur ;s gnoum! “Where are you going?”–Toun! “Home.”

b) to highlight book titles:

<;qspiri ªFaml;tº-e!

Shakespeare’s Hamlet.c) in ironic comments to imply that a word is used in its opposite meaning:

:s nman ªbar;kamn;rº ,at ;m t;s;l!

I have seen many of such “friends.”

Bolore git;n% j; orqan ªaxniwº ;s!

Everybody knows how “honest” you are.

X EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

a. Mari% frawiroum ;m frawirwa‘ ;nq tar;dar]i!

b. :rb or gas% ];r f\ourasirouj\an famar!

c. A\sør bolors q;x m;r toun ya,k;rou\ji!

d. Tikin Alis% bolor f\our;re ;ka‘ ;n lin;lou!

e. A\s ør;rin douq ba\z c;m karo[analou gal!

f. <norfakal ;m% a\s ;r;ko axa#t ;q!

g. Zawoum ;m% ouxoum ;m };x … };r amousnoun frawir;l!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to patterns in a, b, c, and d. Replace ~ransia withCinastan% G;rmania% Anglia% Âousastan, etc.

a. A. };r f\oure ort;[i#z h!B. ~ransia\iz! Zawoq mia\n `rans;r;n h .osoum!

b. A. M;x mot `ransiazi f\our;r ;n ;k;l!B. I#nc l;xwow ;q nranz f;t .osoum!A. Mi,t `rans;r;n! Siroum ;m a\d l;xoun!

c. A. ~ransia\i f;t mi,t kapi m;#= ;q!B. A\o*% `ransiazi ,at bar;kamn;r oun;nq!

d. A. F\our;#r oun;q ~ransia\iz! Fam;z;*q nranz f;t m;x mot!B. Sirow kganq! Wstaf ;m% or kfawan;q m;r `ransiazi f\our;rin!

3. Answer the questions with a negative response. Follow the pattern.

a. Sa qo bavakn h% ch#! O*c% qonn h! (yours)b. Sranq qo j[j;rn ;n% ch#! O*c% (his)c. Sa ];r tounn h% ch#! O*c% (theirs)d. Sa qo nor ousouzicn h% ch#! A\o*% ba\z (yours) hl h!

e. Sranq qo grq;rn ;n% ch#! O*c% (his)f. Sa nra t;trn h% ch#! O*c% (mine)g. Sranq ];r nkarn;rn ;n% ch#! O*c% (theirs)

4. Answer the questions according to the pattern.

a. M;r toune m;‘ h! Ba\z ];re m;riz aw;li m;‘ h! (douq)

b. Im ma\re ,at ;ritasard h! Ba\z (douq) &&&c. M;r ya,e famow h! Ba\z (nranq) &&&

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d. Qo ,oune ,at .;lazi h! Ba\z (;s) &&&

e. Nra nkare g;[;zik h! Ba\z (dou) &&&

f. Nra part;xe m;‘ h! Ba\z (m;nq) &&&

g. Im gor‘e dvwar h! Ba\z (na) &&&

5. Insert the reciprocal pronoun irar in the appropriate form.

a. Na ;[ba\rs h! M;nq irar ,at ;nq siroum!

b. Sa enk;roufis h! M;nq &&& c;nq bavanwoum!

c. :r;.an;re &&& f;t ;n .a[oum!

d. <n;re &&& c;n wa.;noum!

e. Law enk;rn;re &&& c;n f;®anoum!

f. Na im enk;rn h! M;nq m;r das;re &&& f;t ;nq patrastoum!

g. Mardik or &&& yanacoum ;n% bar…oum ;n &&&!

6. Insert the appropriate verb form, following the pattern.

a. Cgnazi#r! A'so@s% p;tq h or gnaza‘ lin;ir!

b. Casazi#r! A'so@s% &&&

c. Cgn;zi#q! A'so@s% &&&

d. Ckardazi#n! A'so@s% &&&

e. Cgr;#z! A'so@s% &&&

f. Cmnazi#n! A'so@s% &&&

g. Ck;ra#q! A'so@s% &&&

7. Translate into Armenian.

a. You’re a good student, but you’re late every day.b. This has to come to an end!c. It’s not nice to make me wait here for hours.d. If I were you, I’d finish this story.e. You should not have done this.f. Don’t make me laugh!

8. How would you say it in Armenian?

a. Invite your best friend to your new apartment.b. Accept an invitation to a friend’s birthday.c. Politely decline a friend’s invitation to a party.

d. Give reasons for not being able to go to a friend’s graduation banquet.e. You are a host(ess). How do you offer food/drinks to an official guest? To a friend?f. You are a guest. How do you accept/refuse food/drinks? g. You are a guest. How do you offer your assistance to the host(ess)?

9. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. I#nc h sar\ake!

b. I#nc hr anoum q;®i Øfani sar\ake!

c. Ort;#[ hr pafoum q;®i Øfane ir sar\ake!

d. I#nc hr anoum q;®i Øfane% ;rb toun hr galis!

e. I#nc hr patas.anoum 'oqrik sar\ake!

f. O#w hr Gourg;ne!

g. Inco#u hr galis Gourg;ne q;®i Øfani mot!

h. I#nc ar;z mi ør Gourg;ne!

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XI PROVERBS

A®a=^ faz% f;to^ farz!

First the bread, then the questions.(Message: When people are hungry, feeding them should be a priority.)

Cfrawirwa‘ f\oure ',i wra knsti!

An unwanted guest will sit on thorns.

Kgna f\oure% kmna moure!

The guest will go away, but the soot will stay.

F\ourin patwo[n ou anpatwo[e tantikinn h!

It is the hostess who treats or mistreats the guest.

+ri p;s gnoum h% awaxi p;s mnoum!

He goes like water, but stays like sand.(About guests who proceed to leave, yet linger at the door.)

Unit 11

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: . . . .Planning leisure time and vacations . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Vocabulary: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .City and Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Grammar: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SYNTAX: The structure of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . .255

Armenian-English Contrasts: Government of verbs and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Word Formation: . . . . . . . . . . .Two-word compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Pronunciation: . . . . . . . . . . . . .Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Orthography: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Capitalizing words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Qa[aq … g\ou[

V|àç tÇw VÉâÇàÜç

I DIALOGUES1. A and B are close friends making plans for the evening.

A. Lsi*r% a\s ;r;ko i#nc ;s an;lou! Listen, what are you doing tonight? [L§sir, ays yereko inc¿hŒ es anelu?]

B. Fatouk ‘ragir coun;m! I have no special plans. [Hatuk t¿s§ragir c¿hŒunem,]

Inco#u ;s farznoum! Why do you ask?[inc¿hŒu es hart¿sŒ§num?]

A. Ouxoum hi mi fay;li t;[ gnal! I wanted to go somewhere nice. [Uzum eyi mi hac¿heli teg¿h g§nal]

Kga#s in] f;t! Would you come with me?[K§gas ind¿z het?]

B. O#ur ;s ouxoum% or gnanq! Where do you want us to go? [Ur es uzum, vor g§nankŒ?]

A. Cgit;m^ i#nc ;s na.entroum^ I don’t know, what do you prefer: [C¿hŒ§§gitem, inc¿hŒ es nak¿h§ntrum]

sryara#n% kino#% j;# jatron! a café, the movies, or the theatre?[s§rc¿haran, kino, tŒe tŒatron?]

B. Gnanq na.^ kino% f;to^ sryaran! Let’s go to the movies first, then to a[G§nankŒ nak¿h kino, heto s§rc¿haran] café.

A. Law ga[a'ar h! Gnazi*nq! Good idea! Let’s go![Lav gag¿hapŒar e. G§nat¿sŒinkŒ!]

2. A and B are students making plans for a study break:

A. Fa=ord ,abaj das;r cka! Next week we have no classes.[HajortŒ s¿hapŒatŒ daser c¿hŒ§kan]

B. I#nc ;s an;lou% mnalou ;s qa[aqo#um! What are you doing? Are you staying [Inc¿hŒ es anelu, mnalu es kŒag¿hakŒum?] in town?

A. O*c% ouxoum ;m qa[aqiz No, I want to get out of the city.[Voc¿hŒ, uzum em kŒag¿hakŒit¿sŒ]

dours gal& kga#s in] f;t! Would you come with me?[durs gal; k§gas ind¿z het?]

B. O#ur karo[ ;nq gnal! Where can we go?[Ur karog¿h enkŒ g§nal?]

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A. Mi law g\ou[ ka lya'in! There is a nice village by the lake. [Mi lav gyug¿h ka l§c¿hapŒin]

Cors ko[me^ anta®n;r ou l;®n;r! It’s surrounded by forests and mountains.[C¿hŒors koghm§ anta¤ner u le¤ner]

B. F;®o#u h a\st;[iz! Is it far from here?[He¤u e aysteg¿hit¿sŒ?]

A. M;q;na\ow^ m;k vam! It takes one hour by car.[MekŒenayov mek z¿ham]

B. Lo[al karo#[ ;nq a\nt;[! Can we go swimming there? [Log¿hal karog¿h enkŒ aynteg¿h?]

A. Lo[al% jiawar;l% inc or kam;nas! Swim, row, whatever you wish.[Log¿hal, tŒiavarel, inc¿hŒ vor kamenas]

B. Sirow q;x kenk;ranam! I’d love to join you.[Sirov kŒez k§nkeranam]

3. A and B are neighbors discussing their plans for the summer vacation.

A. A\s ama® i#nc ‘ragir oun;q! What are your plans this summer? [Ays ama¤ inc¿hŒ t¿s§ragir unekŒ?]

B. :wropa ;nq ouxoum gnal! We want to go to Europe. [Yevropa enkŒ uzum g§nal]

A. :r;.an;rin h#l ;q tan;lou! Are you taking the children along? [Yerak¿hanerin el ekŒ tanelu?]

B. O*c% nranq g\ou[ ;n gnoum! No, they are going to the country.[Voc¿hŒ, n§rankŒ gyug¿h en g§num]

A. O#r ;rkirn ;q a\z;l;lou! Which country are you going to visit? [Vor yerkirn ekŒ ayt¿sŒelelu?]

B. :s G;rmania ;m ouxoum gnal% I want to go to Germany, [Yes Germanya em uzum g§nal,]

isk amousins^ Founastan! but my husband wants to go to Greece.[isk amusin§s Hunastan]

A. A®a=i#n angam ;q Is this the first time [A¤ac¿hŒin ankŒam ekŒ]

:wropa m;knoum! you will be going to Europe?[Yevropa meknum?]

B. O*c% ;rrord angamn h ard;n! No, it’s already our third time.[Voc¿hŒ, yerrortŒ ankŒamn e artŒen]

Isk douq i#nc ;q an;lou a\s ama®! And what are you doing this summer?[Isk dukŒ inc¿hŒ ekŒ anelu ays ama¤?]

A. Oro,;l ;nq qa[aqoum mnal! We’ve decided to stay in town.[Voros¿hel enkŒ kŒag¿hakŒum m§nal]

F\our;ri ;nq spasoum Âousastaniz! We’re expecting guests from Russia.[Hyureri enkŒ spasum Rusastanit¿sŒ]

B. Zankanoum ;m ];x fay;li ama®! I wish you a pleasant summer.[T¿sŒankanum em d¿zez hac¿heli ama¤]

A. };x hl bari yanaparf! And bon voyage to you![D¿zez el bari c¿hanaparh!]

II TEXT

Im ,a@t sir;li tatik%

Wa[e ch m\ous øre Nor tari h! <norfaworoum ;m qo … papikisNor tarin … Sourb ’nounde! };x zankanoum ;m a®o[=ouj\oun …;r=ankouj\oun!

Minc… fima ;s ];x namak chi groum% orowf;t… fa\;r;n law gr;lcgit;i! Fima% ;rb sowor;l ;m% karo[ ;m ];x a\s namakow oura.azn;l!

:s m;r qa[aqe ,at ;m siroum! Siroum ;m qa\l;l la\n 'o[ozn;row%dit;l bar]r ,;nq;re … tarb;r m;q;nan;ri ;rj…;ke! Siroum ;m f;-‘aniwow xbosa\gi gnal … enk;rn;ris f;t mrz;l! Ba\z am®ane g\ou[naw;li ;m siroum% qan qa[aqe! G\ou[oum bnouj\oune aw;li g;[;zik h% ødnou =oure aw;li maqour% … out;liqn;re aw;li fam;[! Ba\z am;niz lawna\n h% or douq a\nt;[ ;q! :rb dprozi das;re w;r=anan% … ama®a\inar]akourdn;re sksw;n% fa\riks in] ];r g\ou[n h b;r;lou! Anfamb;rspasoum ;m a\d ørwan! A\n vamanak kton;nq … im ‘nnd\an øre!

Sirow ou karotow fambouroum ;m q;x … papikis!

Qo jo®nik Wafan

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sir;li [sireli] dear, beloved

wa[e ch m\ous øre [vag¿h§ c¿hŒe myus or§] the day after tomorrow

,norfawor;l [s¿h§noravorel] congratulate

zankanal [t¿sŒankanal] to wish

a®o[=ouj\oun [a¤og¿hc¿hŒutŒyun] health

;r=ankouj\oun [yerjankutŒyun] happiness

namak [namak] letter

oura.azn;l [urak¿hat¿sŒ§nel] to make happy

qa[aq [kŒag¿hakŒ] city

qa\l;l [kŒaylel] to walk

la\n [layn] wide

'o[oz [pŒog¿hot¿sŒ] street

dit;l [ditel] to watch

tarb;r [tarber] various

m;q;na [mekŒena] automobile

,;nq [s¿henkŒ] building

f;‘aniw [het¿saniv] bicycle

xbosa\gi [zbosaygi] park

enk;r [§nker] friend

mrz;l [m§rt¿sŒel] to compete

g\ou[ [gyug¿h] village

bnouj\oun [b§nutŒyun] nature

ød [otŒ] air

ar]akourd [art¿sŒakurtŒ] vacation

anfamb;r [anhampŒer] impatiently

ton;l [tonel] to celebrate

‘nnd\an ør [t¿s§n§ndyan or] birthday

fambour;l [hampŒurel] to kiss

sirow [sirov] ‘with love’

karotow [karotov] ‘nostalgically’

sirow ou karotow [sirov u karotov] hugs and kisses

jo®nik [tŒo¤nik] grandson

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

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akad;mia [academia] academy

ødanawaka\an [otŒanavakayan] airport

patk;rasraf [patkeras§rah] art gallery

po[ota [pog¿hota] avenue

bank/(dramatoun) [bank/(dramatun)] bank

kamour= [kamurj] bridge

awtobous [avtobus] bus

sryaran [s§rc¿haran] café

=ranzq [j§rant¿sŒkŒ] canal

awtom;q;na [avtomekŒena] car/automobile

d[\ak [d§g¿hyak] castle

ma\r tayar [mayr tac¿har] cathedral

qa[aqi k;ntron [kŒag¿hakŒi kentron] downtown

;k;[;zi [yekeg¿het¿sŒi] church

krk;s [k§rkes] circus

qa[aqap;taran [kŒag¿hakŒapetaran] city hall, town hall

fam;rgasraf [hamergas§rah] concert hall

f\oupatosaran [hyupatosaran] consulate

a®an]natoun [a¤and¿znatun] cottage

anzoum [ant¿sŒum] crossing, transition

ja[amas [tŒag¿hamas] district

d;spanatoun [despanatun] embassy

fiwandanoz [hivandanot¿sŒ] hospital

f\ouranoz [hyuranot¿sŒ] hotel

t;[;katwakan k;ntron [teg¿hekat§vakan kentron] information centre

.acm;rouk [k¿hac¿hŒmeruk] intersection

mankapart;x [mankapartez] kindergarten

gradaran [g§radaran] library

'ostark[ [pŒostark§g¿h] mailbox

,ouka [s¿huka] market

fou,ar]an [hus¿hard¿zan] monument

m;tro [metro] metro

IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

QA{AQ [KŒag¿hakŒ] CITY

mxkij [m§zkit] mosque

kinojatron [kinotŒatron] movie-theater

jangaran [tŒangaran] museum

kojo[ [kotŒog¿h] obelisk, monument

‘a\ramas [t¿sayramas] outskirts

palat [palat] palace

xbosa\gi [zbosaygi] park

.orfrdaran [k¿horh§rtŒaran] parliament

f;tiotn [hetiot§n] pedestrian

d;[atoun [deg¿hatun] pharmacy

ostikanatoun [vostikanatun] police station

'ost [pŒost] post office

;rkajou[i [yerkatŒug¿hi] railroad

;rkajou[a\in ka\aran [yerkatŒug¿hayin kayaran] railway station

(bnak;li) ,;nq [(b§nakeli) s¿henkŒ] (residential) building

ya,aran/®;storan [c¿has¿haran/¤estoran] restaurant

dproz [d§prot¿sŒ] school

zouza';[k [t¿sŒut¿sŒapŒeg¿hk] shop-window

nrbanzq [n§rpŒant¿sŒkŒ] side-street

ma\j [maytŒ] sidewalk

t;sarvan wa\r;r [tesarz¿han vayrer] sights

;rknaq;r [yerknakŒer] skyscraper

fraparak [hraparak] square

ar]an [ard¿zan] statue, sculpture

.anouj [k¿hanutŒ] store, shop

'o[oz [pŒog¿hot¿sŒ] street

'o[ozi lapt;r [pŒog¿hot¿sŒi lapter] streetlamp

arwar]an [arvart¿sŒan] suburb

gin;toun [ginetun] tavern

kapi k;ntron [kapi kentron] telephone centre

tayar [tac¿har] temple

jatron [tŒatron] theatre

a,tarak [as¿htarak] tower

ka\aran [kayaran] train station

'o.adrami=oz [pŒok¿hadramijot¿sŒ] transport

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;rkragor‘ouj\oun [yerkragort¿sutŒyun] agriculture

,t;maran [s¿htemaran] barn

a®ou% a®wak [a¤u, a¤vak] brook

war;lafo[ [varelahog¿h] fallow land

agarak [agarak] farm

da,t [das¿ht] field

anta® [anta¤] forest

akos [akos] furrow

pourak [purak] grove

part;x [partez] garden

.ot [k¿hot] grass

d;x [dez] haystack

b;rqafawaq [berkŒahavakŒ] harvest

blour [b§lur] hill

liy [lic¿h] lake

goma[b [gomac¿hpŒ] manure

yafiy [c¿hahic¿h] marsh

margag;tin [markŒagetin] meadow

a[az [ag¿hat¿sŒ] mill

l;®/sar [le¤/sar] mountain

l;®na,[ja [le¤nas¿h§k¿htŒa] mountain range

a\gi [aygi] orchard

araf;t [arahet] path

goujan [gutŒan] plow

lyak [l§c¿hak] pond

kiry [kirc¿h] ravine

g;t [get] river

g;ta' [getapŒ] riverbank

g\ou[atnt;souj\oun [gyug¿hat§ntesutŒyun] rural economy

g\ou[aqa[aq [gyug¿hakŒag¿hakŒ] small town

fo[ [hog¿h] soil

wtak [v§tak] stream

]or [d¿zor] gorge

a[b\our [ak¿hpŒyur] (water) spring

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G|OU{ [Gyug¿h] COUNTRY

V GRAMMAR

SYNTAX

THE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES

Sentences can contain more than one clause. In large sentences, clauses are linked to eachother by coordination or subordination. Correspondingly, sentences are classified into twotypes: compound and complex.

1. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent, coordinate clauses, each ofwhich could be a simple sentence (see p. 232). Clauses in a compound sentence are connect-ed to each other with or without coordinating conjunctions. The latter type is less frequent.

EXAMPLES:

(1) "ojorikn anzaw% an]r…e dadar;z!

The storm passed, the rain stopped.

(2) Qamin amp;re zr;z% ;rkinqe bazw;z!

The wind dispersed the clouds, the sky cleared up.

The most common coordinating conjunctions are:

… and* ba\z butou and* kam or

EXAMPLES:

(1) Fogna‘ hi … tane mnazi! I was tired, and I stayed home.(2) <at =anaz% ba\z ckaro[azaw! He tried hard but he couldn’t do it.(3) Xrouzoum ;nq kam irar ;nq na\oum! We chat or we look at each other.(4) Fiwand ;m ou ta®apoum ;m! I am ill and I suffer.

In the sentences above coordinate clauses have equal status and may be used independently:

(1) Fogna‘ hi! I was tired. and Tane mnazi! I stayed home.(3) <at =anaz! He tried hard. and Ckaro[azaw! He couldn’t make it.(2) Xrouzoum ;nq! We are chatting and Irar ;nq na\oum! We look at each other.(4) Fiwand ;m! I am ill. and Ta®apoum ;m! I suffer.

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* The coordinating conjunctions … and ou correspond to the English and. In certain contexts … and ou areinterchangeable: faz ou panir or faz … panir bread and cheese. However, the certain phoneticrestrictions apply. After words ending in a vowel, … rather than ou is used: oski … ar‘aj gold and sil-ver, Arm;ne … Sour;ne Armen and Suren, but Arm;nn ou Sour;ne Armen and Suren. There are alsocertain rules: In a longer sentence where both … and ou have to appear, ou tends to connect words, … phras-es and clauses: :s ou dou gnazinq a\nt;[ … t;sanq nran! You and I went there and saw him.

There are other coordinating conjunctions, such as na… also, apa then, so, a\sinqnnamely, incp;s … as well as, apa j; oc otherwise, minc… isk and even, ba\z …a\np;s yet, our;mn thus, our;mn thus, manawand especially, etc., that do not have exactcorrespondences in English. Each of the conjunctions saka\n% a\l and isk% for instance,are comparable in meaning to the already mentioned ba\z but. There are, however, sub-tleties in meaning that are not always easy to translate into English. The conjunction iskposes a special problem% as its meaning can be defined as something between the English‘and’ and ‘but.’

EXAMPLES:

(1) M;nq .os;zinq% isk douq lou® mnaziq!

We spoke out, but (or: and) you remained silent.

(2) Nor tarin m;nq ton;zinq m;r tane% isk douq sraf war];ziq!

We celebrated the New Year in our home, but (or: and) you rented a hall.

Armenian is rich in correlative coordinators, i.e. a pair of coordinating conjunctions thatbelong to the same construction but are separated in use. There are two types of correlativecoordinators, unstressed and stressed. Compare the two separate columns:

oc mia\n &&&% a\l… not only ..., but also …* &&&% …* both ... and ...orqan &&&% a\nqan the more ..., the more j;* &&&% j;* both ... and ...;j; &&&% apa if ..., then o*c &&&% o*c neither ..., nor ...oc j; &&&% a\l not ... but ka*m &&&% ka*m either ..., or

EXAMPLES:

Douq oc mia\n a=akz;ziq% a\l… 'rk;ziq nranz!

You not only helped them, but also saved them.

Mard orqan ‘;ranoum h% a\nqan imastoun h da®noum!

The older one gets, the wiser one becomes.

:j; patm;s Anna\in% apa ambo[= qa[aqe kimana!

If you tell Anna, the whole city will know about it.

O*c dou ;s lsoum% o*c hl jo[noum ;s ouri,n;re ls;n!

You neither listen, nor do you allow others to listen.

J;* laz ;s linoum% j;* ‘i‘a[oum ;s!

You are crying and laughing at the same time.

A\spisow^ …* oc.arn;re o[= mnazin% …* ga\l;re sowamaf c;[an!

Thus both the sheep and the wolves survived.

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(Literally: Thus both the sheep remained alive, and the wolves didn’t starve.)

2. A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more clauses subordinatedto the main clause. A subordinate clause is introduced by:

a) a subordinating conjunction and is always separated from the main clause by a comma.

The most common subordinate conjunctions are listed below in alphabetical order:

Subordinate clauses can follow the main clause.

EXAMPLES:

(1) P;tq h gnam% orowf;t… in] spasoum ;n!

I must go because they are waiting for me.

(2) Na am;n inc anoum h% orp;sxi fa[ji!

He does everything in order to win.

(3) Asoum ;n% or in] mo®az;l ;s!

They say that you have forgotten me.

Subordinate clauses can precede the main clause.

EXAMPLES:

(4) :rb das;re w;r=anan% gnalou ;nq sar;re!

When classes end, we will go to the mountains.

(5) Minc… cpafan=;s% c;s stana!

You won’t receive if you don’t demand.

(6) A\np;s law ;s groum% kar‘;s gro[ lin;s!

You write so well, as if you were a writer.

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a\np;s or so that

as;s j; as if

;j; if

;j; mia\n if only

;rb (or) when

j; that

j; ard\oq whether

j; ch otherwise

j;koux although

j;koux … even though

j;p;t although

j;… although

incp;s or as

kar‘;s j; as if

faka®ak or despite

f;nz or as soon as

manawand or especially

minc while

minc… (or) until

mincd;® whereas, while

na.qan before

na\a‘ depending

onz or as if

or that

orowf;t… because

orp;sxi in order to

orqan or as much as

cna\a‘ or although

qan than

qani while

In the complex sentences (1)-(6), clauses do not have equal status: one clause is subordinateto another. In sentence (1) the subordinate clause orowf;t… in] spasoum ;n because theyare waiting for me is dependent on the main clause P;tq h gnam I must go.

As the above sentences demonstrate, subordinate clauses fulfill various functions withincomplex sentences. They can appear, for example, as an adverb expressing a cause (1), apurpose (2), a time (4), etc.

When simple sentences are transformed into subordinate clauses, they are marked by aninitial subordinating conjunction, but do not undergo any change in word order.

Arm;ne ®ous;r;n cgiti! → Git;m% or Arm;ne ®ous;r;n cgiti!

Na ;kaw! → :rb na ;kaw% ;s gnaz;l hi!

Fiwand hi! → Bv,ki gnazi% orowf;t… fiwand hi!

I#nc pataf;z! → Ouxoum ;m imanal% j; inc pataf;z!

Complex sentences can contain more than one subordinate clause, one depending from theother, thus constituting subordinate clauses of first, second, third degree, etc.:

:k;[;zin a®a=in ,;nqn hr%

The church was the first building

ore pat;raxmiz f;to w;raka®ouzw;z% (1st degree subordinate clause)that was rebuilt after the war

qani or qa[aqoum ;k;[;zi chr mnaz;l! (2nd degree subordinate clause)since no church was left in the city.

A\s tari qa[aqoum ;m mnalou%

This year I will stay in town

orowf;t… ouxoum ;m awart;l a\n girqe% (1st degree subordinate clause)because I want to finish the book

orn sks;l ;m gr;l anz\al tari% (2nd degree subordinate clause)that I started last year,

;rb ,at aw;li og;,ncwa‘ hi! (3rd degree subordinate clause)when I was much more inspired.

3) Armenian has another method of transforming sentences into subordinate units. Insteadof subordinate clauses, it uses nominal phrases that include a nominalized infinitive, withthe personal-possessive article -s% -d% etc., or the possessive adjectives im% qo% nra% etc.,(see p. 54), and a preposition or postposition (see pp. 158-159) that governs a specific case. Such nominal phrases are are transformed from idependent sentences.

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Namake groum hi! →Na ;kaw namake gr;lous vamanak!

(Letterthe I wroteaor.) →(He arrived letterthe writinggen-mine. while)I was writing the letter. →He arrived as I was writing the letter.

Namakn ou[ark;zi! →Na ;kaw namakn ou[ark;louzs a®a=!

(Letterthe I sentaor..) →(He arrived letterthe sendingabl-mine. before)I sent the letter. →He arrived before I sent the letter.

Namake baz ar;zir! →Na ;kaw minc… namake baz an;ld!

(Letterthe you openedaor..) →(He arrived by the time letterthe openingacc-yours)You opened the letter. →By the time you opened the letter, he arrived.

Namake kardazir! →Na ;kaw namake kardalouzd f;to!

(Letterthe he readaor..) →(He arrived letterthe readingabl-mine. after)He read the letter. →He arrived after you read the letter.

As the examples illustrate, the nominal phrases gr;lous vamanak% ou[ark;louzs a®a=%

minc… baz an;ld% kardalouzd f;to% are rendered into English by subordinate clauses.

Many subordinate clauses have equivalent nominal phrases in Armenian:

:rb dou gnoum hir% m;nq qna‘ hinq! or Qo gnalou vamanak m;nq qna‘ hinq!

When you were leaving, we were asleep.

F;nz or Marian in] t;saw% anf;tazaw! orIn] t;sn;loun p;s Marian anf;tazaw!

As soon as Maria saw me, she disappeared.

Girqe cgn;zi% orowf;t… mots dram ckar! or Mots dram clin;lou patya®ow girqe cgn;zi!

I did not buy the book because I did not have money on me.

Cna\a‘ or fogna‘ hr% marde ;rkar a,.at;z! or Fogna‘ lin;low fand;r] marde ;rkar a,.at;z!

Although he was tired, the man worked for quite a while.

Some of these nominal phrases are translated into English as gerundial or infinitive con-structions:

a®anz spas;lou (preposition + infinitivegen) without waitingpar;lou t;[/'o.ar;n (infinitivegen + postposition) instead of dancingt;sn;lou npatakow (infinitivegen + postposition) in order to seefiwand lin;lou patya®ow (preposition + infinitivegen) due to being ill

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Government of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

In sentences, some words require that another word take a particular form. For instance,Armenian prepositions and postpositions require that nouns following or preceding thembe used in a certain case (see pp. 158-159). Verbs, adjectives, adverbs and even somenouns, too, demand that their complement(s) be used in a particular case, with or withouta preposition/postposition. This factor, called government, has an impact on the sentencestructure of any language. Among languages, the government of verbs, adjectives, nouns,and adverbs may coincide. Compare the government of the verb m,ak;l in the followingArmenian sentence and that of the English verb cultivate in the translation of that sentence.Both verbs in the respective languages require a direct object:

Nranq m,akoum ;n ffoo[[ee! They cultivate the soil.

Languages, however, vary as to the way in which verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs areconnected to their complements. Considering that in Modern English nouns have only twoexpressed cases, namely nominative and genitive (cf. father/father’s), and personal pronounsonly three cases, i.e. nominative, genitive and objective (cf. I/my/me), discrepancies in thegovernment of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs in Armenian and English are inevitable.

Very often, while Armenian requires only an indirect object, English requires a prepositionbefore the object:

Nranq a\nt;[ iinn]] ;n spasoum! They wait there for me.

In the above sentence, spas;l to wait takes just the indirect object in], while in Englishthe verb to wait is followed by the preposition for plus the object me.

A,.arfe mm;;xx h na\oum! The world is looking at us.

Here again, na\;l requires an indirect object (the dative of the personal pronoun m;nq →m;x) where the English to look uses the preposition at before us.

There are considerable differences in the government of verbs of the two languages:

wa.;nal + object in the ablative case (ending -iz) vs. to fear + direct object

A\s ,niizz wa.;noum ;m! I fear this dog.

gofanal + object in the instr. case (ending -ow) vs. to content oneself + with + object

Qcooww gofanoum ;m! I content myself with little.

fpartanal + object in the instr. case (ending -ow) vs. to take pride + in + object

Na fpartanoum h ir xawakn;rooww! He takes pride in his children.

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‘i‘a[;l + object in the genitive case (ending -i) + wra vs. to laugh + at + object

Mi* ‘i‘a[ir ouri,n;rii wwrraa! Do not laugh at others!

.ousa';l + object in the ablative case (ending -iz) vs. to avoid + direct object

Bolore nraniizz .ousa'oum ;n! Evereybody avoids him.

It is therefore important to memorize the government of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Inthe following pages, some frequently used Armenian verbs and adjectives are groupedaccording to the case they govern.

Verbs requiring the direct object

Verbs such as t;sn;l to see, w;rzn;l to take, dn;l to put, faskanal to understand, etc.,are transitive verbs and as such they require a direct object. Transitive verbs require theaccusative case, and in most languages these verbs represent the largest group of verbs.There is, however, a distinction that East Armenian makes depending on the meaning ofthe object. With inanimates it takes the accusative, with animates it takes the dative case:

T;snoum ;m l;®e(acc)! I see the mountain.

C;m t;snoum ;r;.an;rin(dat)! I don’t see the children.

The animate vs. inanimate distinction becomes irrelevant when the reference to the nounis not specific but generic, i.e. the noun is an example of a class in general. In that case,transitive verbs treat nouns as inanimates and require the accusative:

M;nq frawir;zinq m;r ‘anoj bv,kin(dat)! We invited the physician we knew.

M;nq anmi=ap;s bvi,k(acc)frawir;zinq! We immediately invited a physician.

There are verbs that govern two direct objects, the first of them being primary verbs, suchas koc;l to name, f®cak;l to declare, n,anak;l to nominate, entr;l to choose, dar]n;lto make, etc. In this case, too, the first object takes either the accusative or the dative accord-ing to its meaning, while the second object always takes the accusative:

:r;.a\in(dat) i#nc(acc) ;q koc;lou! What are you going to name the child?

G;n;rale nran(dat) f;ros(acc) f®cak;z! The general declared him a hero.

Anna\in(dat) qartou[ar(acc) n,anak;zin! They nominated Anna as the secretary.

Qa[aqe(acc) Ani(acc) koc;zin! They called the city Ani.

Toune(acc) dvo.q(acc) dar]r;z! He turned the house into hell.

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Verbs requiring the dative:

a[ac;l to beg A[ac;zi m;kin(dat)% or in] øgni! I begged someone to help me.

dipc;l to touch Nkarn;rin(dat) cdipc;*l! Do not touch the paintings.

enk;ranal to join Enk;razi*r m;x(dat)! Join us!

‘anojanal to get acquainted Qa[aqin(dat) ‘anojazanq! We got acquainted with the city.

‘a®a\;l to serve ’a®a\oum ;nq fa\r;niqin(dat)! We serve the fatherland.

kpc;l to stick Sosin]e kpcoum h matis(dat)! The glue sticks to my finger.

fandip;l to meet A\sør Aramin(dat) fandip;zi! I met Aram today.

fasn;l to reach Fasanq m;r npatakin(dat)! We have reached our goal.

fawatal to believe J,namoun c;n fawata! They don’t believe the enemy.

f;t…;l to follow F;t…;zi .orfrdid(dat)! I followed your advice.

fnaxandw;l to obey Ør;nqin(dat) p;tq h fnaxandw;l! One must obey the law.

frama\;l to order M;x(dat) frama\;zin% or gnanq! They ordered us to go.

mot;nal to approach Mot;z;*q s;[anin(dat)! Come close to the table!

na.an];l to envy Bolore nran(dat) na.an]oum ;n! Everybody envies him.

na\;l to look Oc oq ,ane(dat) cna\;z! Nobody looked at the dog.

nmanw;l to resemble Dou nmanwoum ;s mord(dat)! You resemble your mother.

npast;l to contribute Npast;zir fa=o[ouj\ans(dat)! You contributed to my success.

o[orm;l to have mercy O[ormi*r a[qatn;rin(dat)! Have mercy on the poor!

spa®nal to threaten Krake m;x(dat) spa®noum hr! The fire was threatening us.

spas;l to wait F\ourin(dat) ;rkar spas;zinq! We waited long for the guest.

w;ragr;l to attribute Am;n inc q;x(dat) w;ragr;zin! They attributed everything to you.

wnas;l to harm Øde a®o[=ouj\ans(dat) wnas;z! The air damaged my health.

wstaf;l to trust C;m wstafoum fi,o[ouj\and(dat)! I don’t trust your memory.

øgn;l to help Karo#[ ;s in](dat)øgn;l! Can you help me?

,norfawor;l to congratulate Srtanz ,norfawor;zi nran(dat) fa=o[ouj\an a®jiw!

I congratulated him on his success.

Adjectives and adverbs requiring the dative:

antarb;r indifferent Na im zawin(dat) antarb;r h! He is indifferent to my pain.ant;[\ak ignorant Nranz dawin(dat) ant;[\ak hinq! We ignored their plot.arvani worthy Ir;nz ba.tin(dat) arvani c;n! They do not deserve their luck.

endounak capable Lawouj\an(dat) endounak h! She is capable of good deeds.

.orj not familiar Barq;rin(dat) .orj ;n! They are not familiar with the customs.

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fay;li pleasant >a[e boloris(dat) fay;li hr! We all enjoyed the game.

faka®ak opposed Asa‘is(dat) faka®a#k ;s! Are you opposed to what I say?

fawasar equal M;ke m\ousin(dat) fawasar h! One is equal to the other.

farmar suitable, fit A\s ko,ikn;re in](dat) farmar ;n! These shoes fit me.

mot(ik) close Nranz toune m;x(dat) mot h! Their house is close to us.

nman similar, like M;nq nranz(dat) nman c;nq! We are not like them.

pat,ay suitable Fagousts pat,a#y h tonin(dat)! Is my dress suitable for the party?

patrast ready Sks;lou(dat) patrast ;nq! We are ready to start.

wnasakar harmful ’.;le bolorin(dat) wnasakar h! Smoking is harmful to all.

øgtakar useful, good Mirge ;r;.an;rin(dat) øgtakar h! Fruit is good for children.

Verbs requiring the dative and accusative:

Many verbs take two objects, an indirect object in the dative and a direct object in theaccusative. Verbs like tal to give, patm;l to tell, bazatr;l to explain, etc., belong tothe semantic group of verbs that indicate the act of offering something (a thing or an infor-mation) to somebody. The questions asked are o#um to whom? referring to a person andi#nc what? referring to the thing or information offered. Here are some verbs of this group:

a®a=ark;l to offer Pa,tone(acc) q;x(dat) a®a=ark;zin! They offered you the position.

bazatr;l to explain >ndire(acc) nran(dat) baztar;zi! I explained the problem to him.

jo[n;l to leave Oro,oume(acc) jo[;zi fors(dat)! I left the decision to my father.

.ostowan;l to confess Ir s;rn(acc) in] (dat) .ostowan;z! He confessed his love to me.

nwir;l to give (a gift) Maro\in(dat) ‘a[ikn;r(acc) nwir;zi! I gave Maro flowers.

patm;l to tell A\s loure(acc) nran(dat) cpatm;s! Don’t tell him this news.

w;radar]n;l to return Apranqe(acc) waya®o[in(dat) w;radar]ri! I returned the

merchandise to the salesperson.

tal to give To*ur in](dat) fou\s(acc)! Give me some hope!

zankanal to wish Q;x(dat) lawagou\nn(acc) ;m zankanoum! I wish you the best.

ou[ark;l to send Anna\in(dat) namak(acc) ou[ark;zi! I sent Anna a letter.

ou[[;l to address Namaks(acc) ou[[oum ;m entaniqis(dat)! I address my letter to

my family.

Verbs requiring the ablative:

an=at;l to detach Mitqd nraniz(abl) an=ati*r! Detach your mind from him/her!bavan;l to separate Core jaziz(abl) bavan;zin! They separated the dry from the wet.

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ba[kanal to consist Girqe ba[kaza‘ h tas h=iz(abl)! The book consists of ten pages.gangatw;l to complain Cgangatw;s oc m;kiz! Do not complain about anybody.

go[anal to steal In]aniz(abl) ,at ban go[azan! They stole a lot from me.

dadar;l to cease Na dadar;z go[ouj\oun oun;nalouz(abl)! He ceased to exist.

dvgof;l to complain Dvgofo#um ;s qo k\anqiz! Do you complain about your life?

do[al to shiver Zrtiz do[oum ;m! I shiver with cold.

xrk;l to deprive Mi* xrkir q;x out;liqiz! Don't deprive yourself of food!

xgou,anal to beware A\s ,niz(abl) xgou,azi*r! Beware of this dog!

.ndr;l to ask Q;xniz(abl) i#nc .ndr;zi! What did I ask you?

.ousa';l to avoid Bolore nraniz(abl) .ousa'oum ;n! Everybody avoids him.

f;®anal to go away Fa\r;niqizs(abl) f;®az;l ;m! I left my fatherland.

fravarw;l to resign Pa,tonizd(abl) fravarw;zi#r! Did you resign from your job?

fogn;l to get tired A,.atanqizs(abl) fogn;zi! I got tired of my work.

pok;l to tear A\st;[iz(abl) mi ktor poki*r! Tear a piece from here!

wa.;nal to fear Mi* wa.;zir a\d mardkanziz(abl)! Do not fear those people!

ta®ap;l to suffer Ta®apoum h anqnouj\ouniz(abl)! He/she suffers from insomnia.

]an]ranal to get fed up }an]raza a\s a[moukiz(abl)! I got fed up with this noise.

'a.c;l to escape Yakatagriz(abl) c;s 'a.ci! You cannot escape destiny.

qaranal to be petrified Wa.iz(abl) qaraza! I was petrified with fear.

øgtw;l to profit Øgtwi*r law ;[anakiz(abl)! Profit from the nice weather!

Adjectives and adverbs requiring the ablative:

axat free Am;n partakanouj\ouniz(abl) axat h! He is free of any duty.

ga[tni secretely In]niz(abl) ga[tni gor‘;zir! You acted secretly from me.

gof satisfied };r k\anqiz(abl) go#f ;q! Are you satisfied with your life?

dvgof unhappy Wiyakiz(abl) dvgof ;nq! We are unhappy with the situation.

xourk devoid Na xgazoumn;riz(abl) xourk h! He/she is devoid of feelings.

jou\l weak Øtar l;xoun;riz jou\l ;m! I am weak in foreign languages.

ktrwa‘ cut off K\anqiz(abl) ktrwa‘ ;nq! We are cut off from life.

f;®ou far };r toune m;xniz(abl) f;®ou ch! Your house is not far from us.

fogna‘ tired Am;n inciz(abl) fogna‘ ;m! I am tired of everything.

tarb;r different M;ke m\ousiz(abl) tarb;r h! One is different from the other.

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Verbs requiring the instrumental:

bawararw;l to content oneself M;nq mi,t qcow(ins) bawararwoum ;nq!

We always content (ourselves) with little.

gofanal to be satisfied Bolorn hl gofazan ard\ounqn;row(ins)!

Everybody was satisfied with the results.

fianal to admire Fianoum ;m q;xnow(ins)! I admire you.

xardar;l to decorate Famaxg;std xardar;l ;s ,qan,ann;row(ins)!

You have decorated your uniform with medals.

xba[w;l to occupy oneself Inco#w(ins) ;s xba[woum! What is your occupation?

lzn;l to fill Sirts lzr;zir wa.ow(ins)! You filled my heart with fear.

m.ijarw;l to console oneself M.ijarw;lou ;n ir;nz xawakn;row(ins)!

They will console themselves with their children.

snw;l to nourish oneself Inco#w(ins) ;s snwoum! With what do you nourish yourself?

fpartanal to take pride Kan axg;r% or fpartanoum ;n ir;nz 'a®apan‘

anz\alow(ins)!

There are nations that take pride in their glorious past.

oura.anal to rejoice Fa\rs oura.anoum hr ir ordin;ri fa=o[ouj\amb(ins)!

My father was rejoicing over the success of his sons.

‘a‘kw;l to cover oneself Da,t;re ‘a‘kw;zin ]\ounow(ins)! The fields were covered

with snow.

Adjectives requiring the instrumental:

faroust rich Fo[e faroust h m;ta[n;row(ins)! The soil is rich in metals.

fpart proud Fpart ;m q;xanow(ins)! I am proud of you.

l;zoun full ’no[n;ri sirte mi,t l;zoun h sirow(ins)! The hearts of par-

ents are always full of love.

li full K\anqe li h anaknkaln;row(ins)! Life is full of surprises.

n,anawor famous Qa[aqe n,anawor h ir yartarap;touj\amb(ins)! The city is

famous for its architecture.

f[i full, pregnant Patmouj\an n;rka ,r=ane f[i h wtangn;row(ins)! The pres-

ent period of history is full of dangers.

øvtwa‘ gifted Øvtwa‘ ;s .;lqow(ins)! You are gifted with intelligence.

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VII WORD FORMATION

Two-word compounds

Armenian has a great number of two-word compounds, a pair of words with a fixed mean-ing. These are idiomatic expressions unique to Armenian and widely used as intensifiers.They are written in open form, chiefly connected by the coordinating conjunctions ou or… (see the notes on pp. 5 and 255).

EXAMPLES:

d;[ ou darman remedy (literally: medicine and cure).a[ ou par childs’s play (literally: game and dance)lou® ou moun= silent (literally: quiet and taciturn)o[= ou a®o[= wholesome (literally: alive and healthy)ouv ou korow strength (literally: power and vigor).;lq ou mitq cleverness (literally: brain and thought)fogs ou zaw sorrow (literally: worry and pain), etc.

The elements of these compounds are equal in status and both are stressed. However, theyare pronounced as one complex word with a rising intonation towards the second compo-nent. Hence the reduction of some of these expressions into one word.

EXAMPLES:

lazouko‘ lamentation from laz ou ko‘ (crying and deploring)tounout;[ possessions from toun ou t;[ (house and place)a®ou‘a. dealings from a® ou ‘a. (take and sell)ou[nou‘ou‘e pith, core from ou[(n) ou ‘ou‘(e)« (brain and marrow)kargoukanon orderliness from karg ou kanon« (order and rule), etc.

When used in everyday speech, conjunctions are often left out, and many two-word com-pounds established themselves in writing with a hyphen.

EXAMPLES:

faga‘-kapa‘ all decked out (literally: dressed-fixed)anjiw-anfamar numerous (literally: innumerable-numberless)a[mouk-a[a[ak brouhaha (literally: noise-screaming), etc.

As the examples illustrate, the components of such compounds are synonymous or close inmeaning. There are, however, some formations whose components have the opposite meaning.

EXAMPLES:

jaz ou cor diverse (literally: wet and dry)a= ou ]a. left and right (literally: right and left)gi,;r ou z;r;k all day long (literally: night and day), etc.

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

Interjections

Armenian everyday conversation abounds in interjections, marginal items of speech thatcarry various meanings but function alone and are not part of a sentence structure. These areshort linguistic units that are emotive and situational, express a lot using mostly just one syl-lable consisting of a few sounds. Sometimes they can, however, be longer than one syllable.Armenian interjections can be grouped into four types that carry out various functions.

1) To convey strong emotion: ø@ [o!], a@ [a!]% ø@\ [oy!]% o@u\ [uy!]% wa@\ [vay!]% =a@n

[jan!]% pa@f [pah!]% etc.

Due to the difference of the socio-cultural settings in which the two languages, English andArmenian, function, none of these Armenian interjections can be exactly translated intoEnglish. Therefore, some common Armenian interjections from the first group will be list-ed here according to the various emotions they express.

a) happiness: =a@n [jan!]% ou.a@\ [uk¿hay!]% ø@f [oh!]% a@. [ak¿h!]% etc.b) surprise: ø@f [oh!], øfo@ [oho!]% pa fo@ [pa ho!]% ba@ [ba!]% wa@f [vah!]% etc.c) grief, anxiety: wo@u\ [vuy!], wo@u, [vus¿h!]% ama@n [aman!]% wa@\ [vay!]% a@. [ak¿h!]% etc.d) disgust: 'o@u [pŒu!], i@f [ih!]% o@uf [uh!]% j\o@u [tŒyu!]% jo@u [tŒu!]% etc.e) discontent: ø@f [oh!], h@f [eh!]% ø@ [of!]% fe@ [h§!]% etc.f) reproach: a@\-a*\-a*\ [ay-ay-ay!], hf;@\ [ehey!]% e@f [§h!]% a@. [ak¿h!]% etc.g) regret: awa@[ [avag¿h!], wa@. [vak¿h!]% h@. [ek¿h!]% a@. [ak¿h!]% etc.

The special intonation that accompanies each of these interjections is crucial. As the exam-ples a@. [ak¿h!] or ø@f [oh!] illustrate, depending on intonation, some interjections canexpress various emotions.

2) To catch the attention a) of a person in general: o@w [ov!], h*\ [ey!], f;* [he!], f;*\ [hey!],hf;*\ [ehey!], b) of a man to* [to!], ‘o* [t¿so!], a*ra [ara!]% c) of a woman qa* [kŒa!],a[=i* [ag¿hc¿hŒi!], etc. Most of these interjections belong to a lower register of every-day speech and sound at times vulgar.

3) To incite animals to action or to get their attention, such as to call a) chickens and birds:=o@u-=o@u [ju-ju!], b) cats: '@isi-'i@si [pisi-pisi!], 'i@,i-'i@,i [pis¿hi-pis¿hi!]; tofrighten away animals, such as a) cats: 'i*,t [pŒis¿ht!], b) chickens, birds, and flies:q,a* [kŒ§s¿ha!], to provoke a dog to attack someone qe*s-qe*s [kŒ§s-kŒ§s!], etc.

4) To imitate natural sounds of animals and things, i.e. onomatopoeic words: fa* -fa*

[haf-haf!] (dog)% ‘i@w-‘i@w [t¿siv-t¿siv!] (bird)% miao*u [miau!] (cat), ‘ou[rou[o@u[t¿sug¿hrug¿hu!] (rooster)% be@xx [b§z!] (bee), cre@.k [c¿h§r§k¿hk!] (shutting door),.e*,, [k¿h§s¿hs¿h!] (running water), etc.

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IX ORTHOGRAPHY

Capitalizing words

1. As in English, Armenian capitalizes the first word in a sentence, quotation, or verse, andthe first letter of proper names:

Arm;n Armen:r…an YerevanKipros Cyprus

2. Religious terms are also capitalized:

Astwa‘ GodTirama\r Mother of our LordT;r Lord

3. In compound proper names, all names start with capital letters:

a) official names of countries

Am;rika\i Miaz\al Nafangn;r United States of AmericaFa\astani Fanrap;touj\oun Republic of ArmeniaÂousastani Da,nouj\oun Russian FederationG;rmania\i Da,na\in Fanrap;touj\oun German Federal Republic

b) names of people

Al;qsandr S;rg;…ic Pou,kin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin+or= Bou, Krts;r George Bush Junior+or= No;l Gordon Ba\ron George Noel Gordon ByronFo <i Min Ho Shi Min

c) geographic names consisting of separate proper names

Hlxas-Lojaringia Alsace-LorraineM;‘ Masis Grand Massis (mountain of Ararat)Adis Ab;ba Addis Ababa"oqr Asia Asia Minor

d) churches and other sacred locations that contain the name Sourb Saint

Ma\r Ajo® Sourb H=mia‘in Holy Sea of St. EtchmiadzinA.jamar Sourb >ac ;k;[;zi* Aghtamar Holy Cross ChurchSourb G…org wanq* St. George Monastery

* See next page, section 4. a).

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4. In compound proper nouns, only the first word is capitalized, while specifying commonnouns are not. EXAMPLES:

a) names of geographic locations

Stawropoli ;rkramas Stavropol territoryS… ‘ow Black SeaS…ana liy Sevan Lake

b) modern and historical names of states, provinces and districts of countries

B\ouxandakan ka\srouj\oun Byzantine EmpireKilikia\i fa\kakan jagaworouj\oun Armenian Kingdom of CiliciaFa\astani a®a=in fanrap;touj\oun Armenia’s First Republic

5. Names of internationally or nationally known prizes, awards, and medals

Nob;l\an mrzanak Nobel PrizeSourb M;srop Ma,tozi ,qan,an St. Mesrop Mashtots MedalFa\r;niqi ,qan,an Fatherland Medal

6. Names of international organizations, unions, and institutions

Miaworwa‘ axg;ri kaxmak;rpouj\oun Organization of the United Nations >a[a[ouj\an fama,.arfa\in .orfourd International Peace CouncilAxg;ri liga League of Nations

7. Names of festivities

a) officially celebrated national and international days

Marti ouje 8th of March (International Women’s Day)Anka.ouj\an ør Day of IndependenceNor tari New Year

b) officially celebrated religious festivities

Sourb ‘nndi ton Christmas Day (literally: Day of the Holy Birth)Xatki ton Easter FeastAwag ourbaj Good Friday

8. Names of major events in history

A®a=in fama,.arfa\in pat;raxm First World WarM;‘ ;[;®n The Armenian Genocide (Literally: The Great Disaster)Dimadrouj\an ,arvoum Resistance Movement~ransiakan m;‘ f;[a'o.ouj\oun (1789-1794 jj&) The Great French Revolution

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X EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

a. Soni*k% ouxo#um ;s fatouk ‘ragir oun;#q!

b. I#nc piti na.entr;ir^ ];x fa=o[ouj\oun ;m ma[joum!

c. Mi law g\ou[ git;m ];x!

d. Tiki*n Alis% g\ou[o#um apr;l% j;# qa[aqoum!

e. A\s ør;rin douq a\s ama® i#nc ;q an;lou!

f. Sirow kenk;ranam f;ts jatron gnal!

g. Our hl gnaq% g;ti a'in!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, c, and d. Replace the itemsjatron/kino with g\ou[/qa[aq% anta®/l;®% marxanq/ptou\t% jangaran/

.anoujn;re, etc.

a. A. O#ur ;s gnalou!

B. D;® c;m oro,;l! Ka*m jatron ;m gnalou% ka*m hl kino!

b. A. Jatro#n hir gnaz;l!

B. O*c% jatron ,at c;m gnoum& kino\iz ;m galis!

c. A. Ouxo#um ;s in] f;t kino kam jatron gnal!

B. O*c kino ;m siroum gnal% o*c hl jatron!

d. A. O#ur gnanq% kino#% j;# jatron!

B. Kino\iz hl% jatroniz hl fogn;l ;m! Tann ;m mnalou!

3. Transform the active into the passive voice.

a. Ar…e a\r;z ;r;ss! :r;ss ar…iz mi,t a\rwoum h!

b. C;m karo[ dou®e baz;l! Dou®e ci &&&

c. Dasa.ose ousano[in qnn;z! Ousano[n;re dasa.osi ko[miz &&&

d. An]r…e 'o[ozn;re maqroum h! "o[ozn;re an]r…iz &&&

e. Law ør;re fi,oum ;m! Law ør;re mi,t &&&

f. A\st;[iz law ;m lsoum! A\st;[iz law &&&

g. Anound a\sp;#s ;s groum! Cgit;i% or anound a\sp;s &&&

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4. Build sentences according to the pattern.

a. :rgo[e na h% ow ;rgoum h!

b. Gro[e na h% &&&

c. Kardazo[n;re nranq ;n% owq;r &&&

d. >oso[n;re &&&

e. Nkaro[n;re &&&

f. L®o[e &&&

5. Complete the following sentences according to the pattern.

a. Ouxa‘n;rs a\n ban;rn ;n% or oux;zi!

b. Gra‘n;rs a\n ban;rn ;n% or &&&

c. Casa‘n;rs a\n ban;rn ;n% or &&&

d. Clsa‘n;rd &&&

e. };r oun;za‘n;re &&&

f. };r nwira‘n;re &&&

6. Complete the following sentences according to the pattern.

a. Cgra‘s a\n h% or c;m gr;l!

b. Ck;ra‘d a\n h% or &&&

c. Couxa‘e &&&

d. Clsa‘s &&&

e. Coun;za‘s &&&

f. Ckardaza‘d &&&

7. Answer the questions with a negative response. Follow the pattern.

a. :#rb ;s a\s nw;re talou! :rb nran t;sn;m% ktam! (nran% t;sn;l)

b. :#rb ya,;ziq! :rb &&& (bolore% gal)

c. :#rb ;s Anna\in as;lou! :rb &&& (Anna% fandip;l)

d. :#rb ;q karkandake ktr;lou! :rb &&& (f\our;re% fawaqw;l)

e. :#rb ;s a\d mardou f;t ‘anojaz;l! :rb &&& (gnazq% yam'ord;l)

f. :#rb sksw;z ];r enk;rouj\oune! :rb &&& (famalsaran% sowor;l)

g. :#rb faskazar% j; inc pataf;z! :rb &&& (namak% stanal)

8. Link the two clauses to each other by using one the following conjunctions:

(orowf;t…% qani or% j;…% orp;sxi% cna\a‘ or% ;rb)

a. Dasi cgnazi! fiwand hi! Dasi cgnazi% orowf;t… fiwand hi!

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b. Girqe gn;zi! Dram coun;i!

c. <tap;zinq! Chinq ouxoum ou,anal!

d. An]r…oum hr! Dours ;kanq tniz!

e. Dase w;r=azaw! Bolor ;r;.an;re bak gnazin .a[alou!

f. <at zourt hr! Na w;rarkou chr fag;l!

g. A\s ya,e c;m siroum! Outoum ;m!

9. Translate into Armenian.

a. Know what you say.b. What you see you believe.c. He who searches finds.d. He who has no money eats what he finds.e. What will happen will happen.f. He is not somebody who would forget.

10. How would you say it in Armenian?

a. Ask a friend what his/her plans are for the next day/weekend/summer.b. Invite a friend to spend some time with you.c. Offer your friend some choices of places to go with you.d. Agree to join a friend on a trip.e. Politely decline to go with a friend to the theater. Give reasons why you cannot go.f. Ask your instructor whether he/she can explain to you the use of an Armenian word.

11. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. Namak gro[e o#w h!

b. Namake o#um h ou[[wa‘!

c. Ort;#[ h aproum Wafane!

d. Ort;#[ ;n aproum Wafani tatikn ou papike!

e. Inco#u minc… fima Wafane namak chr groum tatikin!

f. Wafane ;#rb h g\ou[ gnalou!

g. I#nc h ton;lou Wafane g\ou[oum!

h. Ort;#[ ;s siroum apr;l% g\ou[o#um% j;# qa[aqoum!

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XI PROVERBS

G\ou[azou 'ore qa[aqazou fazow ci k,tana!

A peasant’s stomach cannot be sated with a townsman’s bread.

G\ou[azou m;=qe or ,itak ;[aw% zana‘e ‘ou® kbousni!

If a peasant’s back is straight, his harvest will be crooked.

Karkoute ‘;‘a‘ t;[n h ‘;‘oum!

The hail hits more the spot that it hit before.

Ouri,i famar 'os 'oro[e inqe m;=e kenkni!

He who digs a pit for someone else will fall into it himself.

Ta,a‘ qare g;tnin ci mna!

A polished stone won’t remain on the ground for long.

Unit 12

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Vocabulary: Media and news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Grammar: SYNTAX: Direct and indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Armenian-English Contrasts: Nominalizations in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Word formation: Reduplication in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

Pronunciation: Double consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Orthography: Rendering English words into Armenian . . . . . . . 293

Ton;r ou vamanz

[ÉÄ|wtçá tÇw exvÜxtà|ÉÇ

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I DIALOGUES

1. A and B are fellow students. A is back from a study trip to Armenia.

A. Bari w;rada*r]! Welcome back! [Bari veradart¿sŒ]

Incp;#s hr Fa\astanoum! How was Armenia?[Inc¿hŒpes er Hayastanum?]

B. Fianali@ hr! Am;n inc kpatm;m! It was wonderful. There’s a lot to tell.[Hianali er. Amen inc¿hŒ k§patmem]

Ba\z na. asa^ a\st;[ i#nc ka-cka! But first tell me, what’s new here? [Bayt¿sŒ nak¿h asa, aysteg¿h inc¿hŒ ka-c¿hŒ§ka?]

A. Ls;#l ;s w;r=in norouj\oune! Have you heard the latest news? [L§sel es verc¿hŒin norutŒyun§?]

B. I#nc norouj\oun! What’s new? [Inc¿hŒ norutŒyun?]

A. Famalsarann ør;nqn;re 'o.;l h! The university has changed its rules.[Hamalsarann orenkŒner§ pŒok¿hel e]

A\l…s ousman war] cka! There are no more tuition fees.[Aylev§s usman vart¿sŒ c¿h§ka]

B. Iskap;#s! Really? [Iskapes?]

A. A\o*! Bolor ousano[n;re All students will receive a [Ayo! Bolor usanog¿hner§]

famalsaraniz jo,ak ;n stanalou! scholarship from the university.[hamalsaranit¿sŒ tŒos¿hak en stanalu]

B. I@nc law lour h! That’s great news![Inc¿hŒ lav lur e!]

A. :w git;s^ a\l…s qnnouj\ounn;r And, you know, there will be no[Yev gites aylev§s kŒ§nnutŒyunner]

c;n lin;lou% oc hl jwan,ann;r! exams or grades anymore. [c¿hŒen linelu, voc¿hŒ el tŒ§van§s¿hanner]

B. I#nc ;s asoum& anfawatali h! Don’t tell me! That’s unbelievable![Inc¿hŒ es asum? Anhavatali e]

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A. "o.anak nranq m;x qnn;lou% Instead of them examining us, [PŒok¿hanak n§rankŒ mez kŒ§nnelu, ]

m;nq ;nq gnafat;lou dasa.osn;rin! we will evaluate the professors.[menkŒ enkŒ g§nahatelu dasak¿hosnerin]

B. C;m karo[ asa‘id fawatal! I can’t believe what you’re saying.[C¿hŒem karog¿h asat¿sit havatal]

A. O#w asaz% or fawatas! Who said you should believe it? [Ov asat¿sŒ, vor havatas?]

A\sør aprili m;kn h! Today is April Fool’s Day. [Aysor aprili mekn e]

2. A and B be are neighbors. They are clearing up a misunderstanding.

A. Oc m;kin ban cas;s% ba\z Don’t tell anybody, but[Voc¿hŒ mekin ban c¿hŒases, bayt¿sŒ]

q;x ga[tniq oun;m as;lou! I have a secret to share with you.[kŒez gak¿htnikŒ unem aselu]

B. Wstafi*r in]% .ostanoum ;m l®;l! Trust me, I promise to keep quiet.[V§stahir ind¿z, k¿hostanum em l§¤el]

A. Git;#s% or m;r far…ane go[ h! Do you know that our neighbor is a [Gites, vor mer harevan§ gog¿h e?] thief?

B. O#w% Fowi#ke! Q;x o#w asaz! Who, Hovik? Who told you?[Ov, Hovik§? KŒez ov asat¿sŒ?]

A. Acqows t;sa! I saw it with my own eyes.[Ac¿hŒkŒov§s tesa]

B. I#nc t;sar! What did you see?[Inc¿hŒ tesar?]

A. T;sa nran go[ouj\oun an;lis! I saw him stealing.[Tesa n§ran gok¿hutŒyun anelis]

B. C;m fawatoum! Na m;r mot enk;rn h! I don’t believe it. He’s a close friend of [C¿hŒem havatum. Na mer mot §nkern e] ours.

A. :r;k gi,;r% ;rb tane chiq% Last night, when you weren’t home,[Yerek gis¿her, yerpŒ tan§ c¿hŒeyikŒ,]

];r bnakaraniz jaqoun dours ;kaw he sneaked out of your apartment[d¿zer b§nakaranit¿sŒ tŒakŒun durs yekav]

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.o,or mi parkow! with a big bag.[k¿hos¿hor mi parkov]

B. S.alwoum ;s! You are mistaken. [S§k¿halvum es]

:r;k gi,;r m;nq tann hinq Last night we were at homeYerek gis¿her menkŒ tann eyinkŒ]

… maqrouj\oun hinq anoum! and we were cleaning up.[yev makŒrutŒyun eyinkŒ anum]

Isk Fowike m;x øgnoum hr! And Hovik was helping us. [isk Hovik§ mez okŒnum er]

A. Isk pa#rke! And what about the bag? [Isk park§?]

B. Parke m;r a[bn hr% or The bag was our trash, which [Park§ mer ak¿hpŒn er, vor ]

Fowike tanoum hr ja';lou! Hovik was taking out.[Hovik§ tanum er tŒapŒelu]

II TEXT

WA{AM:ÂIK JIJ:ÂNIKE

O@w ci yanacoum H`;m;r jij;®nikin% a\n ,norfali jij;®nikin% orn ama®a-

\in gi,;rn;rin galis h% ];r lapt;ri ,our=e bazou.ou' anoum ir j;j… j…;-

re! Na aproum h am;niz karyat… ou am;niz g;[;zik k\anqow% or kar;li h

patk;razn;l! Ya,ak;liq couni% ci karo[ out;l% mi qani vamiz m;®n;lou h&

ba\z m;®n;lou h am;niz bnakan% am;niz id;alakan mafow^ a®anz ‘;ranalou%

a®anz fiwandanalou% a®anz zaw xgalou &&& ! :r=ani@k jij;®nik& snndi kariq

couni% orowf;t… stamoqs couni& k\anqi fogs couni% orowf;t… nra vam;re

fa,wwa‘ ;n! Ir miak xba[mounqe s;rn h& na bar]ranalou h d;pi ;rkinq^ ir

nman wa[am;®ik jij;®nik gtn;lou! Ou sir;lou h% m;®n;lou h^ ir;n nwir;low &&&

Na irakanazn;lou h banast;[‘i ;raxe^ ‘nw;l% sir;l% m;®n;l &&&

(Est Âoub;n S…aki)

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wa[am;®ik [vag¿hame¤ik] prematurely dyingjij;®nik [tŒitŒe¤nik] butterfly,norfali [s¿h§norhali] gracefullapt;r [lapter] lantern,our=e [s¿hurj§] aroundbazou.ou' an;l [bat¿sŒuk¿hupŒ anel] to flutterj;j… [tŒetŒev] light, not heavykaryat… [karc¿hatev] short-livedk\anq [kyankŒ] lifepatk;razn;l [patkerat¿sŒ§nel] to imagineya,ak;liq [c¿has¿hakelikŒ] sense of tastem;®n;l [me¤nel] to diebnakan [b§nakan] naturalmaf [mah] death‘;ranal [t¿seranal] to grow olda®anz [a¤ant¿sŒ] withoutfiwandanal [hivandanal] to get sickzaw xgal [t¿sŒav §zgal] to feel pain;r=anik [yerjanik] happysnound [s§nund] nutrition kariq [karikŒ] needstamoqs [stamokŒs] stomachfogs [hokŒs] worryorowf;t… [vorovhetev] becausefa,wa‘ [has¿hvat¿s] countedmiak [miak] the onlyxba[mounq [§zbag¿hmunkŒ] occupations;r [ser] lovebar]ranal [bart¿sŒranal] to rise;rkinq [yerkinkŒ] skygtn;l [g§tnel] to findnwir;l [n§virel] to dedicateirakanazn;l [irakanat¿sŒ§nel] to fulfill, to realizebanast;[‘ [banasteg¿ht¿s] poet;rax [yeraz] dream‘nw;l [t¿s§nvel] to be born

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

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‘anouzoum(n;r) [t¿sanut¿sŒum(ner)] advertisement(s)

w;rlou‘ouj\oun [verlut¿sutŒyun] analysis

fa\tarar;l [haytararel] (to) announce

fa\tararouj\oun [haytararutŒyun] announcement

fodwa‘ [hodvat¿s] article

f;[inak [heg¿hinak] author

,norfand;s [s¿h§norhandes] book presentation

gra.osouj\oun [g§rak¿hosutŒyun] book review

w;r=in lour;r [verc¿hŒin lurer] latest news

qnnadatouj\oun [kŒ§nnadatutŒyun] criticism

'astagrakan [pŒastagrakan] documentary

.mbagrakan [k¿h§mbagrakan] editorial

gl.awor .mbagir [g§lk¿havor k¿h§mbagir editor-in-chief

farzaxrou\z [hart¿sŒaz§ruyt¿sŒ] interview

lragro[ [l§ragrog¿h] journalist

;rav,touj\oun [yeraz¿h§s¿htutŒyun] music

fa[ordagrouj\oun [hag¿hortŒagrutŒyun] bulletin

fa[ord;l [hag¿hortŒel] (to) report

famakargic [hamakarkŒic¿hŒ] computer

j[jakiz [tŒ§k¿htŒakit¿s] correspondent

j[jakz;l [tŒ§k¿htŒakt¿sŒel] (to) correspond

j[jakzouj\oun [tŒ§k¿htŒakt¿sŒutŒyun] correspondence

s…agrouj\oun [sevagrutŒyun] draft

hl;ktrona\in namak [elektronayin namak] e-mail

.oragir [k¿horagir] headlines

t;[;kouj\oun [teg¿hekutŒyun] information

famazanz [hamat¿sŒant¿sŒ] internet

fand;s [handes] journal, magazine

namak(n;r) [namak(ner)] letter(s)

dasa.osouj\oun [dasak¿hosutŒyun] lecture

];®agir [d¿ze¤agir] manuscript

IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS

MAMOUL :W LOUR:R [Mamul yev lurer] MEDIA AND NEWS

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lragir [l§ragir] newspaper

øraj;rj [oratŒertŒ] newspaper (daily)

amsagir [amsagir] newspaper (monthly)

,abajaj;rj [s¿hapŒatŒatŒertŒ] newspaper (weekly)

w;p [vep] novel

parb;raj;rj [parberatŒertŒ] periodical

banast;[‘ouj\oun [banasteg¿ht¿sutŒyun] poem

banast;[‘ [banasteg¿ht¿s] poet

qa[aqakan t;souj\oun [kag¿hakŒakan tesutŒyun] political review

tpic [t§pic¿hŒ] printer

mamoul [mamul] press

mamouli t;souj\oun [mamuli tesutŒyun] press review

mamouli fa[ordagrouj\oun [mamuli hag¿hortagrutŒyun] press release

tparan [t§paran] printery

tpagratoun [t§pagratun] printing press

‘ragir [t¿s§ragir] program

fratarakouj\oun [hratarakutŒyun] publication

fratarakic [hratarakic¿hŒ] publisher

fratarakcouj\oun [hratarakc¿hŒutŒyun] publishing house

®adio [¤adio] radio

enj;rzo[ [§ntŒert¿sŒog¿h] reader

.mbagrouj\oun [k¿h§mbagrutŒyun] edition, editor’s office

t;[;kagrouj\oun [teg¿hekagrutŒyun] report

;rgi‘abanouj\oun [yergit¿sabanutŒyun] satire

nsta,r=an [n§stas¿h§rjan] session

fa[ordawar [hag¿hortŒavar] speaker (radio, tv)

ya® [c¿ha¤] speech, discourse

f;®a.os [he¤ak¿hos] telephone

f;®oustat;souj\oun [he¤ustatesutŒyun] television

f;®as'®oum [he¤as§pŒ¤um] televising

ka\q [kaykŒ] web

ka\qh= [kaykŒej] website

f;®oustazou\z [he¤ustat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] TV set

;[anaki t;souj\oun [yeg¿hanaki tesutŒyun] weather forecast

paty;nafan [patc¿henahan] xerox

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V GRAMMAR

SYNTAX

Direct and indirect speech

Reported speech, i.e. citing something said, written or thought by a person, may be director indirect. While direct speech tends to reproduce the exact words of the original, indirectspeech conveys the report in the words of the reporter.

To open and close quoted material, Armenian employs its quotation marks ª&&&º! When thereporting clause, such as ‘He said,’ precedes the direct speech, it ends with a [&], theArmenian equivalent of an English colon or semicolon:

Qartou[aroufin asaz& ªWa[n endoun;louj\an ør hº!

The secretary said: “Tomorrow we are having an open house.”

When the reporting clause follows the direct speech, it is preceded by a comma and a longdash:

ªA\st;[ ci kar;li ‘.;lº% – a®ark;z far…ans!

“You cannot smoke here,” objected my neighbor.

However, when the direct speech is interrupted by the reporting clause, opening and clos-ing quotation marks are used in Armenian only once:

ªMi* gna% – .ndr;z ma\rs% – m;nq a®anz q;x c;nq karo[ apr;lº!

“Don’t go,” begged my mother, “we cannot live without you.”

In dialogues, especially when utterances follow each other without interruption, quotationmarks are replaced by a long dash. Most of the time, such utterances lack reporting claus-es:

–O#ur ;s gnoum! “Where are you going?”–Toun! “Home.” –Mi,t a\s vami#n ;s w;r=aznoum! “Do you always finish at this time?”–:rb;mn nou\nisk aw;li ou,! “Sometimes even later.”

As in other languages, transformation from direct to indirect speech entails certain structur-al changes. Here are the most common ones: When transforming direct speech into indirectspeech, the original speaker’s words are reported without quotes, and the two clauses merge,with the reporting clause establishing itself as the main clause and the direct speech into asubordinated clause. The latter is introduced by the conjunctions or or j;& Reported state-

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ments, commands or instructions take or% reported questions (general and special) take j;.

1. Direct speech (statement): Na asoum h& ªLaw ;[anak h lin;louº!

He says, “The weather will be fine.”→Indirect speech: Na asoum h% or law ;[anak h lin;lou!

He says that the weather will be fine.

2. Direct speech (command): Na m;x asaz& ªDou®e baz;*qº!

He told us, “Open the door!”→ Indirect speech: Na m;x asaz% or dou®e baz;nq!

He told us to open the door.

3. Direct speech (general question): :s nran farzri& ªTo#un ;s gnoumº!

I asked him, “Are you going home?”→ Indirect speech: :s nran farzri% j; toun h gnoum!

I asked him whether he was going home.

4. Direct speech (specific question): Na mta‘oum hr& ªO#w h a\s mardeº!

He was thinking: “Who is this man?”→ Indirect specific question: Na mta‘oum hr% j; ow h a\s marde!

He was wondering who this man was.

When the prohibitive imperative is transformed into indirect speech, the prohibitive parti-cle mi* is replaced by the negative prefix c-:

Direct speech (prohibitive imperative): Na ;r;.a\in frama\;z& ªMi* .osirº!

He ordered his child: “Don’t speak!”→ Reported prohibitive order: Na ;r;.a\in frama\;z% or c.osi!

He ordered his child not to speak.”

When direct speech becomes indirect speech, dialogue units undergo certain transforma-tions, to adjust to the reporting and storytelling style.

a) In order to keep the logic of narration intact, adjustments are made in personal pro-nouns with special consideration as to who the person in the reporting clause is, to whomthe latter addresses the direct speech, and what the topic of the conversation is:

Direct speech: Qou\rs asaz& ªXa*ng tour in]% ;rb gor‘d w;r=azn;sº!

My sister said: “Call me, when you finish your work.”→ Reported speech: Qou\rs asaz% or xang tam ir;n% ;rb gor‘s w;r=azn;m!

My sister told me to call her when I finish my work.

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b) While direct speech must be quoted more or less exactly, the reporter is at liberty toreword the reporting clause and instead of the neutral verbs asaz he/she said or farzr;z

he/she asked to use a wide range of other more expressive verbs: f;taqrqrw;z he/sheinquired, pafan=;z he/she demanded, xgou,azn;l he/she warned, xarmazaw he/she gotsurprised, fan]narar;z he/she recommended, etc.

EXAMPLES:

Na na.axgou,azr;z% or 'oqrik sounke karo[ hr jounawor lin;l!

He warned that the small mushroom could be poisonous.

Ostikane pafan=;z% or bolore axat;n srafe!

The policeman demanded that everybody free the hall.

Bar;kams im gnaloun a®ark;z!

My friend objected to my leaving.

:s f;taqrqrw;zi% j; ort;[iz hr a\dqan drame!

I wanted to know from where all that money was coming.

c) To align many temporal and local adverbs with the time and place of the reporting,some changes in vocabulary are made. Thus, a\st;[ here in direct speech transforms intoa\nt;[ there in reporting speech, or any other exact indication of place, such as a\d

wa\roum in that place, tane at home, or 'o[ozoum on the street, etc., as the case maybe. Similarly, expressions of time transform:

a\sør today → a\d øre on that daya\s ;r;ko tonight → a\d ;r;ko on that eveningwa[e tomorrow → fa=ord øre the next day;r;k yesterday → na.ord øre the day beforefima now → a\d pafin% a\n vamanak then, at that timeanz\al ,abaj last week → mi ,abaj a®a= a week beforesraniz a®a= before this → draniz a®a= before that, etc.

d) In indirect speech, Armenian does not necessarily need to shift tenses in order to goback to the time of the utterance as English normally does:

Direct speech: Enk;rs farzr;z& ªIncp;#s ;s! O#ur ;s gnoumº!

My friend asked , “How are you? Where are you going?”→ Indirect speech: Enk;rs farzr;z% j; incp;s ;m … our ;m gnoum!

My friend asked how I was and where I was going.

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VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS

Nominalizations in Armenian

As we have seen throughout this textbook, Armenian can readily nominalize, i.e. form anoun from words that belong to other word classes than nouns (see adjectives, p. 184,infinitives p. 182, participles p. 237, etc). In all of these cases, nominalized words takemarkers typical of nouns, such as the definite article -e/-n% the possessive article -s% -d%-e/-n% etc., the plural ending -n;r% and case markers.

1. Adjectives: karmir red → karmire the red one, karmirs my red one, karmrizs

from my red one, karmirn;re the red ones, karmirn;rs my red ones, karmirn;rows

with my red ones, etc.

2. Infinitives: kardal to read → kardale the reading → kardals my reading (thefact that I am reading), kardald your reading (the fact that you are reading),kardalous (patya®ow) (because) of my reading, etc. (see p. 182)

3. Participles: ou,azo[ belated → ou,azo[e he who is late, ou,azo[n;re those whoare late, ou,azo[n;riz from those who are late, etc.

asa‘ said → asa‘s what I have said, asa‘n;rs all that I have said, asa‘n;rizs

from all what I have said, asa‘n;rows with all that I have said, etc. (see p. 237)

4. Pronouns: im my → ime mine (singular) → imonq the mine (plural nominative)[my folks], imonz to the mine (plural + accusative/dative) [to my folks]; m;r our →m;re ours, m;ronq the ours (plural nominative) [our folks], m;ronziz from my/ourfolks; qo your → qone yours, qoniz from yours, etc.

5. Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns: nou\n (same) → nou\ne the same, nou\nizof the same, nou\now with the same; \ouraqanc\our each, every → \ouraqanc\ou-

re each one, \ouraqanc\ourin to each one, \ouraqanc\ouriz from each one;ouri, other → ouri,e the other, ouri,n;re others (plural); bolor all → bolore

all of them, bolorin to all, boloriz from all, bolorow with everyone, bolors all ofus, bolord all of you, etc.

6. Postpositions: f;t with → f;ts with me, f;td with you, f;te with him/her,f;tn;rs with us, f;tn;rd with you (plural), f;tn;re with them; m;= in → m;=s

in me, m;=d in you, m;=e in him/her, m;=n;rs in us / among us, m;=n;rd in you /among you (plural), m;=n;re in them / among them; mot near, next → mots next tome, motd next to you, mote next to him/her, motn;rs next to us, motn;rd next toyou (plural), motn;re next to them, etc.

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a) Nominalized postpositions with local meaning are widely used as local adverbials:

Postposition →→ Adverbial

a®=… in front (of) → a®=…d in front of youdimaz facing → dimazs facing mef;t… behind → f;t…d behind youwra on → wran;rs on usd;m against → d;mn;re opposite them

b) Postpositions with local meaning can be further nominalized in their genitive form:

Postposition →→ Genitive →→ Nominalization

dours outside → drsi → drsine the one outsiden;rs inside → n;rsi → n;rsine the one insidewra on → wra\i → wra\ine the one on the toptak under → taki → takine the one underneathm;=t;[ in the middle→ m;=t;[i → m;=t;[ine the one in the middle

7. Temporal or local adverbs can be declined and further nominalized in their genitiveform:

Adverb →→ Genitive →→ Nominalization

a\sør today → a\sørwa today’s → a\sørwane that of todayfima now → fimikwa present → fimikwane that of nowa\st;[ here → a\st;[i from here → a\st;[ine that from herewa[e tomorrow → wa[wa tomorrow’s → wa[wane that of tomorrow a\nt;[ there → a\nt;[i from there → a\nt;[ine that from there

Note that all nominalizations formed by the possessive article -s% -d% -e/-n can have syn-onymous analytical constructions with the possessive adjective im% qo% nra% m;r% ];r%

nranz. In this case, the nominalized word takes the definite article -e/-n:

dimazd or qo dimaz facing you (informal)gals or im gale my coming ouxa‘d or qo ouxa‘e what you wantmots or im mote next to mea®=…d or qo a®=… in front of you

Some of these nominalizations form their plural only with analytical constructions: nranz

ko[qe next to them, m;r a®a=e in front of us, etc.

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SINGULAR PLURALNominative nou\ne* nou\n;reAccusativeGenitive nou\ni(n) nou\n;ri(n)DativeAblative nou\niz nou\n;rizInstrumental nou\now nou\n;row

*Translation: the same

Nominative ambo[=e*AccusativeGenitive ambo[=i(n)Dative NO PLURALAblative ambo[=iz Instrumental ambo[=ow

*Translation: all of it, the entire

Nominative \ouraqanc\oure*AccusativeGenitive \ouraqanc\ouri(n)Dative NO PLURALAblative \ouraqanc\ouriz Instrumental \ouraqanc\ourow

*Translation: everyone

Nominative am;n m;ke*AccusativeGenitive am;n m;ki(n)Dative NO PLURALAblative am;n m;kiz Instrumental am;n m;kow

*Translation: each one

Nominative m\ouse* m\ousn;reAccusativeGenitive m\ousi(n) m\ousn;ri(n)DativeAblative m\ousiz m\ousn;rizInstrumental m\ousow m\ousn;row

*Translation: the other

Nominative bolore*AccusativeGenitive bolori NO PLURALDative Ablative boloriz Instrumental bolorow

*Translation: everybody

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}}

}

}}

}}

}}

}

}

}

DECLENSION OF NOMINALIZED PRONOUNS

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VII WORD FORMATION

Reduplication in Armenian

In Armenian word formation, reduplication plays a great role. Sounds, syllables and entirewords are doubled to create new or intensified meanings. Short, mostly one-syllable wordsare repeated. They are written separately or are connected by a hyphen or by a conjunction.

A. Reduplication occurs in almost all parts of speech:

1) Nouns are repeated to form qualitative adjectives that are also used as adverbials:

.oumb-.oumb in (many) groups (from .oumb group)'oun=-'oun= in (many) bunches (from 'oun= bunch, bouquet)t;[-t;[ at (some) places (from t;[ place)t;sak-t;sak of (many) kinds, of many sorts (from t;sak sort, kind)

Examples of use are:

.oumb-.oumb mardik grouped people (adjective)

.oumb-.oumb kangna‘ standing in groups (adverb)

2) Pronouns that can be repeated and are connected with or without a hyphen or conjunc-tion. Reduplication serves here to intensify word meaning or to express uncertainty:

;s ou ;s all by myself (from ;s I) ir;n-ir;n all by himself/herself/itself (from ir;n himself/herself/itself) inc-inc whatever (from i#nc what?): inc-inc mi=ozn;row by whatever means

3) Adjectives and adverbs are doubled

a) to heighten the effect of their meaning:

sour-sour very sharp (cf. sour-sour .osq;r very sharp words)s…-s… very black, very dark (cf. s…-s… acq;r very dark eyes)kamaz-kamaz slowly (cf. kamaz-kamaz faskaza I gradually understood)

b) to express repetitive action:

qic-qic .m;l to drink little by littlem;k-m;k gnal to go from time to time,out-,out a\z;l;l to visit frequently

4) Numerals are repeated to impart distributive or repetitive meaning:cors-cors kangn;l to stand in foursqani@-qani@ angam how many times!

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289

B. Reduplication can be accompanied by sound change or sound reduction. Such repeti-tions broaden the meaning of the word, indicating a thing or a trait along with somethingsimilar. A contrast between repeated words is created by phonetic changes.

1) In the second component of the reduplication, vowels change to ou:

‘ak ou ‘oouuk na\;l to look all over the place (from ‘ak hole)manr-moouunr ban;r all sort of small things (from manr tiny, small)]a\n-]oouun cka there is not a faint sound (from ]a\n voice, sound)

2) In the second component of the reduplication, the initial consonant is changed, chieflyto an m. This usually results in an intensified meaning or a sense of “X and the like”, “noth-ing of the sort”:

faz-mmaz cka there is no bread or the like ]ouk-mmouk c;m k;r;l I haven’t eaten fish or anything of the sort parap-ssarap nsta‘ ;nq We are left sitting entirely idle

3) In the second component of the reduplication, a consonant, usually an m% is added to theinitial vowel:

aw;l-mmaw;l brooms and the like olor-mmolor winding, marked by repeated turns and bendsaman-ccaman dishes and the like

4) In the first component of the reduplication, the initial consonant is removed:

a®oq-'a®oq in full glory, gloriously (from 'a®q glory)aran-,aran in many rows (from ,aran row)

akas-pakas pointless or redundant (from pakas less)

5) The first syllable of an adjective, mostly indicating color, is taken as the first compo-nent of reduplication, and the consonant ' or s is appended to that syllable. Thus, theadjective’s meaning is intensified:

y;rmak white → y;''-y;rmak very whitecor dry → co''-cor very drykarmir red → kass-karmir all-red

6) Many reduplications include the preposition a®. Such constructions are perceived asone lexical unit:

ba® a® ba® word for word, literal (from ba® word)vam a® vam hour per hour, hourly (from vam hour)

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7) In some reduplications, one of the components appears in a grammatical form:

g\ou[iz g\ou[ from village to village (the first component g\ou[ village appearsin the ablative case)

ko[q ko[qi side by side (the second component ko[q side appears in the genitive)

Some reduplications have preserved older grammatical forms:

tar;z tari from year to year (the first component tar;z is an archaic ablative)

Since reduplications are perceived as one word, they are often written as such:

mia®mi one by one, singly (from mi one)d;ma®d;m face to face (from d;m(q) face)gou\nxgou\n multi-colored (from gou\n color).a®ni.ou®n disorderly, pell-mell (from .a®n mixed)d®n;dou® from door to door (the first component d®n; is an archaic ablative)

C. Among linguistic units that have resulted from reduplication, there is in Armenian agreat number of words in which — unlike doubled words written separately or connectedby a hyphen or conjunction — reduplication has occurred within a single word. Thesewords are predominantly:

1) verbs with iterative meaning:

ca'c';l [c¿hŒapŒc¿hŒ§pŒel] to measure over (from ca';l [c¿hŒapŒel] to measure)do[do[al [dog¿hdog¿hal] to shiver, to shudder (from do[al [dog¿hal] to tremble)‘ak‘k;l [t¿sakt¿s§kel] to perforate (from ‘ak;l [t¿sakel] to pierce)'a\l'l;l [pŒaylpŒ§lel] to sparkle, to twinkle (from 'a\l;l [pŒaylel] to shine)mtmtal [m§tm§tal] ] to ponder (from mta‘;l [m§tat¿sel] to think

2) onomatopoeic verbs, i.e. verbs formed by imitating sounds. This occurs by repetition ofthe first syllable both with and without a change in one of the consonant(s):

's'sal [pŒ§spŒ§sal] to whisper)‘lwlal [t¿s§lv§lal] to twittergo®go®al [go¤go¤al] to shout g®m®al [g§¤m§¤al] to grumble k®k®al [k§¤k§¤al] to croak,,n=al [s¿hŒ§s¿hŒ§njal] to murmur .,.,al [k¿h§s¿hk¿h§s¿hal] to sizzle

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VIII PRONUNCIATION

Double consonants

In Armenian words, double vowels do not occur. Double consonants, however, are quitecommon. Depending on their position in words, as well as their origine, they can be pro-nounced as follows.

1. In initial position, double consonants are pronounced separately, adding a syllable tothe word by inserting an unwritten e [§] between them:

jjou [t§tu] sour, acid‘‘;l [t¿s§t¿sel] to absorb, to suckxxw;li [z§zveli] disgustingddoum [d§tŒum] pumpkinkkou [k§ku] cuckoo,,ouk [s¿h§s¿huk] whisper

2. When they occur in initial consonant clusters due to vowel mutations (see Unit 5, pp.107-108), double consonants are pronounced separately by inserting e [§] betweenthem:

‘nndawa\r [t¿s§n§ndavayr] native country (from ‘nound birth + wa\r location)

snndarar [s§n§ndarar] nutritious (from snound nutrition + adjectival suffix -arar)

‘‘ma\r [t¿s§t¿smayr] wet nurse (from ‘i‘ breast + ma\r mother)

3. When clusters result from vowel mutations and appear before vowels, double conso-nants are pronounced as one prolonged sound:

ou[[agrouj\oun [ug¿hg¿hagrutŒyun] orthography (from ou[i[ straight + grouj\oun writing)

fowwap;t [hovvapet] chief pastor (from fowiw pastor + p;t chief)ørran [orran] cradle (from øror;l to rock)

4. Double n resulting from the plural formation is a prolonged n:

s;[ann;r [seg¿hanner] tables from s;[an tablegor‘onn;r [gort¿sonner] factors from gor‘on factorbavinn;r [baz¿hinner] departments from bavin department

5. When double consonants result from word formation (in derived and compoundwords), each of the consonants is pronounced distinctly:

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annpatak [ann§patak] aimless from an un- + npatak aim

endd;m [entdem] against from end counter- + d;m opposite

;rkknouj\oun [yerkk§nutyun] bigamy from ;rk(ou) two + kin woman

;r;ssrbic [yeress§rpŒic¿hŒ] (face) towel from ;r;s face + srbic towel

When passive verbs are derived from transitive verbs (infix -w-), the resulting double wwis pronounced as a longer w:

foloww;l [holovvel] to be declined from folow;l [holovel] to decline graww;l [g§ravvel] to be occupied from graw;l [g§ravel] to occupy bar;laww;l [barelavvel] to be improved from bar;law;l [barelavel]

to improve 6. In onomatopoeic words, double consonants play a special role in suggesting a sound. Insuch words, some double consonants, such as double stops and sibilants, can recur. They arenormally pronounced as longer consonants:

y®®al [c¿h§¤¤al] to creak.,,al [k¿h§s¿hs¿hal] to rustlebvval [b§z¿hz¿hal] to buzzyjjal [c¿h§tŒtŒal] to crackle

7. In emotional every-day colloquial speech, double consonants can serve to heighten themeaning of some words. In that intensifying function, any consonant can be doubled:

[fimmar] [himmar] extremely crazy from fimar [himar] crazy [faxxarn;r] [hazzarner] many thousands from faxar [hazar] thousand [amm;n] [ammen] every single from am;n [amen] each

Note that when foreign common and proper nouns containing double consonants are bor-rowed into Armenian, they are normally spelled with a single consonant and are pro-nounced as follows: pro`;sor from professor, J;salia from Thessalia, Apolon fromApollon, komounixm from communism, etc.

EXCEPTIONS:

Moufamm;d from Mohammed, massa from mass, Anna from Anna, Hmma from Emma,etc.

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VIII ORTHOGRAPHY

Rendering English words into East Armenian

To resolve the differences between the two significantly dissimilar alphabets of Englishand Armenian, some important regulations have been officially adopted and enforced forrendering English words and names into East Armenian. The following important rulesapply:

1. The English letters p, t, and k, as well as c (when pronounced as [k]), are to be translit-erated as follows:

a) in initial position of words p, t, k, and c (when pronounced as [k]) as '% j% and q;

b) in all other positions, p, t, k, and c (when pronounced as [k]), as well as pp, and tt as p%

t% and k&

EXAMPLES: Ja`t (Taft)% Qart;r (Carter)% Q;n;di (Kennedy)% "it (Pitt)% "a\k

(Pike)% Qlark (Clark)% Jo\nbi (Toynbee)% Skot (Scott)% j;nis (tennis)% `outbol

(football)% badminton (badminton)% jim (team)% mist;r (Mister)% Doua\t (Dwight)%Jouk (Tooke)% Lipman (Lippman), etc.

These rules apply as well to the initial p, t, k, and c (when pronounced as [k]) of the sec-ond component of compound names:

EXAMPLES: Ø∞Qonor (O’Connor)% Mak-Jawi, (MacTavish)% "ort "atrik (PortPatrick)% Mak-Qinli (McKinley)% Mak-Qormik (McCormick)% +or=jaoun

(Georgetown)% L;\k "l;sid (Lake Placid), etc.

EXCEPTIONS ESTABLISHED BY TRADITION: kongr;sm;n (congressman)% kou-klouqs-klan

(Ku Klux Klan)% N\ou |orq (New York)% etc.

2. The English letter combinations ch, ck, and th, must be rendered into c% k% and j:

EXAMPLES: c;mpion (champion)% cartixm (Chartism)% Cikago (Chicago)% Bak

(Buck)% Lok (Lock)% fok;\ (hockey)% "limouj (Plymouth)% Jomson (Thomson), Smij(Smith)% etc.

3. The English s pronounced as [z] must be transliterated as s:

EXAMPLES: Ja\ms (Times)% +;\ms (James)% Ou;\ls (Wales)% +ons (Jones)% etc.

EXCEPTIONS ESTABLISHED BY TRADITION: Carlx (Charles)% J;mxa (Thames)% etc.

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4. The English consonant letter w (also the combination wh) representing a voiced bilabi-al semi-vowel, transliterates — especially in initial position of words — as ou, oua% ou;,ouo or oui, depending on the vowel following the w(h).

EXAMPLES: Oua\t (White)% Oua\tfol (Whitehall)% Oua\ld (Wilde)% Ouilkinson (Wil-kinson)% Ouolstrit (Wall Street)% Doua\t (Dwight)% "ort Qonou;\ (Port Conway), etc.

EXCEPTIONS ESTABLISHED BY TRADITION: Walt;r Skot (Walter Scott)% Wa,ington

(Washington)% Wil\am (William)% Darwin (Darwin)% Woudro (Woodrow)% Woul`

(Wolfe)% Woud (Wood).

5. Various phonetic manifestations of the English vowel a are transliterated as follows:

a) the short a as a

EXAMPLES: Adams (Adams)% Al;n (Allen)% Alis (Alice)% Farison (Harrison)%Maqsou;l (Maxwell)% Nansi (Nancy)% San`ord (Sanford), etc.

EXCEPTIONS ESTABLISHED BY TRADITION: d;ndi (dandy)% Jroum;n (Truman)% l;ndlord(landlord)% c;mpion (champion).

b) the long a as ; or ;\

EXAMPLES: D;\wis (Davis)% +;\ms (James)% B;kon (Bacon)% Ou;\ls (Wales)% Q;mbri=

(Cambridge), etc.

c) the a with a value of ‘o’ transliterates as o% and in initial position of words as ø

EXAMPLES: Boldouin (Baldwin)% Ouolt;r (Walter)% Øld;rman (Alderman)% etc.

d) the combinations ey, ai, and ay as ;\:

EXAMPLES: L;\ton (Leyton)% D;\ton (Dayton)% J;\lor (Taylor)% ";\n (Paine)% etc.

6. The word-final unpronounced English r must be transliterated in Armenian as r or ®

EXAMPLES: Qart;r (Carter)% ~olqn;r (Faulkner)% "i®l Farbor (Pearl Harbor)% etc.

7. Foreign and international words that exist in both languages must be spelled in Ar-menian according to rules established by lexicography.

EXAMPLES: Kop;®nikos (Copernicus)% Platon (Platon)% ixika (physics)% .ol;ra

(cholera)% qimia (chemistry)% m;.anika (mechanics)% maj;matika (mathematics)%Antonios (Antonius)% etc.

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X EXERCISES

1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column.

a. Kar‘oum ;m% j; fatouk mi ‘ragir oun;#q!

b. Bolore farznoum ;n% or in] famar hl gni a\d grqiz!

c. C;m karo[ j; ow h a\d marde!

d. Oura. ;nq% or a\sør hl ousouzice ci galou!

e. >ndr;zi nran% j; incp;s jij;®nike j®aw!

f. Oc m;kin ocinc cas;s& asa‘id fawatal!

g. :s t;sa% ga[tniq oun;m q;x as;lou!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns a, b, c, and d. Replace the word lra-

gir with amsagir% namak% fodwa‘% famazanz% etc.

a. A. LLrraaggiirre na\;zi#r! Norouj\oune imaza#r!

B. I#nc llrraaggiirr! :s d;® llrraaggrrii vamanak c;m oun;z;l!

b. A. Norouj\oune ort;[i#z git;s! Wafani#z!

B. LLrraaggrriizz! F;nz fima kardazi!

c. A. O#w tw;z q;x a\d loure! Wafa#ne!

B. O*c% llrraaggrroouumm kardazi!

d. A. Q;x mi ban ;m as;lou% piti xarmanas!

B. :s ard;n bolor lour;re git;m! LLrraaggrriizz!

3. Transform direct speech into reported speech.

a. Na ;r=anik mard h! Bolore git;n% or na ;r=anik mard h!

b. O#w h a\d g;[;zik a[=ike! Ouxoum ;m imanal% &&&

c. Patoufane baz;*q% .ndr;m! Nranz .ndr;zi% &&&

d. Inco#u ;s a\st;[! :s oux;zi imanal% &&&

e. Law ;m fi,oum a\d ør;re! Wardann in] asaz% &&&

f. A\st;[iz la#w ;s lsoum! Anna\in farzri% &&&

g. Incp;#s h grwoum anound! Farzri nran% &&&

h. :j; ;s qo t;[e lin;i% chi t;[a'o.wi a\s qa[aqiz! Na in] asaz% &&&

i. Mi* spasir% gna* … mord f;t .osi*r! Na .orfourd tw;z^ &&&

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4. Combine the two sentences with one of the following conjunctions: ;rb% or%

orowf;t…% j;% faka®ak or% orp;sxi% and j;…&

a. Dasi cgnazi! Fiwand ;m!

b. Toun fasa! Na ard;n m;kn;l hr!

c. Bolore spasoum ;n! :#rb h garoune galou!

d. <ouka ;m gnoum! Ouxoum ;m ‘a[ikn;r gn;l!

e. A\nqa@n fogna‘ ;m! Ba\z jatron gnalou ;m!

f. Nor ;m lsoum! Fa\astan hir gnaz;l!

g. Girqe gn;zi! <at jank hr!

5. Complete the following sentences, using adjectives with the negative prefix aann-.

a. Na ya,ak couni! <at aannya,ak h!

b. Bnaw fawatq coun;s! <at &&& ;s!

c. A\s marde nkaragir couni! A\o*% ,at;rn ;n asoum% or na &&& mard h!

d. Fou\s coun;nq! Bolorowin &&& ;nq!

e. Famb;rouj\oun coun;q! Mi,t &&& ;q!

f. A\s bane fawatali# h! O*c% &&& h!

g. Asa‘s q;x famar ;rb;q endoun;li ch! Mi,t &&& h!

6. Complete the following sentences according to the pattern a or b.

a. Sa im toune ch% sa qonn h! (dou)

b. A\s girqe qo#nn h! O*c% Aramine! (Aram)

c. A\d marde ];r fa#\rn h! A\o*% &&& ! (m;r)

d. O#umn h pa\ousake% ];#rn h! &&& (nranq)

e. F;‘aniwe qo#nn h! O*c% &&& ! (na)

f. A\s t;tre Alisinn h% isk a\n &&& (Sour;n)

g. A\s fa,wice ];#rn h! O*c% &&& h! (ousano[)

7. Answer the questions by translating the English text.

a. A\s nw;re farma#r h! No, because it is not beautiful.b. A\s ya,e koutwi#! Yes, if you warm it up.c. A\s w;rarkoun fawano#um ;s! Yes, I do, but I have no money to buy it.d. A\s gar;=oure fam;[ h% ch#! Yes, although it should be colder.e. A\s marde g;rmanazi# h! Everybody thinks that he is German, but he isn’t.f. A\d ,;nqe ;#rb ;n w;r=azn;lou! I cannot tell you before I see the owner.g. A\d toune ];#rn h! Although it is not ours, we like it as if it were ours.

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8. Translate into Armenian.

A. Do you know who this young woman is?B. Which one?

A. The one who is talking to your friend, Anna.B. The one with the loud voice?A. Yes, can you tell me what her name is?B. Who doesn’t know her? She is a great writer.

A. What has she written?.B. She has written a very good novel.

A. Have you read it?B: Not yet, but I will.

A. I would read it if I were you.B: I promise, I will.

9. How would you say it in Armenian?

a. You have heard exciting news on the radio. Ask your friend if he/she knows about it.

b. Your friend is surprised by the news. How does he/she react?

c. You have read a very interesting book. Advise your colleague to read it.

d. Your colleague just returned from China. Welcome him/her and ask about his/her impressions.

e. Your neighbor wants to reveal a secret to you. You promise to keep it.

10. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit.

a. I#nc h anoum H`;m;r jij;®nike ama®a\in gi,;rn;re!

b. Incpisi#n h H`;m;r jij;®niki k\anqe!

c. Inco#u H`;m;r jij;®nike ya,ak;liq couni!

d. Incp;#s h m;®noum a\d jij;®nike!

e. I#nc h H`;m;r jij;®niki xba[mounqe!

f. Inco#u H`;m;r jij;®nike snndi kariq couni!

g. O#um ;raxn h irakanaznoum h`;m;r jij;®nike!

h. Koux;i#r oun;nal H`;m;r jij;®niki k\anqe!

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XI PROVERBS

B;rn;b;ran^ klini g;ran!

From mouth to mouth it goes, and on and on it grows.

Loure stazir ;r;.a\iz kam .…iz!

Get the news from a child or a madman.

Jri ktra‘e klawana% l;xwi ktra‘e^ o*c!

What’s cut by the sword will heal, what’s cut by the tongue won’t.

As;le f;,t h% an;le^ dvwar!

It’s easier said than done.

Git;za‘e am;n mardou c;n asi!

You should not tell everybody what you know.

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APPENDIX

1. Greetings

Bar…@ (];x)! Hello (to you)! [Barev (d¿zez)]

O[=o@u\n! Hello![Vog¿hc¿hŒuyn]

Bari lo*u\s! Good morning![Bari luys]

Bari ;r;ko*! Good evening![Bari yereko]

Baro@w ;kar/;kaq! Welcome! (informal/formal)[Barov yekar/yekakŒ]

Oura. ;m% or q;x/];x t;sa! I’m glad to see you (informal/formal). [Urak¿h em, vor kŒez/d¿zez tesa]

Zt;souj\o@un! See you later![T¿sŒ§tesutŒyun]

A®a\vm! So long![A¤ayz¿h§m]

Mnas/mnaq baro@w! Good-bye!* (informal/formal)[M§nas/m§nakŒ barov]

Gnas/gnaq baro@w! Good luck!* (informal/formal)[G§nas/g§nakŒ barov]

Bari gi,;*r! Good night![Bari gis¿her]

* Conventional exchange of salutations when people depart: Mnas/mnaq baro*w Good-bye! (literally: Staywell!) and Gnas/gnaq baro*w Good luck! (literally: Leave well!).

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Gambits are conventionally accepted expressions used as tools for communication.They appear as “pre-fabricated parts” in the form of words, phrases, and sentences andare readily transferable to everyday recurrent situations. Regardless of their complexi-ty, they must be systematically practiced as any other unit of “active” vocabulary.

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2. Requesting and receiving personal information

I#nc h };r anoune/axganoune ! What is your name/surname? [Inc¿hŒ e d ¿zer anun§/azganun§?] (formal)

I#nc h anound/axganound! What is your name/surname?[Inc¿hŒ e anun§t/azganun§t?] (informal)

Qani# tar;kan ;s/;q! How old are you (informal/formal)?[KŒani tarekan es/ekŒ?]

O#r ;rkri qa[aqazi ;s/;q! What is your (informal/formal) citizenship?[Vor yerkri kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒi es/ekŒ?]

Qani# l;xou git;s/git;q! How many languages do you know? [KŒani lezu gites/gitekŒ?] (informal/formal)

Fa\;r;n .oso#um ;s/;q! Do you (informal/formal) speak Armenian?[Hayeren k¿hosum es/ekŒ?]

Angl;r;n git;#s/git;#q! Do you (informal/formal) know English?[Angleren gites/gitekŒ?]

A\o*% git;m!/O*c% cgit;m! Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.[Ayo, gitem / Voc¿hŒ, c¿hŒ§gitem]

(>osoum ;m) mi qic/safoun! (I speak) a little/fluently.[(K¿hosum em) mi kŒic¿hŒ/sahun]

<at law/wat! Very well/not very well.[S¿hat lav/vat]

Faskanoum ;m% ba\z .os;l cgit;m! I understand, but I can’t speak it.[Haskanum em, bayt¿sŒ k¿hosel c¿hŒ§gitem]

O#rn h };r fasz;n! What is your (formal) address?[Vorn e d¿zer hast¿sŒen?]

O#rn h };r f;®a.osi famare! What is your (formal) phone number?[Vorn e d¿zer he¤ak¿hosi hamar§?]

Inco#w ;s/;q xba[woum! What is your (informal/formal) occupation?[Inc¿hŒov es/ekŒ zbag¿hvum?]

Ort;#[ ;s/;q soworoum/a,.atoum! Where do you (informal/formal) study/work?[Vorteg¿h es/ekŒ sovorum/as¿hk¿hatum]?

Soworoum/a,.atoum ;m X-oum! I study/work in the X.[Sovorum/as¿hk¿hatum em X-um]?

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3a. Identifying things and persons

Sa o#w h! Who is this?[Sa ov e?]

Sa paron/tikin X-n h! This is Mr. / Mrs. X.[Sa paron/tikin X-n e]

Sa i#nc h! What is this?[Sa inc¿hŒ e?]

Sa X h% ch#! This is a/an X, isn’t it?[Sa X e, c¿hŒe?]

A\o*% sa X h! /O*c% sa X ch! Yes, this is a/an X. / No, this is not a/an X.[Ayo, sa X e. / Voc¿hŒ, sa X c¿hŒe]

A\st;[/a\nt;[ i#nc ka! What do we have here/there?[Aysteg¿h/aynteg¿h inc¿hŒ ka?]

A\st;[/a\nt;[ ;r;q girq ka! There are three books here/there.[Aysteg¿h/aynteg¿h yerekŒ girkŒ ka]

Ouri, i#nc ka! What else is there?[Uris¿h inc¿hŒ ka?]

Ouri, ocinc cka! There is nothing else.[Uris¿h voc¿hŒinc¿hŒ c¿hŒka]

3b. Affirming and denying things

An,o@u,t!/Ifa*rk;! Certainly!/Of course![Ans¿hus¿ht!/Iharke]

(<at) yi,t h! That’s (very) true![(S¿hat) c¿his¿ht e]

Wstaf ;m! I’m certain![V§stah em]

Karo[ ;m q;x/];x wstaf;zn;l% or&&& I can assure you (informal/formal) that...[Karog¿h em kŒez/d¿zez v§stahet¿sŒ§nel, vor...]

S.al h!/Yi,t ch! It is wrong. / It is not true.[S§k¿hal e. / C¿his¿ht c¿hŒe]

S.alwoum ;s/;q% a\dp;s ch! You are wrong (informal/formal),[S§k¿halvum es/ekŒ, aytpes c¿hŒe] that’s not so.

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4a. Requesting something (an item or a favor)

X-e in] kta#s/kta#q (.ndr;m)! Would you (informal/formal) give me[X-§ ind¿z k§tas/k§takŒ (k¿h§ntŒrem)?] the X, please?

X-e in] k'o.anz;#s/k'o.anz;#q! Would you (informal/formal) pass me[X-§ ind¿z k§pŒok¿hant¿sŒes/k§pŒok¿hant¿sŒekŒ?] the X?

Karo#[ ;s/;q in] tal qo/];r X-e! Can you give me your (informal/formal) [Karog¿h es/ekŒ ind¿z tal kŒo/d¿zer X-§?] X?

Mi ban ;m .ndr;lou& karo#[ ;s/;q&&& I have something to ask you: could you[Mi ban em k¿h§ntŒrelu: karog¿h es/ekŒ...] (informal/formal)...

Bari* ;[ir/;[;q X an;lou! Be (informal/formal) so kind as to do X. [Bari yeg¿hir/yeg¿hekŒ X anelu]

:j; kar;li h% (X ara/ar;q)! Is it possible for you (informal/formal)[YetŒe kareli e, (X ara/arekŒ)] (to do X)?

4b. Responding to a request

Am;na\n sirow! With great pleasure![Amenayn sirov]

>ndr;m% ifark;! Here you are! Certainly! [Kh§ntŒrem, iharke]

Mi rop;% .ndr;m! One moment, please![Mi rope, k¿h§ntŒrem]

Zawoum ;m% ba\z c;m karo[! I’m sorry, but I cannot (do it). [T¿sŒavum em, bayt¿sŒ c¿hŒem karog¿h]

Dvba.tabar xba[wa‘ ;m! Unfortunately, I’m busy.[D§z¿hbak¿htabar §zbag¿hvat¿s em]

Fima vamanak coun;m! I’ve no time right now.[Hima z¿hamanak c¿hŒunem]

C;m karo[ X-e tal! In] p;tq h! I cannot give you the X. I need it.[C¿hŒem karog¿h X-§ tal. Ind¿z petkŒ e]

Karo#[ ;s/;q mi qic spas;l! Can you (informal/formal) wait a little?[Karog¿h es/ekŒmi kŒic¿hŒ spasel?]

Zawoq% p;tq h m;rv;m! I’m afraid I must refuse.[T¿sŒavokŒ, petkŒ e merz¿hem]

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5a. Asking for someone’s opinion

I#nc h kar‘iq oun;s/oun;q X-i masin! What is your (informal/formal) opinion[Inc¿hŒ e kŒo/d¿zer kart¿sikŒ§ X-i masin?] about X?

X-in fawano#um ;s/;q! Do you (informal/formal) like X?[X-in havanum es/ekŒ?] (about a person)

X-e fawan;zi#r/fawan;zi#q! Did you (informal/formal) like X?[X-§ havanet¿sŒir/havanet¿sŒikŒ?] (about an object)

X-e q;x/];x do#ur h galis! Does X appeal to you (inform./formal)? [X-§ kŒez/d¿zez dur e galis?]

X-e incp;#s h/hr! How is/was X?[X-§ inc¿hŒpes e/er?]

C;#s/c;q kar‘oum% or&&& Don’t you (inform./formal) think that...[C¿hŒes/c¿hŒekŒ kart¿sum, vor... ?]

Inc tpaworouj\oun oun;s/oun;q! What is your (inform./formal) impression?[Inc¿hŒ t§pavorutŒyun§ unes/unekŒ?]

5b. Expressing an opinion

Im kar‘iqow&&& / Est is&&& In my opinion,... / To me...[Im kart¿sikŒov... / [§st is...]

Fianali@ h/hr X-e! X is/was wonderful![Hianali e/er X-§]

Soskali@ h/hr! It is/was terrible![Soskali e/er]

<at ;m fawanoum X-e! I like X very much.[S¿hat em havanum X-§]

X-e ,at h dours galis! I like X (X appeals to me) very much.[X-e s¿hat e dur§s galis]

Wat ch/chr! It is/was not bad.[Vat c¿hŒe/c¿hŒer]

Mi ban ch/chr! It is/was nothing special.[Mi ban c¿hŒe/c¿hŒer]

O*c% bnaw/aman…in cfawan;zi! No, I didn’t like it at all.[Voc¿hŒ, b§nav/amenevin c¿hŒ§havanet¿sŒi]

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S.alwoum ;s/;q&&& You (informal/formal) are mistaken,...[S§k¿halvum es/ekŒ...]

Q;x/];x f;t fama]a\n c;m! I disagree with you (informal/formal).[KŒez/d¿zez het hamad¿zayn c¿hŒem]

:j; in] farzn;s/farzn;q%&&& If you (informal/formal) ask me,...[YetŒe ind¿z hart¿sŒ§nes / hart¿sŒ§nekŒ...]

Fnarawor h% ba\z&&& Maybe, but...[H§naravor e, bayt¿sŒ...]

X-e ,at g;[;zik/famow h/hr! X is/was very beautiful/tasty.[X-§ s¿hat geg¿het¿sŒik/hamov e/er]

6. Introducing oneself, family, and friends

Jou\l tw;q };x ‘anojazn;l X-i f;t! Allow me to introduce you to X.[TŒuyl t§vekŒ d¿zez t¿sanotŒat¿sŒ§nel X-i het]

C;m kar‘oum% or irar ‘anoj ;nq! I don’t think we have met.[C¿hŒem kart¿sum vor irar t¿sanotŒ enkŒ]

’anojananq! Anouns X h! Let’s meet! My name is X.[T¿sanotŒanankŒ. Anun§s X e]

Isk ];r ano#une/axgano#une! And your name/surname?[Isk d¿zer anun§ /azganun§?]

Irar yanaco#um ;q! Do you know each other?[Irar c¿hanac¿hŒum ekŒ?]

Irar ‘ano#j ;q! Have you (two) met?[Irar t¿sanotŒ ekŒ?]

’anojazi*r/‘anojaz;*q X-i f;t! Meet X (informal/formal)![T¿sanotŒat¿sŒir/t¿sanotat¿sŒekŒ X-i het]

Ari*/;k;*q ‘anojazn;m! Let me introduce you![Ari/yekekŒ t¿sanotŒat¿sŒ§nem] (informal/formal).

Sa ;[ba\rs h/enk;rs h! This is my brother/my friend.[Sa yek¿hpayr§s e/§nker§s e]

Oura. ;m ];x f;t ‘anojanalou! I’m pleased to meet you.[Urak¿h em d¿zez het t¿sanotŒanalu]

<at oura. ;m! I’m delighted.[S¿hat urak¿h em]

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Nmanap;s/nou\np;s! Likewise/Same here.[N§manapes/nuynpes]

};r masin ,at ;m ls;l! I’ve heard a lot about you.D¿zer masin s¿hat em l§sel

7a. Request for information

Karo#[ ;s/;q in] as;l% j;&&& Can you (informal/formal) tell me...[Karog¿h es/ekŒ ind¿z asel tŒe...]

Karo#[ ;m q;x/];x mi ban farzn;l! May I ask you (informal/formal) something?[Karog¿h em kŒez/d¿zez mi ban hart¿sŒ§nel?]

In] kas;#s/kas;#q% j;&&& Would you (informal/formal) tell me...[Ind¿z kases/kasekŒ, tŒe...?]

Git;#s/git;#q ard\oq% or&&& Do you (informal/formal) happen to know[Gites/gitekŒ artŒyokŒ vor...] that...

Asa*/asaz;*q% .ndr;m&&& Tell (informal/formal) me please...[Asa/asat¿sŒekŒ k¿h§ntŒrem...]

Koux;i imanal% j;&&& I’d like to know if/whether...[Kuzeyi imanal, tŒe...]

X-e i#nc h n,anakoum! What does X mean?[X-§ inc¿hŒ e n§s¿hanakum?]

Incp;#s h grwoum X-e! How do you spell X?[Inc¿hŒpes e g§rvum X-§?]

Incp;#s ;n asoum fa\;r;n X! How do you say X in Armenian? [Inc¿hŒpes en asum hayeren X?]

X-e incp;#s h artasanwoum! How do you pronounce X?[X-§ inc¿hŒpes e artasanvum?]

I#nc tarb;rouj\oun ka X-i … Y-i mi=…! What’s the difference between X and Y? [Inc¿hŒ tarberutŒyun ka X-i yev Y-i mic¿hŒev?]

C;m faskanoum% j; inc ;s/;q asoum! I do not understand what you are saying[C¿hŒem haskanum, tŒe inc¿hŒ es/ekŒ asum] (informal/formal).

Karo#[ ;q aw;li danda[ .os;l! Could you (formal) speak a little slower?[Karog¿h ekŒ aveli dandag¿h k¿hosel?]

Karo#[ ;q ];r asa‘e krkn;l! Could you (formal) repeat what you just[Karog¿h ekŒ d¿zer asat¿s§ k§rknel] said?

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7b. Responding to a request for information

(A\o*)% lsoum ;m q;x/];x! (Yes), I’m listening to you [(Ayo), l§sum em kŒez/d¿zez] (informal/formal).

(A\o*)% .ndr;m! (Yes), please.[(Ayo), k¿h§ntŒrem]

Ifark;/An,ou,t! Certainly.[Iharke/Ans¿hus¿ht!]

Orqan in] fa\tni h/Orqan git;m&&& As far as I know...[VorkŒanov ind¿z haytni e/vorkŒan gitem...]

:j; c;m s.alwoum&&& If I’m not mistaken...[YetŒe c¿hŒem s§k¿halvum...]

Wstaf c;m% ba\z&&& I’m not sure, but...[V§stah c¿hŒem, bayt¿sŒ...]

Kar‘;m&&& / Kar‘oum ;m% or&&& I think that...[Kart¿sem... / Kart¿sum em, vor...]

Im kar‘iqow&&& In my opinion...[Im kart¿sikŒov...]

Dvba.tabar cgit;m&&& Unfortunately I don’t know...[D§zhbak¿htabar c¿hŒ§gitem...]

Zawoq% t;[azi c;m&&& I’m sorry, I’m not from here...[T¿sŒavokŒ, teg¿hat¿sŒi c¿hŒem...]

8. Inquiring and reporting about one’s well-being and state of health

Incp;#s ;s/;q! Or: O#nz ;s/;q!* How are you (informal/formal)?[Inc¿hŒpes ekŒ Or: Vont¿sŒ es/ekŒ]

<norfakalouj\oun% law ;m! Isk do#u/do#uq! I’m well, thank you. And you? [S¿h§norhakalutŒyun, lav em. Isk du/dukŒ?] (informal/formal)

Oci*nc**% isk dou/douq o#nz ;s/;q! Not bad, and you? (informal/formal) [Voc¿hŒinc¿hŒ, lav em. Isk du/dukŒ?]

* In East Armenian colloquial speech O#nz ;s/O#nz ;q is an equivalent of the more formal Incp;#s ;s/;s/Incp;#s ;q for How are you (informal/formal)?

**For many beginners, the response oci*nc [voc¿hŒinc¿hŒ] nothing may be confusing, considering the literal mean-ing of the word. In East Armenian communication, this response means not bad, in a passable manner, neithergood or bad, or so-so. It is a borrowing from the Russian ‘zbxtuj’ ‘nothing’ used in corresponding settings.

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:s hl oci*nc% aproum ;nq&&& I’m not bad myself, we’re getting by... [Yes el voc¿hŒinc¿hŒ, aprum enkŒ...]

Wa[ouz h q;x/];x c;m t;s;l! I haven’t seen you (informal/formal)[Vag¿hut¿sŒ e kŒez/d¿zez c¿hŒem tesel] for a while.

Incp;#s h qo/];r a®o[=ouj\oune! How is your health?[Inc¿hŒpes e kŒo/d¿zer a¤og¿hc¿hŒutyun§?]

Law as;nq% or law lin;nq! Literally: Let’s say well, to be well.[Lav asenkŒ, vor lav linenkŒ]

"a@®q Tiro=e% a®o[=/law ;m! Thank the Lord, I’m healthy/well.[PŒa¤kŒ Tiroc¿hŒ§, a¤og¿hc¿hŒ/lav em]

(Dvba.tabar) a\nqan hl law c;m! (Unfortunately), I’m not so well.[(D§z¿hbak¿htabar) aynkŒan el lav c¿hŒem]

Fiwand/gounat/t.our ;s ;r…oum! You look ill/pale/sad.[Hivand/gunat/t§k¿hur es yerevum]

Fiwand ;m/,at wat ;m xgoum! I’m sick/I feel very bad.[Hivand em/s¿hat vat em §zgum]

Glou.s/kokords/atams zawoum h! My head/throat/tooth aches.[G§luk¿h§s/kokord§s/atam§s t¿sŒavum e]

Akan=n;rs/otq;rs zawoum ;n! My ears/feet ache.[Akanjner§s/votkŒer§s t¿sŒavum en]

};®q;rs do[oum ;n! My hands are shaking.[D¿ze¤kŒer§s dog¿hum en]

Yakats/marmins a\rwoum h! My forehead/my body is burning.[C¿hakat§s/marmin§s ayr§vum e]

Sirts .a®noum h! I’m nauseous.[Sirt§s k¿ha¤num e]

+;rmouj\oun oun;m! I’ve a fever.[JermutŒyun unem]

Do[oum/do[aznoum ;m! I’m shaking/I’m trembling.[Dog¿hum/dog¿hat¿sŒ§num em]

Anza@‘ lini! Get well![Ant¿sŒat¿s lini!]

A®o[=ouj\oun ;m zankanoum! I wish you good health.[A¤ok¿hc¿hŒutŒyun em t¿sankanum]

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9. Describing people and things, expressing preferences

<at law ;m nran yanacoum! I know him/her very well.[S¿hat lav em n§ran c¿hanac¿hŒum]

>;lazi mard/kin h ;r…oum! He/she seems to be an intelligent[K¿helat¿sŒi martŒ/kin e yerevum] man/woman.

Nran d;® law c;m yanacoum! I don’t know him/her well yet.[N§ran de¤ lav c¿hŒem c¿hanac¿hŒum]

Nran ,at ;m fargoum! I have great respect for him/her.[N§ran s¿hat em hargum]

A\d mardoun/kno=e c;m siroum! I don’t like that man/woman.[Ayt martŒun/k§noc¿hŒ§ c¿hŒem sirum]

X-e aw;li law mard h% qan Y-e! X is a better person than Y.[X-§ aveli lav martŒ e, kŒan Y-§]

X-e a,.arfi am;nalaw mardn h! X is the best person in the world.[X-§ as¿hk¿harhi amenalav martŒn e]

X-e fa\tni kananziz h! X is a well-known woman. [X-§ haytni kanant¿sŒit¿sŒ e]

C;m siroum X an;l! I don’t like doing X.[C¿hŒem sirum X anel]

<at ;m siroum X an;l! I like doing X very much.[S¿hat em sirum X anel]

<at ;m fawanoum a\s gou\ne! I like this color very much.[S¿hat em havanum ays guyn§]

Na.entroum ;m X-e! I prefer X.[Nak¿h§ntrum em X-§]

Sa im am;nasira‘ X-n h! This is my most favorite X.[Sa im amenasirat¿s X-n e]

In] X-e ,at h dour galis! X pleases me very much.[Ind¿z X-§ s¿hat e dur galis]

In] X-e bnaw ci fouxoum! X doesn’t move me at all.[Ind¿z X-§ b§nav c¿hŒi huzum]

X-i fand;p antarb;r ;m! I’m indifferent to X.[X-i handep antarber em]

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10. Discussing weather, expressing feelings related to the weather

Incp;#s h ;[anake! How is the weather? [Inc¿hŒpes e yeg¿hanak§?]

:[anake law/wat h! The weather is good/bad. [Yeg¿hanak§ lav/vat e]

:[anake bazwoum/'o.woum h! The weather is clearing up/changing.[Yeg¿hanak§ bat¿sŒvum/pŒok¿hvum e]

M®a\l/pa\‘a® ør h! It’s a dull/bright day.[M§¤ayl/payt¿sa¤ or e]

A\sør incqa#n h =;rmastiyane! What’s the temperature today?[Aysor inc¿hŒkŒan e jermastic¿han§?]

Ar…e 'a\loum h! The sun is shining.[Arev§ pŒaylum e]

<at taq/zourt/xow h! It is very hot/cold/cool.S¿hat takŒ/t¿sŒurt/zov e]

Øde cor/.onaw h! It’s dry/humid.[OtŒ§ c¿hŒor/k¿honav e]

:rkinqe pa\‘a®/ampama‘ h! The sky is clear/cloudy.[YerkinkŒ§ payt¿sa¤/ampamat¿s e]

An]r…/]\oun h galis! It’s raining/snowing.[And¿zrev/d¿zyun e galis]

T;[atara' an]r… h galis! It’s raining cats and dogs.[Teg¿hatarapŒ and¿zrev e galis]

Karkout h galis! It’s hailing.[Karkut e galis]

Orotoum/'a\latakoum h! There is thunder/lightning.[Vorotum/pŒaylatakum e]

M,ou, h! It’s foggy.[M§s¿hus¿h e]

Sastik qami h! It’s very windy.[Sastik kŒami e]

"ojorik/]\ounamrrik h! There is a storm/a snowstorm.[PŒotŒorik/d¿zyunam§rrik e]

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Sa®namaniq h! It’s freezing cold.[Sa¤namanik e]

Xro\iz za‘r h X astiyan! It’s X below zero.[Z§royit¿sŒ t¿sŒat¿s§r e X astic¿han]

Mrsoum ;m! <at ;m mrsoum! I’m cold. I am very cold.[M§rsum em. S¿hat em m§rsum]

(Soskali) ,ogoum ;m! I’m (terribly) hot.[(Soskali) s¿hokŒum em]

Fowanoz/an]r…anoz oun;#s/oun;#q! Do you (informal/formal) have an [Hovanot¿sŒ/and¿zrevanot¿sŒ unes/unekŒ?] umbrella/a raincoat?

11. Inviting and responding to invitations

Ouxoum ;m q;x/];x m;r toun frawir;l! I’d like to invite you (informal/[Uzum em kŒez/d¿zez mer tun hravirel] formal) to our place.

A\s ;r;ko/,abaj ;r;ko axa#t ;q! Are you free tonight/on Saturday night?[Ays yereko/s¿hapŒatŒ yereko azat ekŒ?]

Law klin;r% ;j; m;x mot ga\iq It would be great if you would come over[Lav k§liner, yetŒe mez mot gayikŒ]

];r amousnou/tikno= f;t enjriqi! with your husband/wife for dinner.[d¿zer amusnu/d¿zer tiknoc¿hŒ het §ntŒrikŒi]

Sirow kganq (,abaj øre)! O#r vamin! We would gladly come (on Saturday). At[Sirov k§gankŒ (s¿hapŒatŒ or§). Vor z¿hamin?] what time?

Zawoum ;m% ba\z c;nq karo[ gal! I’m sorry, but we are not able to come. [T¿sŒavum em, bayt¿sŒ c¿hŒenkŒ karog¿h gal]

Xba[wa‘ ;nq! Ouri, ‘ragr;r oun;nq! We are busy./We have other plans.[Zbag¿hvat¿s enkŒ&Uris¿h t¿s§ragrer unenkŒ]

F\our oun;nq! <at gor‘ oun;nq! We have guests./We have a lot of things.[Hyur unenkŒ. S¿hat gort¿s unenkŒ] to do.

Ouri, angam/ouri, a®ijow! Some other time./On another occasion. [Uris¿h ankŒam/urish a¤itŒov]

<norfakalouj\oun fraw;ri famar! Thank you for the invitation.[S¿h§norakalutŒyun hraveri hamar§§]

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12. Hosting

Baro@w ;kar/;kaq! Welcome (informal/formal)! [Barov yekar/yekakŒ]

N;*rs ari/fam;z;*q! Come on in (informal/formal)! [Ners ari/hamet¿sŒekŒ]

>ndroum ;m% n;*rs ;k;q! Please come in (formal)![K¿h§ntrum em ners yekekŒ]

Nst;z;*q% .ndr;m! Sit down, please (formal).[N§stet¿sekŒ, k ¿h§ntŒrem]

Wa[ouz h q;x/];x c;m t;s;l! It’s been a while since I’ve seen you [Vag¿hut¿sŒ e kŒez/d¿zez c¿hŒem tesel] (informal/formal).

I#nc karo[ ;m q;x/];x a®a=ark;l! What can I offer you (informal/formal)?[Inc¿hŒ karog¿h em kŒez/d¿zez a¤ac¿hŒarkel]

Soury koux;#s/koux;#q .m;l! Would you (informal/formal) like to have[Surc¿h kuzes / kuzekŒ k¿h§mel?] some coffee?

<aqaro#w% j; a®anz ,aqari! With or without sugar?[S¿hakŒarov, tŒe a¤ant¿s s¿hakŒari?]

Mi ktor hl .mor;[;n w;rzr;q! Please, have a piece of cake! [Mi k§tor el k¿h§moreg¿hen vert¿sŒ§rekŒ]

>ortikn;riz hl øgtw;q! Help yourself to the appetizers![K¿hortiknerit¿sŒ el okŒt§vekŒ]

Sirow% am;n inc ,at fam;[ h! Gladly, everything is very tasty. [Sirov, amen inc¿hŒ s¿hat hameg¿h e]

Zawoum ;m% ba\z m;rv;lou ;m! I’m sorry, but I must refuse.[T¿sŒavum em, bayt¿sŒ merz¿helu em]

A.orvak coun;m! I’ve no appetite.[Ak¿horz¿hak c¿hŒunem]

Sowa‘ (c);m& ‘araw (c);m! I’m (not) hungry; I’m (not) thirsty.[Sovat¿s (c¿hŒ)em; t¿sarav (c¿hŒ)em]

Snndakargi ;m f;t…oum! I’m on a diet.[S§n§ndakarkŒi em hetevum]

N;r;z;*q% p;tq h gnam! I am sorry, I have to leave.[Neret¿sŒekŒ, petkŒ e g§nam]

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<at fay;li ;r;kou\j h(r)! It is/was a very pleasant party.[S¿hat hac¿heli yerekuytŒ e(r)]

Ard;n gno#um ;q! A\dqan ,o#ut! You are leaving already? So soon?[ArtŒen g§num ekŒ. AytkŒan s¿hut?]

A\o*% p;tq h gnam! Yes, I must leave.[Ayo, petkΠe gnam]

Xgazwa‘ ;m ];r f\ourasirouj\ouniz! Thank you for your hospitality! [Zgat¿sŒvat¿s em d¿zer hyurasirutŒyunit¿sŒ]

Nori*z/hli* fam;z;*q! Come see us again![Norit¿sŒ/eli hamet¿sŒekŒ]

Douq hl m;x mot fam;z;*q! You should visit us too.[DukŒ el mez mot hamet¿sŒekŒ]

13. Planning leisure time and vacations

A\s ;r;ko/ama®/tari i#nc ;s an;lou! What are you (informal) doing tonight/[Ays yereko/ama¤/tari inc¿hŒ es anelu?] this summer/this year?

Xatike/Sourb ’nounde / Nor tarin Easter/Christmas/New Year[Zatik§ / Surp T¿s§nund§ / Nor tarin]

mot;noum h! I#nc ‘ragr;r oun;s! is approaching. What are your plans? [motenum e. Inc¿hŒ t¿s§ragrer unes?]

Ar]akourdn;rin i#nc ;s an;lou! What do you want to do during the hol-[Art¿sŒakurtŒnerin inc¿hŒ es anelu?] idays?

Ouxo#um ;s/;q miasin mi t;[ gnanq! Do you want us to go some place [Uzum es/ekŒ miasin mi tek¿h g§nankŒ?] together?

I#nc ;s na.entroum an;l! What would you prefer to do?[Inc¿hŒ es nak¿h§ntrum anel?]

Mta‘oum ;m ,r=aga\;l! I’m planning to take a walk.[M§tat¿sum em s¿h§rjagayel]

Fatouk ‘ragir coun;m! I’ve no particular plans.[Hatuk t¿s§ragir c¿hŒunem]

Oc mi ban c;m ‘ragr;l! I haven’t planned anything.[Voc¿hŒ mi ban c¿hŒem t¿s§ragrel]

Mta‘oum ;m/;nq qa[aqiz dours gnal! I/we plan to go out of town.[M§tat¿sum em/enkŒ kŒak¿hakŒit¿sŒ durs g§nal]

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Oro,;l ;nq yanaparford;l! We have decided to travel.[Voros¿hel em/enkŒ c¿hanaparortŒel]¿

Ouxoum ;m enk;rn;ris frawir;l! I’d like to invite my friends.[Uzum em §nkerneris hravirel]

Law ga[a'ar h! It’s a good idea![Lav gak¿hapŒar e]

14. Inquiring about news and reporting news

I#nc norouj\oun ka! What’s new? [Inc¿hŒ norutŒyun ka?]

I#nc ka-cka! What’s happening? [Inc¿hŒ ka-c¿hŒ§ka?]

I#nc ;n asoum! What do they say? [Inc¿hŒ en asum?]

I#nc ;n groum j;rj;re! What are the newspapers writing? [Inc¿hŒ en g§rum tŒertŒer§?]

Nor ban ls;zi#r! Did you hear anything new? [Nor ban l§set¿sŒir?]

Ls;#l ;s (w;r=in) norouj\oune! Have you heard the (latest) news? [L§sel es (verc¿hŒin) norutŒyun§?]

Ls;zi#r^ inc h pataf;l! Have you heard what happened? [L§set¿sŒir inc¿hŒ e patahel?]

Nor lour(;r)n imaza#r! Did you hear the latest news? [Nor lur(er)n imat¿sŒar?]

15. Telling secrets and reacting to secrets

M;r m;= mna%&&& Keep it between us,...[Mer mec¿hŒ m§na...]

Mardou ban cas;s&&& Don’t tell anybody,...[MartŒu ban c¿hŒases]

Ga[tniq oun;m% oc oqi cas;s! I’ve a secret, don’t tell anyone.[Gag¿htnikŒ unem, voc¿hŒ vokŒi c¿hŒases]

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Karo#[ ;s ga[tniq paf;l! Can you (informal) keep a secret? [Karog¿h es gak¿htnikŒ pahel?]

Anfog ;[ir% m;r m;= kmna! Don’t worry, it will stay between us. [Anhog yeg¿hir, mer mec¿hŒ k§m§na]

>ostanoum ;m lou® mnal! I promise to keep silent.[K¿hostanum em lu¤ m§nal]

:rdwoum ;m% mard ci imana! I promise (literally: swear), I won’t tell[YertŒ§vum em, martŒ c¿hŒi imana] anybody.

Wstafi*r in]! Trust me![V§stahir ind¿z!]

:rdwoum ;m% or asa‘s stou\g h! I swear that what I’m saying is true.[YertŒ§vum em, vor asat¿s§s stuyg e]

Acqows t;sa! I saw it with my (own) eyes.[Ac¿hŒkŒov§s tesa]

Akan=ows ls;zi! I heard it with my (own) ears.[Akanjov§s l§set¿sŒi]

:s ard;n ls;l hi/git;i! I already knew it. [Yes artŒen l§sel eyi/giteyi]

I@nc law/wat lour h! What good/bad news![Inc¿hŒ lav/vat lur e]

Fianali@/soskali@ lour h! It’s wonderful/terrible news! [Hianali/soskali lur e]

16. Expressing surprise, doubt

Yi#,t (;s asoum)! Is that true?[C¿his¿ht (es asum)?]

Iskap;#s% cgit;i! Really? I didn’t know that.[Iskapes, c¿hŒ§giteyi]

I@nc ;s asoum! :rb;q chi spasoum! Really? I’d never have [Inc¿hŒ es asum? YerpŒekŒ c¿hŒeyi spasum] expected this to happen.

Xarmanoum ;m! Ankar;li h! I’m surprised. It’s impossible.[Zarmanum em. Ankareli e]

O#um mtqow kanzn;r! Who would have thought it! [Um m§tkŒov kant¿sŒner?]

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C;m karo[ asa‘id fawatal! I can’t believe what you’re saying. [C¿hŒem karog¿h asat¿sitŒ havatal]

Anfawatali/anspas;li h! It’s unbelievable/unexpected. [Anhavatali/anspaseli e]

Clswa‘ ban h! That’s unheard of.[C¿hŒ§l§svat¿s ban e]

Q;x o#w asaz! Who told you? [KŒez ov asat¿sŒ?]

Incp;#s imazar! How did you hear about it? [Inc¿hŒpes imat¿sŒar?]

Wsta#f/famoxwa#‘ ;s! Are you sure/convinced? [V§stah/hamozvat¿s es?]

Fasta#t (git;s)! (Do you know) for sure?[Hastat (gites)?]

Stoug;lou ;m (j; yi#,t h)! I’m going to verify it (if it’s true). [Stugelu em (tŒe c¿his¿ht e?)]

17a. Asking for advice

I#nc an;m (Astwa@‘ im)! What should I do (my God)?[Inc¿hŒ anem (Astvat¿s im)]

I#nc .orfourd ktas! What would you (informal) advise me [Inc¿hŒ k¿horhurtŒ k§tas?] (to do)?

Dou i#nc kan;ir/Douq i#nc kan;iq! What would you (informal/formal) do?[Du inc¿hŒ kaneyir/DukŒ inc¿hŒ kaneyikŒ?]

I#nc kan;ir% ;j; im t;[e lin;ir! What would you do, if you were me [Inc¿hŒ kaneyir, yetŒe im teg¿h§ lineyir?] (informal?

Fima i#nc an;m! What am I to do now?[Hima inc¿hŒ anem?]

Gna#m% j;# mnam! Should I leave or should I stay?[X anem, tŒe Y?]

Cgit;m^ inc an;m! I don’t know what to do.[C¿hŒ§gitem, inc¿hŒ anem]

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An;lan;li wiyak h! There is no way out.[Anelaneli vic¿hak e]

Kora‘ ;m% i#nc an;m! I’m lost, what should I do?[Korat¿s em, inc¿hŒ anem?]

17b. Offering advice

:s qo t;[e lin;i% X kan;i! If I were you, I’d do X.[Yes kŒo tek¿h§ lineyi, X kaneyi]

:s km;kn;i% ouri, ;lq cka! I’d leave; there is no other way.[Yes k§mekneyi, uris¿h yelkŒ c¿h§ka]

:j; in] ls;s% km;kn;s! If you listen to me, you will leave.[YetŒe ind¿z l§ses, k§meknes]

:s parxap;s km;kn;i! I’d simply leave.[Yes parzapes k§mekneyi]

Aw;li law ch#r lini% ;j; X an;ir! Wouldn’t it be better if you did X?[Aveli lav c¿hŒer lini, yetŒe X aneyir?]

Lawagou\ne X an;ln h! The best you can do is X.[Lavaguyn§ X aneln e]

Iskap;s cgit;m^ inc as;m! I really don’t know what to say.[Iskapes c¿hŒ§gitem, inc¿hŒ asem]

Cgit;m% dvwar farz h! I don’t know, it is a problem.[C¿hŒ§gitem, d§z¿hvar hart¿sŒ e]

Clini j; X an;s! Don’t ever do X![C¿hŒ§lini tŒe X anes]

Ari ouri, mi ban an;nq! Let’s do something else.[Ari, uris¿h mi ban anenkŒ]

"or];zi#r X an;l! Did you try to do X?[PŒort¿sŒet¿sŒir X anel?]

17c. Taking advice

Law .orfourd h! It is good advice.[Lav k¿horhurtŒ e]

Law mitq/ga[a'ar h! It’s a good thought/idea.[Lav mitkŒ/gag¿hapŒar e]

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A\dp;s hl kan;m! I’ll do just that.[Aytpes el kanem]

F;t…;lou ;m qo/];r .orfrdin! I’ll follow your (informal/formal)[Hetevelu em kŒo/d¿zer k¿horh§rtŒin] advice.

18. Congratulating and expressing wishes (on various occasions)

<norfawo@r (lini)! Congratulations![S¿h§noravor (lini)]

<norfaworoum ;m tar;dar]d! I congratulate you on your anniversary![S¿h§noravorum em taredart¿sŒ§t]

’noundd ,norfawo@r! Happy birthday![T¿s§nund§t s¿h§norhavor]

<norfawo@r Nor tari! Happy New Year! [Sh§noravor Nor tari]

<norfawo@r Sourb ’nound! Merry Christmas*! (Literally: Congratulations[Sh§noravor SurpŒ T¿s§nund] on the holy birth [of Christ])

Qristos far\aw i m;®;loz!* Christ is risen from the dead![Kristos haryav i me¤elot¿sŒ]

Ørfn\al h farouj\oun Qristosi!** Blessed is the resurrection of Christ![Kristos t¿s§nav yev haytnet¿sŒav]

Qristos ‘naw … fa\tn;zaw!*** Christ was born and made manifest.[Kristos t¿s§nav yev haytnet¿sŒav]

Ørfn\al h fa\tnouj\oun Qristosi!**** Blessed is the manifestation of Christ.[Kristos t¿s§nav yev haytnet¿sŒav]

<norfawo@r Amanor … Sourb ’nound! A happy New Year and a Merry Christmas! [Sh§norhavor amanor yev SurpŒ T¿s§nund]

<norfaworoum ;m qo/};r nor pa,tone! I congratulate you on your new position.[S¿h§norhavorum em kŒo/d¿zer nor pashton§]

<norfaworoum ;m qo/];r n,andr;qe! I congratulate you on your engagement. [S¿h§noravorum em kŒo / d¿zer n§s¿handrekŒ§]

* and ** Official exchange of greetings at Easter*** and **** Official exchange of greetings at Christmas

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<norfaworoum ;m qo/];r amousnouj\oune! We congratulate you on your marriage.[S¿h§norhavorum em kŒo/d¿zer amusnutŒyun§]

Zankanoum ;m ;r=anik ton;r! I wish you happy holidays![T¿sŒankanum em yerjanik toner]

Ma[joum ;m qa=a®o[=ouj\oun! I wish you good health.[Mak¿htŒum em kŒaja¤og¿hc¿hŒutŒyun]

Bari galo*ust! Welcome![Bari galust]

Bari yanapa*rf! Have a nice trip![Bari c¿hanapar]

Astwa‘ q;x f;t lini! May God be with you (informal)![Astvat¿s kŒez het lini]

Fa=o[ouj\o@un (;m ma[joum)! (I wish you) good luck![Hajog¿hutŒyun (em mag¿htŒum)]

Astwa‘ q;x/};x f;t lini! May God be with you (informal/formal)! [Astvat¿s kŒez/d¿zez het lini]

Acqd/Acqn;rd lo@u\s! Congratulations! (informal/formal)[Ac¿hŒkŒ§t/Ac¿hŒkŒner§t luys!] (Literally: Light to your eyes! Used on any

happy occasion: engagement, marriage,arrival of loved-ones, etc.)

Mi bar]i ‘;ranaq! I wish you a long life together! [Mi bart¿sŒi t¿seranakŒ!] (Literally.: Grow old on the same pillow!

Used to congratulate a newlywed couple.)

Forow-morow m;‘ana! Literally: May [the child] grow up with his[Horov-morov met¿sana] father and mother! A wish to the family

members of a newborn baby.

Astwa‘ (nran) pafi! May God protect (him/her)![Astvat¿s (n§ran) pahi]

Baro@w fagn;s! Wear it in health![Barov hakŒnes!] (About new clothing)

Baro@w ma,;s% faxa@re ma,;s! Literally: Wear it out in goodness, wear[Barov mas¿hes, hazar§ mas¿hes] out thousands of it!

Bari a.orva*k! Bon appétit![Bari ak¿horz¿hak!]

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Ano@u, (lini)! Enjoy it! (Lit.: May it be sweet! [Anus¿h (lini)!] see Unit 4, p. 81)

Ba[niqd ano*u,! Hope you had a nice bath/shower! (Lit. May[Bag¿hnikŒ§t anus¿h!] your bath be sweet.)

K;na@zd/};r k;naze! To your (informal/formal) health![Kenat¿sŒ§t/Dzer kenat¿sŒ§!] (When drinking to somebody’s health)

Baro@w wa\;l;s/wa\;l;q! Use (informal/formal) it in health! [Barov vayeles/vayelekŒ!] (On seeing anything newly obtained.)

Oura.ouj\a*mb wa\;l;s/wa\;l;q! Enjoy it in happines (informal/formal)! (Used[Urak¿hutŒyunov vayeles/vayelekŒ] for house-warmings, for a new car, furniture,

etc.)

Jo[ an'or]a*nq lini! May it be safeguarded! (Said after the pur-[TŒog¿h anpŒort¿sŒankŒ lini] chase of a new car.)

(<a@t) apr;@s! Good for you/Bravo! (Lit.: May you live[(S¿hat) apres] long! Used in praising any good performance]

K;zz;@s/K;zz;@q! Good for you/Bravo! (Lit.: May you prosper!][Ket¿sŒt¿sŒes/Ket¿sŒt¿sŒekŒ]

};®q;rd dala@r! Well done! (Lit.: May your (informal) hands [D¿zerkŒer§t dalar] thrive! Used in praising someone’s manual

skills, particularly cooking, baking, etc.)

War]qd katar! Well done! (Mostly said to a Godfather after a[Vart¿sŒkŒ§t katar) baptism ceremony, but also to praise anybody

for a good performance.)

Zawakzouj\ounn;@rs! My condolences![T¿sŒavakt¿sŒutŒyunner§s]

Zawakzoum ;m! My sympathy.[T¿sŒavakt¿sŒum em]

Astwa‘ fogin lousawori! May God bless his/her soul![Astvat¿s hokŒin lusavori]

Astwa‘ o[ormi fogoun! May God have merci with his/her soul![Astvat¿s vog¿hormi hokŒun]

Jo[ fo[e j;j… lini nra wra! May the earth be light on him/her![TŒog¿h hog¿h§ tŒetŒev lini n§ra v§ra] (Said to surviving family members follow-

ing a funeral)

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19. Speaking on the phone

N;r;z;*q% Anna\in kar;li# h! Excuse me, may I speak to Anna?[Neret¿sŒekŒ, Annayin kareli e?]

Lsoum ;m! I’m listening.[L§sum em]

Annan h lsoum! Anna is is listening.[Annan e l§sum]

A\o*% fima kkanc;m! Yes, let me call her.[Ayo, hima k§kanc¿hŒem]

(Zawoum ;m% ba\z) X-e tane ch! (I’m sorry, but) X is not at home.[(T¿sŒavum em, bayt¿sŒ) X-§ tan§ c¿hŒe]

(Zawoq) X-e dours h ;k;l! I’m sorry, X has left.[(T¿sŒavokŒ) X-§ durs e yekel]

X-e qa[aqiz bazaka\oum h! X is out of town.[X-§ kŒag¿hakŒit¿sŒ bat¿sŒakayum e]

N;r;z;*q% o#w h farznoum! Who is asking, please?[Neret¿sŒek, ov e hart¿sŒ§num?]

Mi vamiz a\st;[ klini! He/she will be back in an hour. [Mi z¿hamit¿sŒ aysteg¿h k§lini]

Karo#[ ;q nran mi ban fa[ord;l! May I leave him/her a message?[Karog¿h ekŒ n§ran mi ban hag¿hortŒel?]

Sirow% ];r ano#une! Sure. Your name?[Sirov, d¿zer anun§?]

X-e a\l…s a\st;[ ci bnakwoum! X does not live here anymore.[X-§ aylyev§s aysteg¿h c¿hŒi b§nakvum]

Fasz;n/f;®a.osi famare oun;#q! Do you have his/her telephone number?[Hast¿sŒen/he¤ak¿hosi hamar§ unekŒ?]

Zawoum ;m% ba\z famare coun;m! I’m sorry, I don’t have the number.[T¿sŒavum em, bayt¿sŒ hamar§ c¿hŒunem]

S.al famar ;q fawaq;l! You’ve got the wrong number.[S§k¿hal hamar ekŒ havakŒel]

N;r;z;*q! Pardon me![Neret¿sŒekŒ]

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20. Expressing regret, asking for forgiveness, and pardoning

Zawoum ;m! I’m sorry.[T¿sŒavum em]

N;ro[ouj\oun ;m .ndroum! I ask for forgiveness.[Nerog¿hutŒyun em k¿h§ntŒrum]

N;ro[ami*t ;[;q! Please forgive me.[Nerog¿hamit yeg¿hekŒ]

N;rwa‘ ;s/;q! It’s O.K.[Nervat¿s es/ekŒ] (Lit.: You (informal/formal) are forgiven.)

(I@nc) a'so@s! What a pity![(Inc¿hŒ) apŒsos]

Zawoum ;m! It is regrettable.[T¿sŒavum em]

>ndr;m!/>ndir ch! I beg you./It’s not a problem.[K¿h§ntŒrem./K¿h§ntŒir c¿hŒe]

21. Expressing gratitude and responses to expressions of gratitude

<norfakalouj\o@un! Thanks![S¿h§norhakalutŒyun]

Xgazwa@‘ ;m! I appreciate it![Zgat¿sŒvat¿s em]

Carv;! You are welcome![C¿hŒarz¿he]

(Srtanz) ,norfakal ;m! I thank you (wholeheartedly).[(S§rtant¿sŒ) s¿h§norhakal em]

:ra.tapart ;m (q;x/];x)! I’m indebted (to you) [Yerak¿htapart em (kŒez/d¿zez)] (informal/formal).

C;m mo®ana qo/];r lawouj\oune! I won’t forget your (informal/formal)[C¿hŒem mo¤ana kŒo/d¿zer lavutŒyun§] kindness.

<at oura. ;m% or karo[aza øgn;l! I’m very happy that I could be of help.[S¿hat urak¿h em vor karog¿hat¿sŒa okŒnel]

Cncin ban h(r)! Don’t mention it![C¿hŒ§nc¿hŒin ban e(r)]

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22. Inquiring about prices and assessing goods

I#nc arv; sa/a\s X-e! How much does this/this X cost?[Inc¿hŒ arz¿he sa/ ays X-§?]

I#nc h a\s X-i gine! What is the price of this X?[Inc¿hŒ e ays X-i gin§?]

Farmar gin h! It is a reasonable price.[Harmar gin e]

<at jank h! It is very expensive.[S¿hat tŒang e]

Aw;li hvane oun;#q! Do you have a cheaper one?[Aveli ez¿han§ unekŒ?]

Aw;li m;‘e/'oqre coun;#q! Don’t you have a bigger/smaller size?[Aveli met¿s§/pŒokŒr§ c¿hŒunekŒ?]

Ouri, gou\ni coun;#q! Don’t you have it in another color?[Uris¿h guyni c¿hŒunekŒ?]

Aw;li jarmn ;m ouxoum! I’m looking for something fresher.[Aveli tŒarmn em uzum]

T;[aka#n/artasafman\a#n apranq h! Is it a local/imported merchandise?[Teg¿hakan/artasahmanyan aprankŒ e?]

Karo#[ ;m sa 'or];l! May I try this (on)?[Karog¿h em sa pŒort¿sŒel?]

Fawanoum ;m% gn;lou ;m! I like it, I’ll buy it.[Havanum em, g§nelu em]

Orqa#n ;m wyar;lou! How much should I pay?[VorkŒan em v§c¿harelu?]

I#nc arv; ambo[=e! What’s the total cost?[Inc¿hŒ arz¿hi amboc¿hŒ§?]

Baro@w fagn;q! Wear it in health! [Barov hakŒnekŒ]

<norfakalouj\o@un! Thanks![S¿h§norhakalutŒyun]

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GRAMMAR TABLES

325

(;s) wax;l ;m .a[az;l ;m k;r;l ;m(dou) wax;l ;s .a[az;l ;s k;r;l ;s(na) wax;l h .a[az;l h k;r;l h(m;nq) wax;l ;nq .a[az;l ;nq k;r;l ;nq(douq) wax;l ;q .a[az;l ;q k;r;l ;q(nranq) wax;l ;n .a[az;l ;n k;r;l ;n

First Conjugation Second Conjugation Irregular verbwax;l to run .a[al to play out;l to eat

(;s) waxoum ;m .a[oum ;m outoum ;m(dou) waxoum ;s .a[oum ;s outoum ;s(na) waxoum h .a[oum h outoum h(m;nq) waxoum ;nq .a[oum ;nq outoum ;nq(douq) waxoum ;q .a[oum ;q outoum ;q(nranq) waxoum ;n .a[oum ;n outoum ;n

(;s) waxoum hi .a[oum hi outoum hi(dou) waxoum hir .a[oum hir outoum hir(na) waxoum hr .a[oum hr outoum hr(m;nq) waxoum hinq .a[oum hinq outoum hinq(douq) waxoum hiq .a[oum hiq outoum hiq(nranq) waxoum hin .a[oum hin outoum hin

CONJUGATION OF VERBSINDICATIVE MOOD (Affirmative)

(;s) wax;zi .a[azi k;ra(dou) wax;zir .a[azir k;rar(na) wax;z .a[az k;raw(m;nq) wax;zinq .a[azinq k;ranq(douq) wax;ziq .a[aziq k;raq(nranq) wax;zin .a[azin k;ran

(;s) wax;l hi .a[az;l hi k;r;l hi(dou) wax;l hir .a[az;l hir k;r;l hir(na) wax;l hr .a[az;l hr k;r;l hr(m;nq) wax;l hinq .a[az;l hinq k;r;l hinq(douq) wax;l hiq .a[az;l hiq k;r;l hiq(nranq) wax;l hin .a[az;l hin k;r;l hin

Present

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Pluperfect

(;s) wax;lou ;m .a[alou ;m out;lou ;m

(dou) wax;lou ;s .a[alou ;s out;lou ;s

(na) wax;lou h .a[alou h out;lou h

(m;nq) wax;lou ;nq .a[alou ;nq out;lou ;nq

(douq) wax;lou ;q .a[alou ;q out;lou ;q

(nranq) wax;lou ;n .a[alou ;n out;lou ;n

Assertive 2nd pers. sing.: waxi*r .a[a* k;*r

Assertive 2nd pers. plur.: wax(;z);*q .a[az;*q k;r;*q

Inclusive plural: wax;*nq .a[a*nq out;*nq

GRAMMAR TABLES

326

(;s) wax;lou hi .a[alou hi out;lou hi

(dou) wax;lou hir .a[alou hir out;lou hir

(na) wax;lou hr .a[alou hr out;lou hr

(m;nq) wax;lou hinq .a[alou hinq out;lou hinq

(douq) wax;lou hiq .a[alou hiq out;lou hiq

(nranq) wax;lou hin .a[alou hin out;lou hin

(;s) piti wax;m piti .a[am piti out;m

(dou) piti wax;s piti .a[as piti out;s

(na) piti waxi piti .a[a piti outi

(m;nq) piti wax;nq piti .a[anq piti out;nq

(douq) piti wax;q piti .a[aq piti out;q

(nranq) piti wax;n piti .a[an piti out;n

(;s) piti wax;i piti .a[a\i piti out;i

(dou) piti wax;ir piti .a[a\ir piti out;ir

(na) piti wax;r piti .a[ar piti out;r

(m;nq) piti wax;inq piti .a[a\inq piti out;inq

(douq) piti wax;iq piti .a[a\iq piti out;iq

(nranq) piti wax;in piti .a[a\in piti out;in

Future

Future Imperfect

Mandative Future

Mandative Past

IMPERATIVE MOOD

(;s) wax;i .a[a\i out;i

(dou) wax;ir .a[a\ir out;ir

(na) wax;r .a[ar out;r

(m;nq) wax;inq .a[a\inq out;inq

(douq) wax;iq .a[a\iq out;iq

(nranq) wax;in .a[a\in out;in

(;s) wax;m .a[am out;m

(dou) wax;s .a[as out;s

(na) waxi .a[a outi

(m;nq) wax;nq .a[anq out;nq

(douq) wax;q .a[aq out;q

(nranq) wax;n .a[an out;n

(;s) kwax;i k.a[a\i kout;i

(dou) kwax;ir k.a[a\ir kout;ir

(na)k wax;r k.a[ar kout;r

(m;nq) kwax;inq k.a[a\inq kout;inq

(douq) kwax;iq k.a[a\iq kout;iq

(nranq) kwax;in k.a[a\in kout;in

GRAMMAR TABLES

327

Present participle waxo[ .a[azo[ outo[

Past participle waxa‘ .a[aza‘ k;ra‘

Future participle (1) wax;liq .a[aliq out;liq

Future participle (2) wax;lou .a[alou out;lou

Synchronic participle wax;lis .a[alis out;lis

(;s) kwax;m k.a[am kout;m

(dou) kwax;s k.a[as kout;s

(na) kwaxi k.a[a kouti

(m;nq) kwax;nq k.a[anq kout;nq

(douq) kwax;q k.a[aq kout;q

(nranq) kwax;n k.a[an kout;n

HYPOTHETICAL FUTURE

HYPOTHETICAL PAST

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Subjunctive future

Subjunctive Past

Participles

(;s) cwax;zi c.a[azi ck;ra(dou) cwax;zir c.a[azir ck;rar(na) cwax;z c.a[az ck;raw(m;nq) cwax;zinq c.a[azinq ck;ranq(douq) cwax;ziq c.a[aziq ck;raq(nranq) cwax;zin c.a[azin ck;ran

First Conjugation Second Conjugation Irregular Verbwax;l to run .a[al to play out;l to eat

GRAMMAR TABLES

328

(;s) c;m wax;l c;m .a[az;l c;m k;r;l (dou) c;s wax;l c;s .a[az;l c;s k;r;l (na) ci wax;l ci .a[az;l ci k;r;l (m;nq) c;nq wax;l c;nq .a[az;l c;nq k;r;l (douq) c;q wax;l c;q .a[az;l c;q k;r;l (nranq) c;n wax;l c;n .a[az;l c;n k;r;l

(;s) chi wax;l chi .a[az;l chi k;r;l(dou) chir wax;l chir .a[az;l chir k;r;l(na) chr wax;l chr .a[az;l chr k;r;l(m;nq) chinq wax;l chinq .a[az;l chinq k;r;l(douq) chiq wax;l chiq .a[az;l chiq k;r;l(nranq) chin wax;l chin .a[az;l chin k;r;l

(;s) chi waxoum chi .a[oum chi outoum(dou) chir waxoum chir .a[oum chir outoum(na) chr waxoum chr .a[oum chr outoum(m;nq) chinq waxoum chinq .a[oum chinq outoum(douq) chiq waxoum chiq .a[oum chiq outoum(nranq) chin waxoum chin .a[oum chin outoum

(;s) c;m waxoum c;m .a[oum c;m outoum(dou) c;s waxoum c;s .a[oum c;s outoum(na) ci waxoum ci .a[oum ci outoum(m;nq) c;nq waxoum c;nq .a[oum c;nq outoum(douq) c;q waxoum c;q .a[oum c;q outoum(nranq) c;n waxoum c;n .a[oum c;n outoum

Pluperfect

Perfect

Imperfect

Aorist

CONJUGATION OF VERBSINDICATIVE MOOD (Negative)

Present

GRAMMAR TABLES

329

(;s) c;m wax;lou c;m .a[alou c;m out;lou

(dou) c;s wax;lou c;s .a[alou c;s out;lou

(na) ci wax;lou ci .a[alou ci out;lou

(m;nq) c;nq wax;lou c;nq .a[alou c;nq out;lou

(douq) c;q wax;lou c;q .a[alou c;q out;lou

(nranq) c;n wax;lou c;n .a[alou c;n out;lou

(;s) chi wax;lou chi .a[alou chi out;lou

(dou) chir wax;lou chir .a[alou chir out;lou

(na) chr wax;lou chr .a[alou chr out;lou

(m;nq) chinqwax;lou chinq .a[alou chinq out;lou

(douq) chiq wax;lou chiq .a[alou chiq out;lou

(nranq) chin wax;lou chin .a[alou chin out;lou

(;s) cpiti wax;m cpiti .a[am cpiti out;m

(dou) cpiti wax;s cpiti .a[as cpiti out;s

(na) cpiti waxi cpiti .a[a cpiti outi

(m;nq) cpiti wax;nq cpiti .a[anq cpiti out;nq

(douq) cpiti wax;q cpiti .a[aq cpiti out;q

(nranq) cpiti wax;n cpiti .a[an cpiti out;n

(;s) cpiti wax;i cpiti .a[a\i cpiti out;i

(dou) cpiti wax;ir cpiti .a[a\ir cpiti out;ir

(na) cpiti wax;r cpiti .a[ar cpiti out;r

(m;nq) cpiti wax;inq cpiti .a[a\inq cpiti out;inq

(douq) cpiti wax;iq cpiti .a[a\iq cpiti out;iq

(nranq) cpiti wax;in cpiti .a[a\in cpiti out;in

Prohibitive 2nd pers. sing.: mi* waxir mi* .a[a mi* k;r

Prohibitive 2nd pers. plur.: mi* wax;q mi* .a[az;q mi* k;r;q

Inclusive plural: cwax;*nq c.a[a*nq cout;*nq

Future Imperfect

Mandative Future

IMPERATIVE MOOD (Prohibitive)

Mandative Past

Future

GRAMMAR TABLES

330

(;s) chi waxi chi .a[a chi outi

(dou) chir waxi chir .a[a chir outi

(na) chr waxi chr .a[a chr outi

(m;nq) chinq waxi chinq .a[a chinq outi

(douq) chiq waxi chiq .a[a chiq outi

(nranq) chin waxi chin .a[a chin outi

(;s) cwax;i c.a[a\i cout;i

(dou) cwax;ir c.a[a\ir cout;ir

(na) cwax;r c.a[ar cout;r

(m;nq) cwax;inq c.a[a\inq cout;inq

(douq) cwax;iq c.a[a\iq cout;iq

(nranq) cwax;in c.a[a\in cout;in

Infinitive: cwax;l c.a[al cout;l

Present participle: cwaxo[ c.a[azo[ couto[

Past participle: cwaxa‘ c.a[aza‘ ck;ra‘

Future participle: cwax;lou c.a[alou cout;lou

(;s) cwax;m c.a[am cout;m

(dou) cwax;s c.a[as cout;s

(na) cwaxi c.a[a couti

(m;nq) cwax;nq c.a[anq cout;nq

(douq) cwax;q c.a[aq cout;q

(nranq) cwax;n c.a[an cout;n

(;s) c;m waxi c;m .a[a c;m outi

(dou) c;s waxi c;s .a[a c;s outi

(na) ci waxi ci .a[a ci outi

(m;nq) c;nq waxi c;nq .a[a c;nq outi

(douq) c;q waxi c;q .a[a c;q outi

(nranq) c;n waxi c;n .a[a c;n outi

Subjunctive Past

Infinite Forms

Hypothetical Past

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Negative)

Subjunctive Future

Hypothetical Future

Infinitive lin;l Assertive 2nd person singular: ;[i*r

Present participle ;[o[ Assertive 2nd person plural: ;[;*q

Past participle ;[a‘ Assertive 3nd person singular: jo[ lini

Future participle lin;liq Assertive 3nd person plural: jo[ lin;n

Synchronic participle lin;lis Inclusive plural: lin;*nq

(;s) piti lin;m piti lin;i

(dou) piti lin;s piti lin;ir

(na) piti lini piti lin;r

(m;nq) piti lin;nq piti lin;inq

(douq) piti lin;q piti lin;iq

(nranq) piti lin;n piti lin;in

(;s) lin;lou ;m lin;lou hi

(dou) lin;lou ;s lin;lou hir

(na) lin;lou h lin;lou hr

(m;nq) lin;lou ;nq lin;lou hinq

(douq) lin;lou ;q lin;lou hiq

(nranq) lin;lou ;n lin;lou hin

GRAMMAR TABLES

331

(;s) ;m linoum ;m hi linoum hi

(dou) ;s linoum ;s hir linoum hir

(na) h linoum h hr linoum hr

(m;nq) ;nq linoum ;nq hinq linoum hinq

(douq) ;q linoum ;q hiq linoum hiq

(nranq) ;n linoum ;n hin linoum hin

(;s) ;[a ;[;l ;m ;[;l hi

(dou) ;[ar ;[;l ;s ;[;l hir

(na) ;[aw ;[;l h ;[;l hr

(m;nq) ;[anq ;[;l ;nq ;[;l hinq

(douq) ;[aq ;[;l ;q ;[;l hiq

(nranq) ;[an ;[;l ;n ;[;l hin

CONJUGATION OF THE IRREGULAR VERB:M and LIN:L

INDICATIVE MOOD (Affirmative)

Present Imperfect

Aorist Perfect Pluperfect

Mandative future Mandative Past

Infinite Forms IMPERATIVE MOOD

Future Future Imperfect

(;s) klin;m klin;i

(dou) klin;s klin;ir

(na) klini klin;r

(m;nq) klin;nq klin;inq

(douq) klin;q klin;iq

(nranq) klin;n klin;in

(;s) lin;m lin;i(dou) lin;s lin;ir(na) lini lin;r(m;nq) lin;nq lin;inq(douq) lin;q lin;iq(nranq) lin;n lin;in

(;s) c;m c;m lini chi chi lini(dou) c;s c;s lini chir chir lini(na) ch/ci ci lini chr chr lini(m;nq) c;nq c;nq lini chinq chinq lini(douq) c;q c;q lini chiq chiq lini(nranq) c;n c;n lini chin chin lini

(;s) c;[a c;m ;[;l chi ;[;l(dou) c;[ar c;s ;[;l chir ;[;l(na) c;[aw ci ;[;l chr ;[;l(m;nq) c;[anq c;nq ;[;l chinq ;[;l(douq) c;[aq c;q ;[;l chiq ;[;l(nranq) c;[an c;n ;[;l chin ;[;l

(;s) c;m lin;lou chi lin;lou (dou) c;s lin;lou chir lin;lou (na) ci lin;lou chr lin;lou(m;nq) c;nq lin;lou chinq lin;lou(douq) c;q lin;lou chiq lin;lou(nranq) c;n lin;lou chin lin;lou

GRAMMAR TABLES

332

Subjunctive Future Subjunctive Past

Hypothetical Future Hypothetical Past

Aorist Perfect Pluperfect

Future Future Imperfect

INDICATIVE MOOD (Negative):M and LIN:L

Present Imperfect

(;s) clin;m clin;i

(dou) clin;s clin;ir

(na) clini clin;r

(m;nq) clin;nq clin;inq

(douq) clin;q clin;iq

(nranq) clin;n clin;in

(;s) c;m lini chi lini(dou) c;m lini chir lini(na) c;m lini chr lini(m;nq) c;m lini chinq lini(douq) c;m lini chiq lini(nranq) c;m lini chin lini

(;s) cpiti lin;m cpiti lin;i

(dou) cpiti lin;s cpiti lin;ir

(na) cpiti lini cpiti lin;r

(m;nq) cpiti lin;nq cpiti lin;inq

(douq) cpiti lin;q cpiti lin;iq

(nranq) cpiti lin;n cpiti lin;in

GRAMMAR TABLES

333

Infinitive clin;l Prohibitive 2nd pers.sing. mi* linir/;[ir

Present participle clino[/c;[o[ Prohibitive 2nd pers. plur.: mi* lin;q/;[;q

Past participle c;[a‘ Inclusive plural: clin;*nq

Future participle clin;liq

Subjunctive Present Subjunctive Past

Mandative Future Mandative Past

Hypothetical Future Hypothetical Past

Infinite Forms IMPERATIVE MOOD (Prohibitive)

aann;;ll anoum ;m anoum hi ar;zi/ari an;m ara*/ar;*q

aa®®nn;;ll a®noum ;m a®noum hi a®a a®n;m a*®/a®;*q

aass;;ll asoum ;m asoum hi asazi as;m asa*/as;*q

bbaannaall bazoum ;m bazoum hi baz;zi/bazi banam/baz;m ba*z/baz;*q

bb;;rr;;ll b;roum ;m b;roum hi b;r;zi/b;ri b;r;m b;*r/b;r;*q

ggaall galis ;m galis hi ;ka gam ;*k (ari*)/;k;*q

ddaa®®nnaall da®noum ;m da®noum hi dar]a da®nam dar]i*r/dar];*q

ddnn;;ll dnoum ;m dnoum hi dr(;z)i dn;m di*r/dr;*q

;;llnn;;ll ;lnoum ;m ;lnoum hi ;la ;ln;m ;li*r/;l;*q

xxaarrkk;;ll xarkoum ;m xarkoum hi xark;zi xark;m xarki*r/xark;z;*q

eennkknn;;ll enknoum ;m enknoum hi enka enkn;m enki*r/enk;*q

jjoo[[nn;;ll jo[noum ;m jo[noum hi jo[;zi/jo[i jo[n;m jo*[/jo[;*q

llaall lalis ;m lalis hi laz;zi/lazi lam la*z/laz;*q

lliinn;;ll linoum ;m linoum hi ;[a lin;m ;[i*r/;[;*q

llwwaannaall lwanoum ;m lwanoum hi lwazi lwam lwa*/lwaz;*q

ttaall talis ;m talis hi tw;zi tam tou*r/tw;*q

ttaann;;ll tanoum ;m tanoum hi tara tan;m ta*r/tar;*q

tt;;ssnn;;ll t;snoum ;m t;snoum hi t;sa t;sn;m t;*s/t;s;*q

oouutt;;ll outoum ;m outoum hi k;ra out;m k;*r/k;r;*q

GRAMMAR TABLES

334

TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Present Imperfect Aorist Future AssertiveIndicative Indicative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

GRAMMAR TABLES

335

c;m/chi ani ano[ ar;l/ara‘ an;lou/an;liq mi* ara/ar;q

c;m/chi a®ni a®no[ a®;l/a®a‘ a®n;lou/a®n;liq mi* a®/a®;q

c;m/chi asi aso[ as;l/asa‘ as;lou/as;liq mi* asa/as;q

c;m/chi bana bazo[ baz;l/baza‘ banalou/banaliq mi* baz/baz;q

c;m/chi b;ri b;ro[ b;r;l/b;ra‘ b;r;lou/b;r;liq mi* b;r/b;r;q

c;m/chi ga ;ko[ ;k;l/;ka‘ galou/galiq mi* gar/;k;q*

c;m/chi da®na dar]o[ dar];l/dar]a‘ da®nalou/da®naliq mi* dar]ir/dar];q

c;m/chi dni dno[ dr;l/dra‘ dn;lou/dn;liq mi* dir/dr;q

c;m/chi ;lni ;lno[ ;l;l/;la‘ ;ln;lou/;ln;liq mi* ;lnir/;ln;q

c;m/chi xarki xarko[ xark;l/xarka‘ xarn;lou/xarn;liq mi* xarkir/xark;q

c;m/chi enkni enkno[ enk;l/enka‘ enkn;lou/enkn;liq mi* enkni/enk;q

c;m/chi jo[ni jo[no[ jo[;l/jo[a‘ jo[n;lou/jo[n;liq mi* jo[/jo[;q

c;m/chi lazi lazo[ laz;l/laza‘ lalou/laliq mi* la/laz;q

c;m/chi lini ;[o[ ;[;l/;[a‘ lin;lou/lin;liq mi* ;[ir/;[;q

c;m/chi lwana lwazo[ lwaz;l/lwaza‘ lwalou/lwaliq mi* lwana/lwaz;q

c;m/chi ta two[ tw;l/twa‘ talou/taliq mi* tour/tw;q

c;m/chi tani tano[ tar;l/tara‘ tan;lou/tan;liq mi* tar/tar;q

c;m/chi t;sni t;sno[ t;s;l/t;sa‘ t;sn;lou/t;sn;liq mi* t;s/t;s;q

c;m/chi outi outo[ k;r;l/k;ra‘ out;lou/out;liq mi* k;r/k;r;q

TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS (cont-ed from p. 334)

Negative Present Past Future Prohibitiveparticiple participle participles participle Imperative

GRAMMAR TABLES

336

Infinitive Present Imperfect

--- ;m hi (The rest of the paradigm is filled with

forms of the verb lin;l)

--- kam ka\i (The rest of the paradigm is filled with

forms of the verb lin;l)

--- git;m git;i (The rest of the paradigm is filled with

forms of the verb git;nal% as well as

imanal)

--- oun;m oun;i (The rest of the paradigm is filled with

forms of the verb oun;nal)

--- arv;m arv;i (The rest of the paradigm is filled with

forms of the verb arv;nal)

--- fousam fousa\i Imperative: fousa*/fousaz;*q

(The rest of the paradigm is filled with

forms of the phrasal verb fou\s oun;nal)

--- zankam zanka\i (The rest of the paradigm is filled with the

verb zankanal)

w;r k;nal*% w;r ;m k;noum% w;r hi k;noum% w;r kaza% w;r k;nam% w;*r kaz/w;*r

kaz;q% c;m/chi w;r k;na% w;r kazo[% w;r kaz;l% w;r kaza‘% w;r k;nalou% w;r

k;naliq% mi* w;r kaz/kaz;q

* The verb k;nal is never used alone. It is a phrasal verb, appearing always as w;r k;nal to get up.

TABLE OF DEFECTIVE VERBS

GRAMMAR TABLES

337

DERIVATIVE VERBS

Regular-Derivative

m;‘analmot;nal

-an-% -;n-

Causative

m;‘azn;lmot;zn;lfagzn;l

-azn-% -;zn-% -zn-

Reduplicative

ktrat;l'o,ot;lj®ckot;l

-at-% -ot-% -kot-

Passive

k;rtw;lkarw;lfargw;lkardazw;l

-w-

VERBS

Simple Verbs

.os;l% go®al;rg;l% .a[algr;l% kardal

Derivative Verbs

.os;zn;l% go®azn;l;rgw;l% .a[azw;lgrot;l% kardazw;l

GRAMMAR TABLES

338

TRANSITIVE, INTRANSITIVE, PASSIVE VVEERRBBSS

Transitive

f;®azr;zka®ouz;zbouv;zfrawir;z

The transitive verb is anaction verb that requires adirect object to complete itsmeaning.

Passive

f;®azw;zaw;rw;zgnw;z

graww;z

In the active voice, the subjectperforms the action of theverb, while in passive voice,the subject receives the action.

Intransitive

f;®azawgnazwax;zqn;z

The intransitive verb is acomplete action by itselfand does not require a directobject to receive the action.

GRAMMAR TABLES

339

TH

E I

NF

INIT

IVE

AN

D T

HE

PA

RT

ICIP

LE

S

I In nf fi i

n ni it t

i iv ve e

( (f fr re e

e e) )* *

sowor

;l

gr;l

kardal

.a[al

-;l% -

al

P Pr re e

s se en n

t t( (f f

r re ee e) )

sowor

o[

gro[

kardazo[

.a[azo[

-o[% -a

zo[

P Pa as s

t t( (f f

r re ee e) )

sowor

a‘

gra‘

kardaza‘

.a[aza‘

-a‘% -a

za‘

S Sy yn n

c ch hr ro o

n ni ic c

( (f fr re e

e e+ +b bo o

u ud d

) )

sowor

;lis

gr;lis

kardali

s

.a[ali

s

-;li

s%-a

lis

P Pr re e

s se en n

t t( (b b

o ou u

n nd d

) )* ** *

sowor

oum

grou

m

kardou

m

.a[ou

m

-oum

P Pa as s

t t( (b b

o ou u

n nd d

) )

sowor

;l

gr;l

kardaz;l

.a[az;l

-;l% -

az;l

F Fu u

t tu ur re e

( (f fr re e

e e+ +b bo o

u un nd d) )

sowor

;lou

gr;lou

kardalo

u

.a[alo

u

-;lo

u% -

alo

u

N Ne eg g

a at ti iv v

e e( (b b

o ou u

n nd d

) )

sowor

i

gri

karda

.a[a

-i% -a

* F

ree

are

the

infin

ite fo

rms t

hat h

ave

inde

pend

ent u

se o

utsid

e th

e co

njug

atio

n pa

radi

gms.

** B

ound

are

the

infin

ite fo

rms t

hat h

ave

no in

depe

nden

t use

out

side

the

conj

ugat

ion

para

digm

s.

b) Nominative sir;l(e)Accusative

Genitive sir;lou(n) NO PLURALDative Ablative sir;louzInstrumental sir;lowLocative -

a) Nominative a\gi a\gin;r Accusative

Genitive a\gou a\gin;riDative

Ablative a\gouz a\gin;riz Instrumental a\gow a\gin;rowLocative a\goum a\gin;roum

The majority of nouns ending in -i, some nouns as mard% Astwa‘% amousin% etc.and infini- tives follow this paradigm.

GRAMMAR TABLES

340

Nominative qa[aq qa[aqn;r Accusative

Genitive qa[aqi qa[aqn;riDative

Ablative qa[aqiz qa[aqn;rizInstrumental qa[aqow qa[aqn;rowLocative qa[aqoum qa[aqn;roum

The majority of nouns, as well as nominalized adjectives, participles, numerals, prop-er names, adverbs, and postpositions follow this paradigm. Many nouns belonging toother declension paradigms tend to create parallel formations belonging to the -ideclension (see p. 301)

DECLENSION OF NOUNS

}}

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--ii DDeecclleennssiioonn

--oouu DDeecclleennssiioonn

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nominative garoun AccusativeGenitive garnan NO PLURALDativeAblative garnanizInstrumental garnanowLocative --

b) the words: garoun (garnan)% ama® (am®an)% a,oun (a,nan)% ]m;® (]m®an)% etc.

GRAMMAR TABLES

341

Nominative mouk mkn;rAccusativeGenitive mkan mkn;riDativeAblative mkniz mkn;riz

Instrumental mknow mkn;rowLocative -- --

c) monosyllabic words: dou® (d®an)% mouk (mkan)% ga® (ga®an)% jo® (jo®an)% etc.

Nominative manouk* manoukn;rAccusativeGenitive

mankan manoukn;riDativeAblative mankaniz manoukn;riz

Instrumental mankanow manoukn;rowLocative -- --

* Ther proper noun Manouk follows the regular pattern: Manouki(n)% Manoukiz% etc.

Nominative oro,oum oro,oumn;rAccusativeGenitive oro,man (or oro,oumi) oro,oumn;riDativeAblative oro,oumiz oro,oumn;rizInstrumental oro,oumow oro,oumn;rowLocative -- oro,oumn;roum

a) all nouns in -oum: ‘agoum (‘agman)% xgazoum (xgazman)% ,arvoum (,arvman)% etc.

SINGULAR PLURAL

--aann DDeecclleennssiioonn

}}

}}

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}}

GRAMMAR TABLES

342

Nominative ank\oun ank\ounn;rAccusativeGenitive ank\an or ank\ouni ank\ounn;ri(n)DativeAblative ank\ouniz ank\ounn;rizInstrumental ank\ounow ank\ounn;rowLocative ank\ounoum ank\ounn;roum

Nouns ending in -oun: ,oun (,an)% ar\oun (ar\an)% ank\oun (ank\an)% toun (tan)%etc.

Nominative vam vam;rAccusativeGenitive vamwa or vami vam;ri(n)Dative Ablative vamwaniz or vamiz vam;rizInstrumental vamow vam;rowLocative vamoum vam;roum

Also: ør (ørwa)% z;r;k (z;r;kwa)% ,abaj (,abajwa)% tari (tarwa)% vamanak(vamanakwa)% gi,;r (gi,;rwa)% ;r;k (;r;kwa)% ]m;® (]m;®wa, also: ]m®an)% etc.

Nominative fa\r fa\r;rAccusative for fa\r;ri(n)Genitive for fa\r;riDative for fa\r;ri(n)Ablative foriz fa\r;rizInstrumental forow fa\r;rowLocative -- --

Also: ma\r (mor)% ;[ba\r (;[bor)% knqama\r (knqamor)% knqafa\r (knqafor)% etc.

Nominative barouj\ounAccusativeGenitive barouj\an Dative NO PLURALAblative barouj\ounizInstrumental barouj\amb or barouj\ounow Locative --

All abstract nouns ending in -ouj\oun: oura.ouj\oun (oura.ouj\an)% taqouj\oun(taqouj\an)% m;‘ouj\oun (m;‘ouj\an)% etc.

--oorr DDeecclleennssiioonn

SINGULAR PLURAL

}}

}}

}}

oouu//aa DDeecclleennssiioonn

--wwaa DDeecclleennssiioonn

GRAMMAR TABLES

343

Nominative tikna\q (or tikinn;r) mardik Grigor;nqAccusative tiknanz (or tikinn;ri(n)) mardkanz Grigor;nzGenitive tiknanz (or tikinn;ri) mardkanz Grigor;nzDative tiknanz (or tikinn;ri(n)) mardkanz Grigor;nzAblative tikinn;riz mardkanziz Grigor;nzizInstrumental tikinn;row mardkanzow Grigor;nz f;tLocative -- -- -- Also: kin-kana\q% paron-parona\q (or paronn;r)

Nominative ‘no[q (or ‘no[n;r) an]inq ordiq (or ordin;r)Accusative ‘no[n;ri(n) an]anz ordin;ri(n)Genitive ‘no[az (or ‘no[n;ri) an]anz ordoz (or ordin;ri)Dative ‘no[n;ri(n) an]anz ordin;ri(n)Ablative ‘no[n;riz an];riz ordin;rizInstrumental ‘no[n;row an];row ordin;rowLocative -- -- --

Nominative qou\r qou\r;rAccusative qro= qou\r;ri(n)Genitive qro= qou\r;riDative qro= qou\r;ri(n)Ablative qro=iz qou\r;rizInstrumental qro=ow qou\r;row

Locative -- --

Also: kin (kno=)% enk;r (enk;ro=)% tikin (tikno=)% tal (talo=)% an;r (an;ro=)%sk;sour (sk;sro=)% tantikin (tantikno=)% dasenk;r (dasenk;ro=)% t;r(tiro=)% etc.

Nominative sougAccusativeGenitive sgo or sougi NO PLURALDativeAblative sgiz

Instrumental sgow

Locative --

Also: lou\s (louso or lou\si)% patiw (patwo or patwi)% four (fro or fri)% etc.

--oo== DDeecclleennssiioonn

--oo DDeecclleennssiioonn

DDeecclleennssiioonn ooff ssoommee iirrrreegguullaarr pplluurraall ffoorrmmss

}}

GRAMMAR TABLES

344

Nominative Genitive

amis month amswa (also: amsi)

a\ri widow a\rou (also: a\rii)

anko[in bed anko[nou (also: anko[ni)

ank\oun corner ank\an (also: ank\ouni)

anoun noun anwan (also: anouni)

ar\oun blood ar\an (also: ar\ouni)

b;® load, burden b;®an (also: b;®i)

galoust arrival galst\an (also: galousti)

ga® lamb ga®an (also: ga®i)

gi,;r night gi,;rwa (also: gi,;ri)

dar century darou (also: dari)

doustr daughter dst;r (also: dstri)

;x ox ;xan (also: ;xi)

jo® grandchild jo®an (also: jo®i)

l;® mountain l;®an (also: l;®i)

lou\s light louso (also: lou\si)

.ndir problem .ndro (also: .ndri)

‘nound birth ‘nnd\an (also: ‘nndi)

‘o® great-grandchild ‘o®an (also: ‘o®i)

‘ounk knee ‘nkan (also: ‘nki)

ka\sr emperor ka\s;r (also: ka\sri)

fangist rest fangst\an (also:fangsti)

fou\s hope fouso (also: fou\si)

four fire fro (also: fri)

]\oun snow ]\an (also: ]\ouni)

maf death mafwan (also: mafou/mafi)

patiw honor patwo (also: patwi)

s;r love siro

sk;sour mother-in-law sk;sro= (also: sk;souri)s\oun pillar s\an (also: s\ouni)

tal sister-in-law talo= (also: tali)

'a.oust flight, escape 'a.st\an (also: 'a.ousti)

ør day ørwa (also: øri)

NOUNS WITH ARCHAIC GENITIVE FORMS

GRAMMAR TABLES

345

MMoonnoossyyllllaabbiiccNNoouunnss

----::::RRRRba®;;rr

bn;;rr

g;t;;rr

lour;;rr

]a\n;;rr

‘a®;;rr

=r;;rr

ma\r;;rr

ta®;;rr

ør;;rr

qar;;rr

MMoonnoossyyllllaabbiiccNNoouunnss

----NNNN::::RRRRb;®nn;;rr

ga®nn;;rr

d(ou)®nn;;rr

l;®nn;;rr

‘o®nn;;rr

jo®nn;;rr

n(ou)®nn;;rr

;xnn;;rr

](ou)knn;;rr

farsnn;;rr

matnn;;rr

PPoollyyssyyllllaabbiiccNNoouunnss

----NNNN::::RRRRya®aga\jnn;;rr

;[…ninn;;rr

yambarnn;;rr

;r;.ann;;rr

a[=iknn;;rr

ousano[nn;;rr

fa\oufinn;;rr

ousouzicnn;;rr

dasatounn;;rr

ødacounn;;rr

ou,azoumnn;;rr

PPoollyyssyyllllaabbiiccNNoouunnss iinn --nn

----NNNN::::RRRRgo\akannn;;rr

s;[annn;;rr

pa\mannn;;rr

j®counnn;;rr

pafarannn;;rr

anounnn;;rr

amannn;;rr

gradarannn;;rr

norouj\ounnn;;rr

kanonnn;;rr

qanonnn;;rr

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL

GRAMMAR TABLES

346

FORMATION OF THE PLURALCOMPOUND NOUNS WITH A MONOSYLLABIC WORD

AS LAST COMPONENT

LLAASSTT CCOOMMPPOONNEENNTT IISS AA NNOOUUNN

WWIITTHH AANN IINNDDEEPPEENNDDEENNTT UUSSEE

plural ending:: --;r

];®agir-];®agr;r

fanqafor-fanqafor;r

arotawa\r-arotawa\r;r

lragir-lragr;r

qara\‘-qara\‘;r

w;rnatoun-w;rnatn;r

sa®zasar-sa®zasar;r

LLAASSTT CCOOMMPPOONNEENNTT IISS AA VVEERRBBAALL

RROOOOTT WWIITTHH NNOO IINNDDEEPPEENNDDEENNTT UUSSEE

plural ending:: --n;r

mat;nagir-mat;nagirn;r

wipagir-wipagirn;r

fanqa'or-fanqa'orn;r

vamazou\z-vamazou\zn;r

m;‘atoun-m;‘atounn;r (faroust)

ko,kakar-ko,kakarn;r

xinakir-xinakirn;r

GRAMMAR TABLES

347

DE

CL

EN

SIO

N O

F N

OU

NS

I In nn n

e er r c c

h ha an n

g ge eO O

t th he er r

E Ex xt t

e er rn n

a al lc ch h

a an ng ge e

ou//a

,oun

s\ou

n

ank

\oun

a//o

fa\r

ma\r

;[ba\r

i

‘a®

fatak

.n]or

ou

gini

mard

M;[ri

an

ga®

a,o

un

garou

n

o=

qou

\r

enk

;r%

kin% %

t;r

wa

ør ,abaj

tari

z

Fakob

;nq

Wardana

nq

Karo\

;nq

a

a[-

=ik

o

soug

s;r

four

GRAMMAR TABLES

348

DE

CL

EN

SIO

N C

ASE

S

N No om m

i in na at t

i iv ve e

tou

n(e

)fa

\r(e

)ou

soum

(e)

qou

\r(e

)a,a

k;r

t(e

)]i

(n)

ør(e

)

far…an;

nqdou

str(e

)a[=i

k(e

)s;

r(e

)bno

uj\o

un(e

)

G Ge en n

i it ti iv v

e e

tan

for

ousm

an

qro=

a,a

k;r

ti

]iou

ørwa

far…an;

nz

dst

;r

a[=k

a

siro

bno

uj\a

n

D Da at t

i iv ve e

tan(e

)

for(e

)

ousm

an(e

)

qro=

(e)

a,a

k;r

ti(n)

]iou

(n)

ørwa(n)

far…an;

nz

dst

;r(e

)

a[=k

a(n)

siro (si

rou

n)

bno

uj\a

n(e

)

A Ac cc c

u us sa a

t ti iv ve e

tou

n

fa\r

for

e

ouso

um

qou

\r (qro=

e)

a,a

k;r

t(i

n)

]i(n)

ør far…an;

nz

dst

;r

a[=k

a(n)

s;r

bno

uj\a

n(e

)

A Ab b

l la at ti i

v ve e

tani

z (tni

z)

fori

z

ouso

umiz

qro=

iz

a,a

k;r

tiz

]iou

z

øriz(ørwani

z)

far…an;

nziz

dou

stri

z

a[=k

ani

z

sirou

z

bno

uj\o

uniz

I In ns st t

r ru um m

e en n- -

t ta al l

tno

w

forow

ouso

umow

(ous

mamb)

qro=

ow

a,a

k;r

tow

]iow

ørow

(ørwano

w)

far…an;

nzow

dou

strow

a[=k

ano

w

sirow

bno

uj\o

unow

L Lo o

c ca at ti i

v ve e

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- ørou

m

far…an;

nzou

m

-- --

--

bno

uj\o

unou

m

GRAMMAR TABLES

349

NO

UN

S

N Nu u

m mb b

e er rS S

u ub b

c cl la as s

s se es s

D De et t

e er rm m

i in na at t

i io on n

D De ec c

l le en n

s si io o

n n

SSiinn

gguullaa

rr

qar

mard

PPlluu

rraall

qar;r

mardik

CCoomm

mmoonn

mard

tou

na®\o

u‘

PPrroo

ppeerr

Aram

Fa\a

stan

Ararat

IInnaann

ii--mm

aattee

gri

cbaf

qano

n

AAnn

ii--mm

aattee

mard

ouso

uzic

bvi,k

DDeeff

ii--nn

iittee

fa\r

e‘a®e

‘a®an

IInndd

eeffii--

nniitt

eefa

\r‘a®

‘a®a

IInnnn

eerr cc

hhaann

ggeeOO

uuttee

rr cchh

aannggee

abno

uj\o

untou

n

oma\r

fa\r

CCAA

SSEESS

i‘a®

oumard

Ga®ni

ana,o

unga®

o=ki

nqou\r

waør ,a

baj

zArm;n;

nqWardan;

nq

NNoomm

iinnaatt

iivvee

mard

ant

a®

GGeenn

iittiivv

ee

mardou

ant

a®i

DDaatt

iivvee

mardou

(n)

ant

a®i(n)

AAcccc

uussaa

ttiivvee

mardou

(n)

ant

a®(e

)

AAbb

llaattii

vvee

mardou

zant

a®iz

IInnsstt

rruumm

eennttaa

ll

mardow

ant

a®ow

LLoo

ccaattii

vvee

--ant

a®ou

m

GRAMMAR TABLES

350

ON

LYT

HE

FIR

STW

OR

DIS

CA

PIT

AL

IZE

D

Geo

grap

hic

nam

es in

whic

h th

e se

cond

or

thir

dwo

rd is

not

a p

rope

r no

un

• S… ‘

ow

• F\o

usisa

\in

sa®ou

z\al

øwki

ano

s

• Fro

;rki

r

• >a[a

[ ø

wkiano

s

• Wa\o

z ]

or

• S…ana

liy

••

Nam

es o

f wo

rks

in li

tera

-tu

re, s

cien

ce, a

nd a

rt t

hat

are

take

n in

quo

tatio

nm

arks

ªAdami

z a

®a=º

patmwa‘q

•ªDanj;akan a

®asp

;lº

po;

m•ªC

ari

w;r

=eº

f;qiaj

•ªI

nco#u h

a[mkou

m g

;teº

kino

nkar

•ªI

nn;

ror

d a

liqº

ktaw

•ªFa

\oz a

,.arfº

lragir

•ª:rg a

®anz

.os

qiº

;rav,t

ouj\o

un•ªG

rakan j

;rjº

lragir

Nam

es o

f in

stitu

tions

,or

gani

zatio

ns, a

ward

s et

c.th

at a

re t

aken

in q

uota

-tio

n m

arks

• ªA

,.atanq

º marxakan

enk

;rou

j\o

un•

ªAwang

ardº

art& mi

a-

wor

oum

• ªA

wtos

iro[

º kamawor

enk

;rou

j\o

un•

ªFraxdanº

marxada,t

• ªX

ang

ak-9

7º f

ratarak-

couj

\oun

• ªH

r;bou

niº

bv,k

akan

k;nt

ron

Nam

es o

f in

tern

atio

nal

orga

niza

tions

, ins

titut

ions

,im

port

ant

even

ts, s

tate

and

gove

rnm

ent

agen

cies

, etc

.

• Miawor

wa‘ a

xg;r

i k

ax-

mak;r

pou

j\o

un•

~ou

tboli f

ama,.

arfa

\in

`;d;r

azi

a•

Nor

tari

• Ma\r

ouj\a

n …

G;[;z

kou

j\a

n t

on

• Safm

ana

drou

j\a

n ø

r•

:rkr

ord a

,.arfa

mart

• Arza.\a

n a

xatamart

• Axga\i

n v

o[ow

• "

ari

x\a

n k

omou

na

GRAMMAR TABLES

351

CO

MP

OU

ND

PR

OP

ER

NA

ME

S

AL

LC

AP

ITA

LIZ

ED

Cou

ntry

Nam

es

Con

sistin

g of

2 o

r 3

Wor

ds

Am;r

ika\i

Miaz\

al Nafa

ngn;

rM;‘ B

ritani

a\i

Miaz\

al Jagawor

ouj\o

unL;®na

\in {

araba[i F

anr

ap;tou

j\o

unFa\a

stani

Fanr

ap;tou

j\o

unÂou

sast

ani

Da,n

ouj\o

unCina

kan V

o[ow

rdakan F

anr

ap;tou

j\o

unArabakan M

iaz\

al Hmi

rou

j\o

unn;

r

Com

poun

d pr

oper

nam

e in

whi

ch e

ach

com

pone

nt i

s a

prop

er n

ame

A,o

t :

rkaj

Tigran M

;‘

Safa

k P

arj

…Zl

ik A

mram

Parou

\r S

…ak

P;tros

A®a=i

nÂica

rd A

®\o

u‘asi

rt

Geo

grap

hic

nam

e in

whi

chea

ch c

ompo

nent

is

a pr

oper

nam

e

"oq

r M

asi

sNor

Ar;,

W;r

in A

rta,a

tAr…;l\a

n F

a\a

stan

Mi=i

n A

sia

M;‘ P

arni

F\o

usisa

\in K

owkas

GRAMMAR TABLES

352

an- un-, -less adj. ant;[\ak unaware, anfou\s hopelessap(a)- un-, dis- adj., verb apørini illegitimate, ap;ra.t

ungrateful, apako[mnoro,;l to disorient art(a)- ex-, extra- adj., verb, noun artasowor extraordinary, arta‘;l to

export, artafa\t;l to express, artasafman abroad, out-of-country

dv- un- adj. dvgou\n pale;nj(a)- sub- verb, noun ;njark;l to submit, ;njaka subjectend- inter-, sub- adj., verb endfat;l to interrupt, end‘ow\a sub

marinefak(a)- counter- adj., verb, noun fakadir opposite, fakaxd;l to

counteract, fakafarwa‘ counter-attackfam(a)- con-, homo-, uni- adj., verb, noun fam;rkrazi compatriot, famat;[;l

to combine, famani, homonymna.(a)- pre-, for- verb, noun na.at;s;l to foresee, na.adrouj-

\oun preposition, na.aban prefacen;r(a)- in-, inner adj., verb, noun n;rark;l to infuse, n;ra,.arf inner

world c- un-, non- adj., noun ckam unkind, unwilling, cgitouj\oun

ignorancestor(a)- sub-, under- adj. stor;rkr\a subterranean, storagr\al

undersignedw;r(a)- re-, super- verb, noun w;rstoug;l to revise, w;rada®nal

to return, w;rakazou supervisort- un- adj. tg;t ignorant, tfay unpleasant tar(a)- un-, ex- adj., verb, noun taraba.t unfortunate, tara‘;l

to extend, taragrouj\oun exile'o.(a)- trans-, re- verb, noun 'o.adr;l to transport, 'o.wr;v

-abar -ly adverb ma\rabar motherly, w;fabar naturally-(a)gin -y, -ly, etc. adj., adv. srtagin heart-felt, ouvgin violently, -ak -able, diminutive adj., noun ounak able, nawak little boat-akan/;kan -al, -(l)y,-ish adj. t;[akan local, tar;kan yearly

PREFIXES

DERIVATIONSNNoouunnss,, VVeerrbbss,, AAddjjeeccttiivveess,, aanndd AAddvveerrbbss

SUFFIXES

GRAMMAR TABLES

353

-ap;s -ly, -wise adverb w;r=ap;s finally, a\lap;s otherwise-aki -ly adverb, adj. ou[[aki directly, masnaki particular-azou destined to adj., noun mafazou deadly, farsnazou bride-to-be-anoz local noun xoranoz barracks, fiwandanoz hospital-anq action noun loganq bathing, a,.atanq work -aran place noun pafaran locker, sryaran coffee house-awor/…or filled with, -y adj. m;[awor guilty, oun…or wealthy -

a\in -like adj. mardka\in human-like, øda\in aerial-;li/ali -able adj. pa,t;li adorable, o[bali lamentable-;[;n coll. material adj., noun osk;[;n jewelry, .mor;[;n cookies-;ni -able, trees/bushes adj., noun wa\r;ni wild% ward;ni rose bush,

.n]or;ni apple tree, tan];ni pear tree -(;)zi/(a)zi resident, originating from drs;zi outsider% g\ou[azi peasant,

noun g;rmanazi German-; made from, -en adj. 'a\t; wooden, m;taqs; made from silk-ik diminutive adj. mankik infant, s;[anik little table -ic instrument, agent, noun, adj. gric pen, ;rgic singer, grawic attractive-iq geared / subject to adj., noun as;liq something to say, .a[aliq toy-\an originating from adj. ar…;l\an oriental, Aram\an originating

from Aram-\a made from adj. m;ta[\a made from metal-ot full of, -y adj. \ou[ot greasy (full of fat), a[tot dirty -ord agent noun orsord hunter, gnord buyer-or;n -ly adverb wstafor;n surely, lr=or;n seriously-(a)pan profession noun a\g;pan gardner, d®napan doorman-astan/-;stan place, noun a\g;stan orchard, ‘a®astan forest,

Founastan Greece-wa‘q result of action noun ka®ouzwa‘q construction, grwa‘q writing-ouj\oun abstract noun oura.ouj\oun joy, enk;rouj\oun friend-

ship, enj;rzanouj\oun reading, ousano-

[ouj\oun students (collective)-ouk diminutive noun mancouk little boy-oufi female noun ;rgcoufi female singer, bv,koufi female

physician-oum abstract noun bouvoum cure, ,arvoum movement, nwa-

youm conquest

GRAMMAR TABLES

354

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVAL DEGREES

simple

kanac% bari% ,itak% ko,t%'oqr% s.al% ;rkar% fpart

PPoossiittiivvee

qa='oqr

CCoommppaarraattiivvee

aw;li qa=aw;li 'oqr

SSuuppeerrllaattiivvee

am;naqa='oqragou\n

derived

'a\t;% mardka\in% pa,t;li% ma\rakan% m;[awor% \ou[ot

GRAMMAR TABLES

355

NUMERALS

CARDINAL NUMERALS

Cardinal

;r;q (3)qsan (20);r;sounfing (35)

Absolute Numerals

miaworn;r 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,tasnaworn;r 10, 35, 99far\ouraworn;r 100, 745aw;li bar]r jw;r 1955

Distributive Numerals

m;kakan%m;k-m;k%tasakan%far\ourakan

Fractional Numerals

m;k ;rrord 1/3tase tasn\oj;rord 10/17far\our faxar;rord

100/1000

Ordinal

;rrord (3rd)qsan;rord (20th);r;sounfing;rord

(35th)

GRAMMAR TABLES

356

CARDINAL NUMERALSACCORDING TO THEIR FORMATION

Simple

bolor miaworn;re(1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9)tase æ… qs antasnaworn;refar\oure% faxare%milione% miliarde

Derived

;r;sounqa®asounfisounwajsoun\ojanasounoujsouninnsoun

Compound

tasnm;ktasn;rkoutasn;r;qtasncors tasnfingtasnw;ztasn\ojtasnoujtasnineqsanm;k

Complex

far\our ;r;soun

(130)faxar

innsoun;r;q(1093)

;rkou faxartase

(2010)

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Written joined together

From 11 to 99: tasnm;k (11)%

qsan;rkou (22)% qa®asoun;r;q (43)%\ojanasouncors (74)% oujsoun\oj (87)%

innsounine (99)% etc.

Written separately

Over 100: far\our m;k (101)%

;rkou faxar fing (2005)% faxarine far\our wajsounm;k (1961)%

fing faxar tasn;rkou (5012)% etc.

GRAMMAR TABLES

357

THE SPELLING OF ORDINAL NUMERALS

Arabic numerals

1-in

2-rd

3-rd

4-rd

5-rd

6-rd

7-rd

8-rd

9-rd

10-rd

11-rd

20-rd

30-rd

40-rd

50-rd

60-rd

100-rd

400-rd

500-rd

600-rd

1000-rd

Armenian Alphabet letters

a

b

g

d

;

x

h

e

j

v

va

i

l

.

‘

k

y

n

,

o

®

Roman Numerals

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXXXXXXLLLXCCDDDCM

Written in Armen-ian letters

a®a=in

;rkrord

;rrord

corrord

fing;rord

w;z;rord

\oj;rord

ouj;rord

inn;rord

tasn;rord

tasnm;k;rord

qsan;rord

;r;soun;rord

qa®asoun;rord

fisoun;rord

wajsoun;rord

far\our;rord

corsfar\our;rord

fingfar\our;rord

w;zfar\our;rord

faxar;rord

GRAMMAR TABLES

358

PR

ON

OU

NS

P Pe er r

s so on n

a al l

;s

inq

s

dou

inq

d

na

inq

e

m;n

q

inq

n;rs

dou

q

inq

n;rd

nranq

inq

n;re

D De em m

o on n

s st tr ra a

t ti iv ve e

sa% da% na

%

a\s

% a\d

% a\n

%

sou\

n% n

ou\n

%

mi;un

ou\n

%

m\o

us% a\s

p;s

a\d

p;s% a

\np;s%

nou\

np;s%

a\s

pisi

%

a\d

pisi

%

a\n

pisi

%

nou\

npisi

%

a\s

qan% a

\dqan%

a\n

qan%

nou\nq

an%

a\s

ca'% a\d

ca'%

a\n

ca'% no

u\nc

a'%

a\s

t;[% a\d

t;[%

a\n

t;[% no

u\nt

;[

R Re ef f

l le ex xi i

v ve e

irar

mim\a

nz

m;km;kou

m;km;ki

I In nt te e

r rr ro o

g g- -a at t

i iv ve e

o#w% i#nc

inc

pisi

#

inc

qa#n

inc

ca#'

inc

p;#s

inc

o#u

o#r% o#re

orqa#n

orca

#'

orpisi

#

o#r;r

ord

ort;#[

;#rb% o#ur

qani

#

qani

#se

qani

#;ror

d

R Re el l

a at ti iv v

e e

ow% inc

inc

pisi

inc

qan

inc

ca'%

inc

p;s

inc

ou

or% or

e

orqan

orca

'

orpisi

or;r

ord

ort;[

;rb% ou

r

qani

qani

se

qani

;ror

d

I In nd d

e ef fi in n

i it te e

inc

-or

inc

-inc

omn

m;ke

mi mi q

ani

miqani

seou

ri,

a\l

a\s

inc

a\n

inc

a\n

inc

oro,

or…h

ow…h

;rb…h

;rb…iz;

or…iz;

m;kn o

u m;ke

D De ef f

i in ni it t

e e

am;n(e

)

am;n m

i

am;n m

;ke

am;nq

e

bolor

(e)

ouraqanc

\our

(e)

am;n i

nc(e

)

\our

aqanc

\our

oq

am;n o

q

o[=(e)

ambo[

=(e)

fama\n

am;na

\n

N Ne eg g

a a- -t ti i

v ve e

oc o

q

ocinc

oc m

i

oc m

;ke

GRAMMAR TABLES

359

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

INTERROGATIVE-RELATIVE PRONOUNS

PPooiinnttiinngg ttoo

aann oobbjjeecctt

sadana

PPooiinnttiinngg ttoo

aa ttrraaiitt

a\s%a\spisi% a\d% a\dpisi%a\n% a\npisi% nou\n%nou\npisi%mi…nou\n%m\ous%sou\n

PPooiinnttiinngg ttoo

qquuaannttiittyy

a\sqan%

a\dqan%

a\nqan%

nou\nqan%

a\sca'%

a\dca'%

a\nca'%

nou\nca'

PPooiinnttiinngg ttoo mmooddaalliittyyaanndd ppllaaccee

a\sp;s%

a\dp;s

a\np;s%

nou\np;s%

a\st;[%

a\dt;[%

a\nt;[%

nou\nt;[

AAsskkiinngg aaqquueessttiioonnaabboouutt aann

oobbjjeecctt

o#w

i#nc(e)o#r(e)

AAsskkiinngg aa qquueess--ttiioonn aabboouutt tthhee

qquuaalliittyy ooff aann oobbjjeecctt

incpisi#orpisi#

AAsskkiinngg aa qquueess--ttiioonn aabboouutt tthhee

qquuaannttiittyy ooff aann oobbjjeecctt

incqa#norqa#norca#'o#r;rordqani#;rordqani#

AAsskkiinngg aa qquueess--ttiioonn aabboouutt tthhee

ttrraaiittooff aann oobbjjeecctt

incp;#sinco#u;#rbo#urort;#[

GRAMMAR TABLES

360

PRONOMINAL ARTICLES

PPoosssseessssiivvee

-s% -d% -e/-n

N;rka\ouj\ounddsirtss oura.ou-j\amb h lzr;l!ma\rss =

im ma\regirqdd =

qo girqemtqinn =

ir mtqinglou.n;ree =ir;nz glou.n;re

-s% -d% -e/-n

indicates possessionor belonging

“Your presence hasfilled my heart withjoy.”

PPeerrssoonnaall

-s% -d

Fa\r;niqin fa-watarim xinworssc;m lqi dirq;rs!

Qa=idd anoune wa-[ouz ;nq ls;l!

-s% -d%

defines the noun as anapposition referring tothe first or second per-son:

“I, the faithful soldier of our homeland, won’tabandon my positions.”

DDeetteerrmmiinnaattiivvee

-e/-n

Sari gl.innsta‘ ampee nmanhr mardou!

>n]oree s;[aninnhr!

-e/-n

transforms an indefiniteitem to a definite one,indicating that it isknown to the speaker.

“The apple was on thetable.”

DDeemmoonnssttrraattiivvee

-s

Gi,;rss arjoun ;mmnaz;l!A,.arfss oc oqici mnaz;l&&&W;r=;rss ;s ;[a:giptosoum!

-s

imparts to the noun ademonstrative meaning:

gi,;rss last night a,.arfss this world

GRAMMAR TABLES

361

AD

VE

RB

LLoo

ccaall

am;n t

;[% am;no

ur;q

%

a\lou

r% b;r

n;b;r

an% d

;m

a® d

;m (d;ma®d;m)% d

;m

ou d

;m (d;mou

d;m)% d

;m

fand

iman% d

®n;

dou

®%

g\o

u[;g\o

u[% ;t% en-

da®a=% f;®ou

% m;=

t;[%

patn i

w;r

% sa

rn i

w;r

%

w;r

% w;r

oust

% t;[-t

;[%

tni

z-t

;[iz% qar;q

ar

TTeemm

ppoo

rraall

a\v

m% ard;n% a

\l…s%

a\s

ouf;

t% a\s

ør% a\n

ou-

f;t;u% a

ms;

ami

s% a

®a\v

m%

a®fa

w;t% a

pa%gi,;r-

z;r

;k% d;®% d;®…s% ;rb;q

%

;r;k% vam a

® v

am% va-

mana

k a

® v

amana

k% end

-

mi,t

% f;

to% fi

ma% mi

,t%

m,t

ap;s% na.% na

.ap;s%

na.ør

oq% ,o

ut% ,o

utow

%

wa[% wa[e% wa[ou

z% wa-

[ør

oq% w;r

=;rs% w;r

=i-

w;r

=o% tar;z

tari

% rop

;

a® r

op;% ou

,% ørest

ør;%

ør;z

ør

MMoo

ddaall

arag% arag-a

rag% ara-

gor

;n% a

rtaqou

st% bar;-

kamabar% baro\

ap;s%

gor

‘na

kano

r;n%

gitak-

zabar% dand

a[% dand

a-

[or

;n% xou

\g-x

ou\g

% is-

kou

\n% lr

=or;n% kamaz% ka-

maz-k

amaz% k;nt

-k;nt

%

faxiwfa

x% fa

py;

p% fi

m-

nowin% fot

nka\s

%

f;txf;

t;% fa

nkar‘%

];®az% m;=

end

m;=

% m;r

j

end

m;r

j% mi

asi

n% mian-

gama\n

% mi

a]a\n

%

,arou

nak% n;

rqou

st%

ou,i

ou,o

w% qa=a

bar%

'o.

;'o.

MMeeaa

ssuurree

aann

dd QQ

uuaann

ttiittyy

am;n…

in% a

mbo[

=owin% a

w;l%

aw;li …

s% a

®aw;l%

a®aw;lap;s% baxmi

zs%

bolor

owin% g

;raxanz

ap;s%

gr;j

;% dar]\

al% ;®aki

%

;rizs% h*l aw;li% end

am;ne

%

liow

in% kiso

w ca'% kr

kin%

krkna

ki% fa

xiw% fa

ya.% fa

-

mar\a

% masa

mb% masna

-

kior

;n% m

;ki

k-m

;ki

k% mo-

tawor

ap;s% nor

iz% ,a

t-,at%

ca'axanz

% sa

kaw% sa

kaw

a® sakaw% 'oq

r a

® '

oqr%

'oq

ri,a

t;% qic-

qic

INC:R H PATMOUM FA|OZ L:XOUN

Fa\oz l;xoun patmoum h% j; inqe fnd;wropakan l;xwaentaniqi m;= founar;ni ou alban;r;ni nman anka. mi y\ou[ h kaxmoum! Fa\;r;ne z;[akiz ha\n l;xoun;rin% oronzow grwa‘ ;n fndkakan W;dan;re% founakan cqna[ Iliakane… ouri, ,at fanra‘anoj gor‘;r% oronz ko[qin ,o[oum ;n na… fa\ dasakan gor-‘;re!

Fa\oz l;xoun fing;rord daroum zou\z twa‘ ir katar;louj\amb% wka\oumh a\n bar]r qa[aqakrjouj\an masin% orin karo[az;l h fasn;l fa\ axge!

Fa\oz l;xoun patmoum h na… fin k\anqiz f;taqrqrakan manramas-nouj\ounn;r! Ouni ba®;r% oronq patk;roum ;n fa\ vo[owrdi fog;banouj\oune%nra axga\in fin nistn ou kaze% soworouj\ounn;re% krone% na.apa,aroumn;re …nra n;rka mta‘;lak;rpn ou apr;lak;rpe!

≥

FA|ASTAN

Fa\astann ouni cqna[ bnouj\oun% =in= ou kapoutak ;rkinq% a®o[=arar… maqour ød% parx ou wyit =r;r!

A\s g;[;zik bna,.arfoum anfi,;li vamanakn;riz sksa‘ aproum ou st;[-‘agor‘oum h fa\ vo[owourde! Na d;® fnagou\n vamanakn;roum st;[‘;z p;touj-\oun% gir ou grakanouj\oun% ka®ouz;z fo\akap palatn;r% ana®ik b;rd;r … fskaamrozn;r!

Gtnw;low Ar…;lqi … Ar…moutqi .acm;roukoum^ Fa\astane anendfat ;n-jarkw;l h far]akoumn;ri ou aw;ra‘ouj\ounn;ri! Saka\n nou\nisk faya.akikrknwo[ aw;ric pat;raxmn;ri% øtar;rkr\a ;rkarat… tirap;touj\ounn;ri pa\-mann;roum fa\ vo[owourde ci dadar;l a,.at;louz! Na anendfat w;raka®ouz;lh j,namou frkixa‘ ou aw;ra‘ qa[aqn;rn ou g\ou[;re^ dranq dar]n;low aw;lig;[;zik ou fo\a,;n! Ka®ouz;l h nor% m;ke m\ousiz g;[;zik ou xarmanafra, pa-

363

READINGS

latn;r ou tayarn;r^ borboq;low j,namin;ri car na.an]e! Fa\;re qa[aqakanannpast pa\mann;ri f;t…anqow dar;ri enjazqoum tarb;r t;[;roum ka®ouz;l;n tasiz aw;li ma\raqa[aq! A\d h patya®e% or øtar;rkr\a oro, patmabann;rFa\astane kocoum ;n ªja'a®o[ ma\raqa[aqn;ri ;rkirº! Fnagou\n ma\-raqa[aqn;riz mi qanisi^ Wa[ar,apati% Armawiri% Dwini f;tq;rn ouaw;rakn;re kar;li h t;sn;l Fa\astani tara‘qoum!

Est G& Awag\aniAdaptation from G. Avakyan

≥

:R:WANE

A,.arfoum qa[aqn;r ,at kan! Kan m;‘^ 'a®abanwa‘ qa[aqn;r% kan'oqr ann,an qa[aqn;r … kan qa[aqn;r% or nor ;n ‘nwoum! A\d qa[aqn;riz\ouraqanc\ourn ouni ir d;mqe% yartarap;takan ir oye% ir barq;re% irxargazman f;®ankarn;re!

Fa\astani ma\raqa[aq :r…ane faxaram\akn;ri patmouj\oun ouni!A,.arfoum ,at qic qa[aqn;r kan% or oun;n a\npisi patka®;li tariq% incp;s:r…ane! Qa[aqe fimnadrw;l h m;r jwakanouj\ouniz a®a= 782 jwakanin ibr…qa[aq Hr;bouni! 2018 jwakanin :r…ane klini 2800 tar;kan! Am;n mi nou\nisk;ritasard qa[aqoum kar;li h zou\z tal finn ou nore% a\sørwann ou wa[wane!:r…anoum da dvwar h% gr;j; anfnar! Dar;r ,arounak pat;raxmn;ri b;mdar]a‘ a\s fo[i wra ocncazw;l ;n gr;j; bolor mi=nadar\an qar; fou,ar-]ann;re&&& Mnaz;l ;n mia\n a\d fin% ,at fin ourartakan ,r=ani amrozn;re!20-rd dari skxboum :r…ane ;[;l h 'oqr qa[aq^ m;‘ masamb kaw; tn;row …‘ou®oumou® 'o[ozn;row! Irakanoum a\sørwa :r…ane nor qa[aq h! Orqa@nsqanc;liqn;r kan nor :r…anoum! Anznoum ;s nor 'o[ozn;row% pourakn;row oufraparakn;row% a\z;loum ;s øp;ran% jangarann;rn ou fam;rgasrafn;re … xar-manoum ;s% j; a\s ;#rb ka®ouzw;z% … o#w ka®ouz;z! Ou mi paf glou. ;s .onar-foum fa\ vo[owrdi fanyar;[ xawak Al;qsandr Jaman\ani a®a=% or na.ag‘;lh nor :r…ane! >onarfwoum ;s na… a\n mardkanz a®a=% oronq ardar qrtinq;n ja';l qare qarin dn;low ou m;x fan]n;low a\sørwa :r…ane!

≥

M:SROP MA<TOZE :W FA| GR:RI G|OUTE

Minc… fing;rord dare fa\;re s;'akan gir coun;in … p;takan gor‘;roumfaya. øgtw;l ;n parsk;r;n% founar;n … asor;r;n l;xoun;riz! Qriston;ouj\anmoutqe Fa\astan (301-in) … Sourb Girqn ou sourb fa\r;ri gra‘n;re vo[owrdin

364

matc;li dar]n;lou pafan=e farkadr;z% or fa\oz l;xwi bolor fnc\ounn;reartafa\to[ mi grouj\oun st;[‘wi! A\d n,anawor gor‘e fa=o[ouj\amb iraka-nazr;z M;srop Ma,toz wardap;te% ore fa\ vo[owrdin tw;z s;'akan gir fa\-kakan a\boub;ne! Fing;rord daroum la\n gor‘a‘ouj\oun oun;zo[ Ararat\an.oswa‘qe m,akw;low dar]aw a\d ,r=ani grakan l;xoun! A\d l;xoun a\sør koc-woum h grabar kam dasakan fa\;r;n! Grabarow h% or jargmanw;zin Sourb Girqnou fama,.arfa\in a\l f®cakawor gor‘;r! A\d l;xwow grw;zin fa\kakan a®a=ininqnourou\n grakan a,.atouj\ounn;re! Fing;rord dare fa\;r;ni osk;darn h!

Est L& <anjiAdaptation from L. Shant

≥

FA|:R:N ASTWA’A<OUNCE

Osk;dari am;niz ,q;[ gor‘;riz m;kn h Astwa‘a,nci fa\;r;n jarg-manouj\oune! Fa\kakan ta®;ri g\outiz a®a= Fa\astani ;k;[;zin;roum a[ojq-n;re kardazwoum hin øtar l;xoun;row! Fa\ vo[owourde mtqow ou fogow øtaring;ri hr!

Ta®;ri g\oute% or t;[i oun;zaw 405-in% a®a=azr;z famavo[owrdakanog…orouj\oun! Am;nour;q sks;zin dprozn;r bazw;l nor s;rounde fa\ a\boub;nowou fa\oz l;xwow krj;lou … dastiarak;lou famar! Vo[owrdi ørestør; m;‘azo[‘arawe fag;zn;lou famar baxmajiw grq;r jargmanw;zin fa\;r;n% a\d jwoum^Sourb Girqe asor;n;niz! Oro, vamanak anz^ 30-akan jwakann;rin% M;sropMa,tozi … kajo[ikos Safak Parj…i anmi=akan [;kawarouj\amb nranzta[andawor a,ak;rtn;re Sourb Girqn ambo[=ap;s jargman;zin founar;n mientir ørinakiz! Fa=ord qa\le ;[aw a\d ;rkou jargmanouj\ounn;ri qnnakanfamadroume! Ir l;xwakan g;[;zkouj\an% incp;s na… bnagrin fawatarim lin;loufamar Astwa‘a,nci fa\;r;n jargmanouj\oune øtar gitnakann;re koc;zinªJargmanouj\ounn;ri jagoufiº!

≥

FA| VO{OWOURDE :W QRISTON:OUJ|OUNE

Fa\ vo[owourde a,.arfi am;nafin qriston\a vo[owourdn;riz m;kn h! A\na,.arfoum a®a=ine ;[aw% or endoun;z qriston;ouj\oune orp;s ;rkri pa,to-nakan kron! A\d t;[i oun;zaw 301 jwakanin% ;rb gafakaloum hr Trdat ja-gawore! Trdate … Grigor Lousaworice miasin qriston\a dar]rin Fa\astane… fimn;zin fa\ qriston\a a®a=in H=mia‘ni ;k;[;zin Wa[ar,apatoum% orn

365

am;nafin qriston\a ;k;[;zin h a,.arfoum! A\nt;[ h nstoum minc… a\sørAm;na\n Fa\oz Kajo[ikose!

Fa\ ;k;[;zin mi,t hl ;[;l h fa\ vo[owrdi pafpanman am;naxor;[fastatouj\oune! A,.arfow m;k zrwa‘ fa\;rin a\n tw;l h fou\s% fawat … mias-nouj\oun!

Fa\astane faroust h qriston;akan fin ;k;[;zin;row! Xour ch% or a\n ko-coum ;n jangaran baz ;rknqi tak! Xour ch na…% or a,.arfi am;n ko[miz xbo-sa,r=ikn;re galis ;n t;sn;lou S& H=mia‘ine … m\ous fin ;k;[;zin;re! Nranz m;=fatouk yartarap;takan arv;q oun;n 7-rd% 10-rd … 11-rd dar;ri ;k;[;zin;re!A\d ;k;[;zin;riz am;nan,anawore S& F®i'sim;i tayarn h! :k;[;zin;ri,inouj\ounn;re soworabar ka®ouzwa‘ ;n t;[akan qar;row! Gr;j; bolor;k;[;zin;rn oun;n nou\n .aca]… fatakagi‘e% ore mi qic ;rkarawoun h% incp;sinqe^ fa\kakan .ace! Fa\;re fpart ;n ir;nz fin yartarap;touj\amb!

≥

FA| }:ÂAGR:RE

:rb d;® tpagrouj\oun ckar% mardik grq;re ];®qow hin artagroum! Fa\vo[owourde m;kn hr ousman … lou\si ‘araw a\n axg;riz% oronq baxmajiw grq;r;n endørinak;l!

Endørinako[n;re a®fasarak wanakann;r% qafanan;r% dpirn;r hin% oronqa,.atoum hin m;‘ masamb wanq;ri kam ;k;[;zin;ri fam;st .ouz;ri m;=amisn;row% ;rb;mn nou\nisk tarin;row% momi lou\si tak! A\d a,.atanqe nranqkataroum hin fa\ i,.ann;ri … m;‘atounn;ri patw;row! Faya. hl wanq;rizdours gtnwo[ mtaworakann;r hin fan]n a®noum a\d a,.atanqe … sirafovark;rpow kataroum or…h wanqi famar! Nranq faya. awartoum hin fska fator-n;r% incp;s ørinak Astwa‘a,ounce! Endørinako[n;re ,at gitoun hin … oun;ing;[;zik ];®agr;r!

};®agr;ri m;‘agou\n arvaniqe sqanc;li xardankarn;rn ;n% oronz g;[;z-kouj\amb fianoum h ambo[= a,.arfe! M;x fasa‘ fa\kakan am;nafin ];®agire887-in grwa‘ mi Aw;taran h% ore n;rka\oums gtnwoum h :r…ani M;sropMa,tozi anwan Mat;nadaranoum! A\sør a,.arfi tarb;r m,akouja\in k;nt-ronn;roum pafwoum ;n aw;li qan 25 faxar fa\;r;n ];®agr;r!

Est Â& I,.an\ani

Adaptation from R. Ishkhanyan

≥

366

FA| VO{OWRDI PATMOUJ|OUNE

|ouraqanc\our vo[owrdi patmouj\oun nra k;nsagrouj\ounn h& na.^ ka-r…or h ‘nounde^ ort;[ ou ;rb h ‘nw;l% apa …^ ambo[= k\anqe^ inc pa\mann;roumh a\n enjaz;l% inc dvwarouj\ounn;r h a\d vo[owourde fa[jafar;l% m,akou\jiinc arv;qn;r h st;[‘;l% inc awand h mou‘;l fama,.arfa\in mtqi ou m,akou\jigan]arane … a\ln! Kan fin vo[owourdn;r% oronq mafaz;l ;n% wa[ouz a\l…s go\ou-j\oun coun;n& our;mn nranz patmouj\oune t…;l h ‘nndiz minc… maf!

Fa\ vo[owourde a,.arfi am;nafin vo[owourdn;riz h! Nra fnadar\anfar…ann;ri mi masn a\vm aproum h% ir l;xwow .osoum% groum% m,akouja\in norarv;qn;r st;[‘oum& dranziz ;n wrazin;re% øs;re% fou\n;re% arabn;re% parsikn;re… ouri,n;r! Isk fa\;ri fnagou\n far…an vo[owourdn;ri mi masn hl a\l…s cka! Nranzl;xwow wa[ouz h% or oc oq ci .osoum% nranz m,akou\je ci xarganoum& dranziz ;n%ørinak% ,oum;rn;re% asourabab;lazin;re (aqqadazin;re)% .;j;re … ouri,n;r!

Fin … fnagou\n vo[owourdn;ri patmouj\oune law faskanalou famar ka-r…or h yi,t patk;razn;l patmouj\an jwakanouj\ounn;re … vamanakagrouj-\oune! A\vm% est qriston;akan tar;zou\zi% 2007 jwakann h! Sa n,anakoum h%or m;k jwakaniz sksa‘ anz;l h 2007 tari! M;k jwakane famarwoum h Qris-tosi ‘nnd\an tarin! A\d jwakaniz minc… m;r vamanakn enka‘ tarin;rifa,iwe kocwoum h m;r jwakanouj\oun kam Qristosi ‘nndiz f;to!

Isk na.qan m;r jwakane tarb;r dar;roum% tarb;r tarin;ri katarwa‘d;pq;re famarwoum ;n m;r jwakanouj\ouniz a®a= kam Qristosiz a®a= katar-wa‘! Kryat^ a\d grwoum h m& j& a& kam Q& a& !

Mi vo[owrdi patmouj\oune grwoum h patmakan a[b\ourn;ri øgnouj\amb!A\d a[b\ourn;rn ;n na.^ tw\al vo[owrdi masin patmo[ grawor fou,ar]ann;rear]anagrouj\ounn;r% fin mat\ann;r% apa^ fnagitakan n\ouj;re% tw\al vo[owrdivo[owrdakan st;[‘agor‘ouj\oune% fnoum gor‘a‘wa‘ dramn;re … a\ln!

Fa\;ri ‘agoum^ n,anakoum h fa\oz l;xwi ‘agoum% … ;rb oro,oum ;nq% j; ;rb… ort;[ h ‘nw;l fa\oz l;xoun% oro,oum ;nq% j; ;rb … ort;[ ;n ‘nw;l a\d l;xwow.oso[n;rn ou mta‘o[n;re^ fa\;re! Fa\oz l;xoun ir ba®apa,arow m;xwka\ouj\ounn;r h talis na… ir anza‘ ou[ou masin!

Est Â& I,.an\ani

Adaptation from R. Ishkhanyan

≥

MI QIC L:XWABANOUJ|OUN

Incp;s am;n mard mi entaniqi andam h kam or…h entaniqiz h ‘ag;l%a\np;s hl am;n mi l;xou or…h l;xwaentaniqi moriz h ‘nw;l! A\dp;s am;n l;xououni ir ma\re … qou\r;re! A\d ma\re l;xwabanouj\an m;= kocwoum h na.al;xou!

A,.arfoum ,at l;xwaentaniqn;r kan! Fi,;nq dranziz mi qanise! S;ma-kan l;xwaentaniq% ori m;= mtnoum ;n arab;r;ne% asor;r;ne (aram;;r;ne)% ;bra-

367

\;r;ne% aqqad;r;ne (asourabab;l;r;ne) … a\ln! S;makan a\s l;xoun;re ‘ag;l;n ma\r s;makan l;xwiz! Apa ka ib;rakowkas\an entaniq% ori m;= mtnoum ;nwraz;r;ne% lax;r;ne% ab.ax;r;ne% awar;r;ne … a\ln! Jourqakan l;xwaentaniq%ori m;= mtnoum ;n jourq;r;ne% \akout;r;ne% [r[ex;r;ne% ouxb;k;r;ne% [axa.;-r;ne% ou\gour;r;ne% adrb;=an;r;ne … a\ln! Fnd;wropakan entaniq% ori m;=mtnoum ;n fndk;r;ne% parsk;r;ne% fa\;r;ne% founar;ne% alban;r;ne% litw;r;ne%lati,;r;ne% slawonakan l;xoun;re (®ous;r;n% c;.;r;n% oukrain;r;n … a\ln)% g;r-manakan l;xoun;re (g;rman;r;n% foland;r;n% norw;g;r;n% angl;r;n … a\ln)% ®o-manakan l;xoun;re (latin;r;n% rans;r;n% ital;r;n% ®oumin;r;n% ispan;r;n …a\ln)! A\s l;xwaentaniqn;rn hl oun;z;l ;n ir;nz ma\r l;xoun! Nkati p;tq h oun;-nal% or a\vm\an oro, l;xoun;ri famar tw\al l;xwaentaniqi ma\re tat h ga-lis! Ørinak angl;r;ni% ardi g;rman;r;ni% foland;r;ni% norw;g;r;ni … g;rma-nakan m\ous l;xoun;ri ma\re fnagou\n endfanour g;rmanakan l;xoun h% isk srama\re endfanour fnd;wropakan l;xoun h!

Kan na… ouri, ,at l;xwaentaniqn;r% oronz masin kar;li h kardal l;xwa-banakan grq;roum!

Isk incp;#s ;n ‘nwoum l;xoun;re! Omanq kar‘oum ;n% j; nor l;xou a®a=anoumh ;rkou kam mi qani tarb;r l;xoun;ri .a®nw;louz! Sa s.al patk;razoum h!Yi,t faka®ake% nor l;xoun;r ‘ag;l ou ‘agoum ;n or…h l;xwi trofw;louz% bavan-bavan lin;louz! A\d k;rp a®a=anoum ;n barba®n;r! :rkou% ;r;q barba®n;rirariz f;®analow^ da®noum ;n a®an]in l;xoun;r!

Kar…or h fi,;l% or am;n l;xou vamanaki enjazqoum 'o'o.woum h% xarga-noum% na… trofwoum% a\sinqn mas;ri bavanwoum! L;xoun faya. a\nqan h 'o'o.-woum% or nou\n vo[owourde ir l;xoun% or .os;l h 1000-1500 tari a®a=% dvwarou-j\amb h faskanoum! Ørinak 5-rd daroum .oswa‘ fa\;r;ne a\sør fa\;re dvwa-rouj\amb ;n faskanoum … kocoum ;n grabar (grqi l;xou)!

Est Â& I,.an\aniAdaptation from R. Ishkhanyan

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WKA|OUM :N BAÂ:RE

Fa\oz l;xoun fa\ vo[owrdi m,takan wkan h! A\n wka\oum h Fa\kakan L;®-na,.arfoum ,at wa[ vamanakn;riz fa\;ri tara‘wa‘ lin;lou% incp;s … nranzfin ou nor far…ann;ri masin!

:rb fa\kakan z;[;re% liowin an=atw;low fnd;wropakan ma\r vo[owrdiz%inqnourou\n k\anq hin waroum% nranq farab;rouj\an m;= mtan far…an a\lal;xouz;[;ri ou vo[owourdn;ri f;t% … l;xwakan 'o.axd;zouj\ounn;r t;[i oun;zan!L;xwakan a\d 'o.axd;zouj\ounn;ri ,;rt;re pafpanw;l ;n fa\;r;noum! Ba\z%ifark;% fa\oz l;xwi a®anzqe% fimnakan ba®apa,are … q;rakanouj\oune% ma\rl;xwiz va®angwa‘n h! Dar;ri enjazqoum fa\oz l;xoun ,at 'o'o.w;z% ]…a-'o.w;zin na… ma\r l;xwiz va®angwa‘ ba®;re% ba\z orqan hl 'o'o.w;zin

368

dranq% mi…nou\n h% a\sør hl imazwoum h% or fnd;wropakan ;n% ma\r l;xwiz ;ko[!A\d ba®;re kocwoum ;n bnik fa\kakan! Fi,;nq dranziz mi qanise^ fa\r% ma\r%

;[ba\r% qou\r% ordi% doustr% jo®% acq% ];®q% akan=% otq% l;xou% =our% lou\s … a\ln!A\l l;xoun;riz fa\;r;nin anza‘ ba®;re kocwoum ;n 'o.a®\al ba®;r kam

'o.a®ouj\ounn;r! A\spisow^ fa\oz l;xwi fnd;wropakan kam bnik ba®;re am;nafinn ;n%

aw;li qan 5000 tar;kan! A\d ba®;ri jwoum ,at ;n fatkap;s bou\s;r% k;nda-nin;r% g\ou[atnt;sakan a,.atanq ou k;nza[ n,anako[ ba®;re% oronq% a®anzbaza®ouj\an% s;rtor;n a®ncwoum ;n Fa\kakan L;®na,.arfi f;t! Ørinak^fa\;r;noum kan bou\s;ri … ptou[n;ri bnik fa\kakan a\spisi anounn;r^ ‘a®%

bou\s% .ot% gari% ‘a[ik% bardi% ;[…ni% bo[k% d;[]% ‘iran% enkou\x% sounk … a\ln!Nou\np;s k;ndanin;ri ou j®counn;ri anounn;r^ a\‘% ;x% ga®% h,% aqa[a[% faw%

a[w;s% ar‘iw% ar=% bor;ni% oxni% ‘i‘;®nak% k®ounk% ø] … a\ln! Bnik fa\kakan;n na… g\ou[atnt;souj\oun ou k;nza[ n,anako[ a\npisi ba®;r% incp;s ma‘oun%

jan% cir% gini% aror% art% gom … a\ln!Fa\oz l;xwi am;nafin ba®;ri mi mase% incp;s asw;z% 'o.a®ouj\ounn;r

;n fa\;ri fnagou\n far…ann;ri l;xoun;riz! A\d far…ann;re wa[ouz ckan% isknranz l;xoun;re faxaram\akn;r h% inc c;n .oswoum% ba\z a\d l;xoun;ri mi ,arqba®;r pafpanw;l ;n fa\;r;ni m;=!

Est Â& I,.an\aniAdaptation from R. Ishkhanyan

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MAT:NADARAN

M;srop Ma,tozi anwan Mat;nadarane gtnwoum h Fa\astani ma\ra-qa[aq :r…anoum! A\n fska\akan mi gradaran h% ort;[ pafwoum h fin ];®a-gr;ri mi fska\akan fawaqani! Mot 17 faxar grqiz 14 faxare grwa‘ h fa\;r;n%mnaza‘e^ øtar l;xoun;row! A\d ];®agr;re n;rka\aznoum ;n 5-18-rd dar;ri fa\patmicn;ri% 'iliso'an;ri% banast;[‘n;ri% maj;matikosn;ri … bvi,kn;ri gor-‘;re! Dranz jwoum ;n na… fin a,.arfi … mi=nadari fou\n% asori% fr;a% arab… a\l vo[owourdn;ri f;[inaka\in st;[‘agor‘ouj\ounn;r% oronq jargmanwa‘ ;nfa\;r;ni! Dranziz ,at;re kar…or fou,ar]ann;r ;n% or pafpanw;l ;n mia\nfa\;r;n jargmanouj\amb% qani or nranz bnagr;re kor;l ;n!

A,.arfi am;n ko[miz Fa\astan a\z;lo[ xbosa,r=ikn;re fiaza‘ ;nf;®anoum Mat;nadaraniz! Afa j; inc h as;l ransiazi fasarakakan gor‘icHmmanou;l Âobl;n 1967-in& ªA\s gan]arane ir nmane couni ambo[= a,.arfoum!Arv; Fa\astan a\z;l;l t;sn;lou famar j;koux mia\n a\s jangaran-grada-rane% our pafpanwoum ;n fra,qow 'rkwa‘ ,at ];®agr;r! Nranq pafpanw;l ;ngrqi nkatmamb fa\;ri oun;za‘ m;‘ siro ,norfiw … wka\oum ;n mi 'a®af;[anz\ali masin! Fa\;re m;‘ sirt oun;n& mta‘o[% ya,aki t;r% foumori xgazoumow… pa\‘a® ;r…aka\ouj\amb øvtwa‘ vo[owourd ;n! Nranziz \ouraqanc\ouri m;=ka mi banast;[‘º!

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WA{AR<APAT

Wa[ar,apat qa[aqe gtnwoum h :r…aniz endam;ne 20 km f;®aworouj\anwra!

Wa[ar,apat fimnw;l h ;rkrord daroum … ;[;l h Fa\astani ma\raqa-[aqe! 301-in Fa\astanoum qriston;ouj\oune orp;s p;takan kron fastatw;louzf;to% a\st;[ ka®ouzw;l h H=mia‘ni ma\r tayare% ore fa\kakan a®a=in ;k;[;zinh … dar];l h fa\ ;k;[;zou k;ntrone! H=mia‘ni ma\r tayare ir go\ouj\an 1700tarin;ri enjazqoum mi qani angam ;njarkw;l h norogman ou w;raka®ouzman!A\vm na fing gmb;jiz ba[kaza‘ mi patka®;li ka®ou\z h! A\st;[ h gtnwoum;k;[;zou jangarane% ort;[ pafwoum ;n ;k;[;zakan xanaxan ir;r% kronakangrq;r% g;[arw;sakan ou patmakan arv;qawor ir;r!

H=mia‘noum h gtnwoum na… Am;na\n Fa\oz kajo[ikosouj\an ajo®e! A\st;[1771-in fimnw;l h tparan … apa j[ji gor‘aran! 1863-in fimnw;l h bar]ragou\nmi fog…or dproz G…org\an y;marane% ore gor‘oum h minc… ørs … ouni fog…orkrjø=a.i p;takanor;n waw;razwa‘ kargawiyak!

N;rka\oums Wa[ar,apat qa[aqe fanrap;touj\an bargawayo[ m,akou-ja\in k;ntronn;riz m;kn h!

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XWARJNOZ

Fa\astanoum ;k;[;zakan ,inouj\ounn;ri ka®ouzoume la\n ja' stazawqriston;ouj\an endounman f;t…anqow!

M,akw;zin tayarn;ri baxmaxan% m;ke m\ousiz g;[;zik tiparn;r% saka\na\d bolori psake fandisazaw 7-rd daroum ka®ouzwa‘ Xwarjnoz tayare! Irka®ouzo[akan mtaf[azmamb% yartarap;takan ]…;ri farstouj\amb ou yo.ou-j\amb a\n minc a\d ir fawasare ci oun;z;l! Asoum ;n% or iskakan yartara-p;takan gor‘i aw;rakn isk g;[;zik h! :w iskap;s% mardou sirte fpartou-j\amb … ;ra.tagitouj\amb h lzwoum% ;rb mta‘oum h a\n fanyar;[ yartara-p;ti … qarta, warp;tn;ri masin% oronq st;[‘;l ;n Xwarjnoze^ \oj;rord darifa\ yartarap;touj\an psake!

Fa\ patmicn;riz ,at;rn ;n fiazoumow patmoum Xwarjnoz tayari masin!Patmouj\oune N;rs;s <inarar kajo[ikosin h w;ragroum tayari ka®ouzoume^mo®analow fi,atak;l boun ka®ouzo[n;rin yartarap;tin … m\ous warp;tn;rin!

Tayari Xwarjnoz anoune ‘ag;l h xwarjoun ba®iz% ore n,anak;l hfr;,tak% f;t…abar ªXwarjnozº n,anak;l ªFr;,takanozº!

Fa\tni h% or tayari bazman araro[ouj\ane n;rka h gtnw;l B\ouxan-dia\i ka\sr Kostandin G-e! Na a\nqan h fawan;l tayare% or oro,;l h fa\ yar-tarap;tin ir f;t tan;l% orp;sxi Kostandnoupolsoum …s nman mi tayarka®ouzwi! Saka\n yanaparfin yartarap;te mafaz;l h!

370

Tayare kor‘anw;l h fawanor;n 10-rd daroum ;rkra,arvi patya®ow!Dar;ri enjazqoum nra mnazordn;re f;txf;t; ‘a‘kw;l ;n fo[i fast ,;rtow%… oc oq ci imaz;l nra t;[e! A\n gtnw;z mia\n 20-rd dari skxboum katarwa‘p;[oumn;ri ,norfiw! Tayari a®a=in ousoumnasirouj\an … na.kin ]…;riw;rakaxmouj\an famar m;nq partakan ;nq fa\ yartarap;touj\an patmou-j\an qa=at;[\ak% m;‘anoun gitnakan Joros Joroman\anin!

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FA|N OU FA|E

Koux;i a,.arfoum or…h ouv t;sn;l% or karo[anar bna=n=;l a\s z;[e!A,.at;*q kor‘an;l a\s z;[e! :njadr;nq% or dar]\al 1915 h! A,.arfe pa-

t;raxmi m;= h& kor‘an;*q Fa\astane! T;s;*q% j; karo#[ ;q! Fan;*q nranz ir;nztn;riz ou ou[ark;*q d;pi anapat! Jou\l mi* taq% or nranq faz kam =our oun;-nan! A\r;*q nranz tn;rn ou ;k;[;zin;re! T;s;*q% j; nranq krkin c;#n apr;lou!T;s;*q% j; nranq krkin c;#n ‘i‘a[;lou! T;s;*q% j; a\s z;[e dar]\al ci# apr;lou%;rb qsan tari anz a\d z;[iz ;rkouse irar fandip;n gar;=ratan m;=% c;#n‘i‘a[;lou … .os;lou ir;nz ma\r;ni l;xwow! A,.at;*q% t;s;*q% j; piti karo-[ana#q arg;l;l% or nranq ‘a[r;n a,.arfi m;‘ ga[a'arn;re% t;s;*q% j; pitikaro[ana#q arg;l;l% or ;rkou fa\;r .os;n a,.arfi masin% a,.at;*q ou 'or];*qbna=n=;l nranz&&&

Translated from W. Saroyan’s The Armenian and the Armenian

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BA|RONE FA|I OU FA|ASTANI MASIN

Dvwar h gtn;l mi vo[owrdi patmouj\oun% orn aw;li .aranwa‘ lini fan-zagor‘ouj\ounn;row% qan fa\;ri patmouj\ounn h% oronz a®aqinouj\ounn;re.a[a[asirakan ;n% isk aratn;re^ b®nouj\an f;t…anq!

Incpisin hl or lini nranz yakatagire% isk a\n t.our h% inc hl or nranzapaga\oum spaswi% a\d axge kmna am;naou,agrawn;riz m;ke% isk nra l;xounp;tq h aw;li ,at ousoumnasir;l&&& :j; Astwa‘a,ounce yi,t h m;knabanwa‘% apadra.te gtnw;l h f;nz Fa\astanoum! J;… a\n ;rkar vamanak ;[;l h fxorka\srouj\oun% na faxwad;p h anka. ;[;l&&& Parsik satrapn;re … jourq 'a,an;refawasarap;s npast;l ;n a\d ;rkri qa\qa\mane% our Astwa‘ st;[‘;l h mardounir k;rparanqow … nmanouj\amb!

Translated from Lord Bayron’s notes about the Armenians

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FA|ASTANI LY:RE

Fa\astanoum kan m;‘ ou 'oqr ly;r% oronq g;[;zkaznoum ;n nra bnouj-

\oune!Fa\astani am;niz m;‘ liye S…ana liyn h! A\n gtnwoum h l;®n;ri wra

… ‘owi mak;r…ou\jiz ouni 6430 otq bar]rouj\oun! Nra ;rkarouj\oune 50 m[onh% la\nouj\oune^ 20 m[on% isk .orouj\oune^ 360 otq! S…ana lyi =oure qa[zrafamh% a\sinqn .m;li h! A\n faroust h ,at fam;[ ]kn;row% oronziz am;nafam;[eªi,.anº anounow sa[mosaentaniqi ]oukn h!

S…ana lyi wra ;rj…;koum ;n 'oqrik ,og;naw;r% a®agastanaw;r …makou\kn;r!

S…aniz b.oum h Fraxdan g;te!S…aniz aw;li 'oqrik h Ar'a liye% ore ‘owiz 6706 otq bar]r h! Ar'a

lyi =oure …s qa[zrafam h! Nraniz h skixb a®noum A.our\an g;te!

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S:WANA LIYE

S…ana liye Fa\astani bnouj\an fra,aliqn;riz m;kn h! A\d liye% or fa\t-ni h na… G;[ama liy anounow% ;r;q ko[miz ,r=apatwa‘ h va\®;row ou l;®n;row%isk m;k ko[me baz h!

Lyi =oure qa[zrafam h … wyit! Øre mi qani angam liye 'o.oum h irgou\ne! A\nt;[ aproum h i,.ane^ sa[monn;ri entaniqi am;nafam;[ ]ouke!

S…an qa[aqi mot ka stor;rkr\a mi hl;ktraka\an% ore lou\s h mataka-raroum Fa\astani qa[aqn;rin ou awann;rin!

20-rd daroum 70 tarwa ard\ounab;rakan ,afagor‘man f;t…anqow S…ani=ourn sks;z xgalior;n pakas;l% … lyi =ri makardakn i=n;low^ S…ani k[xin dar-]aw j;rak[xi! A\vm% kapou\t =r;ri k;ntronoum% f;®wiz ;r…oum ;n m;naworwanqn ou ;k;[;zin .aca]… gmb;jow% oronq ka®ouzw;l ;n sraniz 12 dar a®a=!

21-rd daroum% foura.ouj\oun bolor fa\;ri% S…ann sks;z krkin m;‘anal!Da t;[i oun;zaw am;niz a®a= fa\ akanawor yartarag;t-;rkraban% akad;-mikos G…org T;r-St;'an\ani =anq;ri ,norfiw% ore fimnawor;l h S…ana lyi ma-kardaki pafpanman famar S…an-Fraxdan kaskadi ,inararouj\oune d;®…sStalin\an tarin;ri dvwaragou\n pa\mann;roum! 2001-in Fa\astani Axga\invo[owi m,aka‘ ªS…ana lyi masinº ør;nqi kira®man ,norfiw liye cors taroumbar]razaw 150 santim;trow! ’ragir ka lyi makardake a®a=ika 30 taroumbar]razn;l 6 m;trow^ a\n faszn;low 1954 jwakani makardakin% a\sinqn ‘owimak;r…ou\jiz 1904 m;tr bar]rouj\an!

G;[;zik h S…ana liye gi,;row! Aliqn;re m;[mor;n .'woum ;n va\®;rin%

… =ri mak;r;sin artazolwoum ;n lousinn ou faxarawor ast[;re!

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ARTICLES FROM NEWSPAPERS

MMAANNOOUU<<||AANNEE SS::NNTT HHTT||::NNII ZZOOUUZZAAFFAANNDD::SSOOUUMM

S;nt Ht\;ni (~ransia) qa[aqap;taranoum bazw;l h Dimadrouj\an,arvman øtar;rkrazi martikn;rin nwirwa‘ zouzafand;s% ort;[ xgali t;[ hfatkazwa‘ Misaq Manou,\ani faka`a,istakan ªKarmir pasta®º .mbin!>mbi miak 'rkwa‘ andam Ars;n <aqar\ane ‘;r h … wata®o[=ouj\anpatya®ow ci masnakz;l zouzafand;si bazmane!

Zouzafand;se kaxmak;rpw;l h Louari fa\ m,akou\ji tan na.agaf VanGrigor\ani na.a];®nouj\amb! Isk Kl;rmon ~;ran qa[aqi jat;ra.mb;riz m;kefand;s h ;k;l Manou,\ani .mbi gndakafarouj\ane nwirwa‘ b;madrouj\amb!

Mafapatviz mi qani vam a®a= kno=e^ M;lin;in gra‘ namakoumManou,\ane wstafouj\oun h fa\tn;l% or ª~ransia\i vo[owourde … axatouj\anbolor martikn;re kkaro[anan farg;l .mbi fi,atakeº!

P;tros Q;,i,\anAZG Armenian Daily #118, 23/06/2007

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DDRROO<<MMAAJJ{{JJ::RR

FFAA||AASSTTAANNII TTAARRWWAA AAÂÂIIJJOOWW

Troqat;ro\i ‘owa\in jangaranoum% our fa=o[ouj\amb ,arounakwoum hFowfann;s A\waxowskou zouzafand;se% n;rka\azw;l ;n fa\-`ransiakanbar;kamouj\oune .orfrdan,o[ dro,mani,n;r! 54 … 85 ;wro arvo[ouj\amb dro,-maj[j;riz a®a=ini wra^ ªArm;ni-~ransº ;xrani,ow% patk;rwa‘ h XV darifa\kakan manrankarcouj\an mi drwag% ;rkrordi wra (ª~rans-Arm;niº)^ Â;nsima\r tayariz ªFr;,taki vpiteº qandaki patk;re! O[=ou\ni .osqow ;lou\jh oun;z;l ~ransia\oum Fa\astani d;span H& Nalband\ane … ,norfawor;l ara-ro[ouj\ane n;rka <a®l Axnawouri ‘nnd\an tar;dar]e! D;spane t;[;kazr;lh% or nou\n øre :r…anoum …s n;rka\azw;l ;n dro,maj[j;re^ fa\;r;n ;xrani,ow(70 … 350 dram arvo[ouj\amb)! :lou\j h oun;z;l na… ransiakan famapatas-.an kaxmak;rpouj\an n;rka\azouzice% apa^ <a®l Axnawoure% t;[;kaznoum hª|a®a=º øraj;rje!

M;lan\a Badal\anAZG Armenian Daily #115, 20/06/2007

373

FFOOUUNNAAKKAANN AA++AAKKZZOOUUJJ||AANN ’’RRAAGGIIRR

FFAA||AASSTTAANNOOUUMM

Xargazman fa\kakan gor‘akalouj\ounoum ;r;k t;[i oun;za‘Founastani artaqin gor‘;ri na.arari 'o.anord^ Ioannis Magriotisimamouli asoulisi vamanak n;rka\azw;z S…‘ow\an … mi=balkan\an bixn;s-k;ntroni ko[miz Fa\astanoum% Wrastanoum … Oukraina\oum iragor‘w;liq‘ragir! A\n kskswi 2003 j&-in … kt…i ;r;q tari! Founastani p;takanb\ou=;iz fatkazwo[ w;z mln ;wro skxbnakan goumarin fawanabar kaw;lanaFounastani a®…tra\in banki% a\l ka®ou\zn;ri masnakzouj\oune!

Bolor ;r;q ;rkrn;roum ‘ragire koun;na ;r;q ou[[ouj\oun! A®a=in^a®o[=apafouj\oun … bv,kakan ‘a®a\ouj\ounn;r! Na.at;swoum h bv,kakanøgnouj\oun tramadr;l fatkap;s a\n mardkanz% oronq f;®awor wa\r;roum ;naproum! Artaqin gor‘;ri na.arari 'o.anorde n,;z% or ir;nq a\d 'or]n oun;n!1998 j&-iz ;rkou bv,kakan k;ntronn;r ;n gor‘oum Alaw;rdioum … :r…anoum!

:rkrord^ krjouj\oun … m,akou\j! Pa\manaworwa‘ouj\oun h ];®q b;rw;lkrjouj\an … gitouj\an na.ararouj\an% øtar l;xoun;ri famalsarani … t;[ifounakan fama\nqi f;t Fa\astanoum founakan m,akou\ji … l;xwi k;ntronst;[‘;lou masin!

:w w;r=ap;s ;rrord ou[[ouj\oune bixn;sin a=akz;ln h! Na.at;swoum hinansawor;l Fa\astanoum 30-60 'oqr% entan;kan ];®narkouj\ounn;r! A\vm

ousoumnasirouj\ounn;r ;n katarwoum! Ioannis Magriotise n,oum h% or j;…a®a=in angam ;n nman ];®narkman gnoum% ba\z famoxwa‘ ;n fa=o[ouj\an m;=!

Orqa#n goumar p;tq h tramadrwi a\d ;r;q ;rkrn;riz \ouraqanc\ourinfarzin Founastani 'o.artgor‘na.arare patas.an;z% or da ka.wa‘ htw\al ;rkri fnaraworouj\ounn;riz … zouzab;rwo[ f;taqrqrouj\ounn;riz! PrnMagriotisi kar‘iqow^ Fa\astani paraga\oum køgtagor‘wi a\d goumariz 1-1%5 mln ;wro!

Mamouli asoulisi vamanak Founastani n;rka\azouzice n,;z% or ir;rkire mi=axga\in ,r=anakn;roum m,tap;s a=akzoum h Fa\astanin% inceb.oum h dar;ri .orqiz ;ko[ ;rkou vo[owourdn;ri amour bar;kamouj\ouniz!T;[;kazw;z na…% or Founastann a\s tari ,our= 100 faxar ;wro øgnouj\ounkzouzab;ri Fa\astanin zrtafarouj\an wnasn;re 'oqr-inc 'o.fatouz;loufamar!

AZG Armenian Daily #075, 19/04/2003

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Am;rikafa\ 'astabann;r Wardg;s :[ia\ani% Mark Kirakosi … Bra\nQabaj;qi^ ªN\ou |orq La\`º apafowagrakan enk;rouj\an d;m bazwa‘ datow20 mln dolari fatouzoum trw;z 1915-i xof;ri va®angn;rin! A\vm nranq% incp;sfa[ord;l ;nq% banakzouj\ounn;r ;n waroum ransiakan ªAqsaº enk;rouj\anf;t% ore fama]a\n;l h 17%5 mln dolar fatouz;l xof;ri ,a®awi[n;rin% oriz 3 mlnfatkazw;lou h ~ransia\i fa\kakan kaxmak;rpouj\ounn;rin! ªAqsa\iº awanda-toun;re fraparakwa‘ zankoum ir;nz anounn;re y,t;lou famar karo[ ;n dim;lwww.armenianinsurencesettlement.com ka\qh=% minc… a\s tarwa fokt;mb;r amise!"arixi ª|a®a=eº t;[;kaznoum h ~ransia\oum nmanabnou\j zanki fraparak-man dvwarouj\ounn;ri masin^ kapwa‘ kronakan% z;[a\in patkan;louj\anfangamanqn;row! Fa\oz z;[aspanouj\an xof;ri paraga\oum a\d dvwarou-j\ounn;rn ard;n fa[jafarwa‘ ;n!

Ma\isi skxbn;rin am;rikafa\ 'astabann;re "arixiz a\z;l;lou hinB;®lin fandip;lou g;rmanakan ªDo\c; bankiº patas.anatoun;ri f;t% oronq%saka\n% dvwaranoum ;n a\s farzoum! ªFa®a=eº n,oum h% or a\s ;r…ou\jn;ripatya®n;riz ;n a\s ;rkri gr;j; m;k darwa l®ouj\oune% 1915-i d;pq;rin G;r-mania\i m;[sakzouj\oune% na… Jourqia\i gor‘adra‘ yn,oumn;re! Est oroum%incp;s nkatoum h j;rje% ªN\ou |orq La\ iº paraga\oum a\d yn,oume a\nqanhl xgali ci ;[;l% orqan ªAqsa\iº nkatmamb% isk g;rmanakan dramatan d;mbazwa‘ dati a®ijow jourqakan d;spanatoune dim;l h dataran z;[aspa-nouj\an iro[ouj\oune cendoun;lou namak-pafan=ow!

Nman pafan=ow dat h bazw;l na… ªDr;xdn;rº banki d;m% ore famar-woum h fa\ awandatoun;ri goumarn;r \ourazno[! Fa\;re a\s bankigan]ark[;rin i paf hin tw;l na… tarb;r arv;qn;r% ,r=ana®ou h na… loure^30 tonna ]oula‘o oskou masin! Goumarn;riz xat B;®lin-Ba[dad ;rkajou[ouna®ncwo[ a\l .ndirn;r …s a®ka ;n% or w;rab;roum ;n ªDo\c; bankinº patkano[a\s ;rkajou[ou ,inararouj\an wra a,.ato[ far\our faxarawor fa\;ri wya-roumn;rin% t;[oum fa,w;fardari ;njark;louz kam D;r Xori anapatn;req,;louz a®a=! Fi,;zn;nq% or ªDo\c; bankeº B;®lin-Ba[dad ;rkajou[ou ,ina-rarouj\an gl.awor n;rdno[n ou kapala®oun hr!

ªDo\c; bankiº .ousa'o[akanouj\oune 'astabann;rin stipoum hfandipoum 'ntr;l G;rmania\i inansn;ri na.ararouj\an pa,ton\an;ri f;t!

ª|a®a=eº t;[;kaznoum h% or dramatna\in fa,iwn;ri f;tapndmanfamar vamanaki safmana'akoum cka% saka\n dramatna\in ark[;roum pafwa‘oun;zwa‘qi w;r=in pa\manavame minc… 2016 jwakann h!

Am;rikafa\ 'astabann;re as;l ;n% or ªDo\c; bankiº f;t fi,\al far-zow ir;nz na.a];®na‘ gor‘e w;r=ine ch% … or ir;nq ,arounak;lou ;n f;tapnd;lFa\ dati minc a\sør cbar]razra‘ farze a®nwaxn 20 tarb;r kaxmak;rpou-j\ounn;ri d;m!

AZG Armenian Daily #118, 23/06/2007

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Founisi 3-in% wa[ a®awot\an :r…ani ªXwarjnozº mi=axga\in ødanawa-ka\anoum wa\rh=q katar;z g;rmanakan ªLou`jfanxaº awiaenk;rouj\anªA;robous-319º ødanawe^ skixb dn;low M\oun.;n-:r…an-M\oun.;n ,abaje ;r;qangam irakanazwo[ nor cw;rjin!

A\spisow% ªLou`jfanxanº dar]aw Fa\astanoum gor‘o[ corrord ;wro-pakan awiaenk;rouj\oune^ awstriakan% britanakan … c;.akan enk;rouj\oun-n;ri f;t!

ªEst m;r f;taxotouj\ounn;ri^ Fa\astann a\nqan hl faroust ;rkir ch%nou\nisk kar;li h as;l a[qat ;rkir h% _ asoum h ªLou`jfanxaº enk;rouj\anFa\astani … Oukraina\i n;rka\azouzic Antonio Kouokon! _Saka\n Fa\astanitnt;souj\oune arag xarganoum h% … d;kt;mb;rin B;®linoum G;rmania\i ouFa\astani na.agafn;re oro,;zin .orazn;l farab;rouj\ounn;re ;rkou ;rkrn;rimi=…% isk a\s a®oumow awiaenk;rouj\ounn;re lawagou\n tarb;rakn;riz ;nº!

Founisi 3-iz minc… fokt;mb;ri 24-e n;ra®\al enk;rouj\oune :r…anizm;kno[ ou[…orn;ri famar safman;l h tomsi fatouk gn;r! G;rmania\i zankaza‘qa[aqi tomsn arv; 299 dolar (f;tadar]^ goumara‘ farke! Fam;matouj\ankargow ªAwstriakan awiaou[in;roumº 410 dolar h)% or…h ;wropakan ;rkrine^349 dolar% F\ousisa\in Am;rika\ine kam A rika\ine^ 599 dolar!

ªLou`jfanxa\iº moutqe famenkaw a\s ,abaj ªBriti, H\rwa\xiºfa\tarararouj\ane% or founisi 18-iz enk;rouj\oune krknapatkoum h London-:r…an j®icqn;re^ faszn;low ,abajakan w;zi! Fa\astann a[qat ;rkir h% j;oc ;wropakan awiaenk;rouj\ounn;re mrzouj\an m;= ;n mt;l nra øda\in ,ouka\ifamar!

ªM;r 'or]ag;tn;re ';trwarin ousoumnasirouj\ounn;r ;n anzkazr;lgnafat;lou fa\kakan ,oukan … nra xargazoumn;re% orp;sxi parx;n% j; incp;skaro[ ;nq bar]rorak ‘a®a\ouj\ounn;r matouz;l Fa\astaniz :wropa m;kno[ou[…orn;rin! A\d ousoumnasirouj\ounn;re drakan ard\ounq tw;zinº% - asoum hKouokon!

ªLou`jfanxaº enk;rouj\an :r…an-M\oun.;n … faka®ak ou[[ouj\ambtoms;rn sks;l ;n waya®;l apriliz!

Fa=ord ou[[ouj\oune kbazwi founisi 5-in M\oun.;n-Jbilisi cw;rjow(,abaje ;r;q j®icq)!

ªA\s cw;rjn;row m;nq npatak coun;nq 'or];r katar;lou! M;nq wstaf;nq% or Fa\astani … Wrastani f;t fastatwo[ kap;re drakan ard\ounqkoun;nan% … famoxwa‘ ;nq Fa\astani … Wrastani xargazman m;=! Oun;nalowMoskwa\i … Ki…i drakan 'or]e^ famoxwa‘ ;nq% or a\s ;rkrn;roum nou\np;s m;rcw;rjn;ri qanakn apaga\oum kaw;lanaº% - asaz gras;n\aki tnør;n Øtte!

Sour;n D;f;r\anArmenia Now.com, June 2005

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ªM;rs;rº f;taxotakan enk;rouj\an tw\aln;re wka\akoc;low^ ~ranspr;sefa[ordoum h% or Moskwan f\our;ri famar mnoum h a,.arfi am;najank qa[aqe!

:rkrord t;[oum Londonn h% ;rrordoum^ Farawa\in Kor;a\i ma\raqa[aqS;oule! Corrord … fing;rord t;[;re xba[;znoum ;n Tokion … Fonkonge! Iskam;nahvan qa[aqn h Paragwa\i ma\raqa[aq Asounsione!

F;taxotouj\an f;[inakn;rn a,.arfi 143 qa[aqn;roum fam;mat;l ;n200-iz aw;li apranqn;ri ou spasarkoumn;ri gn;re (kazarani war]akaloum%transport% snound% fagoust% k;nza[i a®arkan;r% xwaryanqn;r … a\ln)^ orp;sca'anmou, w;rzn;low AMN-i am;najank qa[aq N\ou |orqe!

W;r=inis fam;matouj\amb Moskwan 34%4 tokosow aw;li jank qa[aq h!Endsmin a\s zouzani,e 11 tokosow bar]r h anz\al tarwa famapatas.anzouzani,iz! Londone N\ou |orqiz jank h 26%3 tokosow! Anz\al tarwa fam;ma-touj\amb jankazoume kaxm;l h 16 tokos!

Am;najank qa[aqn;ri tasn\akoum t;[;r ;n xba[;znoum na…Kop;nfag;ne% Vn…e% Z\ouri.e% Øslon% Øsakan … a\ln! Am;nahvan ;wropakanqa[aqe So ian h! P;t;rbourge 12-rd t;[oum h% isk "arixe^ 13-rd!

à AZG Armenian Daily #114, 19/06/2007

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Kanada\i Axga\in hjnik mamouli .orfrdi klor s;[ani vamanakKanada\i warcap;t Sjiw;n Farp;re fastat;l h% or Fa\oz z;[aspanouj\anyanacoume ;rkri p;takan qa[aqakanouj\oun h% a\l oc j; ªoro, entrwa‘ mard-kanz dirqoro,oumº% incp;s omanq 'or]oum ;n n;rka\azn;l! Kanada\i Fa\ datifan]na.mbi 'o.anzmamb% Sjiw;n Farp;re endg‘;l h a\l p;touj\ounn;ri n;r-ka\azouzicn;ri^ Kanada\i n;rqin gor‘;rin .a®nw;lou anendoun;liouj\oune!ªOrp;s ka®awarouj\an [;kawar^ c;m karo[ j;ladr;l mamoulin inc gr;l j;r-j;roum& na… a\l p;touj\ounn;re c;n karo[ m;x j;ladr;l inc gr;lº% - fa\tarar;lh Kanada\i warcap;te!

Fi,;zn;nq% or aprili 24-in Sjiw;n Farp;re ;lou\j h oun;z;l Fa\oz z;-[aspanouj\an tar;lizi kapakzouj\amb% inci famar ª.ist qnnadatouj\anº hr;njarkw;l Jourqia\i AGN-i ko[miz! Isk aprili 24-iz m;k ,abaj a®a= Jour-qian ªxgou,aznoum hrº Sjiw;n Farp;rin ;lou\j coun;nal a\npisi fa\tararou-j\ounn;row% oroum 1915 jwakani iradar]ouj\ounn;re z;[aspanouj\oun ;n kocwoum!

A[awni Farouj\oun\anAZG Armenian Daily #115, 20/06/2007

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Adrb;=anzi xinwor Samir Mam;dowe Fa\astani i,.anouj\ounn;rin.ndr;l h ir;n 'a.stakani kargawiyak tal! ªArmin`oº gor‘akalouj\ant;[;kazmamb^ a\s masin t;[;kazr;l h Fa\astani p;takan fan]navo[owia,.atanqa\in .mbi [;kawar Arm;n Gabri;l\ane! Samir Mam;dowe Âob;rtQocar\anin h dim;l ma\isi 3-in .ndr;low ir;n 'a.stakani kargawiyak tal!

Mam;dowe fa\kakan safmann anz;l hr anz\al tarwa d;kt;mb;r 24-in… a\l…s ci zankanoum w;rada®nal Adrb;=an^ aknfa\tor;n wa.;nalow®axmakan datarani a®a= fa\tnw;louz … fa\r;niqi dawayanouj\an fodwa‘owdatapartw;louz% incpisi yakatagri ;n ªarvanaz;lº Fa\astanoum fa\tnwa‘m\ous adrb;=anzi xinworn;re!

AZG Armenian Daily #111, 14/06/2007

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Farawa\in Kowkasoum NATØ-i gl.awor qartou[ari fatouk n;rka\azou-zic Âob;rt Simonse% gofounakouj\oun fa\tn;low F\ousisatlant\an gor‘en-k;rouj\an gor‘o[ouj\ounn;ri ‘ragri 'oul;re fa=o[ouj\amb irakanazn;loua®ncouj\amb% endg‘;l h% or gor‘enk;rouj\oune ci mrzakzoum a\l anwtangouj\anfamakarg;ri f;t^ lini da Âousastane kam Fawaqakan anwtangouj\anpa\managri kaxmak;rpouj\oune!

FF pa,tpanouj\an na.ararouj\an t;[;kazmamb fandipmane pa,t-panouj\an na.arar Miqa\;l Farouj\oun\ann anfangstouj\oun h fa\tn;l Ader-b;=ani^ :wropa\oum soworakan xinwa‘ ouv;ri pa\managriz dours galou w;r-=;rs ara‘ fa\tararouj\an kapakzouj\amb! Âob;rt Simonse fa\tn;l h% orNATØ-n mot vamanakn;rs fatouk qnnarkoumn;r h kaxmak;rp;lou Âousastani… Adrb;=ani ko[miz pa\managri fand;p moratorioum fa\tarar;lou w;rab;r\al!

Âob;rt Simonse kar…or;l h Fa\astani masnakzouj\oune mi=axga\in.a[a[arar a®aq;louj\ounn;roum% bar]r gnafat;low gor‘;enk;rouj\oune mas-naworap;s Kosowo\oum! Ko[m;rn andradar];l ;n A`[anstanoum gor‘o[ NATØ-iISAF-i (Mi=axga\in anwtangouj\an a=akzouj\an ouv;r) kaxmoum Fa\astanizbvi,kn;r n;ra®;lou f;®ankarin! Pa,tpanouj\an na.arar Miqa\;l Farouj\oun-\ann ir f;rjin t;[;kazr;l h% or Fa\astanoum mardou irawounqn;ri pa,tpanemot ør;rs koun;na xinwa‘ ouv;ri farz;row xba[wo[ n;rka\azouzic% inceknpasti ;rkri xinwa‘ ouv;roum mardou irawounqn;ri institouti st;[‘mane!

A[awni Farouj\oun\anAZG Armenian Daily #118, 23/06/2007

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ªªAARR||OOUUNNOOTT }}::ÂÂQQ::RREE FFAASSAANN DDIINNQQIINNººFa\tarar;l h Jourqia\i warcap;t Â;=;' Ja\i' Hrdo[ane:r;k Stambouloum spanw;l h ªAkøsº ,abajaj;rji gl.awor .mbagir

Frant Dinqe! Spanouj\oune katarw;l h z;r;kow a\n pafin% ;rb Dinqe doursh ;k;l .mbagrouj\an ,;nqiz! :njadrwoum h% or mardaspane ;[;l h ;ritasard%mot 18-19 tar;kan! Spanouj\oune katar;l h atryanaki krakozn;row! Spanou-j\an wa\roum ostikanouj\oune fa\tnab;r;l h cors parkouy! Stambouli ostika-nouj\oune mardaspanin fa\tnab;r;lou famar ];®nark;l h artakarg mi=oza-®oumn;r! Ou, ;r;ko\an ];rbakalw;l ;n ;rkou kaska‘;lin;r!

A\s wa\rag spanouj\oune bou®n xa\rou\j h a®a= b;r;l polsafa\ fa-ma\nqoum% incp;s na… jourq mtaworakann;ri ,r=anoum% oronq% t;[;kanalowo[b;rgakan mi=ad;pi masin% spanouj\oune datapart;lou famar ,tap;l ;nªAkøsiº .mbagrouj\oun! Spanouj\ouniz f;to a\nt;[ h ,tap;l na… Stamboulinafangap;t Mouamm;r G\oul;re! A\d enjazqoum Jourqia\i artaqin gor‘;rina.ararouj\oune fand;s h ;k;l spanouj\oune dataparto[ fa\tararouj\amb!

Warcap;t Â;=;' Ja\i' Hrdo[ane Dinqi spanouj\an masin imaz;l hna.ararn;ri .orfrdi nisti vamanak … endfat;low niste^ anfrav;,t fra-fangn;r h tw;l spanouj\an bazafa\tman ou[[ouj\amb! Warcap;te kargadr;lh n;rqin gor‘;ri … ardaradatouj\an na.ararn;rin an;l fnarawore spanou-j\oune bazafa\t;lou famar! :rkou na.ararn;rn iskou\n ou[…orw;l ;n Stamboul!Hrdo[ane .ore w,tow n,;l h% or ar\ounot ];®q;rn a\s angam fas;l ;n Dinqin!ªA\s far]akoumn% i d;ms Frant Dinqi% katarw;l h m;r bolori d;m% ou[[wa‘ hm;r miasnouj\an … ka\ounouj\an d;mº!

Dinqi spanouj\oune sa®e znzou[i axd;zouj\oun oun;zaw na… jourqakanmamouli n;rka\azouzicn;ri wra! Nranq% a\d jwoum fanra\in f;®oustat;souj\ou-ne% “ “Reuters”-e int;rn;ta\in h=;roum iskou\n ar]aganq;l ;n mi=ad;pin! Nranz;n miaz;l na… CNN-e% BBC-n … a\l mi=axga\in lratwakan mi=ozn;r!

ªAxgiº f;t xrou\zoum ªMarmaraº j;rji gl.awor .mbagir Âob;r Fat-t;y\ane n,;z% or ir;nq .orap;s znzwa‘ ;n spanouj\ouniz! ªIn] baro\alqwa‘%fousa.ab ;m xgoum! A\s ;rkroum fanra\in kar‘iqe patrast hr .ixa. mtq;rls;louº! Est Âob;r Fatt;y\ani^ Frant Dinqi spanouj\oune farwa‘ hr fa\ fa-ma\nqin% Jourqia\in% .osqi axatouj\ane!

Frant Dinqe ‘nw;l h 1954 jwakanin Malajia\oum … Stambouli famalsa-rani ,r=anawart h! 1961 j& entaniqe t;[a'o.w;l h Stamboul! 1996 j& aprilizDinqn ªAkøsiº gl.awor .mbagirn hr! Dinqin jourqakan ardaradatouj\ounef;tapnd;l h famar]ak fa\azqn;ri famar! Na 2005 j& jourq;ri inqnouj\ounewirawor;lou famar datapartw;l hr 6 amswa axataxrkman! Saka\n da c.an-gar;z nran% or ,arounaki bar]ra]a\n .os;l Fa\oz z;[aspanouj\an masin! W;r-=in ,er=anoum faya.aki hin jourq axga\namoln;ri spa®naliqn;re nra nkat-mamb!

Est Fakob Caqr\aniAdaptation from AZG Armenian Daily #010, 20/01/2007

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“ ÂÂOOUUSSAASSTTAANNII NNAA>>AAGGAAFFII ØØRRIINNAAKKOOWW

Ma\isi 17-in Âo usastani ma\raqa[aqi Qristos Am;na'rkic tayaroumMoskwa\i … Fama\n Âousio patriarq Al;qsi\ B-i … Art;kri Âous ou[[a'a®;k;[;zou a®a=nord … N\ou |orqi mitropolit Lawri mi=… knqw;z ou srbagor‘w;zmi fama]a\nagir (Kanonakan miabanman kam fa[ordouj\an [communion] akt)%ore ou,agraw ;r…ou\j h na… m;x^ fa\;ris famar! "astor;n a\d aktow fa=o-[ouj\amb psakw;zin 1991 j&-iz >orfrda\in Miouj\an 'louxoumiz i w;r Âousou[[a'a® ;k;[;zou ;rkou fatwa‘n;ri mi=… skswa‘ … w;r=in ;r;q tarin;rin pa,-tonakan bnou\j staza‘ banakzouj\ounn;re! Âous ;k;[;zou pa®aktoumn sksw;lhr 1917 j& bol,…ik\an f;[a'o.ouj\amb zari ou nra g;rdastani andamn;ri gen-dakafarouj\ane f;t…a‘ iradar]ouj\ounn;row% Âousastanoum pa,tonakanaj;ixmi fastatoumow! Âous ;k;[;zou N\ou |orqi j;me … f;taga\oum art;rkria\l j;m;r ir;nz anfnaxandouj\ounn hin fa\tn;l Âousastani patriarqouj\ane%isk 1927 j&-in% ;rb Âousio S;rgi\ patriarqe ;k;[;zin katar\al ocncazoumiz'rk;lou mtafogouj\amb pa,tonap;s ir fawatarmouj\ounn hr fa\tn;l komounis-takan ka®awarouj\ane% kap;rn ambo[=owin .xw;l hin ;rkou fatwa‘n;ri mi=…%… an=at\al fatwa‘n ir;n fa\tarar;l hr Âous ou[[a'a® fawatqi miak pa,t-pane!

Storagrwa‘ fama]a\nagire art;rkri Âous ;k;[;zoun w;rapafoum hn;rqin% n\oujakan% warcakan … a\l irawasouj\ounn;r^ inqnawarouj\an t;sqow!Saka\n% m\ous ko[miz% ;k;[;zou m;kouj\oun h apafowoum Âousastani patriar-qi makani n;rqo% w;r=inis w;rapaf;low art;rkri ;k;[;zou fowwap;ti ent-rouj\oune fastat;lou (k;t 4)% art;rkri j;m;ri lou‘arman … kaxmaworman oro-,oumn;rin fama]a\n;lou (k;t 6)% j;makan a®a=nordn;ri (fa\rap;tn;ri) ent-rouj\oune waw;razn;lou (k;t 7)% ;k;[;zakan araro[ouj\ounn;ri enjazqouma®a=ini^ Âousio patriarqi anoune fi,;lou (k;t 9)% m\ou®one Âousio patriar-qiz stanalou (k;t 13) … a\l kar…oragou\n irawasouj\ounn;r!

Fama]a\nagri go\azman … ka\azman gor‘oum wy®akan hr Âousastanina.agafi d;rakataroume% ore na.agaf;z fama]a\nagri storagrman ara-ro[ouj\oune … storagr;louz a®a= .acaknqw;z … srbapatk;re fambour;z! Naam;n…in cjaqzr;z% endfaka®akn am;n ]…ow endg‘;z p;touj\an … an]amb ird;re ;k;[;zou w;ramiaworman gor‘oum! :w a\d d;rn h% or p;tq h n;rka\oumsørinak … na.a,awi[ da®na fa\ ;k;[;zou w;ramiaworman famar!

Sa a\n a®ije ch .oranalou fa\ ;k;[;zou pa®aktman patya®n;ri m;=%w;rstin baz;lou fin w;rq;r% faka®ak or dranq d;® ar\ounafosoum ;n! Ba\ziskakan a®ijn h endg‘;lou m;r p;takan i,.anouj\ounn;riz … an]amb fan-rap;touj\an na.agafiz aknkalwo[ drakan ou gor‘nakan mi=amtouj\ananfrav;,touj\oune! :j; baxmamilion ®ous vo[owrdi miasnouj\an famar;k;[;zou miouj\oune kar…or h% apa fa\ vo[owrdi famar^ a®aw;l …s!

Est Fakob Aw;tiq\aniAdaptation from AZG Armenian Daily #112, 15/06/1991

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LLOOUURR::RR DD::SSIIZZ OOUU DD::NNIIZZ

:R:WAN! 2007 j& founisi 15-in Ma\r Ajo® H=mia‘noum Am;na\n fa\oz ka-jo[ikos Gar;gin B-n endoun;l h krjouj\an% gitouj\an% axga\in 'oqramas-nouj\ounn;ri … kroni g‘ow FF na.agafi .orfrdakanin kiz st;[‘wa‘ marm-ni andamn;rin na.agafi .orfrdakan S;rgo :riz\ani gl.aworouj\amb! Fan-dipmane n;rka ;n ;[;l Fa\astani ®ousakan% qrdakan% fr;akan% asorakan%oukrainakan% b;la®ousakan% l;fakan% wrazakan … founakan fama\nqn;rin;rka\azouzicn;r!

<norfakalouj\oun fa\tn;low w;fa'a® fa\rap;tin krjouj\an% gitouj-\an% axga\in 'oqramasnouj\ounn;ri … kroni g‘ow na.agafi .orfrdakanS;rgo :riz\ane n,;l h% or W;fa'a®e oc mia\n tarb;rouj\oun ci dr;l% a\l…xorazr;l h vo[owourdn;ri bar;kamouj\an ogin! Am;na\n fa\oz kajo[ikosn hlir f;rjin fordor;l h axga\in 'oqramasnouj\ounn;rin pafpan;l axga\in dima-gi‘e … ibr… fawatarim qa[aqazin;r an;l kar;lin i barørouj\oun Fa\astani!

"ARIX! ªIn] famar m;‘ patiw hr stanal ];r ,norfaworanqe ~ransia\ina.agaf entrw;lou kapakzouj\ambº% - asoum h ~ransia\i na.agaf NikolaSarkoxin M;‘i Tan Kilikio kajo[ikos Aram A®a=inin f[a‘ namakoum ipatas.an nra ,norfaworakan ou[;r]i ~ransia\i na.agafi pa,tonoumentrw;lou kapakzouj\amb! ª:s kan;m fnarawor am;n inc fa\ … ransiazivo[owourdn;ri mi=… darawor bar;kamouj\an amrapndman famarº! ~ransia\ina.agafn endg‘;l h% or ~ransia\i w;rab;rmounqe fa\ vo[owrdi fand;pan'o'o. kmna! ª:s xgazwa‘ ;m Fa\oz z;[aspanouj\an farzoum ~ransia\ina.agafi dirqoro,man a®ijow nra fasz;in aswa‘ ];r .osq;riz … famoxwa‘;m% or Jourqia\i ko[miz Fa\oz z;[aspanouj\an yanacoume a\d ;rkribaro\akan partakanouj\ounn h! Fawastiaznoum ;m ];x% or a®a=ika\oum …snou\nqan wy®akan kgor‘;m a\d ou[[ouj\ambº!

KAFIR:! A\sørwa drouj\amb arabakan a,.arfi bnakcouj\oune kaxmoum h331 milion% fa[ord;l h :giptosi M;na lratwakan gor‘akalouj\oune^ wka\ako-c;low arabakan p;touj\ounn;ri liga\i tnt;sakan komit;i x;kouzagire! End-smin bnakcouj\an ayi t;mp;re tar;kan 3 tokosiz aw;li ;n (1%7 tokos)! Kan-.at;soumn;ri fama]a\n 2000 jwakanin arabakan ;rkrn;ri endfanour bnak-couj\oune kfasni 400 milioni!

DPROZAKANN:RE SAFMAN :N ANZNOUM! >orfrda\in safmanapafn;re>abarowski cors dprozakann;ri b®n;l ;n safmann anzn;lis! Nranzizam;nam;‘e 12 tar;kan h! Safmana.a.tn;re fand;r]aworwa‘ ;n ;[;l incp;sfarkn h qart;xn;row% ko[mnazou\z;row% snndamj;rqn;row! Nranz npatakn h ;[;lfasn;l cinakan <aoulin m;nastane^ ou,ou sowor;lou famar!

SIDNI! W;r=;rs Â;mbrandti ªB;f;[x;bou[e Dawij jagawori namake kar-

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dalisº ktawe anspas;lior;n graw;z awstraliazi bvi,kn;ri ou,adrouj\oune!ªA\n% ince arw;stas;rn;ri famar dasakan Â;mbrandt h% bvi,kn;ri famar da-sakan qa[zk;[ hº% - as;l h nranziz m;ke! :xrakazouj\an a®ije B;f;[x;bou[i]a. kr‘qin qa[zk;[i parx ;r…azo[ a.tan,ann;rn ;n! Or bvi,kn;re yi,t ;nnkat;l 'ast h! Â;mbrandti bnordoufin ;[;l h nra kine^ F;ndrik; So`;lse% oreqa[zk;[iz mafaz;l h ktawi st;[‘oumiz ine tari anz^ 36 tar;kan fasakoum!

B:LGRAD! Farawslawia\i arqouniqi aqsorwa‘ jagava®ange a®a=in angamp;tq h a\z;li ir fa\r;niqe% orowf;t… ,at mtafog h a\nt;[ ‘awalwa‘iradar]ouj\ounn;row! I,.an Al;qsandre B;lgrad kvamani fokt;mb;ri 5-in …k'or]i .a[a[ouj\an banakzouj\ounn;r war;l fakamart ko[m;ri f;t! Fi,;nq%or Farawslawia\i arqouniqe aqsorw;l hr d;®…s 1941-in!

G|OU{AZIN:RI KAR’IQE! A\n farzin% j; anz\ali qa[aqakan gor‘icn;rizow h a®aw;l famakr;li ®ous g\ou[azin;ri famar% m;‘amasnouj\oune tw;l h Ma-l;nkowi axganoune^ patya®aban;low% or 50-akan jwakann;ri k;s;rin na xga-lior;n joulazr;z fark;re … endar]ak;z tnam;r] fo[amas;ri jou\latr;lisafmann;re! :rkrord t;[oum fa\tnw;l h &&& L;onid Br;vn…e! N,w;l h nra wastakefasarakouj\an ka\ounouj\an gor‘oum!

Gor‘o[ qa[aqakan gor‘icn;riz mrzakiz ci oun;z;l oc anfa\t Virinows-kin! Sa hl bar]r patwi h arvanaz;l wy®akanouj\an … ir npatakin fasn;loukamqi famar!

MOSKWA! <arounakwoum h L;nini fou,ar]ann;ri p[‘oume! Incp;s fa\tn;zinÂousastani n;rqin gor‘;ri na.ararouj\an mamlo k;ntroniz% øgostosi 26-inL;ningradoum Wasil…\an k[xou gor‘komi ,;nqi motaka ar]anin kanac n;rk;n lzr;l% Kostow qa[aqoum … Nivni Nowgorodi marxi Prawdinsk awanoumL;ninin n;rk;l ;n spitak gou\now% isk Saratowi marxi :kat;rinowka awanoum^d;[in gou\now!

NIG:RIA! Nig;ria\i pr;xid;nt g;n;ral Ibrafim Baba=idan ar…mt\an p;-touj\ounn;riz pafan=oum h fatouz;l a\n wnase% or A rika\in patya®;l h ster-kawaya®ouj\oune! Na fa\tarar;l h% or aw;li qan 30 mln a rikazin;ri strka-zoumow h m;‘ap;s pa\manaworwa‘ A`rika\i f;tamnazouj\oune% mincd;®ªna.kinoum :wropan … A rikan gr;j; fawasar makardak ;n oun;z;lº!

PR:TORIA! 1991 j&-i grakan lawagou\n st;[‘agor‘ouj\an famar Nob;l\an

mrzanake ,norfw;l h Farawa\in A rika\i bnakcoufi% spitakamorj gro[ Nadin

Gordim;rin!

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382

ARMENIAN FABLES

M>IJAR GO< (1140-1213)

AST{:RE

Mi angam ast[;re vo[ow ar;zin! Nranziz ‘;ragou\nn asaz&

–M;nq ,at ;nq& inco#u lousni … ar;gaki 'o.ar;n gi,;r ou z;r;k c;nq

lousaworoum!

M;k ouri,e patas.an;z&

–Orowf;t… miaworwa‘ c;nq!

:w oro,;zin miaworw;low^ na. fa[j;l ar;gakin! Ba\z fankar‘ ‘ag;z

lousine% … nranq .amr;zin!

–Sraniz or a\sp;s .amr;zinq% — asazin nranq% — fapa i#nc

klin;inq% ;j; ar;gake ‘ag;r!

:w x[=alow .ostowan;zin ir;nz partouj\oune!

>ratoum h a®aks% j; jou\l;re% incqan hl jwow ,at lin;n% c;n

karo[ana fa[j;l fxorin!

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APA<>ARO{ GA|LE

Ga\le ‘;ranalow gnoum h oc.ari foti mot ou asoum&– A\vm apa,.aro[ ;m … ,at ;m ];x w,tazr;l% ousti ouxoum ;m gal …

];r tan maqro[e da®nal% orp;sxi jo[ouj\an arvananam … ];r manoukn;rinouri, ga\l;riz …s pafpan;m!

:w oura.analow oc.arn;re ,n;rin asoum ;n&– A\l…s mi n;[;q nran!Ga\le mnoum h a\dt;[% famb;roum% minc… m;‘anoum ;n ga®n;re% apa

sksoum h fo,ot;l … out;l nranz! I w;r=o ,at;re% nkat;low a\d% satk;znoum ;nnran!

A®aks a\spisi .rat h talis& ,out cfawatal caragor‘in!

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383

NÂN:NIN :W JX:NIN

N®n;nin … jx;nin kam;zan sirow kapw;l mim\anz ou ;rdw;zin qa[z-rouj\amb% ba\z n®n;nou jjwouj\an patya®ow ]an]razaw jx;nin% … nranzda,inqe .a.tw;z!

A®akis imastn a\n h% or siro[n;re na. p;tq h 'or];n mim\anzbarq;re% j; bolor ko[m;row nma#n ;n irar% isk ;j; oc f;,touj\amb k.a.twi s;re!

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}KN:RN OU NRANZ JAGAWORE

}kn;rin m;[adr;z nranz jagawore&– Inco#u ;q outoum ];xniz manr ]kn;rin!Famar]akouj\oun stanalow^ ]kn;re patas.anoum ;n&– Orowf;t… q;xniz sowor;zinq! <at;re ;kan q;x ;rkrpag;lou% … kla-

n;low^ q;x k;rakour dar]rir!Est a\dm^ ir;nq …s fandougn ;[an!A®aks fandimanoum h% or oc j; .osqow% a\l gor‘ow p;tq h .rat;l!

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MARDE :W GALIANOSE

Mi angam Galianose dasa.osouj\oun h kardoum marmni a®o[=ouj\anmasin^ as;low!

– :j; mard xgou\, lini out;lou … .m;lou m;=% m;r bv,kouj\an kariqeci xga!

A\s ls;low^ mi mard o*c outoum h% o*c .moum! Draniz na ‘anr fiwan-danoum h … j,namanoum Galianosin! Imanalow a\d^ Galianosn asaz&

– O@w anmit mard% cgit;#s dou% or m;nq bnouj\an ararice c;nq% a\løgnakane! Inco#u cfaskazar .osqis imaste% or yi,t warw;ir!

A\s ørinakiz soworoum ;nq% or ou,adrouj\amb p;tq h ls;l imastoun-n;ri ou bvi,kn;ri .osqe … .ousa';l ‘a\raf;[ouj\ounn;riz^ …* a®aw;liz% …*nwaxiz% orowf;t… ;rkou d;pqoum hl cariq ka!

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384

WARDAN A|G:KZI (1170-1235)

AÂ|OU’E :W A{W:SE

Mi a®\ou‘ kor\oun ‘n;z% … fawaqw;zin k;ndanin;re^ kor\ounin t;sn;lou… oura.analou!

A[w;sn ;kaw … fand;si vamanak baxmouj\an m;= a®\ou‘in na.at;zbar]ra]a\n ou anarg;z% j; a#\d h qo xorouj\oune% or ‘noum ;s mia\n m;kkor\oun … oc baxmajiw!

A®\ou‘e fandartabar patas.an;z … asaz&– A\o% ;s ‘noum ;m mi kor\oun% ba\z a®\ou‘ ;m ‘noum … oc q;x nman

a[w;s!

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I<>ANE :W A|RI KINE

Mi i,.an kar .ist car ou aniraw! :w nou\n qa[aqoum aproum hr mia\ri kin% … i,.ane% fark pafan=;low% n;[oum hr nran% … a\ri kinn a[ojoumhr% or i,.ann oun;na .a[a[ ou ;rkar k\anq!

Gnazin% asazin i,.anin^ qo carouj\an famar a[ojoum h a\rin! :w i,.ane ;kaw ou asaz&

– :s q;x bariq c;m ar;l% o@w kin% dou in] famar inco#u ;s a[ojoum!A\ri kinn asaz&– Qo fa\re wat mard hr% ;s ani‘;zi% … na m;®aw! Dou nst;zir nra

t;[e^ aw;li .ist car! :w a\vm wa.;noum ;m% or m;®n;s% … qo ordin q;xnizaw;li car lini!

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KTAK GAN}I MASIN

Mi imastoun … a[qat mard oun;r ‘ou\l ordin;r! Mafwan vamin nakanc;z ordin;rin … asaz&

– O@w xawakn;r% im na.nin;re ,at gan] ;n ja[;l m;r a\goum% … ;szou\z c;m ta nra t;[e! A\d gan]e kgtni na% ow ,at a,.ati … .or 'ori!

:w for mafiz f;to ordin;rn sks;zin a,.at;l m;‘ ;®andow … .ornhin waroum% orowf;t… \ouraqanc\ourn a,.atoum hr% or inqe gtni gan]e!

:w a\gin sks;z ay;l … xoranal … a®at b;rq tw;z … nranzfarstazr;z gan];row!

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385

:{:GNE :W ’AÂ:RE

Mi jagawor xbosanqi ;law^ ,r=;lou l;®n;roum … fowitn;roum! :wt;saw% or m;‘am;‘ ‘a®;r ka\in kotrtwa‘ ou ',rwa‘% … mia\n m;k ;[;g kar^kangoun% anarat! :w jagaworn asaz&

– O@w ;[;gn% asa* in]% j; incp;s fastatoun ;s mnaz;l% ;rb m;‘am;‘‘a®;r ',rw;l ;n!

:w ;[;gn asaz&– O@w jagawor% ;rb sastik fo[m bar]razaw% ‘a®;re fpartouj\amb

faka®ak kangn;zin fo[mi d;m% … fo[me nranz ',r;z% isk ;s .onarfw;zi fo[mikamqow … afa kangoun ;m!

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IMASTOUN XINWORE

Mi imastoun xinwor pat;raxm hr gnoum% … na ;rkou otqow ka[ hr! :wxinworn;riz m;kn asaz&

– O@w o[orm;li% o#ur ;s gnoum! Q;x iskou\n kspan;n% orowf;t… 'a.c;lc;s karo[!

:w na asaz&– O@w anmit% ;s c;m gnoum pat;raxm^ 'a.c;lou% a\l kangn;lou% k®w;lou

… fa[j;lo*u!

:K:{:ZIN :W +RA{AZE

:k;[;zin par‘;zaw \our srbouj\amb … aaz&– :s ;m tayarn Ast‘ou% … d;pi in] ;n galis qafanan;re …

vo[owourde^ a[ojq matouz;lou Ast‘oun … patarag% … fa,twoum h Astwa‘a,.arfi f;t% … m;[q;rin jo[ouj\oun h linoum!

A\n vamanak =ra[azn asaz ;k;[;zoun&– Inc or dou asoum ;s% ardar h … y,marit% ba\z dou im ;ra.tiqe mi

mo®ana% or gi,;r-z;r;k a,.atoum ;m … a[oum a\n% inc outoum ;n qafa-nan;re … vo[owourde … apa q;x ;n galis a[oj;lou … ;rkrpag;lou Ast‘oun!

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386

FA|KAKAN MI+NADAR|AN AÂAKN:R

I<AT:RE :W GA|LE

Mi mard korzr;l hr h,e! Na mormoqalow a\s ou a\n ko[m hr ,r=oum%'ntroum ou chr gtnoum! Fandipoum h na mi ga\li!

– O@w ;[ba\r% – farznoum h marde% – korzr;l ;m im i,ouke% c;#s gt;l!– :[ba@\r% qo h,e ;s ;m gt;l% – patas.anoum h ga\le!– B;@r% or qo gtn;lou war]e tam!– O@w mard% – asoum h ga\le% – qo h,e ti[mi m;= hr .rw;l! :s ;r;q ør

carcarw;zi% faxiw karo[aza fan;l! Git;i% or a[qat mard ;s% in] war]afa-tou\z lin;l chir karo[% … war]i t;[e h,d k;ra!

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FAGOUSTI PATIW

Mi jagawor ir xorqow yanaparf hr gnoum! Na ;rkou sourb fa\r;rit;saw gar,;li fagoustow! Jagawore i=aw nvou\giz … .onarfw;low fam-bour;z nranz! Xorawarn;re sks;zin trtn=al% j; a\s jagawore irm;‘am;‘n;rin patiw ci talis% cncin mardkanz m;‘aroum h!

Jagaworn imanalow frama\;z cors sndouk sarq;l& ;rkouse^ artaqoustg;[;zik ou qandakaxard^ li a[bow ou awaxow% isk m\ous ;rkouse^ artaqousttfay% kprot% m;=e li oskow ou margartow! :w kanc;low bambaso[ i,.ann;rin^jagaworn asaz&

– Gnafat;z;*q … entr;z;*q cors knqa‘ ast[;riz orn ouxoum ;q! Nranqentr;zin g;[;zikn;re … banalow t;san% or lzwa‘ ;n a[bow ou awaxow% xe[=azin!

Jagaworn asaz&– A\dp;s ;q na\oum ;r;sin … pa\‘a® fagoustin a\n mardou% or n;r-

qoust li h a[t;[ouj\amb! Isk a\s sourb fa\r;re% oronz fandip;zi% arta-qoust hin a[tot% isk n;rqoust^ li fogou ,norfow!

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A{QATN OU AR’IWE

Omn a[qat mard mi ktor mis hr .orowoum anmardabnak wa\roum! :wafa mi ar‘iw fankar‘aki slazaw w;r…iz% fa',tak;z misn ou bar]razn;low^taraw! A[qate% g;tnin ;r;si wra enka‘% laz ;[aw^ as;low&

– Cwa\;l;@s!Ar‘iwe taraw misn ir bou\ne% dr;z ]ag;ri a®=… ou inqe gnaz! Mi

ka\‘% or kpa‘ hr mnaz;l msin% a\r;z ar‘wi bou\nn ou ]ag;rin!

387

<INAKANI ORDIN^ JAGAWOR

Mi ;rkri jagawor wa.yanw;l hr! :w ;rb i,.ann;rn ou na.ararn;reir;nziz m;kin jagawor entr;lou famar miabanouj\an chin galis% mi,inakani ordou karg;zin jagawor!

Isk nra fa\re% galow palat … t;sn;low ir ordoun jagaworakanfand;r]n;ri m;=% farznoum h nran&

– Ord\a@k% yanaco#um ;s in]!– Incp;#s karo[ ;m yanac;l% – patas.anoum h ordin% – ;rb i*n] c;m

yanacoum!

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BAX:N :W ENTANI FAWE

Parsawoum hr bax;n fawin ou asoum&– Inco#u a\dp;s an,norfakal ;s qo tiro= nkatmamb% inco#u ;s

xgou,anoum nraniz! C;#s t;snoum in]% wa\r;ni lin;low fand;r]% f;nz or t;rssouloum … kam ];®qi ,arvoumow kancoum h% anmi=ap;s mot;noum ;m nran! Iskdou j;… ‘nw;l ou snw;l ;s nra tan m;=% ba\z .ousa'oum ;s nraniz!

– <am'ourn ;m fi,oum% orowf;t… m;xaniz ,at;rin .orow;zin% iskbax;n;riz^ oc m;kin! Orqan or ;s faw ;m t;s;l ,am'ouri wra% o@w j®counn;riarqa% ;j; dou g;j mi bax; t;sn;ir% kar‘oum ;m% or andar] kf;®ana\ir mar-douz% … ;j; faxar angam famox;in ou baxoum parg…n;r .ostana\in% dar]-\al chir fama]a\ni ;njarkw;l nra kancin!

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JAGAWORI NA>AN}OT I<>ANN:RE

Jagawori palatoum ‘a®a\o[ ;rkou i,.an at;low atoum hin irar!Mi angam% kam;nalow 'or];l nranz% jagaworn asaz&

– >ndr;z;*q in]aniz% inc or ouxoum ;q! Ba\z imaz;*q% m;ki .ndra‘idimaz m\ousin krknakin piti tam!

– Jagawo*r% – farznoum h m;‘ i,.ane% – inc or .ndr;m% im pa,to-nakiz i,.anin ;rko#use ktas!

– A\o*% inc or .ndr;s% kan;m% – asoum h jagawore!M;‘ i,.ane mta‘oum h& ª:j; ;s mi qa[aq oux;m% kta! Ba\z im

enk;ro=e ;rkouse kfasni% sirts kpa\jiº!– Jagawo*r% – dimoum h na% – q;xaniz .ndroum ;m% or im m;k acqe

fan;s!Jagawore frama\;z fan;l m;‘ i,.ani acq;riz m;ke!Parx h% or na.an]otn ir an]in aw;li j,nami h% qan ouri,n;ri!

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KAMAKOR KINE

Mi mard ir kno= f;t anznoum hr fn]a‘ arti motow!– T;sno#um ;s% orqan g;[;zik ou law h fn]a‘ arte% – asoum h na kno=e!– Oc j; fn]a‘ h% a\l .ouxa‘ h% – fakaya®oum h kine amousnoun!Qani amousinn asoum h^ fn]a‘ h% kine j;^ ch% .ouxa‘ h!

Barkanalow^ amousine kno=e n;toum h =oure!:w qani or kinn a\l…s chr karo[ .os;l% ousti fanoum h ];®qe =riz

dours ou% ;rkou matn;re mkrati p;s ,arv;low% minc… m;®n;le pndoum% j;arte .ouxa‘ h!

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"{I ORDIN^ IMASTASIROUJ|AN A<AK:RT

"i[n ir ordoun fan]n;z Platonin^ imastasirouj\oun ousan;lou! :wousouzice fan]narar;z a,ak;rtin coq;l lsaranoum% isk na ckaro[azaw!Patwir;z na…% or glou.e .onarfi g;tnin% a\d …s ckaro[azaw! Platone a\nvamanak ;t w;radar]r;z nran fore … asaz&

– Arvani h% or qo ordin jagawori palatoum lini^ mi,t otqi kang-na‘^ … oc im lsaranoum% qani or o*c nst;l karo[ h … o*c glou. .onarf;l!

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AMOUSNOUJ|AN PATRASTWO{ MARDE

Mi mard toun hr ,inoum! "oroum hr tan fimqe% ,aroum a[\ousow% iska[\ousi wra ,aroum hr qar!

– I#nc ;s anoum% ;[ba\r% – asoum h m;ke% – p;tq h n;rq…oum qare ,ar;l%w;r…oum^ a[\ouse!

– Patrastwoum ;m amousnanalou% – ‘i‘a[;low patas.anoum htant;re% – kins or ga% mi…nou\n h% ,ou® h talou toune% pat;re kou[[w;n!

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JAGAWORN OU ’:ROUNIN

Bab;loni jagawore m;‘ xorabanakow qa[aq mtn;lis t;saw mi‘;rounou% or armaw;ni hr tnkoum!

– O@w ‘;rouni% – asoum h jagawore% – inco#u ;s tnkoum! Ch# or da

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qa®asoun tari f;to piti ptou[ ta% isk dou a\sør-wa[e gnalou ;s!– Jagawo@r% – patas.an;z ‘;rounin% – mi mard tnk;l hr armaw;ni% ;s

wa\;l;zi ptou[e% ;s hl tnkoum ;m% or m;k ouri,e wa\;li!– Tw;*q nran faxar dram% – frama\oum h jagaworn ir ;njakan;rin% –

orowf;t… bari … lawa.of mard h!W;rzn;low drame^ ‘;rounin gof ;[aw yakatagriz!– Inco#u gof ;[ar% – farznoum h jagawore!– Orowf;t…% – patas.anoum h ‘;rounin% – am;n ‘a® tnko[ qa®asoun

tarin lranalouz f;to h wa\;loum% isk ;s a\sør wa\;l;zi!

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ØGOSTOS KA|SRN OU ØTARAKANE

Mi ør Øgostos ka\srn imazaw% or F®om h vaman;l mi øtarakan% oream;n incow ,at nman h ir;n! Ka\sre kanc;z nran ir mot ou t;sn;low^ ,atoura.azaw! Nranq mi qic xrouz;zin% a\nouf;t… ka\sre farzr;z&

– Fors vamanakn;roum ard\oq ma\rd ;k;#l h F®om!– Ma\rs^ oc% – patas.an;z øtarakane% – ba\z fa\rs ,at angam h

F®om ;k;l!

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VLAT FAROUSTN OU NRA AR}ANE

Mi ,at vlat ou faroust mard marmar qariz patrast;l h talis irar]ane! Zou\z talow qandake bar;kamn;riz m;kin^ na farznoum h&

– Incp;#s h qandakwa‘% nma#n h ard\oq in]!– :*w fogow% …* marmnow ,at nman h q;x% – patas.anoum h bar;kame!

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:R+ANIK MARDE

M;‘afaroust mi mard% or ,at hr ]an]ranoum% kanc;z n,anaworbvi,kn;ri … darman .ndr;z ir anbouv;li a.tin! Gitnakann;re mia]a\nfa\tarar;zin% j; ba.tawor mi mardou ,apike mia\n karo[ hr ir;n bouv;l!Fiwande spasaworn;r ou[ark;z am;n ko[m% or 'ntr;n% gtn;n … b;r;n a\dfra,agor‘ ,apike%& ba\z bolorn hl ];®nouna\n … fousafat w;radar]an! M;kba.tawor g\ou[azi hin mia\n gt;l% a\n hl ,apik coun;r!

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390

ARMENIAN FAIRY TALES

WATIZ HL WATE

Mi jagawor ir jagaworouj\an k;se talis h w;xirin! Mi ør hljaqoun na\oum h% t;snoum% or w;xirn ir gan]araniz mi oski go[azaw!Mta‘oum h& ªJagaworouj\ouns sra f;t falal k;s ;m ar;l% hs mardoun i#ncnh stipoum% or im gan]araniz mi oski h go[anoumº!

W;xirin kancoum h ir mot% asoum& – W;xi*r% q;x tasnfing ør vamanak ;m talis% ma*n ari% gti*r% ;k in]

asa*% j; i#ncn h a,.arfqoum watiz hl wate! Or casazir% q;x ka. ;m talou! W;xire gnoum h tasn ørwa m;= ambo[= ;rkire pttoum% sran-nran far-

zou'or] anoum% oc m;kn hl ci kar;noum patas.an ta! Tasn øriz f;to galis h jagawori mot% asoum& – Jagawo*rn apra‘ k;na% ,at ;m man ;k;l% farzou'or] ar;l% imazo[

cka! Jagawore% j;^ – C;m imanoum% fing ør h mnaz;l \a* gti% \a* ka. ;m talou! W;xire noriz h d;s-d;n enknoum% .;loq mardkanz farzou'or] anoum%

fnar ci linoum% c;n gtnoum patas.ane! Hsp;s fou\se ktra‘ w;rada®noum h! Mi fandi mi=ow anz k;nalis

t;snoum h^ mi coban% oc.arn a®a=n ara‘% ara‘;znoum h! Ko[qown anznoum h%bar… ci talis! Or mi qic gnoum h% cobane ];n h talis& – A*\ yambord% ;s ‘;rmard ;m% ko[qows anz kazar% inci# bar… ctwir!

W;xirn asoum h& – F;nz im dardn ou zaws q;x bar… ta@ln hr &&&_ Dard ou zawd i#nc h% – asoum h cobane% – patmi t;nam% balqi

kar;nam øgn;m!– Hnqa@n imastoun% .;loq mardkanz mot ;m gnaz;l% c;n kar;z;l mi

ban an;n% dou i#nc piti an;s% – asoum h w;xire!– I#nc ka or% asa*% gouz; kar;nam mi banow øgn;l% – asoum h cobane!W;xire patmoum h& – :s hsinc jagawori w;xirn ;m! Jagawore ir

;rkri k;se in] hr tw;l% mi ør hl nra gan]araniz mo oski go[aza! Fimi tas-nfing ør vamanak h tw;l% as;l h^ gna pttir% man ari% farzou'or] ara% in]patas.an b;r% j; incn h a,.arfqoum watiz hl wate! Hs tasnfingn ørn anzh k;noum% am;n t;[ man ;m ;k;l% farzou'or] ar;l% c;m karo[anoum hd farzipatas.ane gtn;m!

Cobann asoum h& – W;xi*r% afa*% ya[;ri tak tawari a[b ka% fawaqir k;r% im ambo[=

391

oc.arn hl tam q;x^ im 'o.ar;n q,i*r% hd* farzi patas.ann hl as;m!W;xirn acq h a‘oum cors ko[me% t;snoum h mard cka% ya[i takiz a[be

fawaqoum h% outoum! Cobani oc.are fawaqoum% q,oum h% f;to hl farznoum& – D;* asa% i#ncn h a,.arfqoums watiz hl wate! – Agafouj\ounn ou acqa‘akouj\oune% – patas.anoum cobane!W;xire gnoum h jagawori mot% asoum& – Jagaworn apra‘ k;na% gt;l ;m farzid patas.ane! A,.arfqis

watiz hl wate agafouj\ounn ou acqa‘akouj\ounn h!– Hd o#w h q;x hd bann as;l% – farznoum h jagawore! – Hsinc sari cobane% – patas.anoum h w;xire!Jagawore mard h ou[arkoum% hd cobanin b;roum ;n palat% jaga-

worouj\an k;se talis h nran! W;xirin hl hd pa,toniz fanoum ou f;®aznoumpalatiz!

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’OU|L MARD OU KINE

Mard ou kin ;n linoum% ;rkousn hl ,at ‘ou\l! Na sran h asoum^ kowe=oure tar% sa^ nran! Fama]a\nouj\an c;n galis! W;r=e pa\man ;n dnoum& –Ow a®a=ine .osi% na kowe tani =oure!

Kine gnoum h far…ani toun! Marde mnoum h tane m;nak!M;k hl mi an‘anoj mard h mtnoum toun% bar… talis! Sa ];n ci

fanoum!Asoum h& – Fiwa#nd ;s!Ci .osoum! – Acq;rd c;#n t;snoum! Ci .osoum!Inc anoum - ci anoum^ ];n ci fanoum!Hs or t;snoum h hd an‘anoj marde% fawaqoum h tan ;[a‘-c;[a‘e%

lznoum parke% ,alakoum-dours gnoum!Mi qic f;to kine toun h mtnoum% t;snoum h^ ocinc cka tane% am;n inc

srba‘-tara‘!Xarmaza‘ asoum h& – A*\ t[a% hs m;r tan ;[a‘-c;[a‘e o#w h tar;l!

Mardn hn ko[miz w;r h j®coum oura.aza‘% asoum& – Dou a®a=i*ne .os;zir%kowe do*u p;tq h tan;s =oure!

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* In the Ararat-valley, and particularly in the Lori region dialects, the combination ‘a\’ contractsinto an ‘h’ in initial position and ‘;’ in medial position of words. Thus, words like a\s% a\d% a\nappear as hs% hd% hn and ma\r% fa\r% ‘a\r as m;r% f;r% ‘;r!

392

KAZIN A>P:RE

Mi mard gnaz f;®ou ;rkir^ a,.atanq an;lou% enkaw mi g\ou[! T;saw^a\s g\ou[i mardik ];®ow ;n 'a\t kotratoum!

– A.p;*r% asaw% inco#u ;q ];®ow 'a\t anoum% mi#j; kazin coun;q!– Kazinn i#nc ban h% – farzrin g\ou[aziq! Marde ir kazine gotkiz fan;z% 'a\te =ard;z% manr;z% dars;z m\ous

ko[me! G\ou[aziq a\s or t;san% wax;zin g\ou[am;=% ]a\n twin irar&– To*% ;k;*q% t;s;*q% kazin a.p;re inc araw!G\ou[aziq fawaqw;zin kazni tiro= gl.in% .ndr;zin% a[ac;zin% ,at

apranq twin ou kazine ];®izn a®an!Kazine a®an% or f;rjow kotr;n ir;nz 'a\te! A®a=in øre tanout;re taraw! Kazine wra b;raw j; ch^ ote ktr;z!

Go®alow enkaw g\ou[am;=!–To*% ;k;*q% ;k;*q% kazin a.p;re kata[;l h% ots ktr;z!G\ou[aziq ;kan% fawaqw;zin% 'a\t;rn a®an% sks;zin kaznin ‘;‘;l!

’;‘;zin% t;san^ ocinc c;[aw! "a\t;re kit;zin wran% krak tw;zin! Boze bar]razaw% cors ko[me b®n;z! :rb krakn i=aw% ;kan baz arin%

t;san^ kazine karmr;l h! Go®azin&– Wa@\% t[;*q% kazin a.p;re barkaz;l h% t;s;*q^ onz h karmr;l& ort;[

or h% m;r gl.in mi 'or]anq kb;ri! I#nc an;nq!Mta‘;zin% mta‘;zin ou wy®;zin^ tan;n bante gz;n!Taran-gz;zin tanout;ri marage! Marage liqe darman hr& gz;zin j; ch^ krakn a®aw% boze ;rkinq

bar]razaw!G\ou[aziq sarsa'a‘ wax;zin tiro= ;t…iz j;^ ª:*k% ast‘ou siroun% ka-

zin a.pore ban faskazrouº!

Est Fowfann;s Jouman\ani ªKazin a.p;reº f;qiaji(Adaptation from Hovhannes Toumanian, 1869-1923)

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SOUTASANE

Linoum h - ci linoum% mi jagawor h linoum! Hs Jagawore ir ;rkroumefa\tnoum h&

ªOw hnp;s sout asi% or ;s as;m^ sout h% im jagaworouj\an k;se ktamnranº!

Galis h mi fowiw% asoum h&– Jagawo*rn apra‘ k;na% im f;re mi daganak oun;r% or hst;[iz

393

m;knoum hr% ;rknqoum ast[;re .a®noum!– Kpatafi*% – patas.anoum h jagawore! – Im papn hl mi cibou.

oun;r% mi ‘;re m;knoum% ar;gakize wa®oum!Sta.ose glou.e qor;low dours h gnoum!

Galis h mi d;r]ak! Asoum h&– N;ro[ouj\o*un% jagawo*r% ;s wa[ piti ga\i% ou,aza! :r;k ,at an]r…

;kaw% ka\‘akn;re pa\j;zin% ;rkinqe pat®w;z% gnaz;l hi karkat;lou!– Fa*% law ;s ar;l% – asoum h jagawore% – ba\z law chir karkat;l&

hs a®awot mi qic an]r… ja'w;z! Sa hl h dours gnoum!

N;rs h mtnoum mi a[qat g\ou[azi^ kote m;=qin!– Do*u inc ;s ouxoum% a*\ mard% – farznoum h jagawore!– In] mi kot oski ;s part% ;k;l ;m tan;m!– Mi kot oski#% – xarmanoum h jagawore! – So*ut ;s asoum% ;s q;x

oski partakan c;m!– Ch*% ch*% y,marit ;s asoum% – .osqe 'o.oum h jagawore!– Y,marit ;m asoum^ mi kot oskin tour!

Est Fowfann;s Jouman\ani ªSoutasaneº f;qiaji(Adaptation from Hovhannes Toumanian, 1869-1923)

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BAR:K:NDANE

Vamanakin mi mard ou knik ;n linoum! Hs mard ou knike irar chin fawanoum!Marde knkan hr asoum fimar% knike mardoun% mi,t irar f;t k®woum

hin! Mi ør hl marde mi qani 'ouj ;[ ou brin] h a®noum% talis h m,aki,alake% tanoum toun!

Knike barkanoum h&– A*\% or asoum ;m fimar ;s% c;s fawatoum&

Hsqan ;[n ou brin]e miangamiz inci# famar ;s a®;l-b;r;l& ford q;l;#.n ;stalis% j;# t[id farsaniqn ;s anoum!

– I#nc q;l;.% i#nc farsaniq% a\ knik% i@nc ;s .osoum% tar pafi%bar;k;ndani famar!

Knike fangstanoum h% tanoum h pafoum!

394

Anz h k;noum mi a®vamanak% hs knike spasoum h% spasoum h%bar;k;ndane ci galis! Mi ør hl ,;mqoum nsta‘ h linoum% t;snoum h mi mardarag-arag 'o[ozow anz h k;noum! };®e dnoum h yakatin ou ];n tali&

– A*.p;r% a*.p;r% fala mi kangnir! T[;n kangnoum h!– A*.p;r% bar;k;ndane dou fo c;#s!Anzworakane nkatoum h% or hs knka ‘ale pakas h% asoum h&– Fa% ;s ;m bar;k;ndane% qou\rik =an% i#nc ;s asoum!– Hn ;m asoum% or m;nq qo ‘a®an fo c;#nq% or qo ;[n ou brin]e

paf;nq! D; ari tar!Hs marde n;rs h mtnoum% sranz ;[n ou brin]e ,alakoum ou gnoum!

Marde galis h toun% knikn asoum h&– Fa*% hn bar;k;ndann ;kaw ou ir ban;re taraw!– I#nc bar;k;ndan &&& i#nc ban;r &&&– A*\ hn ;[n ou brin]e &&&– Wa*\ qou an.;lq toune qandwi% or asoum ;m fimar ;s – fimar ;s h*li &&&

O#r ko[me gnaz! – A*\ hn ko[me!Hs marde ]i h nstoum% enknoum bar;k;ndani ;t…iz! Galis h fasnoum

ir;n!– Bari ør% hs yam'owe mard ci# anz;l!– Anz;l h! – I#nc oun;r ,alakin!– :[ ou brin]!– Incqa#n vamanak klini!– Bawakanin vamanak klini!– Or ]in q,;m^ kfasn;#m!– C;s fasni% dou ]iow% na^ otow! Minc… qou ]in cors ote k'o.i% na

;rkou otow ,out-,out kgna! – Ba incp;#s an;m!– Incp;#s p;tq h an;s& ouxoum ;s% ]id jo[ in] mot% dou hl nra p;s

otow waxi% gouz; fasn;s! – Fa@% hd law ;s asoum!W;r h galis% ]in jo[noum sra mot ou otow yanaparf enknoum!Sa f;®anoum h j; ch% bar;k;ndane b;®e bar]oum h ]ioun% yam';n

‘®oum% q,oum!Hs marde otow gnoum h% t;snoum h cfasaw% ;t h da®noum% t;snoum^ ]in

hl cka! Galis h toun! Noriz sksoum ;n k®w;l% marde^ ;[ ou brin]i famar% knike]iou!

Est Fowfann;s Jouman\ani ªBar;k;ndaneº f;qiaji(Adaptation from Hovhannes Toumanian, 1869-1923)

395

ANFA{J AQLORE

Linoum h% ci linoum^ mi aqlor h linoum! Hd aqlore qou=ou= an;lis mi oski h gtnoum!Ktourn h bar]ranoum ou kancoum&– ’ou[rou[o@u% 'o[ ;m gt;@l &&&Jagawore lsoum h% ir naxir-w;xirin frama\oum h^ gnan% .l;n-b;r;n!Naxir-w;xire gnoum ;n^ .loum-b;roum!Aqlore kancoum h&– ’ou[rou[o@u% jagaworn in]anow apr;@z &&&Jagawore oskin ;t h talis ir naxir-w;xirin% asoum h&– :*t tar;q% ir;n tw;q% j; ch a,.arfqowe min k.a\ta®aki hd

anpitane &&&Naxir-w;xire oskin tanoum ;n% ;t talis aqlorin!Aqlorn hl ktourn h bar]ranoum&– ’ou[rou[o@u% jagaworn in]aniz wa.;@z &&&Jagawore barkanoum h% ir naxir-w;xirin frama\oum h&– Gnaz;*q% – asoum h% – b®n;z;q hd srika\in% glou.e ktr;*q% ;';*q%

b;r;q out;m% pr‘n;m draniz! Naxir-w;xire gnoum ;n% aqlorin b®noum% or tan;n!

Tan;lis kancoum h&– ’ou[rou[o@u% jagaworn in] f\o@ur h kanc;l &&&Tanoum ;n morjoum% p[in]n ;n ko.oum% or ;';n% kancoum h&– ’ou[rou[o@u% jagaworn in] taq-taq ba[niq h [rk;@l &&&:'oum ;n% b;roum% jagawori a®a=n ;n dnoum% kancoum h&– Jagawori f;t s;[an ;m nst;@l% ‘ou[rou[o@u &&&Jagawore ,tapow w;rznoum h koul talis! Kokordow gnalis kancoum h&– N;[-n;[ 'o[ozn;row anz ;m k;noum% ‘ou[rou[o@u &&&Jagawore frama\oum h naxir-w;xirin^ journ;re fana‘ patrast

k;nan% or min ];n fani – xark;n!Aqlore or jagawori 'orn h fasnoum% kancoum h!– Lous a,.arfqoumn hi% mouj t;[n ;m enk;l% ‘ou[rou[o@u &&&– Xark;z;*q &&& – frama\oum h jagawore! Naxir-w;xire xarkoum ;n% talis ;n jagawori 'ore pat®oum!Aqlore dours h pr‘noum% 'a.coum h% ktouri wra kangnoum h ou kan-

ncoum&– ’ou[rou[o@u &&&

Est Fowfann;s Jouman\ani ªAnfa[j aqloreº f;qiaji(Adaptation from Hovhannes Toumanian, 1869-1923)

≥

396

AM:NAPITANI BANE

Vamanakow Ar…;lqi mi fra,ag;[ a,.arfoum ardaramit ou .;lazi mijagawor h ;[;l! Na oun;z;l h ;r;q ordi! Mi ør kanc;l h ordin;rin … as;l&

– Sir;li* ordin;r% t;sno#um ;q% or ];r fa\re ‘;raz;l h ou hl ci karo[ ;rkireka®awar;l! :s wa[ouz i=a‘ klin;i im gafiz% ;j; katarwa‘ t;sn;i a\n mitqe%or ;rkar tarin;r pa,ar;l h fogis% … ];xaniz ow or karo[ana imastoun k;rpowlou‘;l im a\d mitqe% na kstana im jage% na kka®awari im vo[owrdin!

– Apra@‘ k;na m;r sir;li fa\re! Sourb h m;x famar nra w;f kamqe! A\di@nc m;‘ mitq h% or ci karo[az;l lou‘;l nra imastoun fogin!

– Afa t;snoum ;q a\d afagin ou m;‘a‘awal ,t;marane% or wa[ouz ,in;l;m! Im 'a'agn hr a\d lzn;l a\npisi mi banow% or am;napitanin lin;ra,.arfis ;r;sin% … orow karo[ana\i ba.tawor dar]n;l im vo[owrdin! A\d,t;marane d;® mnoum h datark% … fima% ow ];xaniz karo[ana a\n ‘a\r;‘a\rlzn;l a,.arfi a\d am;napitani banow% jo[ na arvani lini gafin! A®;*qgan];rizs incqan or koux;q … a®an]in-a®an]in ou[i enk;q qa[aq;qa[aq%a,.arf;a,.arf& gt;*q a\d bane … lzr;q im ,t;marane!

Ordin;re fambour;zin for ];®qe … yanaparf enkan!Ambo[= ;r;q angam qa®asoun ør nranq ,r=;zin a,.arf;a,.arf% t;san

ouri, mardik% barq;r ou vamanakin ;kan kangn;zin for a®=…!– Barow ;q ;k;l% angi*n ordin;rs! Gt;#l ;q ard\oq … b;r;#l% inc or am;na-

pitani bann h a,.arfoum!–A\o*% gt;l ;nq% sir;li* fa\r% – patas.an;zin ordin;re! :w fa\re w;rzr;z

ordin;rin ou gnazin ,t;marani dou®e! Jagawore baz;z dou®e … kanc;z m;‘ordoun&

– Inco#w klzn;s a\s afagin ,t;marane% sir;li* ord\ak! I#nc banow% orea,.arfoum am;napitanin lini!

– Fazow klzn;m a\s afagin ,t;marane% jankagi*n fa\r! I#ncn h a,.ar-foum am;napitani bane% qan faze! O#w karo[ h a®anz fazi apr;l!

A\n vamanak fa\re kanc;z mi=n;k ordoun … ou[[;z nou\n farze! :w mi=n;kordin fan;z grpaniz mi bou® fo[% parx;z d;pi fa\re% asaz&

– Fo[ow klzn;m a\s ,t;marane% jankagi*n fa\r! A®anz fo[i faz cka!A®anz fo[i o#w karo[ h apr;l!

Apa fa\re dim;z krts;r ordoun mi…nou\n farzow! – Lou\sow klzn;m a\s afagin ,t;marane% imasto*un fa\r% lou\so*w mia\n! <at

ja'a®;zi% ,at a,.arfn;r t;sa% ba\z lou\siz anfrav;,t ocinc cgta! Lou\sn ham;napitani bane% … mia\n gitouj\an lou\sow kar;li h ka®awar;l a,.arfe!

– Apr;*s% – goc;z oura.aza‘ fa\re% – q;*x h arvani im gafe% qani orlou\sow ou gitouj\amb piti lzn;s jagaworouj\ound!

Est D;r;nik D;miry\ani ªAw;lordeº

(Adaptation from Demirjian, 1877-1956)

397

ARMENIAN HUMOR

SSRRAAMMIITT NN::RRKKAARRAARREE

Mi mard mi ktor tw;z n;rkararin n;rk;lou!–I#nc gou\ni n;rk;m% – farzr;z n;rkarare!–A\np;s n;rkir% – asaz patwiratoun% – or lini o*c karmir% o*c

d;[in% o*c kanac% o*c kapou\t% o*c s…!–La*w% – asaz n;rkarare!–:#rb gam ktore tan;lou% – farzr;z ktori t;re!–Ari a\npisi ør% or lini o*c ;rkou,abji% o*c ;r;q,abji% o*c cor;q-

,abji% o*c fing,abji% o*c ourbaj% o*c ,abaj … o*c hl kiraki% –patas.an;z n;rkarare!

≥

PPAATTMM::LL HH FFAAMMOO SSAAFF||AANNEE

Am;n a®awot a[b tano[ m;q;nan galis h m;r bak% ou warordexange fnc;zn;low b[awoum h&

–Xibi@l% xibile dours b;r;@q&&&Kins tn;zin;rin asoum h&

–:s famo Saf\ani kinn ;m% in] wa\;l ch a[bi dou\le ];®qis bakdours gal!

–:s hl famo Saf\ani ma\rn ;m% in] wa\;l ch% or far…ann;re a[be];®qis t;sn;n!

T[as asoum h&–Isk ;s Famo Saf\ani t[an ;m% inco#u p;tq h a[be ;s ja';m!Yarafat\al w;rznoum ;m a[bow li dou\ln ou asoum&–:s Famo Saf\ann ;m% in] wa\;l h% or tan a[be ;s ja';m!

Klara J;rx\an% ªÂadiovpitn;rº vo[owa‘ouiz

≥

398

Fa\re nsta‘ j;rj h kardoum! Ordin das h patrastoum …ko[qiz anendfat farz;r talis&

–Fa\ri*k% i#nc ban h wakououme!–Cgit;m% – asoum h fa\re ktrouk!–Isk i#nc h n,anakoum ka\qh=!–:s ort;[i#z imanam!–Isk m[one qani# m;tr h!–A\d m;ke cgit;m!–Fa\rik% migouz; ;s im farz;row .angaro#um ;m q;x!–Bolorowin hl o*c! Farzn;low h% or mard ban h soworoum!

≥

Wardanik – Enk;*r Margo% };x partakan ;m a\n am;ni famar%inc ;s git;m!

Ousouzcoufi –I@nc kariq ka ,norfakalouj\oun fa\tn;l a\dqancncin bani famar!

≥

Ousouzcoufi –Wardanik% mi#j; im farze a\dqan dvwar h!Wardanik –Ø@% inc ;q asoum% enk;r Margo! Farze bolorowin hl

dvwar ch! Patas.ann h% or dvwar h!

≥

Enk;r Margon galis h dasaran ou asoum&–A\sør ;rgi das h% ba\z nor ;rg c;nq sowor;lou! };xaniz

\ouraqanc\oure ;rg;lou h mi ;rg% ore law giti!A,ak;rtn;riz ,at;re ];®q ;n bar]raznoum ou ;rgoum! :rb f;r-

je fasnoum h Wardanikin% na fravarwoum h!–Inco#u c;s ouxoum ;rg;l% – farznoum h enk;r Margon!–Orowf;t… mia\n mi ;rg git;m% a\n hl ,at wat .osq;row!–Isk dou ;rgi*r% ba\z wat .osq;ri 'o.ar;n asa ªtra-la-laº!Wardanikn sksoum h ;rg;l&ªEnk;r Margo% tra-la-la-la% q;x asoum ;m% tra-la-la-la &&&º

≥

399

}knors –Ard;n ;r;q vam h% or in] ;q na\oum! Inco#u inqn;rd c;q'or]oum ]ouk orsal!

Dito[ –Famb;rouj\oun coun;m!

≥

–I#nc ;s anoum!–Namak ;m groum!–O#um ;s groum!–In]!–I#nc ;s groum q;x!–Cgit;m% or namakn stanam% kimanam!

≥

–Fa\ri*k% ;s ort;[i#z ;m ;k;l!–Q;x aragiln h b;r;l!–Isk qou\riki#s!–<ouka\oum ;nq gn;l!–Fapa ma\rike ort;[i#z h!–Nran gnaz;l ;n% ‘owiz ;n b;r;l!–Isk do#u% ort;[i#z ;s ;k;l!–In] anta®oum ;n gt;l!–Mi#j; m;r entaniqoum mi normal ‘nwa‘ mard cka!

≥

–Ma\ri*k% dou ort;#[ hir% ;rb ;s ‘nw;zi!–Fiwandanozoum!–Isk fa\ri#ks!–A,.atanqi t;[e!–Our;mn oc m;kd tane chi#q% ;rb ;s ‘nw;zi!

≥

Dprozoum% qnnouj\ouniz f;to!–Incp;#s anzaw ];r qnnouj\oune!

400

–<at wat! 90 tokose ktrw;z!–Our;mn a\dqan m;#‘ h ];r dasarane!

≥

–Safak% ,ound la#w ,oun h!–Fa% G…o =an% law ,oun h% o*c facoum h% o*c k‘oum!

≥

–O#nz ;s% G…o =an% i#nc ka-cka!–Inc t;snoum ;s^ ka% inc c;s t;snoum^ cka!

≥

–Afa* ;rkou .n]or% m;ke q;x% m\ouse^ qou\rikid% – asaz ma\rikeLousikin!

Qic anz Lousike n;rs mtaw ou asaz& –Mi .n]ore k;ra!–M\ouse tour qro=d!–Sa imn h% mi qic a®a= ;s nra .n]orn ;m k;r;l!

≥

A,ote ouxoum h a,.atanqi endounw;l! Ba\z inqe kakaxoum h!Farznoum ;n&

–Mi#,t ;q kakaxoum! –O-o-o-c-c-c! Mi-mi-mi-a\n .o-.o-.o-s;-s;-s;-lis!

≥

Bv,ki endounaranoum! A,ote nor dours h galis bv,ki motiz! –I#nc asaz bvi,ke% farznoum h ir;n spaso[ enk;re!–Srti anbawararouj\oun% d;[na.t% ar\an yn,oum% ,aqara.t …

ouri, ,at ban;r &&&–D; oura*. ;[ir% our;mn ,at a®o[= ;s! Mard p;tq h ;rkaj\a

a®o[=ouj\oun oun;na% or a\d bolor fiwandouj\ounn;rin dimana!

401

Bv,ki endounaranoum! Ma\rn a,.atoum h fangstazn;l ir;r;.a\in% or laz h linoum ou fravarwoum mtn;l bv,ki mot!

–Mi* wa.;na% bali*ks% bvi,ke q;x oci*nc ci an;lou!–:j; ocinc ci an;lou% fapa inco#u ;nq ;k;l bv,kin% – farznoum

h ;r;.an!

≥

Wardane f\our h gnoum enk;ro=^ Arm;ni mot! T;snoum h Arm;nin^,an f;t d;m-dimaz nsta‘% m;=t;[oum^ ,a.mati ta.take!

–Hd i#nc ;q anoum% – farznoum h Wardane! –<a.mat ;nq .a[oum!–I@nc .;loq ,oun h% – fianoum h Arm;ne!–Hnqan hl .;loq ci! Mi,t m;k xro\ow tarwoum h!

≥

Arm;ne f\our h gnoum enk;ro=^ Sour;ni mot! T;snoum h% or Arm;neakwarioumiz ir miak ]ouke fan;l h ou a'i m;= h pafoum!

–Hd i#nc ;s anoum% – farznoum h Arm;ne! –}kans warv;znoum ;m =riz dours ,nc;l!–Dou gi@v ;s% .;[y ]ouke ksatki% – asoum h Arm;ne ou gnoum!Fa=ord øre Arm;ne krkin galis h ou nou\n bann h t;snoum! –T;sno#um ;s% – asoum h Sour;ne! – }ouks ard;n warvwoum h!

A\sør 5 rop; akwarioumiz dours mnalow^ a®anz =ri dimazaw!:rb mi qani ør f;to Arm;ne krkin a\z;loum h enk;ro=e% ]oukn

a\l…s ci ;r…oum! Farznoum h&–}oukd ort;#[ h! –Tase rop; ød ,nc;z% dimazaw% ba\z ;rb =oure gz;zi% .;[dw;z!

≥

402

403

EXCERPTS FROM ARMENIAN PROSE

A[jamar k[xin% or fa\tni h ir wa[n=akan fi,atakn;row% tara‘woum hWana lyi farawar…;l\an masoum^ faxar ouj far\our m;tr bar]rouj\an wra!

Finawourz k[xin wij.ari k;t ]kan t;sqow% ]gwoum h farawiz f\ousiskanacaxard pocn ou fska glou.e d;pi w;r karka®a‘!

Lyi f\ousisar…mt\an masoum bar]ranoum h Si'ane^ glou.e m.rya‘ ;rknqilaxouri m;=% isk nraniz qic f;®ou ;r…oum ;n k[xin ,r=anako[ l;®n;re^ Grgou®nou N;mrouje% Andokn ou ’owasare!

Fa\ marde dar;r i w;r sir;l% gourgour;l h lourj kapou\ti mi=iz dourspr‘a‘ a\d kanac fangrwane% xardar;l baginn;row ou tayarn;row … birtotq;riz anko. fo[i a\d pata®ike dar]r;l dra.tanman mi ank\oun!

A®awotwa ,nk,nkan x;'\ou®e ‘oulor;n .a[oum h pa[pa=oun aliqn;ri f;t%… nawake faxiw nkat;li safoum h ‘owi fa\;lanman mak;r…ou\ji wra! F;®woumsks;l hin ouri, nawakn;r hl ;r…al& ‘owe k;ndananoum hr! Inc-or t;[iz lswoumhin m;lama[]ot ;rgi ja.‘ali fnc\ounn;re!

Lyi mot^ bar]radir qarako' va\®i wra% kangna‘ hr mi mard^ la\n;xrgl.arkow ou ;wropakan fagoustow% … aknd;t na\oum hr l;®na,.arfi g;[;z-kouj\ounn;rin! :wropa\i ou Asia\i ,at ;rkrn;r ,r=aga\a‘ a\d mardn a\vmsrti jrji®ow hr na\oum k[xou g;[zkouj\ounn;rin! <ourj;re inc-or ;rg hinmrmn=oum% isk a= ];®qe% 'oqr-inc a®a= m;kna‘% faxiw nkat;li znzwoum hr!Jwoum hr^ ant;san;li wr]nafarwa‘n;r hr talis% or fogou m;= a®faw;t dro,mig;[at;sil bnouj\an ;rangn;re!

An‘anoje "anos J;rl;m;x\ann hr!Fankar‘ inc-or ban fi,;low^ fap,tap za‘ i=aw … qa\l;rn ou[[;z d;pi

A[jamar k[xou fa\tni qara\re!Na s;pa]… araf;tow anzaw a\‘\ami yarpkouj\amb% … nra ou[;kizr^

Gaspare% chr karo[anoum fasn;l f;t…iz! :rb nranq mtan qara\r% ,'ojwa‘ kanga®an& nranz jwaz^ mt;l ;n mi fo\akap tayar^ fast% o[ork s\oun;row …a®asta[iz gl.iwa\r ka.wa‘ a,tanakn;row! <outow nranz acq;rn ent;lazana[ot lou\sin% … nranq parx t;san bnouj\an an];®ak;rt fra,aliqn;re!A®asta[iz ka.wa‘ hin o[kou\xi ]… oun;zo[ gou\nxgou\n fanqaqar;r% fskak;ronn;r fi,;zno[ kra\in qarazoumn;r!

Est Xarxand Dar\ani ªAr‘iw Waspourakaniº w;pi(Adaptation from Zarzand Daryan, 1912-1984)

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404

Kamsar\ane fankar‘akii ;ka‘i nman mi wa\rk\an mnaz an.os% apanoriz sks;z na\;l ir ,our=e^ t;sn;lou famar a\n% inc or g\ou[azin ªg\ou[º hranwanoum! T;[e% our kang hr a®;l ka®qe% g\ou[ami=ow anzno[ .you[in hr!G;tine ‘a‘kwa‘ hr a[bakou\t;row … ajari ',ourn;row! A\d endar]aka[b\ousi wra 'o[ozn;ri 'o.ar;n enka‘ hin inc-or ‘ou®oumou® anzq;r% oronz;rkou ko[m;roum ankarg ou ,;[ zrwa‘ hin fo[a‘a‘k bar]rouj\ounn;r! Dranqg\ou[azin;ri kawa,;n f\ou[akn;rn hin n;[ ';[k;r oun;zo[ patoufann;row ou'oqrik d®n;row% oronq lou\sn stanoum hin ;rdikn;riz! T;sarane ap,;zouzictpaworouj\oun hr jo[noum!

Kamsar\ane lou® lsoum hr tirazouin! Ouri, angam gouz; na ou,adrou-j\oun cdar]n;r% arfamarf;r tirazouin% ba\z a\s angam nra bazatrou-j\ounn;re lour= mtafogouj\an t;[iq twin! G\ou[n a\nqan hr qa[za‘ ouo[orm;li% or mi ka®apan chr karo[anoum k;r gtn;l ir ]i;ri famar% isk dag\ou[azin;ri anfogouj\ouniz ou an,norfqouj\ouniz h mia\n% … anfnarin hnranz m;= apr;l ou gor‘;l! W;r=in f;t…ouj\oune 'o.anak nran t.r;zn;lou% mijaqoun fayou\q patya®;z& ch# or .ocendotn;rn a\nqan xor;[ ;n ou anfa[-jafar;li% or inqn stipwa‘ hr drv;l \our ou.te^ ir kamqiz anka.! G\ou[rjo[n;l-f;®analou nman mi mitq anzaw Kamsar\ani gl.ow% ba\z da mi zolq hrmia\n% or asoupi nman 'a\l'l;z ou anzaw wa\rk;nap;s! Nra fogou acq;remnazin s…;®a‘ a\n lousawor k;tin% ori wra grwa‘ hr fa\ g\ou[azoubarørouj\an famar a,.at;lou% tqn;lou \our wyi®e!

<outow a\st;[ fasaw … tanout;re^ mi=afasak% amrakou®% .o,or dima-g‘;row% .;lazi acq;row bar;fambou\r mi mard! Tan a[\ous; patin f;n;low];®qi 'oz.e^ an,tap mot;zaw f\ourin% qa[zravpit o[=oun;z% farzr;z nraa®o[=ouj\ouniz% ou[…orouj\an fangamanqn;riz … fa\tn;z \our ,norfakalou-j\oune% or na ,norf hr ar;l \our tane f\ourenkalw;lou! Kamsar\ane fa\tn;z irow lin;le% asaz% or yanaparford;lou npatakow h a\vm gtnwoum Cibou.lououm!

Est Mourazani ªA®aq\aleº wipaki(Adaptation from Muratsan, 1854-1908)

≥

Mi ør^ a,nane% P;trose ka®qow bvi,k hr tanoum fiwand kno= famar! Motqa®asoun tar;kan t[amard hr na^ al;.a®n max;row% ga=i p;s gounat d;mqow%.ofoun% t.our acq;row!

A,nana\in j.pot ør;riz m;kn hr& ampama‘ ;rknqiz anendfat ma[oumhr an]r…e^ mialar% srtama,% ta[tkali! Øde fag;za‘ hr minc… oskorn;reja'anzo[ ana.orv .onawouj\amb!

� "o[ozi lyaza‘ k;[tot z;.a=oure d;soud;n ,prt;low^ ka®qe gnaz-kang a®awmi .ar.oul tan rndar]ak baki a®a=!

Bvi,ke P;trosi f;t i=aw ka®qiz …% a,.at;low anzn;lou famar farmart;[ gtn;l% mtaw bake% ort;[ kawa\in z;.i m;= ;r…oum hin ]i;ri smbakn;ribaxmajiw f;tq;r^ an]r…i =row li!

405

P;trose bv,kin ‘ou®tik-mou®tik sandou[qn;row a®a=nord;z n;rqna-farke! Bvi,ke mtaw s;n\aki nmanouj\oun oun;zo[ kisa.awar mi nkou[^ .onawpat;row … g;rana‘a‘k a®asta[ow! Nkou[i ga[= … f;[]ouzic øde miangamiz.';z nra d;mqin!

D®an dimaz% mi ank\ounoum% drwa‘ hr fiwandi mafyakale^ maqouranko[now! Fiwande% oskraza‘ ];®qe kisow ca' w;rmaki takiz fana‘% øroroumhr mankan øroroze% or drwa‘ hr pati tak ir ko[qin! Jij;[\a wa®aranoumyrjyrjoum hin ta,;[n;re^ lousawor;low mouj fatake!

Mi k;rp k®jn;low ir kma.qaza‘ baxoukn;rin fiwande nst;z& na ,ncoumhr ‘anr ou fatou% ;rkar tara‘ouj\oun waxa‘ mardou nman!

Bvi,kn sks;z qnn;l nra kour‘qe% jikounqe! :rb na w;r=azr;z irxnnoumn;re% mi ko[m kanc;z P;trosin … asaz&

–Ar\an pakasouj\oun% joq;ri joulouj\oun% ma[]i anca' koutakoum%n\ard;ri grg®wa‘ouj\oun! P;tq h ;rkarat… bouvoum% law snound … fangist!

Bvi,ke d;[atoms gr;z% mi qani .orfourdn;r hl tw;z …% ;rb ouxoum hrfrav;,t tal% ];®qi m;= xgaz P;trosi ];®qi ,o,a'oume!

–Farkawor ch% – asaz na^ ];®qe f;t qa,;low! ªQi#c famar;z% j;# .[yazº% – da®nouj\amb mta‘;z P;trose … gl.afak%

n;rqin fouxmounqe jaqzn;low^ bv,ki f;t ou[[w;z dours!

Est Nar-Dosi ªBar;rar … ord;girº wipaki(Adaptation from Nar-Dos, 1867-1933)

≥

A\d øriz ;rkou ;[bor farab;rouj\ounn;rn aw;li larw;zin! Marouj.an\anea\d ambari,t ou ambartawan sp;koul\ante% anendfat grg®oum hr Miqa\;linoc a\nqan dat banalou ;[bor d;m% orqan kontr-ktaki mi=ozow Smbatin=[agrgi® wiyaki m;= paf;lou! An]r…aordi nman ;rkarawoun iran oun;zo[ a\dangof mardoun n\arda\naznoum hr Smbati sa®nasrtouj\oune% … na xør ou gi,;r.orfoum hr inc mi=ozn;r gtni faka®akordin fa[j;lou famar! Mi#j; Smbatefor ko[miz ambastan\al% Alim\ann;ri entan;kan ør;nqn;re otnafara‘%entaniqiz øtaraza‘ a\d ;ritasarde% piti anpativ wa\;li afaginfarstouj\oune% ano[=a.of mi ;ritasard% ore ;rb…h ci tqn;l% ci mta‘;l … fan-kar‘ tiraz;l h milionn;ri! O*c% da anardarouj\oun h% … inqe ;rb;q jou\l ci tanran fangist wa\;l;l fa\rakan 'o[;re! Na ;rb…iz; chr kaska‘oum% or Smbatnatoum hr ir;n mtqoum famar;low .arda.% a\las;rwa‘ mard! :w a\s fangaman-qn aw;li hr borboqoum nra j,namakan xgazoume^ anbar\azakamor;ntramadr;low nra d;m! Saka\n na chr korznoum ir sa®nasrtouj\oune … ar-taqoust Smbati f;t warwoum hr an.ab bar;kamouj\amb ou akna‘anqow! Smbateandastiarak patan\aki nman chr jaqznoum ir arfamarfanqn ou anbar\aza-kam w;rab;rmounqe! Iskap;s% Marouj.an\ann inqe fou\s coun;r kontr-ktakixorouj\an wra! Da mi mi=oz hr^ Smbatin wa.;zn;lou … drd;lou% or g;j masambgofazni ir qro=e^ talow nran va®angouj\ouniz mi or…h mas! M\ous ko[miz^ktake fnar;l hr^ Miqa\;lin ir ];®q;ri m;= a®n;lou% … ard;n a®;l hr! A\vm

406

nranq ibr… da,nakizn;r kapwa‘ ;n m;kendmi,t .arda. ];®narkouj\an bolorf;t…anqn;row% … Marouj.an\ann xgoum hr% or Miqa\;le a®anz ir;n ci karo[oc mi qa\l an;l! Isk a\s fangamanqe ];®ntou hr nran mi a\l npataki famar%orin fasn;ln aw;li d\ourin hr famaroum% qan Alim\ani va®angouj\ouniz or…iz;ban stanale!

Est <irwanxad;i ªQaosº w;pi (Adaptation from Shirvanzade, 1858-1935)!

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M;xaniz far\ourawor tarin;r a®a= ,at ou ,at f;®ou ‘ow;ri ou øwkia-nosn;ri m\ous a'in% kar mi a,.arf! A\nt;[ ‘a[ikn;r ka\in cqna[% jij;®n;rip;s xwarj ou jrj®oun% a[b\ourn;r ka\in akanakit% karkacoun! Ba\z a\nt;[mardik car hin% angouj ou na.an]!

Mi orb ou a[qat manouk hr aproum a\d mardkanz m;=! Na mia\nak hr%incp;s mi j®coun ama\i va\®;ri ‘;rp;ri m;=! :w na m;‘azaw bolori acqi a®=…^ant;s ou anfa\t! Ou ;rb patani dar]aw% jo[;z a\d qarsirt a,.arfe …yam'a enkaw^ mi ouri,% law ou f\ourenkal a,.arf gtn;lou! Mi ‘owa'i awaxn;riwra^ zamaqin% ,o[,o[oun mi ]ouk t;saw^ fog;warqi m;= jalik-jalik galis!Patanin% ]ouke grka‘% qnq,ouj\amb taraw-baz jo[;z ‘owi m;=!

}ouke% ;rb ou,qi ;kaw% asaz mardou l;xwow&– Bari* t[a% inc or sirtd kouxi% asa*% ;s kkatar;m qo zankouj\oune!Patanin 'oqr-inc mta‘;louz f;to asaz&– To*ur in] mardou kr‘qi tak qare iskakan sirt dar]n;lou mi fnar!– Dou s;r ;s ouxoum% qa=asi*rt t[a% ,a*t law& ktri*r ‘owa'i ;[;gn;riz

m;ke% sri*ng ,inir … gna* mardkanz m;=% ;rgi*r! :w ;rb t;sn;s% or nranz acq;rearzounqow lzw;zin% imazi*r% or qare sirt dar]aw!

A\sp;s .rat;z ]ouke … souxw;z ‘owi 'r'rad;x aliqn;ri m;=!A\np;s qa[zr% a\np;s fog;graw dours ford;zin fnc\ounn;re srngi 'o[iz%

a\np;s qnqou, ou fog;xma\l& ou[[aki srti .orqiz dours za\t;zin d\oujakanfnc\ounn;re% or ',rw;zin angjouj\amb b®nwa‘ srt;re! Mardik dours j®antn;riz% ,r=apat;zin patanoun … a®a=in angam nkat;zin% or a[qat h oumia\nak& grk;zin ou fambour;zin nran … a®a=in angam ir;nz k\anqoumw,tafar f;k;kazin&&&

A\d ørwaniz a,.arf ;kaw ;rge% ou ;rgi mi=ozow fouxw;zin qar srt;re%… a\d ørwaniz s;re w,ti f;t anbavan bou\n dr;z mardkanz kr‘qoum% nranzsrti m;=!

Est Aw;tiq Isafak\ani ªSiro ;rgeº patoumi (Adaptation from Avetik Issahakian, 1875-1957)

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Ambo[= qa[aqe ansowor mardou wra jo[noum hr ;rkajou[ou ka\aranitpaworouj\oun% our am;n oq ,tapoum h% waxoum% froum ou frwoum^ wa.;nalow gnaz-qe 'a.zn;l! A= ou ]a. srenjaz anznoum ;n tna\in ou war]ou ka®q;re tan;lowgor‘i mardkanz! Nora]… .anoujn;re fska zouza';[k;row% liqn ;n faya.ordn;row&mtnoum ;n% dours galis% gnoum% waya®oum% .aboum ou .abwoum ou mi,t ,tapoum!

Am;n inc 'o.woum h t;ndagin ja'ow% isk am;niz a®a=^ mardkanzartaqine! Mi ;rkfarkani ,;nqi a®=… Smbate t;saw .oumb-.oumb mardkanz% or.orfrdawor fa\azqn;r 'o.anak;low^ 's'soum hin! Na m;.anikor;n glou.ebar]razr;z … ,;nqi yakatin kardaz ªBorsaº! Mi qanise% Smbatin yanac;low%patka®anqow f;t qa,w;zin nran yanaparf talou% m\ousn;re .onarf glou. tw;zin!

Smbatn anznoum hr am;n ko[miz endoun;low siralir o[=ou\nn;r … vpitn;r!Na xgaz mi t;sak arfamarfanq … nou\nisk no[kanq d;pi a\d mardik%

or patrast hin mim\anz fo,ot;l% mim\anz koul tal føgout ir;nz ,afi!Na mi t;sak amoj xgaz ir mtawor … baro\akan a,.arfi a®=…! A\d

pafin na kangna‘ hr ;rkou mardou mi=…& m;kn a\vm\an Smbatn hr% m\ouse^ ;rkouamis a®a=wa Smbate% m;ke^ milionn;ri va®angorde% m\ouse^ a\n a[qat ;rita-sarde% or ir entaniqe pafoum hr masnawor das;row% foriz ani‘wa‘% g;rdas-taniz artaqswa‘&&& Ori#n mot;nal% ori# f;t ]oulw;l a®mi,t&&&

Smbatn xgaz% or ir mtq;re gnoum ;n f;®ou! Na fankar‘ znzw;z ou kanga®aw& fi,;z anz\al øre ;[bor Miqa\;li f;t oun;za‘ ana.orv .osakzouj\oune! ªA\o*%;j; ktakn ørinakan h% .ndire klou‘wi inqnestinq\an% a®anz im kamqiº% –mta‘oum hr na sandou[qn;row bar]ranalis!

– Smba@t% – ls;z na mi ‘anoj ]a\n … f;t na\;z!Grigor Fab;j\ann hr% or f…if… ou qrtnam.a‘ mot;noum hr! Na mi-

lionatiro= awag ordoun .ndroum hr ,norf b;r;l Q\axim-b;gi tane kaxma-k;rpwo[ .n=ou\qin!

Smbate zankanoum hr m;rv;l% ba\z f;taqrqrouj\oune g;raxanz;z& arv;mi angam n;rka lin;l Miqa\;li enk;rakan ,r=anoum … t;sn;l incp;s h naanzkaznoum ir k\anqe!

Est <irwanxad;i ªQaosº w;pi(Adaptation from Shirvanzade, 1858-1935)

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:rb "arixoum hi% mi qani enk;rn;riz fraw;r staza^ Nor tarin miasindimawor;lou ,q;[ ®;storann;riz m;koum!

Â;storani endar]ak dafliye 'oqr a® 'oqr lzw;z fasarakouj\amb% bolors;[ann;rn xba[w;zin! Pcras;r kana\q pynwa‘ hin am;naw;r=in moda\ow! Nranzakan=ø[;ri … man\akn;ri% aparan=ann;ri … matanin;ri agatn;rn ouadamandn;re b\ourawor ast[;ri p;s 'a\l'loum hin ;r'n;rang ou akna.titlou\sow! Dafliye lousaworwa‘ hr ine-tase fska\atip =af;row% oronq ast[;rinman ,o[,o[oum hin w;r…iz!

407

408

Orotendost ;rav,touj\oune jndaz% … t;[-t;[ sks;zin par;l xou\g;re!|ouraqanc\our s;[aniz ya®aga\joum hin fncoun ‘i‘a[% qrqi=% xwarj ]a\n;r!

Aknd;t na\oum hi ,our=s motikn ou f;®oun& bolori acq;ri m;= pa\‘a®vpit kar … gofounakouj\oun! Kar‘;s a\s mardik ;rb…iz; wi,t chin t;s;l% or…ht.our vam chin oun;z;l … fima fawaqw;l hin a\st;[ nou\n fawatqow endoun;lounor ;ko[ tarin!

Vamanake qani mot;noum hr gi,;rwa vame 12-in% a\nqan endfanourxwarjouj\oune lzwoum hr% ou®yanoum% or piti a[mk;r ,ampa\ni ,,;ri pa\-j\ounn;row … piti ford;r ,,;riz foso[ 'r'roun ginou f;t!

"o[oziz^ ®;storani fska lousamoutn;riz n;rs hin na\oum znzotin;r fa-ga‘ mardik% sowallouk manoukn;r! Mi qani ;r;.an;r nou\nisk fandgnor;n n;rshin .zkw;l … k‘kw;l d®an mot!

Spasaworn;re xa\rou\jow anendfat dours hin q,oum nranz!– Xarfour;li ban h a,.arfe% – asaz enk;rn;rizs m;ke!– Qani a[qat

ka ,our=d% ;r=anik c;s karo[ lin;l% – far;z m\ouse!Am;nqe spasoum hin .orfrdawor wa\rk\anin vame 12-in% ;rb mi zawagin%

a[io[orm yic lsw;z& d®an mot hr! Spasaworn;riz m;ke b®ounzqow farwa‘;l hrmi .art\a, ;r;.a\i ;r;sin! :r;.a\i qjiz fosoum hr ar\oune& o[orm;lin xar-fouranqiz ycoum hr! Kana\q fankar‘aki ]a\niz sars®azin … ‘a‘k;zin ir;nzmarmar\a ous;rn ou folani baxoukn;re! <at;re n\arda\naza‘ hin& cgit;s ow^oum d;m! Â;storani ka®awarci framanow ;rav,touj\oune jndaz% … oroten-dost ]a\n;ri m;= .;[dw;z ;r;.a\i lazi ]a\ne!

Est Aw;tiq Isafak\ani ªNor tarwa dimaworoume "arixoumº patmwa‘qi(Adaptation from Avetik Issahakian, 1875-1957)

≥

:w afa vamanake ci ou,aznoum ir øgnouj\oune% orp;sxi faskananq% j;Komitasi gor‘e am;niz aw;li fi,;znoum h M;srop Ma,tozi gor‘oun;ouj\oune!

Enj;rz;low vo[owa‘oui n\ouj;re^ .;lamit enj;rzo[e ci karo[ cxgal%cfaskanal ou cemb®n;l% or Komitase mi f;rjakan d;mq chr fa\ m,akou\ji pat-mouj\an m;=! Nra osk;xø‘ mat\anoum ;rb;q ci xba[;zni mia\n mi drwag! Namimia\n ;rgafan chr% j;koux daragl.a\in^ mi ambo[= dprozi fimnadir!Miavamanak na m;‘ gitnakan hr% m;kn a\n ;r=anik fa\tnagor‘o[n;riz% oronzfawaqakan anoune Koloumbos hr! Na… fa\ ;rgi lawagou\n kataro[e^ nou\np;sskxbnaworo[e! Isk .mbawa#re% ousouzi#ce% banas;#re&&&

A\s am;ne qa= fa\tni h ;j; oc bolorin% apa ,at;rin!A\spisin hr m;k hl Ma,toze! Lin;low m;r a®a=in l;xwabane^ za\sør na

mnoum h .o,oragou\ne& anza‘-gnaza‘ tasnfing dar;ri enjazqoum mi a\npisid\oura,arv ou m,ta'o'o. l;xou% incpisin h fa\;r;ne% ckaro[azaw .otorw;lnra kargadra‘ fnc\ounakan famakargiz& ª`º-n a\n baza®ouj\ounn h% or fas-tatoum h ør;nqe!

409

Na ba®azior;n m;r a®a=in q;rakann h … a®a=in dasagirqe% m;rdprozn;ri a®a=in tnør;nn ou a®a=in ousouzcap;te! A®a=in jargmann hr …a®a=in m;knice! A\s fa\tni h famar\a boloris!

Ba\z Ma,tozi dimaqandake awartoun chr a\nqan vamanak% qani chrgitakzwa‘% or m;r m;‘agou\n qa[aqag;tn hr na! M;r tigrann;riz ou ;rwan-dn;riz% ar,akn;riz ou wa[ar,akn;riz oc oq ;rb…h a\np;s cxgaz vamanaki xar-k;rake% incp;s a\d dpire% or ir houj\amb ou manawand kocmamb f;®ou hr qa[a-qakanouj\ouniz!

A\vm gtnwa‘ h Ma,tozi a\s am;nabnoro, ou am;nahakan dimagi‘n hl%… nra dimaqandake awartwa‘ h!

A®a=in pafin% an,ou,t% arta®oz kjwa% ;j; xougaf;®e ,arounakwi^ Ko-mitase na… kocwi qa[aqag;t!

Est Parou\r S…aki ªDimankari ambo[=azman famarº fodwa‘i(Adaptation from Paruyr Sevak, 1924-1971)

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P;tros Masis\ani bnakarane^ mifarkani% yaqyqwa‘ pat;row% 'ta‘d®n;row% n;[ lousamoutn;row% gtnwoum hr :& qa[aqi mi f;t enka‘% 'o,;‘a‘k'o[ozi wra! Fnør\a a\d ka®ou\ze as;s No\i vamanakn;riz mnaza‘% gr;j; .ar-.l;l hr% ba\z snafawat tant;re^ Masis\anr% orn ir a®…trawa,.a®ouakangor‘oun;ouj\an anna.enjaz fa=o[ouj\ounn;re kapoum hr a\d bnakarani% nram;= ;[a‘ ªoski aqa[a[iº f;t% jou\l chr talis w;ranorogcakan or…h gor‘!Nou\nisk endar]ak bakoum aya‘ .a[o[i orj;rin kar‘;s adamordou ];®q;rb…iz; chr kp;l% nranq m;‘az;l hin ir;nz wa\r;ni famar]akouj\an m;=!

Masis\ann a\n faroustn;riz hr% oronz parsk;r;n for=or=oumow kocoum ;nªnowqisaº% a\sinqn nor qsaki t;r% or n,anakoum h a[qatouj\ouniz bar]raza‘… drami t;r dar]a‘ noren‘a faroust! A\s faroustn;re hap;s xanaxanwoum ;nva®angakan dramat;r;riz ir;nz endfanour warqag‘ow … am;niz a®a=^ nra-now% or nranq% ibr… ªct;sn;rº% mardou am;n mi arvaniq% am;n katar;louj\oundrami m;= ;n t;snoum! Dranq ;r…aka\oum ;n% j; .;lq% ,norfq% gitouj\oun% axn-wouj\oun% wark% patiw% mi .osqow^ am;n ban oun;n% orowf;t… 'o[ oun;n! Isk nranz%or xourk ;n a\d ªª,norfizº% arfamarfoum ;n% ditoum orp;s an,norfq% anpitanarara‘n;r% oronq p;tq h ir;nz kamakatare lin;n mia\n% oc aw;lin! Ba\z dramikoutakman anfag t;ncin liowin bawararouj\oun talou famar mia\n ªoskiaqa[a[eº% a\sinqn^ ba.te bawakan chr! Masis\ane ir gor‘oun;ouj\ana\ga‘agin isk gl.i enkaw% or mi=ozn;ri mi=… cp;tq h .trouj\oun dn;l% cp;tqh ;rknc;l% enkrk;l% fravarw;l xartou[i mi=ozn;riz% .ab;ba\ouj\ouniz ou ,o[oqor-j;louz% mtaza‘in plann;re p;tq h dar]n;l irakan ou a®ør;akan% fa[jafar;lbolor .ouj;rn ou .ocendotn;re% bolor mi=ozn;re i spas dn;l føgout ir farstaz-man ba[]anqin! Am;n mi=oz nra famar sourb hr% ;j; fasznoum hr npatakin!

:w a\d bolore na anoum hr oc j; caramtouj\ouniz drdwa‘% a\l bolorowinbnakan hr famaroum% … a\s patya®ow nra .i[ye mi,t fangist hr!

Est Ra``ou ªOski aqa[a[º w;pi(Adaptation from Raffi, 1835-1888)

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<;qspirn ir ªFaml;towº ti;x;rqe dr;z mardou m;=^ Faml;ti ,ourj;rowaxdarar;low& ªInqs in] famar mi ambo[= ti;x;rq ;mº!

Faml;te^ a\s anfou\s ;raxo[e% ori bna‘in axnwouj\oune a\las;rwoum h ouda®noum kaska‘% … kaska‘e^ ma[]% g;ragou\n fakadrouj\ounn h Makb;ji% orim;= tirap;touj\an ‘arawe% mardka\in ‘a®a\amolouj\an anfagourd ]gtoumea\las;rwoum h … tanoum d;pi dato[ouj\an mjagnoum ou d;pi oyrapart fan-zanq!

:j; Faml;te lin;r sosk mi id;alist% k'rkw;r … ;r=anik kapr;r ir;raxn;row! Saka\n id;alist lin;louz bazi na endounak h t;sn;l a,.arfe irn;rqin acq;row% a\np;s% incp;s na ka!

M;douxa\i gl.i nman anendfat nra acq;rin na\o[ irakanouj\an davanpatk;re sa®;znoum h nra ar\oune% c;xoqaznoum nra gor‘;lou zankouj\oune%dar]noum nran mi stw;r^ k;ndani mardkanz a,.arfoum! Oc fa[jafar;l karo[h nran% oc hl mo®anal! Na t;snoum h mardka\in fasarakouj\oune^ ir ano[ormmanramasnouj\amb% ou mardoun a®anz dimaki!

A\s sars®;zouzic fa\tnouj\ouniz f;to nra bna‘in ja.i‘e t;[i h talismi anbouv;li xxwanqi d;pi a,.arfn ou marde! :w ;j; ci iragor‘oum ir;npartadrwa‘ andr,irim\an framane^ lou‘;l wr;ve ir spanwa‘ for% kamqijoulouj\ouniz ch% incp;s kar‘oum h G\oj;n% a\l ‘a\raf;[ arfamarfanqiz d;pia,.arfn ou a,.arfa\ine! ªInci# famar mi ban ];®nark;m … i#nc øgoutdranizº% – mta‘oum h na!

I#nc h a\d ªl®ouj\ouneº% or xm®soum h daniazou ,ourj;re anhouj\an,;mqin! A\d ªl®ouj\ouneº% est is% a,.arfe bar;'o.;lou% srbagr;lou an-fnarinouj\an fand;p o[b;rgoui endwxoumn h% ‘a®azoume anou[[;lii d;m% orartafa\twoum h ‘a\ragou\n xxwanqow% anbouv;li no[kanqow mafazo[ Faml;ti,ourj;rin!

A\d am;na.os ªl®ouj\ounrº a,.arfe znzo[ mi a[a[ak h d;pi nore% d;pigaliqe slazo[ mi kanc% mi fou\s% gouz; … mi dawananq!

Est Wafram "a'ax\ani ªFaml;te% incp;s t;saº grqi(Adaptation from Vahram Papazian, 1888-1968)

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410

411

Anpar'ak wi,te fogou m;=^ na andadroum ja'a®;z øtar vo[owourdn;rifa\r;niqn;roum% zawakiz ;[aw anøgnakan adamordoun! A®aw nran ir srti m;=%mtaw nra sirte% .osq asaz% .osq ls;z … imazaw% or am;nour% a,.arfi bolor‘a\r;roum hl wi,te m;k h% s;re^ m;k! :w na f\ous;z bolori famar ir ;rge% siro%ta®apanqi% axatouj\an fog;xma\l ;rge! :w ws;ma.of ;rgice^ anbavan zoupe];®qin% ja'a®;z a,.arf;a,.arf% ;[aw a\l…a\l ;rkrn;roum ou mi ør k\anqiiriknamoutin% imastoun 'or]ow ou a,.arfemb®nmamb% fognab;k ou yam'an;ri'o,in ar…a® yakatin% w;radar]aw fa\r;ni toun! Ou ;rgi mrmoun=ow ;law Ara-ga‘i lousaford lan=n i w;r% enko[man;z jou\rijou\r ‘a[ikn;ri m;=! W;re ;rknilaxouroum% ya.roum-y.oum hin ‘ia‘anaj… fawq;ri ;ramn;re% mim\anz ]a\n talis%]a\n a®noum qa[zrafnc\oun% fog;jrji® da\la\low! N;rq…oum na t;saw aw;rak-n;ri mo.irn;riz w;r bar]razo[ qa[aqn;r% ,;n;r ktourn;rin ‘.i kapou\t ‘w;nn;r!Ls;z fa\aba®% bna,.arfik ;rge f;rkwori% karotawa® na\;z Ararat\an da,tin%M;‘ ou �" oqr Masisn;rin% na\;z w,tow ou e[]anqow li% … jrj®oun srti =;rmarzounqn;row zo[w;zin ‘a[kaj;rj;re! Fouxajajaw fogin .a[a[w;z% akan=in;rkna\in fnc\ounn;re ggw;zin% ou ‘a[ikn;ri bourmounqow arba‘ fandart nirf;z!

F;qiaja\in ;raxe d;® nor hr skixb a®;l% ;rb fankar‘ ls;z mi afasar-sou® ]a\n! ’;r ar‘wi p;s baz ar;z acq;rn ou ir d;m t;saw anagorou\n% dv.;mmafe! A®anz dou\xn isk ;rk\ou[i% anjaqou\z arfamarfanqow … anfo[do[dna\;z mafwan acq;rin ou anwrdow farzr;z&

– I#nc h ouxa‘d!Mafwan d;mqin jrj®az safm®k;zouzic vpite&– Miamit h qo farzmounqe … oc wa\;l imastounin& i#nc p;tq h ouxi mafe

mafkanazouiz!Bar]razaw mi fonqe imastoun ;rgci% jri p;s k;®w;z yakati wra!– Dou fogis ;s ouxoum% ba\z ;s a\n bavan;l ;m bolorin% … q;x talou ocinc

ci mnaz;l% – asaz ;rgice … nirf;z baxmas'\ou® ‘a[ikn;ri m;=^ Araga‘ixmrou.t lan=in!

Est Sour;n A\wax\ani ªYakatagire fa\ozº w;pi(Adaptation from Suren Ayvazyan, 1915-1981)

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:r;q ør anendfat fog;fangist hr katarwoum! Am;nqn a,.atoum hinir;nz farganqe matouz;l! A\l…s oc oq chr bambasoum g‘ou‘ milionatiro=e% ocoq chr asoum% j; Markos a[an ;[;l h .ab;ba% anfag ko[optic% b®nakal en-tan;kan farki tak! Mafn am;nqin fa,t;zr;l hr nra f;t% …% inqnestinq\anfaskanali h% am;n oq a,.atoum hr ir w,takzouj\oune% srti mrmou®n arta-fa\t;l va®angn;rin! <at;re 's'souqow mim\anz akan=in ,,n=oum hin% j;ordin;riz dvgof ‘;rounin d;® ;rkar kapr;r% ;j; srtoum coun;nar Smbatizawe! 0@% ma,;z .;[y mardou fogin … marmine ano[=a.of ordou anf;j;j% Ali-m\ann;ri tan famar warkab;kic ararqe! M;[adranqn artafa\toum hin kzk-

412

tour ,,n=\ounow! |ouraqanc\oure wa.;noum hr^ migouz; loure fasni milionn;riva®angordin Smbatin% ore dastiarakw;l hr moskow\an mi=awa\roum% bna-worouj\amb axniw hr% anencas;r! Bann a\n h% or o[= qa[aqe git;r% or fødshin znd;l Miqa\;li ;raxanqn;re% or Alim\ann;ri tan gor‘;ri [;ke Smbati];®qn hr anznoum!

Ktake baz arin fangouz\ali mafwan ;rrord øre! Da na.^ fangouz\alixgazmounqn;ri srtabou. x;[oumn hr% apa^ gor‘nakan-pa,tonakan anfou\x miwaw;rajou[j^ nra jo[a‘ milionn;ri f;taga ba.ti w;rab;r\al! ’;rounin as;lhr% ‘.akan qafana T;r-Simone^ ar]anagr;l! Fangouz\ale am;niz a®a= pat-wiroum hr Smbatin Miqa\;li s.al warqagi‘e 'o.;l% nran ou[i[ yanaparfib;r;l ktr;low a\n a\las;rwa‘ k;nza[iz% zo' ou ,wa\t k\anqiz% ori m;= ørestør;'toum h nra ;ritasard marmine! F;to patwiroum hr arjoun fsko[ouj\ounoun;nal Ar,aki wra% sir;l ou farg;l more% apr;l nra f;t mi farki tak% anba-van! A\nouf;t… .ndranqi ou a[;rsanqi .osq;row pafan=oum hr ou[[;l irªs.aleº!

Galow gor‘nakanin fangouz\ale bazi mi qani ann,an nw;rn;riz ir cqa-wor axgakann;rin ou bar;gor‘akan npatakow% bolor ir ,arvakan ou an,arvka\q;re … banka\in j[j;rn ou stanaliqn;re fan]noum hr Smbati tnørinouj-\ane!

Est <irwanxad;i ªQaosº w;pi(Adaptation from Shirvanzade, 1858-1935)

≥

Ou, ;r;ko hr ard;n% ;rb Pape% w;r=ap;s% gnaz ir nn=arane^ fangsta-nalou! Da for a®an]narann hr^ orsi faxwag\out morjin;row ou p;s-p;sx;nq;row xardarwa‘ mi sraf% orn a\vm dar];l hr nn=aran% our wa®woum hin;rkou \ojnast;[ ar‘aj; a,tanakn;r% oronq lousaworoum hin baxmat;sak mor-jin;rn ou x;nq;re% 'a\t; nrbak;rt mi mafyakal ir m;taqs\a anko[now% … d®-n;re^ k;rpas\a waragou\rn;row! Na sks;z anfangist f;t ou a®a= qa\l;l sra-fi ;rkarouj\amb^ na.,axard fatake ‘a‘ko[ gorgi wra\ow ou chr karo[anoumfangstanal& qn;lou zankouj\ounn angam 'a.;l hr nraniz! Ard\oq fogna‘ou-j\o#unn hr patya®e% j;# mi a\l ban! ªInco#u ;rkire fasaw a\s drouj\an% o#w hm;[awor% mi#j; mia\n parsikn;reº% – mtoroum hr na! D;mqe mom;ri jrj®azo[lou\s;ri n;rqo ;r…oum hr m®a\l% fogna‘ ou =[a]ig!

Iskap;s fima^ a\s ;r;ko% aw;li qan ;rb…h% nra a= kisad;me znzwoum hranendfat% … na dar]\al chr karo[anoum as;l fogna‘ouj\ouni#z h da% j;# ørwatpaworouj\ounn;riz! Mtq;ri fa.ou®n for]anqe ;rb;q chr joulanoum% a\l end-faka®ake% qani gnoum% da®noum hr fama® ou tirakan! Na 'or] ar;z joja';lir;niz a\d fou,;re^ wa[wa an;liqn;ri masin mta‘;lou% ckaro[azaw& a\d mtq;re%or pa,ar;l hin nra o[= houj\oune% anfangstouj\an f;t zaw hin patya®oum

413

nran!Pape xgou,or;n% or carjnazni xinworn;rin% anzaw mi=anzqow … mot;zaw

:r;mia\i s;n\aki d®ane! A®a=in bane% or nkat;z% lou\si mi barak zolq hr% or;r…oum hr d®an y;[qiz! :r;mian .orasouxwa‘ groum hr … cnkat;z Papi n;rsgale! Pape nst;z nra dimaz^ jikn;low ;®otanou wra …% jiknozi ';,;rnou[[;low% dim;z :r;mia\in&

– Inco#w piti w;r=anan a\s a[;tn;re% .osi*r% :r;*mia% ;s qo .orfrdikariqn ;m xgoum!

:r;mian xgaz% or arqan .ist fouxwa‘ h% or nran p;tq h fangstazou-zic .osq;r as;l% ousti … fangist tonow asaz&

– Sir;li@d im Pap% m;x mnoum h nor a[;tn;ri a®a=n a®n;l% … da kaniør;zør aw;lazo[ m;r xorqe% or lzwa‘ h wr;v.ndrouj\amb% m;r xorawarn;re% or%incp;s t;sar% ocinc c;n .na\oum fa\r;niqi … q;x famar!

Est St;'an Xor\ani ªPap jagaworº w;pi(Adaptation from Stepan Zoryan, 1989-1967)

≥

Mi qani ørwa enjazqoum ‘anojaza qa[aqi fasarakouj\ane% or imwa[wa fandisat;sn hr lin;lou! :w ;s faskaza% or am;n gnow p;tq h nway;lnranz% oronq fasarakakan kar‘iqi a®a=in =oujakn ;n lin;lou! Nkaricn;r hindranq% qnnadatn;r% banast;[‘n;r^ fine d;®…s cmo®aza‘ … norin cent;laza‘mardik% pa®awn;r^ nawjalini bourmounqow% oronq anendfat 70-akanjwakann;ri kori`;\n;ri anounn;row hin ;rdwoum% ba\z nranz ko[qin ka\inosk;f;r g;rmanoufin;r^ xousp ou sa®e lr=ouj\amb% ,w;doufin;r^ angou\n acq;row%folandoufin;r% oronq cna\a‘ wa[ouz aproum hin Âousastanoum% ba\z paf;l hinir;nz tofmik inqnourou\nouj\oune^ d;® 'oqr-inc a[awa[wa‘!

A\spisi .a\tab[;t fandisat;sin tir;lou famar bawakan chr krkn;la\n mi=ozn;re% oronziz øgtw;l hi Moskwa\oum! Ank;[‘ ou inqnabou. anmi=a-kanouj\oune% ori wra fimnw;l hi minc fima% a\st;[ karo[ hr ditw;l orp;smiamit gawa®akanouj\oun% isk apawin;l mia\n ar…mta;wropakan arw;stioyin a®inqn;lou famar inqnafawan a\d fandisat;sin% wtangawor sa\jaqoumklin;r!

Inc…h% fog;kan a\dpisi ;rkwouj\an pa\mann;roum sks;zi ªFaml;tiº …ªØj;llo\iº 'or];re!

Ba\z o#w hi ;s L;ningradi fandisat;si famar^ mi fa\ d;rasan% or ;k;lhr f;®ou Kowkasiz …% orp;s Øj;llo ou Faml;t% .a[alou hr rans;r;now!

T;sno#um ;s% sir;li* enj;rzo[% j; orqan ‘anr h Monoma.i gl.arke% …orqan anfrav;,t^ anfo[do[d fawate ouv;rid fand;p am;n angam% ;rb farkepafan=oum h m;x^ d;rasann;ris% dimagraw;l nor fandisat;si!

B;m mta a®anz ‘a'afarouj\ounn;ri a®a=in angam im k\anqoum! Yi,t

414

h% or da ;[aw w;r=ine!:rkrord na.adasouj\ouniz xgazi% or ,'aza‘ ou antarb;r dafliye

fawaq;z ir;n% jou\l ou anpat,ay nsta‘n;rn ou[[w;zin% a®a=in kargi wra]gwa‘ otq;re fawaqw;zin!

L®ouj\oun tir;z dafliyin% jan]razaw faxargl.ani wi,ape% mi marddar]aw% … mi rop;i enjazqoum fawaq;low nran im ];®q;ri m;=^ ka.ard;ziarw;sti ouvow … ar]ak;zi ir;nz tn;re^ mia\n n;rka\azman w;r=oum!

Est Wafram "a'ax\ani ªF;tadar] fa\azqº grqi (Adaptation from Vahram Papazian, 1888-1968)

≥

:rb ‘nw;z :r;mian^ Margari ou Al.ajouni tasn;rkou;rord xawake%‘no[n;re faxiw hin ‘a\re ‘a\rin fasznoum& outo[ b;ran ,at% a,.ato[^ qic!F;txf;t; 'o.w;z am;n inc% … ørestør; barwoqw;z entaniqi wiyake! A\sbarørouj\oune l®;l\a\n w;ragrwoum hr :r;mia\in! Ou qani gnoum% na da®noumhr gourgouranqi … .orfrdapa,takan siro a®arka% ;[ba\rn;rn ou qou\r;rrnra f;t warwoum hin oc a\n a®ør\a fogazo[ouj\amb ou 'a\'a\anqow% orin ar-vananoum h soworabar tan am;nakrts;re% a\l inc-or \ourørinak mi ;rk\ou-[a‘ouj\amb!

"oqrouz ‘no[n;re nran ousman twin na.^ tna\in qafana\i mot% apa^Waraga wanqi Va®angaworaz warvaranoum^ ast‘o pa,tamounqi ‘a®a\ou-j\ane nwirw;lou! Warvaranoum :r;mian acqi hr enknoum ir f;xafambou\r war-w;zo[ouj\amb% fa',takwa‘% andadroum parapmounqn;row% n;ram'o' mta,.ar-fow! Warvap;tn;rn ou fog…or fa\r;re% oronz fa\tni hr ir;nz fog;ordounast‘o ‘a®a\ouj\ane en‘a\ab;r;lou fangamanqe% fawatoum … fawataznoum hin%or mi nor >rim\an Fa\rik h lin;lou na% mi ar‘iw% ori j…;row noriz ;rknam-bar] sawa®n;lou h Waspourakan a,.arfe!

Anznoum hin tarin;re% … wanqi dpranozoum ygnak\az% fogou anbasirda,nouj\an ou andorrouj\an m;= :r;mian gi,;r ou xør =;rm;®andor;n a[ojoumhr^ ounkndir ;rkna\in ]a\nin% anhaza‘% anfa[ord a,.arfik k\anqi j;* ,®a\-la,ouq% j;* qstmn;li h=;rin! Maga[aj\a .nkajou\r ou .ora.orfourd grq;rizgja®atouj\an% bar;pa,touj\an% qriston;akan .onarfouj\an% apa,.arouj-\an .osq;r hr an.on= qa[oum na^ m;[salir ou ambari,t mardkanz 'rk;louencaqa[zouj\ouniz ou a.ta‘in molouj\ounn;riz! :w oc mi ban chr p[toroumnra anenky;li fogin drd;low astwa‘endd;m ararqn;ri! :w ;rb awart;z war-varani dasenjaze% wanqi al;xard miabann;re miakam ou miasirt% anjaqou\zog…orouj\amb ou bar\azakamouj\amb patrastwoum hin nra m;‘ ou srbaxanø‘man!

Est Xarxand Dar\ani ªAr‘iw Waspourakaniº w;pi(Adaptation from Zarzand Daryan, 1912-1984)

415

Ar;gake ‘ag;z% … nra frakarmir ,o[;ri tak 'a\l'l;zin ;[\amow pata‘endar]ak da,t;re! :r…oum hin d;[nakanac part;xn;row ,r=apatwa‘ lq\alg\ou[;re! Ar…i tak famatara‘ s'®w;l hr oukrainakan da,tankare^ ir bolorfma\qn;row ou bou\r;row!

Parx% ja'anzik ør hr! Falwoum hin ;[\amn ou m;rkasa®ou\ze% blourn;repsp[oum hin faxar;rang% kar‘;s =ardwa‘ apakin;ri milionawor ktortanqn;rhin ,a[ trwa‘ fou®ji da,t;ri wra ou 'a\l'loum hin ‘ia‘ani nourb gou\n;row!

M;srop\ann a,.atoum hr cna\;l akann;riz a\landakwa‘ .ordoubordyanaparfn;ri ko[me% or ct;sni ‘w;n-‘w;n ,or;row sowallouk ;r;.an;ri .mb;re^z;.;ri mi=ow qa\l;lis% ct;sni tna\in .a\tab[;t ir;row bar]a‘ sa\lakn;rnou ]i;ri anw;r= diakn;re! Srtaymlik patk;rn;r hin dranq!

A\dp;s t;[afan ;[an% ‘;r ou ;r;.an;r ga[ji yam'an;rn enkan lazou-ko‘ow ou fa®acanqow% w;r=in angam na\;low ja'our mnaza‘ tn;rin ou ama-\azo[ g\ou[;rin!

Lsw;z goumartaki framanatari orotendost kance^ ødanaw;@r% ødana-w;@r&&& Fognab;k martikn;re wa\rk;nap;s ]oulw;zin g;tnin! Xofrap M;srop\anna®a=ine nkat;z d;[in% ptoutanman ‘ou.e … fo[i w;r-w;r .o\azo[ s… ,atr-wann;re! F;to lsw;zin ;rkrord% ;rrord% corrord pa\j\ounn;re^ m;ke m\ousiz.olakan% m;ke m\ousiz afasarsou®! Ou fankar‘ tir;z mi ansowor l®ouj\oun&&&

Framan ;[aw otqi ;ln;l! M;srop\ann aragor;n w;r kazaw! Nou\n rop;in%irar øgn;low% m;k-m;k otqi kangn;zin … m\ousn;re! Mi xinwor f;t dar]aw% na\;zM;srop\anin% orn awtomatn ousiz ka.a‘ w;rzr;l hr mi bou® s…afo[ ou mot;zr;l.®owafou\x d;mqin! Jou. fo[e bouroum hr ‘anoj% qa[zr% ;raxa\in bourmoun-qow% ]awari p;s fatik-fatik ou srsou®!

– Inco#w ;s xba[wa‘% – farzr;z awtomataworn;riz m;ke!Xofrape t.raf;‘ fa\azqow na\;z nran% na\;z b®an m;=% fo[in% ®oumb;riz

bazwa‘ ]agarin ou ,,n=az&– M;[q h fo[e&&&

Est Frac\a Qocari ªM;‘ tan xawakn;reº w;pi(Adaptation from Hrachia Kochar, 1910-1965)

≥

K;sgi,;r hr! >orounk% qa[zr qni m;= Kamsar\ane chr t;s;l% j; incp;sforixone ‘a‘ko[ amp;re% bard-bard koutakw;low% lousine ‘a‘k;zin% … apadanda[or;n jan]r ma®a.ou[e sqo[;z sar ou ]or! F;to sks;z barak an]r…ma[;l% apa qic-qic gnalow sastkazaw ou fordazaw! Qamin ,a®ac;low 'ojor-koum hr an]r…e … fosanqn ou[[oum d;pi srafe% our 'a\t; ja.ti wra a\dwa\rk\anin qa[zr qni m;= hr ªa®aq\aleº! Ba\z fankar‘ pa\j;z mi orot%fandipakaz blourn;re do[do[azin% … an]r…i ,a®ac\oune kar‘;s krkna-patkw;z!

416

Kamsar\ane w;r j®aw t;[iz sarsa'ow … t;saw oc mia\n ødi m;= mrrko[f;[;[e% a\l… ir anko[nou ;r;sn ambo[=owin jr=wa‘! Bazi draniz% fo[a‘a‘kktouriz t;[-t;[ ‘oroum hr p[tor an]r…a=oure! A\d anaknkal patafariz,'ojwa‘^ Kamsar\ane do[oum hr! Nran farkawor hr mi ‘a‘karan anendfatfordazo[ an]r…iz patsparw;lou famar% … na% afa% gt;l hr a\n! Baz;z a.o®inkiz 'oqrik s;n\aki dou®e% fap,tap '®;z anko[inn a\nt;[ gtnwo[ y®y®anja.ti wra ou pa®k;z qn;lou! Saka\n canzaw qa®ord vam% … a.o®iz 'co[srt.a®nic fote sks;z anfangstazn;l nran! Fogna‘% n\arda\naza‘ baz;zs;n\aki dou®e … noriz pa®k;z% ba\z mi ko[miz^ ja.ti y®y®oze% m\ous ko[miz^anfangist .orfrda‘ouj\ounn;re jou\l chin talis nirf;l! Faxiw acqe 'ak;lhr% ;rb qa[ziz ar\an ‘arawi lw;re w.talow far]akw;zin 'a'kak;nza[ f\ouriwra … sks;zin ir;nz ªs…º gor‘e! P;trose sks;z ,ou®oumou® gal% ba\z ixour%ocinc chr øgnoum! Arnaba[] lw;re wa[ouz hin spasoum mi a\dpisi fam;[ orsi%a\n hl i@nc orsi&&& Nranq% ifark;% am;n…in hl cgit;in% or Kamsar\ane famal-saranakan h … irawaban% a\d patya®ow hl ‘‘oum hin nra ar\ounn angjor;n%a®anz dat ou datastaniz wa.;nalou! A\sp;s t…;z ;rkou-;r;q vam% ba\z tan-=aliz ou =[agrgi® paf;rin fa=ord;zin fousab;r anour=n;re&&& An]r…n anzaw%qamin dadar;z% … a[ojarann sks;z bazw;l!

Est Mourazani ªA®aq\aleº wipaki(Adaptation from Muratsan, 1886-1967)

≥

Nou\n no[kali ;raxe^ afawor ou sarsa'axdou% w;r=in ,abajwa enjazqoum;rrord angam a\zi ;kaw q;®i Jorosin! A\nt;[ ;rkroum hr% ir;nz finawourzenkoux;nou tak& M;fm;d h`;ndin ;rkar% kma.qaza‘ matn;row s;[moum hr irkokorde! ’anr% m[]awan=a\in ;raxiz q;®i Jorose faxow arjnazaw! Na acqbaz;z mouj s;n\akoum … anmi=ap;s ];®qe taraw kokorde! Inc-or ban d;m hra®;l kokordin% qor hr talis% yank®oum! Na ouxoum hr ,';l s'rjna‘ d;mqe%kour‘qe% ba\z faxe .;[doum hr!

S;n\akoum gon; m;ke lin;r! Kno= mafiz f;to fing-w;z tari% m;nak hrqnoum … a®a=in angam m;knoum;ki kariqn xgaz! >or gi,;r hr% … qstmn;li;raxe% mjan f;t ,a[a.wa‘% chr ouxoum s;n\akiz dours gal& lou\se wa®;l hr

p;tq! Nran jwoum hr^ ;j; lou\s lini% …* kokordi yank®oze kanzni% …* faxe!Q;®i Jorose mi k;rp pokw;z anko[nouz% a'l';low wa®;z lou\se … tarøri-

nak fa\azqow na\;z ,our=bolore!W;r=in ,abajwa enjazqoum gamwa‘ hr anko[noun! Ard;n chr .osoum%

]a\ne ktrw;l hr& ,ounce f…if… hr% ouvafat% acq;re 'os hin enk;l endg‘;lowaknakapiyn;ri .orouj\oune% anendfat .;[dwoum hr faxiz!

Ba\z a,nanamouti a\d øre^ lousad;min% q;®i Jorose ‘nkn;roum ouv xgaz… ];®na'a\tin f;nw;low^ do[do=oun qa\l;row dours ;law! Ast[;re cqaz;l hin%mia\n lousast[n hr jrj®oum fa\oz l;®naparin% bazkour‘q sar;rin!

Q;®i Jorose ,ncaf;[] hr linoum% n\ard;re qandwoum hin% ba\z na f;®woummnaza‘ ir ;rkri f;t hr% ori karotiz m[ktoum hr sirte! Na yigow bar]razr;zglou.e … arzounqakala‘ acq;row na\;z ;rknqin! Ar,alou\se^ goun;[% .orfrda-wor% aw;li g;[;zik jwaz nran!

Est Mou,;[ Gal,o\ani ªQ;®i Joroseº wipaki(Adaptation from Mushegh Galshoyan, 1933-1980)

≥

:kaw frav;,ti øre!:s =anq;r hi gor‘ dnoum% or anbasir paf;m ousouzci anoune% ba\z kr‘qis

tak 'jjo[ am;nafa[j xgazmounqe^ s;re% 's'souqow anendfat krknoum hr nraanoune^ >onarf% … mrrkoum fogis!

Øfan ap;re f;t…oum hr in]% .orfourdn;r talis& nane ou[;kzis ]iapa-nin% patwiroum hr in] law tan;l … xgou\, mnal% or pa\ousake cenkni% d\ou-raxgaz A,ote% mi ank\ounoum k‘kwa‘% cdimanalow n;rqin fouxmounqin% srboumhr jarjicn;riz ka.wa‘ artasouqi kajiln;re … kzktour farz;r ou[[oum in]!

Ba\z im fogin% ambo[= houj\ouns oronoum hr nran% t;ncoum mimia\n nran!:rb anznoum hinq dprozi motow% a,ak;rtn;re i=an blrakow^ in] bari

yanaparf ma[j;lou! A[=ikn;riz omanq laz ;[an! Nranq …* vptoum hin% …* srboumarzounqe% or ‘oroum hr a[b\ouri p;s! Lalis hr … >onarfi qou\re! M;ke j;^ªOusouzi*c% m;x cmo®anasº! Youtikn hr! Na mi,t dproz hr galis for m;‘'a'a.e gl.in% ;rkar fnama, tr;.n;row! Orb hr Youtike^ l®ik-mn=ik mi ;r;.a%orin bolore siroum hin! Na 'ajajw;z ‘nkn;ris% … m;‘ 'a'a.i takiz t;sanra .;loq acq;re% lazakouma‘ d;mqe! K®aza … =;rmor;n fambour;zi yakate%incp;s Øfan ap;re^ im yakate!

W;r=ap;s anznoum ;nq >onarf;nz tan motow! Anfoun fouxmounqiz .;[d-woum ;m% na\oum baki ko[me& oc oq ckar! >onarfin bakoum ct;sa! T.our qa\loum;m ]iapani f;t…iz! D;moud;m fou®ji art;rn ;n kanac gotiow% bar]ounqiwra ‘;rouk fowiwe% k®jna‘ ir anbavan ];®na'a\tin% f;t…oum h oc.arn;rifotin! M\ous ko[mi kanac art;roum kana\q qa[fan hin anoum! Nranz m;= fan-kar‘ t;sa&&& >onarfin&&& M;r fa\azqn;re irar fandip;zin% … ;s nra acq;roumvpit ct;sa! Araf;tow bar]ranalis mi,t f;t hi na\oum! K®aza‘ kana\qkanacin enka‘ j®counn;ri hin nman! :w a\d ;ramiz m;ke^ gor, ,or;row mia[=ik% aw;li faya. hr bar]ranoum% ];®qe dnoum yakatin% or ar…i ,o[;rec.angar;n t;sn;lou anta®i m;= falwo[ araf;te … mia\nak anzworin&&&

Est Aks;l Bakounzi ª>onarfi a[=ikeº patmwa‘qi (Adaptation from Axel Bakunts, 1889-1937)

≥

417

Ka®qi 'o.ar;n b;®natar ourgone ;®ør\a fognatan= yam'ordouj\ounizf;to apaga wipasanin faszr;z f;qiaja\in gor, qa[aqe^ Baqou!

Brd\a ar.alou[e fagin% morj; gdakow gawa®azi miamit patanoufa\azqi a®a= s'®woum h fou\s;ri ou fou\x;ri qa[aq Baqoun as`altapat'o[ozn;row% gor‘arann;ri ou fanq;ri jan]rafos ‘.ow% nawja\in bourg;ri s…anta®n;row! Incpisi@ fakadrouj\oun <ama.ou k;nsajrji® ou xwarj% ba\z …andorraw;t bnouj\an ou a\s m®a\l% anfrapou\r% v.ora\in nawja,.arfi mi=…!Da®nadavan ja.i‘ h i=noum anf\ourenkal qa[aqin anent;l patanou fogoun!ªJwaz in]% – groum h m;‘a,norf wipasane% – j; i=noum ;m mi t;sak dvo.q%our piti fawit;nap;s tan=w;m^ a\d f;[]ouzic% jan]r ‘.i ou mri m;= farouza‘.ocendotn;re fa[jafar;lou famarº!

Ba.ti qmafay mrrike mi qani tari a®a= Baqou hr n;t;l na… Ab;l\anientaniqe^ fanapaxør\a faz fa\ja\j;lou! Kine^ Mariame% <irwanxad;i mora-qou\rn hr! A®a=in øre minc… k;sgi,;r nranz krts;r ou awag ordin;re anfoun'a'agow farzou'or] hin anoum <ama.ou anzoudar]iz% a®ør\a k\anqiz% ir;nzbarba®ow xwaryafarou\z patmouj\ounn;r anoum!

Baqoun f\ourenkal qa[aq chr encazqe nor s…aza‘ patanou famar&a\nt;[ i d;r… ;lan nra fou\s;re% føds znd;zin znoramit% mtaza‘in bolora®asp;ln;re! Anøj…an gawa®azi patanou famar d\ourin chr a\d qa[aqoumapastan gtn;le!

Farmar or…h a,.atanq gtn;lou famar gi,;r ou xør oronoumn;r hin p;tq%na… ja.‘ali ou kisaqa[z ør;r hin linoum! Ourbaja.os% ;rkcot patanin;rka@r% ;rka@r d;g;roum hr ‘owa'in% na\oum f;®azo[ danda[enjaz ,og;naw;rin%na.an]oum nawabaxriqn;rin k®jna‘ anfog nawordn;rin% oronq bolorn hl oura.ou xwarj hin% isk inqe^ nranz fasakakiz% ba\z ard;n k\anqi fogs;riz kqa‘^mia\n ;raxafou\s% ;raxat;nc mi patani h!

Est Frant Jamrax\ani ª<irwanxad;º a,.atouj\an(Adaptation from Hrant Tamrazyan, 1926-2001)

≥

A,oun h! Yam';xrin ;rkinq hin .o\az;l bardin;re^ kanac% d;[in%d;[nakarmir% narn=agou\n st;[‘;low mi .yankar! Y;'-y;rmak … s…ajou\r a-[awnin;ri mi ;ram% a,nan ar…iz arba‘% .;nj ptou\tn;r hr anoum karkacouna®waki wra! Jij;[a‘a‘k tn;riz m;ki endar]ak bakoum .a®nw;l ;n baz ka-nace% moug karmire% ,aganakagou\ne% wardagou\ne … ;rangn;r faxarajou\r%oronz famar anoun piti 'ntr;s … kam mta‘;s dranq t;s;#l ;s ;rb…h! Iska\gin;#re! :j; m;ke ;rb…h ouxoum h ;ranouj\ouniz kargin .;njanal% our;mna,nane famar]akouj\oun piti oun;na mtn;l Ararat\an da,ti or…h a\gi kamj;koux anzn;l nra ko[qow! D;® f;®ou f;®wiz q;x parouroum ;n fay;li bou\r;re!

418

>a[o[i o[kou\xn;re 'a\l'loum% acqow ;n anoum m;rj end m;rj% ‘a®;ri y\ou[;rizas;s fima kkajkj;n malaca tan];re% k;s-k;s lin;low ar…i b;rane kenkn;nd;[];re qa[zrafam% … ar…iz ,ikna‘ .n]orn;re kf;[;[;n yam'ad!

Ma\qle% ]ig b®na‘ a[=ka ];®qe% slazaw farj da,tow m;k! Fasmike%ckaro[analow f;t…;l ;ritasardi enjazqin% pokw;z nra pirk ];®qiz … 'o.;lowou[[ouj\oune^ a®a= n;tw;z! Qamin gxoum% .yyoum hr nra osk;d;[]an max;re%ja'oum qrtna‘ d;mqin% ba\z na ,arounakoum hr inqnamo®az% .;lakorou\s wax-qe! Ma\ql-Wane anhaza‘ ;ranouj\amb f;t…oum hr nran! Fasaw% b®n;z! Ou nranqjawalw;zin a,nan ;r'n;rang n;rk;ri m;=!

:r…an\an f;qiaja\in a,oun hr% mjn,a[i nourb ,o[;re f;[;[oum hin nranz%osk;xø‘wa‘ .ot;rn as;s ir;nq hin asoum^ tror;z;*q m;x&&& :w Ma\qle% a\o*% piti;rdw;r% or a\dpisi ;ranouj\oun ;rb…h … our…h ci t;s;l! Sa ‘ounki i=aw Ara-rati d;moud;m% k®azaw% glou.e .onarf;z g;tnin% inc-or ,,n=az% inc-or ;rdw;zou fambour;z fo[e! Fasmike t;saw% or nra acq;re 'ak hin% fambour;z nran ouf;nz a\d vamanak nkat;z nra a\t;rin sa®a‘ arzounqi ;rkou kajiln;rn ou,ourj;ri wra mnaza‘ srbaxan fo[e! Wane srti ankapt;li m[oumow am'o';za[=kan ir grki m;=% amour s;[m;z kr‘qin … d;® carjnaza‘ a[ojqiz^ asaz&

– :rani nran% ow otqi tak … fogou m;= xgoum h ma\r fo[i andorricbou\re!

Est Bogdan W;rd\ani ª’a[ikn;rs mnazin f;®woumº w;pi(Adaptation from Bogdan Verdian, 1919-1992)

≥

:rb g;n;ral Fowfann;s Ba[ram\ani^ anz\aloum fam;st anoune tara‘w;zFa\r;nakan m;‘ pat;raxmi tarin;rin% S'\ou®qi fa\;riz namakn;ri anendm;=f;[;[ fos;z d;pi na!

Mi lousnka ;r;ko% ;rb pat,gamboum awartw;l hr entan;kan a,.ou\vxrou\ze% g;n;rale% k®jna‘ ir gras;[anin% .orasouxw;l hr inc-or namaki enj;r-zanouj\an m;=!

A\sp;s hr skswoum namake&ª};x groum h bnørraniz armatafan ;[a‘ tara,.arfik mi fa\ kin% ore

xør ou gi,;r ;rax;l h gtn;l ir ;[bore^ jourqakan sriz 'rkwa‘ miak fara-xatin a,.arfis wra! :rkar vamanak chi karo[ gr;l& wa.;noum hi^ føds znd;-in a\n ;raxn;re% oronzow lzw;l hr fogis a\np;s anspas;lior;n!

’nw;l ;m Wana ‘owi a'am;r] mi 'oqrik g\ou[oum! Bolore% bolore fi,oum;m% incp;s a\sørwa a\gabaze% …* m;r bar]r l;®n;re% …* .or ]or;re% m;r b;rripart;xn;re% …* m;r m,ta‘ou' liye% …* A[jamara wanqe^ k[xou wra! Ka# ard\oqmi ouri, cqna[ ;rkir% incpisin m;rn hr% oriz xrk;z m;x vant j,namin! Fi,o#um;q Douq a\d am;ne!

Jourqakan \aja[aniz enkaw im fa\re^ arna,a[a. d;mqow% ma\rs anm;[

419

fa\azqe anardar ;rknqin ou[[a‘% ;[ba\rn;rs% qou\r;rs&&& Axatw;zinq mimia\n;s ou ;[ba\rs! :s ouj tar;kan mi a[=ik% ;[ba\rs ine tarow in]niz m;‘ mipatan\ak% 'a.anq anta®% f;to m\ous 'a.stakann;ri f;t^ Ala,k;rt% Kars!A\nt;[ ;s ;[bors korzri! Na% frazan a®a‘% gnaz j,namouz wr;v lou‘;lou% isk;s% mrrki b;rann enka‘ t;r…i nman% tarw;zi andrøwkian\an a\s ;rkire^ Am;-rika! F;to imaza% or ;[bors t;s;l ;n Sardarapati k®iwn;roum …% w;r=ap;s%fima^ fama,.arfa\in a\s af;[ jofoubofoum% g;n;ral dar]a‘!

Sir;li* Fowfann;s% faraxa@ts% mi#j; Douq im ;[ba\re c;q& o*c% ci karo[pataf;l% or im qro=akan sirte in] .abi!

Jou\l tw;q storagr;l a\sp;s Qo qou\r Anafitº! G;n;rale 'oqr-inc .orf;louz f;to gr;z&ªJankagi*n qou\rs% namakd ,at foux;z in]! :s ‘nw;l ;m oc j; Jourqa-

fa\astanoum% a\l S\oun\az a,.arfoum … minc… a\sør Anafit anounow qou\rcoun;i% fima oun;m! M;x mi ma\r ci ‘n;l% ba\z ‘n;l h mi* vo[owourd!

Qo ;[ba\r^ Fowfann;sº!

Est Frac\a Qocari ªG;n;rali qou\reº patmwa‘qi(Adaptation from Hrachia Kochar, 1910-1965)

≥

J;lik-m;lik% carayyi mi a[=nak hr Marane! :rb patafoum hr% hqskour-sia hin gnoum (est enk;r Souqias\ani^ ªbnagitakan ar,awiº) d;pi Ø]outikam Karmir sari bar]ounqn;re% incp;s mi,t% na ,r=as'\ou® .ot;ri m;= an-pa\man a®a=in f;rjin 'ntroum hr ourzi manrat;r…% nrbabou\r ‘a[ikn;r!Kar‘;s f;®wiz xgoum hr% j; ort;*[ ;n jaqnwa‘ dranq% o*r qararanqn;roum ;nk‘kwa‘! :w ;rb gtnoum hr% gofavpit coqoum hr g;tnin% fakwoum ourzi qnqou,‘a[ikn;rin% xgou,or;n pokoum% embo,.noum nranz arb;zno[ bou\re … apa amraz-noum max;rin ou d;[]an ,r=axg;stin! A\d wa\rk\ann;rin nra acq;re zolzloumhin% qamin m;[mor;n ‘a‘anoum hr jaw,\a max;re^ ourzi ‘a[ikn;row xardaroun%'®'®aznoum dar]a‘alq;row ,ore^ endg‘;low wtit marmine! :r=ankaza‘ slazikfasakow m;k kangnoum hr% mi aknjarj anhaza‘ na\oum lourj ;rknqin …% j…a®a‘% ;j;ra\in mi slazqow j®coum blourn i wa\r% incp;s pince qami mta‘a\‘\am! Xarmanali chr% or nraniz mi,t ourzi bou\r hr galis% … fa\tni chr% j;o*w hr nran mi angam as;l ªOurzi Maranº% ou a\dp;s hl anoune kp;l-mnaz;l hr!

Øgostos\an lousnka gi,;r hr! A[b\ouri go[trik fou,ar]ani mot^ aka-zian;ri kajnam,ou, stw;roum% mia\nak kangna‘ hr Marane! <our=bolore mitrtma,ouq andorrouj\oun hr tiroum! Lousajaja. spasoumi m;= inc-or mi.®owq hr famak;l Maranin! N;ram'o'% faxiw nkat;li n\arda\in ,arvoumowna anendfat qandoum-f\ousoum hr ‘am;re! M;rj anqjij xnnoum hr ou®;noutak lousastw;riz go\aza‘ van\ake% m;rj ounkndroum ‘[ridn;ri mialarørfn;rge% aknawyit a[b\ouri .o.o=\ounr … inc-or an‘anoj ]a\n;r! M;kendm;=

420

421

fa\azqn ou[[oum hr lousnka\i ar‘aj ,o[;ri tak gi,;ra\in forixonoumg‘agrwa‘ M;‘ ou "oqr Masisn;ri bibliakan katarn;rin! T;r…n;ri ann,an,r,\ouniz angam Marani marmnow sarsou® hr anznoum! St;p-st;p anenddi-madr;li zankouj\oun hr oun;noum 'a.c;lou d;pi toun% d;pi ma\rakan taqoukgirke% ba\z wa\rk\an anz inc-or an‘anoj ouv% srtajrji® mi ban f;t hrpafoum nran% mi anemb®n;li ou ana[art xgazmounq qnq,or;n jowoum%ka.ardoum hr nran% oriz d;®a'jij sirte jprtoum hr!

Da nra siro a®a=in vamadrouj\ounn hr!

Est >acik Frac\ani ªOurzi maraneº w;pi (Adaptation from Khatchik Hrachian, 1912-1982)

≥

A®awot hr!Lousnka gi,;rin fa=ord;l hr Ararat\an da,ti lousapa\‘a®

a®awotn;riz m;ke! Nora‘ag ar…i a®a=in ya®aga\jn;ri n;rqo Masisi;rknakarka® gagaje osk…orw;l … 'a\l'loum hr wardagou\n ,o[q;row% oronqacq hin ‘akoum! Araga‘i ;rknafoup gagaje chr ;r…oum& na d;® pata‘ hr]\ouni p;s y;rmak m;gow% orp;s mi .onarf ou amoj.a‘ farsik% or sqo[oum h\our d;mqe anja'anz ,[ar,ow! Kanaca‘a‘k% fou®ji margag;tinn;re% zo[wa‘wa[ord\an margaritn;row% 'jj;l hin faxarabou\r … faxarajou\r ‘a[ikn;row… wa®woum hin ‘ia‘ani ;r'n;rang gou\n;row! "coum hr m;[m s\ouqe% ‘a[ikn;revptoum hin% dalar .otabou\s;re^ ‘'oum ou ‘a‘anwoum% … da,ti andorrmak;r…ou\je ørorwoum hr fiasqanc al;ko‘ouj\amb!

G;[;zik hr a\d a®awote!J®counn;ri ya.re … bar;fnc\oun y®wo[\ounn;re jndaznoum hin øde%

b\ourawor jij;®n;re ;r'n;rang ‘a[ikn;ri nman zanwa‘ hin ødi m;= … ,tapowou anfagourd ‘‘oum hin baxmabou\r ‘a[ikn;ri n;ktare! Spitak aragile%karmir otq;re forixonakan dirqow ou[i[ m;kna‘% la\n j…;re anendfat ja'a-faroum hr^ ,tap;low d;pi Araqsi moroutn;re! };®nasoun ;[=;roun% wa\ri wijnou a\‘\ame dours hin ;k;l >osrowi anta®n;riz … axat% famar]ak waxwxoumhin ,r=aka marg;ri wra!

Chr ;r…oum mimia\n marde!Am;n a®awot j®coune kardoum hr ir na.ar,alou\s\an ørfn;rge% … nra

f;t ls;li hin vra=an m,aki ;rgi m;[møror fnc\ounn;re! Ar…i tak 'a\l'loumhr manga[e% ;®oum hr gor‘e% … osk;[;n foun]qe \our lia®at b;[mnaworouj\ambparg…atroum hr wastakab;k ,inakani a,.atanqe! Isk a\s a®awot ckarfn]wore% … fasounaza‘ arte% anqa[ ou an.nam mnalow% coraz;l% jar,am;l hr%ou anm;kin% endfanour mi sarsa' kar‘;s j…a‘oum hr ,r=aka\qoum!

Am;n a®awot sourb tayari kocnaki a®a=in fnc\ounn;ri f;t xarjnoumhr fowiwe! Oc.arn;ri anou, ma\oune% ar=a®n;ri oura. ba®ac\oune k;ndanaz-

422

noum hin kanacaw;t fowitn;re .ist a.orvalour a[moukow! Isk a\s a®awotchin ;r…oum o*c fowiwe … o*c nra fote! Zirouzan ga®noukn;re ja'a®oum hinsar ou ]or …% orp;s fa\rakorou\s orboukn;r% oronoum fowwin!

Est Ra``ou ªSamw;lº w;pi(Adaptation from Raffi, 1835-1888)

≥

F;t…\al øre^ a®awot\an% ;rb Pape patrastwoum hr m;kn;l T;r;ntid[\ake% ;[anake fankar‘ 'o.w;z& parx ;rkinqe ‘a‘kw;z mjin% s…ajou\r amp;-row% ou qami bar]razaw! Papin f\ourenkalo[ Fawnouni i,.ane .orfourd tw;zyanaparf cenkn;l … ou[…orouj\oune f;ta]g;l wa[wan% ba\z Pape cfama]a\nw;z!I,.ann a\l…s cenddimazaw% f\ourenkalouj\an karge c.a.t;lou famar!

:rb jagawore frav;,t tw;z i,.anin ou nra g;rdastanin … nvou\geq,;z a®a=% bolore miab;ran goc;zin&

– Bari yanapa@rf% arqa*!Jiknapaf gounde% nixakn;row ou a[;[n;row xinwa‘% f;t…;z jagaworin!Pape ]in waroum hr Baji ou :r;mia\i m;=t;[e^ a,.ou\v xrouz;low nranz

f;t! :r;mia\i mi ko[qiz ka.wa‘ hr soure% m\ous ko[qiz^ ka,w; pa\ousake% orim;= pafoum hr ir anawart mat\ane!

:rb jagaworakan ,qa.oumbe dours ;kaw anta®iz% f;®woum^ bar]ounqiwra% ;r…az T;r;nti d[\ake^ ,r=apatwa‘ kanacaxard ‘a®;row!

F®om;azi xoraware mi qani xorakann;row enda®a= ;kaw fa\oz jaga-worin!

– Bari galo*ust% arqa*% – o[=oun;z T;r;nte^ ];®qe bar]razn;low!Mtn;low ‘a®;row ,r=apatwa‘ bake^ Pape … nra ou[;kizn;rn i=an ]i;riz

… tantiro= a®a=nordouj\amb qar; sandou[qn;row bar]razan d[\ake!T;r;nte f\our;rin a®a=nord;z mi endar]ak sraf% or kafaworwa‘ hr b\ou-

xandakan 'a'ouk baxmozn;row ou ajo®n;row! Pat;rin ka.wa‘ hin x;nqi tar-b;r t;sakn;r^ jr;r% da,ou\nn;r% orsi k;ndanin;ri^ ;[=;roui% a\‘\ami glou.n;r^g;[;zik ;[=\ourn;row% isk a\d bolori k;ntronoum^ waraxi mi glou.^ ;rkar va-niqn;row!

F\our;rin a®a=nord;zin ya,asrafe% ori k;ntronoum drwa‘ hr mi ;rkars;[an liqe am;n t;sak .ortikn;row ou emp;liqn;row! Faxiw hr jagawore n;rsmt;l% ;rb fnc;z m;[m nwaga‘ouj\oun% or galis hr srafi .orqiz! Nwaga‘ouj\an]a\n;ri tak T;r;nte m;‘ foga‘ouj\amb nst;zr;z Papin nra famar patrast-wa‘ fatouk baxmozi wra% or drwa‘ hr s;[ani w;r…oum% apa inqe t;[ b®n;zs;[ani a= ko[moum^ arqa\in motik!

N;rda,nak ;rg ou nwagi tak ya,k;rou\jn sksw;z!

Est St;'an Xor\ani ªPap jagaworº w;pi(Adaptation from Stepan Zoryan, 1889-1967)

423

– Isk anta®e ci# m;®noum!– O*c% ci m;®noum anta®e! A\n vo[owrdi nman h& mafanoum h m;ke% ‘nwoum

h m\ouse% ;rrorde% corrorde& enka‘ darawor bni mot nor ,iw h ayoum ougo\at…oum!

Wa.e m;‘ xgazoum h& a\n ;rb;mn andamalou\‘ h anoum mardoun% ba\zfaya. m[oum h fnaragitouj\an … .ixa.ouj\an!

A\dp;s pataf;z … anta®apat bar]ounqow 'a.co[ mardkanz f;t!T;sn;low ir;nz f;tapndo[ ]iaworn;rin xinwa‘ jiknapafn;row% nranq endar-mazan wa.iz% saka\n xgalow ir;nz k\anqin spa®nazo[ wtange^ iskou\n …;jaragazrin qa\l;re … ga[tni ka‘anow mtan anta®i .orqe!

Øre mjnoum hr% anta®e^ m®a\lwoum& bar]raza‘ qamin øroroum hr ‘a®;re%… nranz y\ou[;re xarkwoum hin irar ou .,,oum^ m;*rj m;[m sarsou®ow% m;*rjbar]r% tagnapafar^ anta®e lzn;low baxma]a\n v.orow!

Mouje gnalow jan]ranoum hr& nra f;t i=noum hr … l®ouj\oune% or ;rb;mn-;rb;mn .a.twoum hr inc-or tarørinak ]a\n;riz! "a.stakann;ri .oumbean.os ou l®;l\a\n anendfat gnoum hr a®a=! :w orqan a®a= hr ,arvwoum%anta®n aw;li hr .tanoum% … qa\l;le da®noum hr dvwarin! <at;rn ard;n fogn;lhin% qa\loum hin m;‘ yig gor‘adr;low! :rb m;ke kam m\ouse sa\jaqoum hr%enknoum% iskou\n w;r hr k;noum … ;rk\ou[a‘ ,arounakoum anfa\t% anoro, ou[in!Nranz jwoum hr^ ir;nz d;® f;tapndoum ;n% ousti ankarg ,arounakoum hina®a= gnal mi…nou\n ou[[ouj\amb^ i,.ann;ri ];®qe cenkn;lou famar!

– Mar;*% minc… o#ur piti qa\l;nq% – fogna‘ otq;re faxiw 'o.;low^farzr;z ine tar;kan mi a[=ik!

– H*f% gnanq% a[=i*ks% hl f;t mi* na\ir% – srdo[a‘ asaz ma\re!A\l…s ankaro[ hin a®a= ,arvw;l& .oumbe kang a®aw mi bazatoum!

T[amardik t;[aworw;zin ou[[aki g;tni wra% cna\a‘ .onaw hr ou jaz% kana\q^fagoustn;ri kapozn;rin% omanq hl nst;zin tapalwa‘ ou 'ta‘ ‘a®abn;ri wra!

Anta®i gi,;ra\in ]a\n;re ;rk\ou[ali sarsou®ow hin lznoum mardkanzsrt;re! ’a®;ri sa[arjn;ri aranqiz m;k-m;k ;r…oum hin manr ou m;‘ ast[;r^fandart jarjo[ acq;ri nman!

:rknqi kapou\t `onin g‘agrw;z Fardago[i yanaparfe!

Est St;'an Xor\ani ªFa\oz b;rdeº w;pi(Adaptation from Stepan Zoryan, 1889-1967)

≥

Taragrouj\an … z;[aspanouj\an arfawirqn;riz fi,o[ouj\ans m;=an=n=;li mnaza‘ sars®;zouzic% afaxarfour ;[;®napatk;rn;riz m;kn h fa\d;®a'jij ou sowallouk manoukn;ri waya®qe S;pili wrann;ri tak!

S;pile dv.;m ou tan=allouk fa\;rin d;pi dvo.q tano[ a®a=in ka-\arann hr! 1915 jwakani d;kt;mb;ri w;r=;rin% mi lousnka gi,;r% fasa a\nt;[

424

… t;sa% or da,te ‘a‘kwa‘ hr b\ourawor wrann;row% oronq l;zoun hin >arb;rdiz%Malajia\iz% Tigranak;rtiz% Partixakiz … a\l ko[m;riz g;r;wara‘ j,wa® ta-ragirn;row% oronq% ir;nz akoujn;re lqa‘% d;g;roum hin anf\ourenkal ;x;rqoum!

Ti e% vanta.te% do[hrozqe ørakan 500-600 k\anq hin fn]oum! A[bafawaqsa\l;re ørniboun wraniz wran hin anznoum^ diakn;r fawaq;lou% … am;n sa\lim;= tasiz tasn;rkou diakn;r dixoum!

Patafoum hr% or fog;warqi m;= gtnwo[n;rin …s m;®a‘n;ri f;t sa\l;rim;= hin n;toum!

Ba\z am;niz srtaymlike manoukn;ri waya®qn hr! Go®oxamit ou ambar-tawan faroust kana\q ,r=oum hin wrann;re^ farzn;low&

– ’a.ou ;r;.a cka#&&&A\n ma\r;re% oronq d;®…s karo[ hin mi pata® faz fa\ja\j;l% soskoumow

ou arfamarfanqow q,oum hin gnordn;rin% isk nranq% oronq an;l wiyakoum hin%anoji% lazouko‘ow% an;‘qow … al;ko‘ srtow faroust kananz hin fan]noum ir;nzxawakn;rin mi qani ar‘aj drami dimaz! Gnordn;rn ir;nz f;t b;roum hina.orvagrgi® or…h ban& 'oqrik a[=ka ];®qe% ørinak% mi narin= hin talis (a\dkana\q mi,t a[=ikn;r hin gnoum)% ou .;[y% anoji 'oqrike far]akwoum hrnarn=i wra! F;to zou\z hin talis ;giptazor;nn ou asoum&

– A\s hl ka®qi m;= kout;s!Ou sowafar 'oqrike% incp;s anm;[ ga®e% or mi bou® .oti f;t…iz h gnoum%

lalow f;t…oum hr kananz% a®aw;l ;giptazor;nin% … ;rb;mn-;rb;mn na\oum f;t^ma\rikin!

Qani@-qani angam .;laf;[ ma\r;re po®jkoun x[=oumow wax;l … ka®qimi=iz f;t ;n .l;l ir;nz xawakn;rin^ drame ambari,t gnordn;ri ;r;sin,prt;low! >;@[y ma\r;r&&&

Est :rwand Øt\ani ªS;pili wrann;rou takº fou,agrouj\an(Adaptation from Yervand Otian, 1969-1926)

≥

Sir;li* F®i'sim;% im angi*n qou\rik& dou xarmanoum ;s% j; incpisi;[anakow hi gr;l namaks!

:s% est ;r…ou\jin% trtn=alou fimq cp;tq h oun;nam% a\np;s ch#% sir;li*qou\rik! Ba\z ari t;s% or a\dp;s ch! W;r=in vamanakn;rs in] j,wa® ;m xgouma®anz or…h aknfa\t patya®i!

Namak ;s pafan=oum% i#nc gr;m% i#nc oun;m gr;lou% ;rb ,our=s ou n;rsskatar\al datarkouj\oun h tiroum! Ocinc cka% oc mi fimnawor ban% orizkaro[ana\i amour ka®c;l canf;tanalou famar% ori wra karo[ana\i k;ntronazn;lja'a®o[ mtqis enjazqe cmolorw;lou famar! :r…aka\ir mi anfoun% .or.orattara‘ouj\oun% ori m;= enk;l h mard& na tara‘oum h ];®q;rn a\s ou a\n ko[m%orp;sxi mi ban gtni% oriz karo[ana b®n;l aw;li .ore cenkn;lou famar% ba\z

425

mi,t fandipoum h datark tara‘ouj\an otq;ri tak fatak cgtn;low! Y,marith% ka im m;= mi xgazmounq% ori famar partakan ;m ;[bors% … j;p;t a\d xgaz-mounqe bar;rar axd;zouj\oun h oun;z;l in] wra% ba\z% angi*n qou\rik%faskano#um ;s% j; orqan ;ritasard ;m ;s d;®% … sirts ou fogis bnakanabard;pi ince piti ]gt;n!

Anz\al kiraki m;r toun ;kaw Jomas Gasparice^ fors wa[;mi bar;kame(dou yanacoum ;s nran)! Na nou\nn h mnaz;l% fagoustn hl nou\nn h^ nou\n.ounaza‘ gl.arke^ karmir ;rixow% nou\n xg;ste^ fnouj\ouniz s…aza‘ ;rkaj;koyakn;row% … nou\n ];®na'a\te% oriz nsta‘ vamanak angam ci bavanwoum!:s nsta‘ hi s;n\akoum^ baz lousamouti a®=…% … Tourg;n… hi kardoum! Fa\rsnsta‘ hr lousamoutiz f;®ou m;=qe d;pi in] ara‘% … mta.of na\oum hr qa[a-qin! Na a\n astiyan .orasouxwa‘ hr ir mta‘mounqn;ri m;=% or cnkat;z% j;incp;s Jomas Gasparice mot;zaw ir;n danda[% ;r;roun qa\lqow!

– <at .orn ;s mta‘oum% a[a* G…org% – asaz Jomas Gasparice^ fa\azqefa®;low nra wra!

Fa\rs fankar‘ sja'w;z … na\;z nran&– A@% Jomas Gasparic% a\d do#u ;s% bar… (ou m;kn;z nran ir ];®qe)! Inc-

p;#s ;s% q;`d la#w h! Fam;zi*r% nsti*r!

Est Nar-Dosi ªAnna Saro\anº wipaki(Adaptation from Nar-Dos, 1867-1933)

≥

L;ninakani fin ja[;riz m;koum^ }ori bo[axoum% orn am;na\n irawambd;® karo[ hr kr;l G\oumri anoune% ir 'oqrik tan m;= m;®noum h a[b\ourn;ria,.arfaf®cak warp;te^ ousta Mkrtice!

:rb a\z;louj\an ;kan srtamot enk;rn;re^ Øn;se% Aw;tiqe% Misake%Fab;je% oustan% arfamarf;low marmnoum ørestør; ayo[% do[hrozqi sarsou®nou mrmou®e fi,;zno[ srs'ouqn ou t;nde% yig ou =anqow k®jn;low do[do=oun];®q;rin% mi k;rp enko[man;z ta'ak bar]in … andorr% maro[ fa\azqe ou[[;znranz ko[me!

– Mkrti#c% i#nc h ;[;l% enci# ;s pa®k;l% – ousta\in dim;z Misake!– W;r=in pa®k;ls h% n;ro*[ ;[;q% – asaz oustan! – Fa*rs =an% ajo®n;*r

tour!Enk;rn;re% incp;s endounwa‘ h nman d;pq;roum% srtapnd;zin nran%

famoxwa‘ouj\oun fa\tn;zin% or endam;ne \oj-ouj øriz f;to na otqi kkang-ni% … miasin kgnan Wardap;ti ba[e% mi law q;` kan;n!

Enk;rn;ri gnalouz f;to na ,arounak;z pa®ka‘ mnal anxga% an,arv%endarmaza‘! Marmnoum xgoum hr endfanour joulouj\oun% inc-or jmbir% … j;…chr korzr;l gitakzouj\oune% antarb;r hr dar];l d;pi a,.arfe! Inqnestinq\anparx h% or a\d wiyakoum nran a\l…s oc mi mitq chr fouxoum% oc mi 'a'ag coun;r&nra ou[;[oum ]…aworwoum hin … anmi=ap;s hl føds hin zndoum anf;j;j%

426

f;[f;[ouk patk;rn;r! A\vm% gi,;r ou xør% sra ou[;[i ‘akwo[ darpasiz n;rs hsprdoum \ouraqanc\our manrouq% inc or gtnwoum hr nra t;so[ouj\an da,toum%nra acq;ri a®=…! Isk a\nt;[ gtnwo[e mimia\n fandipakaz ma\ji akanakita[b\ourn hr^ nra ou[;[i … ];®q;ri a®a=in gor‘e! Fing tari anendm;= ouri,warp;tn;ri mot a,ak;rt;louz f;to qsanw;z tar;kan Mkrtice awart;z a\n%ibr… ir a®a=in inqnourou\n a,.atanqe! G\oumrou f®cakawor warp;tn;remanraxnin stoug;zin a[b\oure% znz;zin gl.aqare^ amo#ur h ard\oq% .m;zin=riz^ sa#®n h ard\oq% ];®qow 'ak;zin .o[owaki b;rane^ =oure f;t ci# .'i% ci#endfatwi ard\oq! A[b\oure dimazaw am;napafan=kot qnnouj\an! Mkrtcin];®nadr;zin ousta!

Est Mkrtic Arm;ni ªF;[nar a[b\ourº wipaki(Adaptation from Mkrtich Armen, 1906-1972)

≥

Bvi,kn;ri konsilioumiz f;to Markos Alim\ani drouj\oune ørestør; wat-jarazaw! Saka\n Smbati vamanman loure nran wa\rk;nap;s fan;z l;jar-giakan m[]awan=iz% lousaworw;z nra d;mqe% mi an.ab oura.ouj\oun anmi=ap;sparx;z yakate% ore nra wajsounam\a ;rkara]ig k\anqi enjazqoum ;rb…h chrartafa\t;l xwarjouj\oun! Mimia\n mi paf fiwande .oraxnin fa\azqe ou[[;zordou d;mqin% apa ar]ak;low mi .oul mrmn=\oun do[do=oun ];®q;row grk;z am-bastan\al ordou gangraf;r glou.e … s;[m;z al;ko‘ kr‘qin kar;lwou\n ca'pind!

Tikin Alim\ann sks;z f;k;kal! Nran f;t…;z a[=ike^ Marjan% f;to^ordin;re! A\vm ‘;rounin karo[ hr ir fogin awand;l% ø@% oc fangist% incp;sk'a'ag;r% a\l mi anfoun wi,t baxmaf;‘ srti m;=! Ouj tari hr^ na chr t;s;lawag ordoun% orin anfagor;n sir;l hr anbasir sirow … orin piti fan]n;r irbolor gor‘;re! :w oc mia\n chr t;s;l% a\l… chr ouxoum t;sn;l% ls;l nra anoune%qani or na ir ano[=a.of warqag‘ow warkab;k;l hr Alim\ann;ri tan barianoune! A@f% orqa@n fousa.ab ar;z ir;n a\d sirwa‘ ordin% orpisi@ fog;kantwa\tanq patya®;z% ore j,namin;riz … na.an]amitn;riz jaqzn;lou famarfarkawor hin sastik yig;r% kamqi g;rbnakan xorouj\oun!

Apr;lou anfagourd t;nce a\l…s chr f;taqrqroum mafam;r]in% a\l ‘anrou an;l wiyake% ore nran drdoum hr k\anqi g;j w;r=in wa\rk\ann;rin an=atw;lfogin kr‘o[ ;rkentranqiz … oro,;l ir dirqe m;‘ ordou nkatmamb! I w;r=o mi.or% ,at .or fa\azq% or galis hr g;r;xmani .orqiz% am;n inc parx;zm;[sagor‘ ordou famar!

– M;na#k ;s ;k;l% – karo[azaw mia\n barba®;l m;®no[e!– M;nak% – patas.an;z ordin k®af;low farzi houj\oune!M®a\l vpite aknjarjor;n t;[i tw;z fouso ,o[in% fogou andorrin! Ba\z

afa ‘;rounou p[tor fa\azqe enkaw ordou osk; matanou wra% ore nra amous-nouj\an n,ann hr!

427

– Anza‘e w;radar]n;l ci lini% fa*\r% ørfni*r% – artasan;z ordin .;[dwa‘]a\now% ori m;= xgazwoum hr da®e kski‘% ba\z oc x[=oum!

– Ani‘w;*s% ;j; w;r=in kamqs c;s katari&&& – a\s sars®;zouzic ba®;remrmn=az fa\re sa®co[ ,rjounqn;ri mi=iz!

Est <irwanxad;i ªQaosº w;pi(Adaptation from Shirvanzade, 1858-1935)

≥

Bano@n&&&Mi 'oqr g\ou[ h sa^ ja®a‘ kanacaxard ou g;[at;sil bar]rawandaki

wra! Oloraptou\t% n;[lik 'o[ozn;ri a= ou ]a. ko[m;roum ko[q ko[qi ,arwa‘

;n an]… ou .[youk .ryijn;r^ m;=qm;=qi kpzra‘% 'oqrik blrakn;ri nmanwo[ou®ouzik ktourn;row% oronz w;r…oum ;rdikn;rn ;n!

G\ou[i ar…mt\an ko[moum Marali g;[axard sar;rn ;n kanacapat%‘a[kaw;t ';,;row! A\d sar;ri akanakit a[b\ourn;riz h skixb a®noum Banonil;®na\in g;take% ore% y;[q;low blrakn;ri kour‘qe% srenjaz i=noum h za‘ … ircl®o[ ,a®ac\ounow .a.toum ,r=aka\qi andorre! Na gi,;r ou xør ‘;‘oum h ira';re% m;rj wyit% m;rj p[tor aliqn;row 'r'ourjqoum nranz ;r;sin! La#z hlinoum g;te% j;# gangatwoum h% oc oq cgit;!

Garnane^ f;[;[n;ri vamanak% g;te wararoum h … ir enjazqi m;= a®n;lowm;‘ ou 'oqr qar;r^ a®a= h m[oum ir a[mkafou\x aliqn;re% anxor barkouj\ambxarkoum a'am;r] va\®;rin!

A\s =ra‘;‘% ou[[a]ig qarava\®;riz m;ki katarin s;pa]… bar]ounqiwra% gtnwoum h mi finawourz m;nastan bnakan parispn;row ,r=apatwa‘!

Da Banoni fa\tni srbawa\rn h Astwa‘a‘ine% or ka®ouz;l ;n qristo-n;akan a®a=in dar;ri fawataz\aln;re^ ;rknakarka® a\d bar]ounqiz a®astwa‘ ou[[;lou ir;nz srtabou. a[ojqn;re!

Oc oq cgit;% j; ;*rb h ka®ouzw;l a\d tayare% … o*r anarg ];®qn h aw;rakdar]r;l ast‘o toune& o*c mi gir% o*c mi fi,atakouj\oun cka a\d masin! Ba\zBanoni bnakcin farkawor hl ch da% na famoxwa‘ h% or a\s aw;rak kamarn;ritak% a\s kisakor‘an .orann;roum zanouzir enka‘ mam®apat qar;ri m;= hlastwa‘ klsi ir ja.‘amrmoun= a[ojqn;re!

L;®na\in mi n;[ araf;t a\sør hl =;rm;®and ou.taworin a®a=nordoum hd;pi aw;rak m;nastane% or fawati mom;r wa®i anz\al 'a®qi t.our mna-zordn;ri wra% fambouri srbawa\ri mrota‘ ou dar;ri ,nciz ma,wa‘ qar;re!

Est Aw;tis Afaron\ani ªBanonº patmwa‘qi(Adaptation from Avetis Aharonian, 1866-1948)

≥

428

M;r g\ou[e gtnwoum h bar]radir l;®an farawa\in lan=;rin! N;rq…oummoug kanac anta®n;rn ;n tara‘woum% isk w;r…oum^ alpiakan arotn;re^ kana@c%‘a[ko@t% bouraw;@t! O#w h '®;l a\s ,q;[% ;r'n;rang gorg;re^ an];®agor‘% ka-.ardo[ gou\n;row&&&

Anta®axourk bar]ounqn;re xardarwa‘ ;n kanacow ou da,ta\in p;s-p;s‘a[ikn;row% isk l;®an gagajn;ri mi=… sarafarj;r ;n '®wa‘% xmrou.t mar-gag;tinn;r% our am®ane kanace ‘'‘'oum h ‘owi nman!

A[st…i fowtoum mialar w,,oum h l;®na\in a®atabou. a[b\ourn;rizskixb a®no[ g;te! Nra a'am;r] m;‘-m;‘ qar;ri y;[q;roum =ra'os;r kan% oronzm;= w.toum ;n karmra.a\t ]kn;ri wta®n;re! Forda®at an]r…n;riz f;to g;tep[torwoum h% go®go®oum gaxaxa‘ wi,api nman% isk am®ane barakoum% da®noumh f;xafambou\r mi g;tak!

A\d g;ti go[trik a';rin h anz;l im mankouj\oune^ nra p;s giv ouansan]% nra p;s f;x ou qa[zrakarkac!

Ou fima% ;rb krkin a\zi ;m ;k;l mankouj\ans nwirakan wa\r;rin% acqisa®a= im mankouj\an patk;rn;rn ;n galis orp;s wa[ouz ',rwa‘ qa[zr ;raxib;korn;r!

G;tn hli ir faw;rvakan w,,ozow lznoum h ]ore% hli karmra.a\t;re^ nrbin.al;row ou '®wa‘ j…;row% jprtoum ;n akanakit =r;roum% j®coum =rw;vn iw;r! Am;n inc nou\nn h% mia\n im mankouj\an enk;re^ Bo[are% ori facoze d;®akan=oums h% cka! Orskan Qocarn hl orsi ci gnoum ou qa\loum h ir oujsounfingtarin;ri b;®an tak!

G;taki fosanqn i w;r gnalow^ fasa l;®nafowite% ort;[ow fosoum h g;te^miørinak ou ja.‘ali w,,ozow! Ou in] jwaz^ im mankouj\an ‘anoj ]a\n;rowlzw;z fowite% kar‘;s m;r Bo[ari facozn hi lsoum% forj;ri ba®ace% enk;rn;riskanc;re!

Fima ouri, ;r;.an;r ;n .a[oum im mankouj\an enk;r g;taki a'in!Nranz b;rkrali kanc;riz% go®oum-goc\ounn;riz jndoum h ]ore! :s f;®anoum ;mfaraxat wa\r;riz^ mi .orin a'sosanq srtis m;=!

Est Wa.jang Anan\ani ªG\ou[i qafananº patmwa‘qi (Adaptation from Vakhtang Ananyan, 1905-1980)

≥

Wa[ouz h ard;n in] fangist ci talis mi mitq^ mi fin partamourfak^j[jin fan]n;lou a\n am;ne% inc git;m% inc ka im mtapatk;roum Parou\r S…akimasin% a\n% inc m;k ouri,e karo[ h … cimanal% qani or tarb;r ;n ;[;l Parou\rifarab;rouj\ounn;re tarb;r mardkanz f;t% … nranz a®a= na bazw;l h tarb;rca'ow ou k;rpow! :rb .osqe w;rab;roum h Parou\ri p;s wiyo[% aso[-.oso[ b®en-koun bnaworouj\ane% or ir anfangist mitqe spa®oum hr oc mia\n graka-

429

nouj\an m;= … a®ør\a k\anqoum% nra zra‘ mtq;re% nra banawor st;[‘agor-‘ouj\oune a\np;s hl kmnan anfa\touj\an m;=% ;j; akan=alour;re gric ca®n;n!Mincd;® dranq kar…or% ;rb;mn ca'axanz kar…or ;n ir bnaworouj\ounn oust;[‘agor‘ouj\oune faskanalou famar! A®a=in angam a\s am;ni masin .osqbazw;z anpatm;lior;n fouxa.®ow mi=awa\roum^ 1972-i founwari 24-in% ir‘nnd\an 48-rd tar;lizin% ;rb inqe ckar a\l…s% ir nor bnakaranoum% our a\np;shl nran cwiyakw;z apr;l a\nt;[! :w a\d øre ‘ag;z g;j fou,;row koroustem;[m;lou mitqe! Da h% or stipoum h gric a®n;lou do[azo[ ];®qow … gr;lou% j;incp;s ;m t;s;l Parou\rin% inc ;m ls;l nraniz% incp;s ;m faskaz;l am;n incow%na… fakasouj\ounn;row faroust a\d bnaworouj\oune! A\n tarin;re% isk dranqqic c;n% oronz enjazqoum in] ba.t h wiyakw;l lin;lou Parou\ri enk;re%a,.atakize% xrouzakize% w;r=ap;s ir namakn;ri fasz;at;re% in] ;r…i ira-wounq ;n talis gr;lou nra masin% gr;lou a®anz ocinc aw;lazn;lou … ocincpakas;zn;lou% incp;s patwir;l h ,;qspir\an o[b;rgouj\an f;rose! Gr;l mianfati masin% or ;kaw ou 'a\latak;z fa\ fog…or k\anqi ;rknakamaroum^ as;sibr… wka\ouj\oun% or m;‘ anfatn;re mia\n fnoum c;n ;[;l% or nranq karo[ ;n‘nound a®n;l ou afagnanal na… m;r ør;roum … anzn;l anvamanak m;r ap,afarfa\azqi a®a=! Mia\n ir aproume ch% or artafa\t;l h Wafram Maw\ane% ;rbgr;l h& ªNman anvamanak m;‘ koroustn;ri dimaz kar‘;s fanzawor ;s xgoumq;x d;® o[= ;[a‘ lin;loud famar% ba\z incp;s asoum ;n% a\sp;s kam;zaw yaka-tagireº!

Est L…on Fa.w;rd\ani ªParou\reº fou,agrouj\an(Adaptation from Levon Hakhverdian, 1924-2003)

≥

AR:WE

Lso#um ;q &&&% spas;z;*q mi 'oqr% ;s ];x kpatm;m bolorn skxbiz&&& Gno#um ;q &&&% la*w% ;s kpatm;m ‘a[ikn;rin ou .ot;rin&&&– Siro*un kakacn;r% la@w ls;z;q ar…i patmouj\oune&&&

A[=iks fiwand hr!Git;#q% na hl ];x nman mi ‘a[ik hr^ na.,ounik d;mqow% osk;gangour

max;row! A[=iks fiwand hr&&&Bvi,ke ;kaw% i=aw m;r bnakarane& na t.our hr& inco#u&&&Fa@% fi,oum ;m% na chr siroum n;rq…i fark;re&&&Na i=aw n;rq…% na\;z im a[=kan% na\;z s;n\aki pat;rin!– >onaw h% – asaz% – piti 'o.;q bnakarane% piti ar…ko[ s;n\ak

yar;q&&&– Qani# ;r;.a oun;q% – farzr;z!

430

– :r;qn hin% ;rkouse m;®an% mnaz a\s m;ke&&& axat;z;*q im a[=kan& nam;r tan fogin h&&&

Na inc-or d;[ gr;z ou t.our d;mqow dours gnaz!– Fa\ri*k% i#nc gr;z bvi,ke% – farzr;z a[=iks!– Ar… gr;z% sir;li*s% ar… gr;z% or 'a\li q;x wra ou axati zawiz&&& Ou a\n øre gnazi ar… 'ntr;lou! Gnazi ,at f;®ou% qa[aqi ‘a\re ou gta

ar…ko[ mi bnakaran!Sirou@n kakacn;r% ar…i* xawakn;r% aw;li law ch#r ];x mot b;r;i im

osk;‘amik a[=kan! Douq nran kxoug;iq karmir ou kanac&&& Ba\z% fa@% git;m% douq nran faz chiq ta&&& douq snwoum ;q wa[ord\an

zo[ow&&&Ls;z;*q% ;s d;® c;m w;r=azr;l&&&&&& M\ous a®awot piti tan;i a[=kans ar…i toun% ba\z ;rb lousazaw% na

in] kanc;z% ];®qs b®n;z ou 'ak;z acq;re&&&F;to ;kan mardik ou taran nran&&&Ou ;rb osk;‘amik a[=iks f;®azaw m;xniz% m;nq bolors a\rw;zinq lalouz%

isk ;s dar]a ar…i fiwand!:s gnoum hi% nstoum 'oqrik g;r;xmani mot … spasoum ar…a‘agin!Ou mi,t t;snoum hi a[=kans ar…e grka‘ … ir max;re nra wra '®a‘&&&Ba\z ;rb patmoum hi ar…i masin% kins ou ma\rs chin fawatoum& nranq

kar‘oum hin% j; ;s .;lagar ;m% … o[boum hin a\rwa‘% zamaqa‘ acq;row! Ou mi ør hl dim;zi ar…in&– Fxo*r ar…% – asazi% – mi m;‘ gangat oun;m q;xaniz&&& inco#u dou mi

,o[q .na\;zir im a[=kan% inco#u span;zir ou tarar nran&&&Na t.r;z ou mjn;z!– Gna*% – asaz – fa\tni*r a,.arfin% asa@% or w;r…i farke ar…i ,o[q;re

.l;z% stw;r ]g;z n;rq…i farkin ou span;z a\n osk;f;r a[=kan!

Est Mows;s Araxou ªAr…eº patmwa‘qi(Adaptation from Movses Arazi, 1878–1964)

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SS;;pptt;;mmbb;;rrii 1133%% ccoorr;;qq,,aabbjjii%% 11992222 – K;søriz f;to vame ;rkousin% fa\oz

ja[i ou[[ouj\amb n,marwoum h la\na‘awal ‘ou.! Tan w;rnafarkiz ditoum

;nq a\d ‘ou.e! Ouri, tn;ri taniqn;riz hl ,at;re ditoum ;n a\n ou asoum%

j; fa\oz ja[e kraki h trwa‘& omanq hl asoum ;n% j; krake Fa\noziz ch%

a\l nra motaka ja[;riz! Iro[ouj\oune an]amb stoug;lou npatakow yam'a

;m enknoum! Founakan fiwandanozi mot t;snoum ;m kananz% or ir;nz ma-

noukn;rin grka‘% anca'afas ;r;.an;ri ];®qiz b®na‘ ou kapozn;r a®a‘^

431

l;[apata® 'a.coum ;n! Xanaxan gou\q;r ,alaka‘ t[amardik f;t…oum

;n ir;nz kananz! A®a=anoum ;m minc… Kajer=e Ø[lou 'o[oze% ort;[iz

;r…oum h S& St;'anosi^ d;®…s kangoun mnaza‘ ;®ak;rt gmb;je! Frd;fe

;rkou ou[[ouj\amb h tara‘woum& m;ke^ ;k;[;zouz w;r gtnwo[ Fa\nozi% m\ouse^

A®a=nordarani … noraka®ou\z .anoujn;ri dimaz gtnwo[ ,;nq;ri ou[[ou-

j\amb! A\s ;rkou j…;re mim\anziz an=at ;n% … aknfa\t h% or frd;fe mi-

toumnawor h% qani or krakn sksw;l h miavamanak m;kiz aw;li t;[;roum!

Fa\nozi frd;fe aw;li endar]ak h% aw;li ‘awaloun! Qa\l;rs ou[[oum ;m d;pi

Calge=e Ba,e% ba\z Kajer=e Ø[louiz Calge=e Ba,e tano[ anzman wra fan-

dipoum ;m mi jourqi% or mot;noum h in] ou asoum& ªM;nq p;tq ;[a‘n ar;-

zinq% douq ;*t dar];qº! Jourqe% or% an,ou,t% frd;fi farzoum gor‘oun mas-

nakzouj\oun oun;r% in] …s ir z;[akize … gor‘akizn;riz m;ke kar‘;low^ j;-

ladroum h% or a\l…s ca®a=anam% a\l ;t da®nam! Iro[ouj\oune faskazo[i

nman patas.anoum ;m^ ª,a*t lawº … kang a®noum mi paf% orp;sxi jourqe

'oqr-inc f;®ana … f;ts .osakzouj\an cb®nwi! :rb 20-30 qa\l f;®anoum

h% ;t ;m da®noum … qa\l a® qa\l f;t…oum nran ;rkousis mi=… pafpan;low

mi…nou\n f;®aworouj\oune! Minc… founakan fiwandanoz a\s k;rp ;nq qa\-

loum! Jourqe ou[[woum h d;pi rankn;ri ja[e% isk ;s mtnoum ;m fiwanda-

nozn;ri 'o[oze ou mi ;rkar ,ounc qa,oum!

Sarsa'ow ditoum ;m 'a.stakann;ri anfamar baxmouj\ane! Founakan

… italakan fiwandanozn;ri patoufann;re l;zoun ;n 'a.stakann;row%

oronz m;= kan ‘anoj d;mq;r% isk folandakan fiwandanozi d®n;re amour

'akwa‘ ;n! <tap anznoum ;m a\d 'o[ozow … fasnoum nawafangsti toune!

Patmoum ;m t.our kazouj\an masin& tn;zin;re bolore w;rnafark ;n bar]-

raz;l! ’ou.e la\na‘awal ampi p;s tara‘woum h Fa\oz ja[iz minc… "ounja%

… mo.irn;re ja'woum ;n m;r glou.n;ri wra! Qamin% or fa\oz ja[i ko[miz d;-

pi "ounja h 'coum% f;texf;t; sastkanoum h kraki isk ar‘ar‘oumiz! Ma\-

ramoutiz frd;fe ard;n anz;l h founaz ja[;re% ort;[iz .o,or .mb;row d;pi

Qara' ;n .ouvoum afagin baxmouj\ounn;r! K;sgi,;rin krake tara‘woum h

tarb;r ou[[ouj\ounn;row ou an;r…aka\;li aragouj\amb fasnoum minc…

nawafangist! Frd;fi ‘awalmane xougenjaz nawafangstoum baxmapatkwoum

h afoudo[i matnwa‘ mardka\in hakn;ri aliqe% ore tara‘woum h minc… "ounja!

Est Karap;t >ac;r\ani ªXm\ou®niakan arka‘n;rs 1922-inº øragri(Adaptation from Karapet Hatcherian’s Diary, 1876-1952)

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432

Papikis øragri enj;rzoume ard;n fasounaza‘ tariqoum o*c mia\n fas-tat;z nra masin im oun;za‘ kar‘iqe% a\l na… in] øgn;z lrazn;lou 12-am\a;r;.a\i fi,o[ouj\an m;= ourwag‘wa‘ nra patk;re! Nra xspwa‘ouj\oune^ øra-grouj\an famar ba®;rn entr;lis% patka®anq h n;r,ncoum! A\sp;s 1915-i z;-[aspanouj\ounn aknark;lis bvi,k >ac;r\ane xgou,abar gor‘a‘oum hªendfanour t;[afanoumº% ªanz\ali s.aln;rº kam ªaqsorº artafa\tou-j\ounn;re! Tpaworic h na… nra artakarg mardasirouj\oune! Øragri m;= natarb;r a®ijn;row artafa\toum h mardkanz barørouj\an% arvanapatwou-j\an … axatouj\an farz;ri f;t kapwa‘ ir mtafogouj\ounn;re! Na fand;sh galis na… orp;s anou[[;lior;n lawat;s mard% ore% qa=a‘anoj lin;low fa-ka®akordi^ anz\aloum gor‘a‘ otn]gouj\ounn;rin ou wa\ragouj\ounn;rin%,arounakoum h fawatal mardou bna‘in a®aqinouj\ounn;rin! Mia\n a\dp;skar;li h faskanal bvi,k >ac;r\ani tatanoumn;re% ;rb na kangna‘ hr ªan-dofakanº qa[aqiz% 1922 jwakani Xm\ou®nia\iz% f;®analou oro,man a®a=!:rkar vamanak na famoxwa‘ hr% or jourq;re c;n krkn;lou anz\ali ªs.aln;re… a,.arfin zou\z ;n talou% or ir;nq qa[aqakirj axg ;nº! Ir a\s lawat;-souj\an m;= na tatanwoum h mia\n a\n vamanak% ;rb ir acqow h t;snoumfa\;ri ja[e^ Fa\noze kor‘anwa‘ … manawand% ;rb ];rbakalwoum h!

Farz h ‘agoum% j; ard\oq bvi,k >ac;r\ane s.alaka#n hr! <at d\ourin hf;tin fa\azqow m;[adr;l nran vamanakin wy®akan qa\l;ri cdim;lou … iranmi=akan entaniqe aw;li ,out Xm\ou®nia\iz cfan;lou% manawand ir … irkno=^ Ak-Fisaroum mnaza‘ faraxatn;rin jourq;ri \aja[aniz c'rk;lou fa-mar! Wstaf ;m% or dra famar na ir ambo[= k\anqi enjazqoum ir;n m;[aworh xgaz;l jo[n;low ir xawakn;rin baxmajiw farzadroumn;row% oronziz gl.a-worn a\n hr% j; incp;s karo[ hr ir;nz a\dqan imastoun fa\re a\dpisi ªan-imastº oro,oumn;r ka\azn;l … m\ous fa\ bvi,kn;ri f;t vamanakin cf;®anala\d dvo.a\in qa[aqiz! Nmanørinak qnnadatouj\ounn;r ls;l ;m fangouz\almorizs nra f;t a\d n\ouji ,our= .os;lis! :j; ma\rs ir for øragire kardaza‘lin;r% wstaf ;m% or na ir for oro,oumn;re a\d ygnavama\in ør;rin aw;li yi,tpiti emb®n;r! Ch# or bvi,k >ac;r\ane ir;n famaroum hr Jourqia\i ørinaworqa[aqazi% est oroum^ ir qa[aqaziakan partakanouj\ounn;re a\d ;rkrifand;p liouli katara‘ qa[aqazi! Orp;s ardaradat mard^ na ir nman fa-xarawor qriston\an;ri p;s parxap;s i wiyaki chr kan.at;s;lou mot;zo[a[;te &&&

:ra.tapart ;m papikis patmouj\ane nman kar…or 'astajou[j jo[a‘lin;lou famar% akanat;si mi wka\ouj\oun% ore fastatoum h% or fa\ vo[owrdi:[;®ne 1915 jwakani o[b;rgouj\amb ir w;r=e ci gt;l% … or incp;s fxor ;rkra-,arviz f;to t;[i ;n oun;noum lrazouzic znzoumn;r% 20-rd dari a®a=in z;-[aspanouj\ane fa=ord;l ;n ouri, ‘awalow aw;li 'oqr% ba\z oc nwax kor‘a-narar a[;tn;r% oronziz m;ke 1922-i Xm\ou®nia\i a[;tn hr!

Fatwa‘ Dora Saqa\ani^ Karap;t >ac;r\ani ªXm\ou®niakan arka‘n;rs

1922-inº øragire n;rka\azno[ a,.atouj\ouniz! (Dora Sakayan, 1931-)

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433

FAMO SAF|AN

(1914-1993)

M:R L:XOUN

M;r l;xoun^ m;r .i[yn h da%

Sourb faze m;r s;[ani%

M;r fogou kancn h ardar

Ou fame m;r b;rani!

M;r l;xoun ‘ou.n h m;r tan%

M;r k,i®n a,.arfi m;=%

Na a[n h m;r inqnouj\an%

Houj\an .orfourde m;‘!

M;r l;xoun ar\o*unn h m;r%

Ar\ouniz aw;li jank&

M;r bourmounqn ou gou\nn h m;r%

M;r l;xoun m;nq ;nq or kanq!

Na piti m;r a®a=in

Ou w;r=in s;re lini%

I#nc oun;nq hl a,.arfoum%

Or a\sqan m;re lini!

HAMO SAHIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

OUR LANGUAGE

Our language is our inner voice,

The sacred bread on our board,

The just plea of our soul,

And the taste in our mouth.

It is the smoke of our hearth,

Our weight in this world,

The salt of our selfhood,

The great sense of our breath.

Our language is our blood,

Even dearer than blood.

Our scent and our color,

It is us, the way we are.

Our language is our love,

Both the first one and the last,

What else is there in this world

That belongs to us that much?

ARMENIAN POEMSIN TRANSLATION

434

SILWA KAPOUTIK|AN

(1919-2006)

>OSQ IM ORDOUN

A\s garnan f;t% a\s ‘a[kounqi%

A\s j®cnaki% a\s a®waki%

F;tn a\s ;rgi ou xarjonqi

Bazw;z l;xo@un im mankiki&

Ou jojow;z ba® mi angin

Fa\k\an l;xwiz m;r srbaxan%

As;s masounq fa[ordouj\an

Dipaw mankans ,rjounqin&&&

– Lsi*r% ordi*s% patgam orp;s

Siro[ qo mor .o@sqe srtanz%

A\sørwaniz fan]noum ;m q;x

Fa\oz l;xou@n faxaragan]!

Ktr;l h na% fanz ast[alou\s%

:rkinqn;re vamanaki%

<a®ac;l h .®owafou\x

Slazqi f;t fa\k\an n;ti!

:w M;sropi sourb fanyarow

Dar];l h gir ou maga[aj%

Dar];l h fo*u\s% dar];l dro*,%

Paf;l ;@rje m;r^ ana[art&&&

Nranow h mrmn=az;l

Fa\ pandou.te w;rqn ir srti%

Nrano*w h orotaz;l

K®wi ;rgn im vo[owrdi&

Nranow h ma\rs =af;l

In] øroroz dr;l mi ør%

SYLVA KAPUTIKIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

WORDS TO MY SON

With the blossoms of this spring,

When brooks bubble and birds sing,

With Mother Nature at her peak,

My infant son began to speak;

And he uttered a priceless word

In Armenian, oh what splendor!

As though a piece of Holy Bread

Touched my infant’s lips so tender.

Listen, my son, to this command,

Listen to your mother’s words with care:

As of today, I hand you down

The Armenian tongue, precious and rare.

It traveled like a stellar light

Through the firmament of ages,

It clamored with the rapid flight

Of our arrows most courageous.

Thanks to the genius of Mesrop,

It became letters, parchment, art,

Hence our banner and our hope,

Helped us advance, set us apart.

With it, the Armenian migrant muttered

The pain of his aching wounds,

With it, my people thundered

Their war songs in martial tunes.

With it on her lips, my mother then young,

Laid me in the cradle one day.

�

435

Fima ;k;l% q;@x h fas;l

Nra karkace darawor&&&

Ba*z ,ourj;rd% .osi@r% angi*n%

Vir da\la\li@r% i*m sirasoun%

Jo[ mankana* qo ,ourj;rin

M;r al;f;@r fa\oz l;xoun!

Pafi*r nran bar]r ou wyit%

Ararati sourb ]\ouni p;s%

Pafi*r nran srtid motik%

Qo pap;ri ay\ouni p;s!

Ou oso.i xarkize s…

Dou pa,tpani*r kr‘qow nran%

Incp;s mo@rd kpa,tpan;s%

J; sou*r qa,;n mord wra!

Ou t;*s% ordi*s% ou*r hl lin;s%

A\s lousni tak ou@r hl gnas%

J; mo*rd angam mtqiz fan;s%

Qo ma@\r l;xoun cmo®ana*s&&&

The sweet sounds of our tongue

Ring out anew, coming your way.

Part your lips, speak up, my joy,

Chirp cheerfully, hum a song,

May on your lips, my lovely boy,

Our ancient tongue turn young.

Keep it up-high, and keep it bright,

Like the snow on Ararat’s peak,

Keep it next to your beating heart,

Like an ancestral relic.

Defend your tongue against the foe,

Stand up for it in deed and word,

As if your mother you would defend

If she were threatened with a sword.

And look, my son, wherever you are,

Under this moon, however far you get,

Even your mother you may ignore,

Your mother tongue, do not forget!

:{I<: CAR:NZ

(1877-1937)

M:R L:XOUN

M;r l;xoun ykoun h ou barbaros%

A®nakan h% kopit% ba\z mi…nou\npafin

Pa\‘a® h na% orp;s m,taborboq'aros%

Wa®wa‘ frow an,;= dar;roum fin!

YEGHISHE CHARENTSTranslated by Dora Sakayan

OUR LANGUAGE

Our language is pliant yet barbaric,

It is manly, rough, yet sends out rays

Like an ever-glowing beacon,

Whose flame was kindled in ancient

days.

436

SILWA KAPOUTIK|AN SYLVA KAPUTIKIAN(1919-2006) Translated by Dora Sakayan

ARARAT

Acq ;nq baz;l% ou dou m;r d;m ;[;*l ;s% ka*s% Ararat%Ba\z am;n ør m;xniz f;®ou ou m;x anfas% Ararat!

As;s mi ør k;rt;l ;n q;x% or marmar; qo t;sqowAnfas t;nci% anfag siro ar]an da®nas% Ararat!

A,.arfi m;= am;n fa\i am;n ‘a\riz ;r…oum%Ba\z mnoum ;s f;®o@u% f;®o@u% mnoum ;ra@x% Ararat!

A,.arfn;ri anapatoum vo[owourds^ mi b;dwin%Im ja'a®ik ;[ba\rn;ri kapou\t mira@v% Ararat!

A.% m;r karotn ;l;*l% dixw;*l% d;@m h a®;l ';,;ridOu .®owa‘^ dar];l h g;t% dar];l Ara*x% Ararat!

Acq ;nq baz;l q;xniz f;®ou% qo karotow ‘;raz;l%Mi#j; piti m;®n;nq mi ør q;xniz anma@s% Ararat&&&

ARARAT

Since we opened our eyes, you have been towering before us, Ararat,Yet day-by-day you’re far away from us, out of reach, Ararat.

As though they carved you one day to be the marble-shaped statue of an unreachable goal, of an insatiable love, Ararat.

Although seen from all over the earth by all Armenians, You remain distant, you remain a dream, Ararat.

In the wilderness of worlds my people are now Bedouins; To my straying brothers you’re a blue mirage, Ararat.

Oh, our nostalgia has piled up around your feet, Ararat,Anguish made it a flood, made it the river Arax, Ararat.

We opened our eyes away from you, we grew old longing for you.How can we die one day, apart from you, Ararat?

437

AVETIK ISAHAKIAN Translation by Alice Stone Blackwell

HÉ, MY FATHERLAND

HÉ, my fatherland, how lovely thou art;Thy mountain peaks are lost in the mists

of heaven.Thy waters are sweet, thy breezes are sweet;Only thy children are in seas of blood.

May I die for thy soil, thou pricelessfatherland!

Oh, it is little if I die with one life!Would that I had a thousand and one lives,To offer thee, all from my heart.

To die for thy sorrow with a thousand

lives!

Let me offer myself for thy children, for

love of thee!

Let me keep for myself only one life,

That I may sing the praise of thy glory,

That I may soar high like the skylark

On the rising of thy new day, noble

fatherland,

And sing sweetly, praise loudly

Thy bright sun, thou free fatherland!

AW:TIQ ISAFAK|AN

(1875-1957)

H@|% +AN-FA|R:NIQ

H@\% =an-fa\r;niq% incqa@n siroun

;s%

Sar;rd kora‘ ;rkni mowi m;=&

+r;rd ano*u,% fow;rd ano*u,%

M;nak bal;qd aroun-‘owi m;=!

Qou fo[in m;®n;m% angi*n

fa\r;niq%

A@.% qic h% j; or mi k\anqow m;®n;m%

:rn;k oun;nam faxar ou mi k\anq%

Faxa*rn hl srtanz q;x mata[

an;m!

Ou faxar k\anqow qou dardin

m;®n;m%

Bal;qid mata*[% mata*[ qou

siroun&

M;nak mi k\anqe jo*[ in]i

paf;m% –

H*n hl qou 'a®qi gowqe ;rg;loun% –

Or artouti p;s w;@r ou w;@r

ya.r;m

Nor ørwa ‘;gid% axi*x fa\r;niq%

Ou ano*u, ;rg;m% ba*r]r ou xil

gow;m

Kanac ar…d% axa*t fa\r;niq&&&

438

AW:TIQ ISAFAK|AN(1875-1957)

MOR SIRTE

Ka finawourz mi xrou\z%J; mi t[a%Miamorik%Siroum h mi a[=ka!

A[=ikn asaw& – In] bnaw

Dou c;s siroum%J; ch gna*%Gna* mord si*rte b;r!

T[an molor% gl.ikor

Qa\l a®aw%Laz;z% laz;z%A[=ka mot ;t ;t da®aw!

:rb na t;saw% xa\razaw&

_ H*l c;r…as

<;mqis% asaw%Minc… sirte cb;r;s!

T[an gnaz … orsaz

Sari a\‘\am%Sirte fan;z%b;r;z tw;z a[=kan!

:rb na t;saw% xa\razaw&

_ Kori*r acq;s%J; faraxat

Mord sirte cb;r;s!

T[an gnaz^ morn span;z%:rb wax ktar

Sirte ];®qin%Otqe saf;z& enkaw war!

:w sirte mor asaw t.our%Lazakmaz% –ªWa*\% .;[y t[as%Oc mi t;[d czawa#z&&&º

AVETIK ISAHAKIANTranslated by Ara Baliozian

A MOTHER’S HEART

There is an old tale About a boy, An only son Who fell in love with a lass.

‘You don’t love me, You never did,’ said she to him.‘But if you do, go then And fetch me your mother’s heart.’

Downcast and distraught The boy walked off And after shedding copious tears Came back to his love.

The girl was angry When she saw him thus And said, ‘Don’t you dare come back again Without your mother’s heart.’

The boy went and killed A mountain roe deer, And offered its heart To the one he adored.

But again she was angry And said, ‘Get out of my sight. I told you what I want Is your mother’s heart.’

The boy went and killed His mother, and as he ran With her heart in his hand He slipped and fell.

‘My dear child, My poor child,’Cried the mother’s heart, Did you hurt yourself?

439

MIQA|:L NALBAND|AN(1829-1866)

AXATOUJ|OUN

Axat Astwa‘n a\n øriz%:rb fay;zaw ,ounc 'c;l%Im fo[an\ouj ,inwa‘qinK;ndanouj\oun parg…;l& :s anbarba® mi manouk:rkou ];®qs parx;zi:w im anxor j…;rowAxatouj\ounn grk;zi!

Minc gi,;re anfangistØrorozoum kapkapa‘Lalis hi andadar%Mors qoune .angara‘%>ndroum hi noraniz Baxoukn;rs ar]ak;l%:s a\n øriz ou.t;ziAxatouj\oune sir;l!

Jojow l;xwis minc kap;rnAr]akw;zan% bazw;zan%Minc ‘no[qs im ]a\niz>ndazin ou b;rkr;zan%&Na.kin .osqn or asazi&Chr fa\r kam ma\r% kam a\l inc%Axatouj\o@un% dours j®awIm mankakan b;raniz!

ªAxatouj\o#un% – in] krkn;zYakatagire w;r…iz& –Axatouj\a#n dou xinworKamis grwil a\s øriz!O*f% ',ot yanaparfd%Q;x ,at 'or]anq ke spas;&Axatouj\oun siro[inA\s a,.arfe .ist n;[ hº!

ªAxatouj\o@un% – goc;zi% –Jo[ orota im gl.in"a\la*k% ka\‘a*k% four% ;rkaj%Jo[ daw dn; Æj,namin %:s minc i maf% ka.a[an%Minc… anarg mafou s\ounPiti go®am% pit krkn;mAndadar^ axatouj\o@unº!

MICHAEL NALBANDIAN Translation by Alice Stone Blackwell

LIBERTY

WHEN God, who is forever free,Breathed life into my earthly frame, —From that first day, by His free willWhen I a living soul became, —A babe upon my mother’s, breast,Ere power of speech was given to me,Even then I stretched my feeble armsForth to embrace thee, Liberty!

Wrapped round with many swaddling bands,All night I did not cease to weep,And in the cradle, restless still,My cries disturbed my mother’s sleep.“O mother!” in my heart I prayed,“Unbind my arms and leave me free! ”And even from that hour I vowedTo love thee ever, Liberty!

When first my faltering tongue was freed,And when my parents’ hearts were stirredWith thrilling joy, to hear their sonPronounce his first clear-spoken word,“Papa, Mamma,” as children use,Were not the names first said by me;The first word on ray childish lipsWas thy great name, O Liberty!

“Liberty!” answered from on highThe sovereign voice of Destiny:“Wilt thou enroll thyself henceforth A soldier true of Liberty ?The path is thorny all the way,And many trials wait for thee;Too strait and narrow is this worldFor him wholoveth Liberty.”

“Freedom!” I answered, “on my headLet fire descend and thunder burst;Let foes against my life conspire,Let all who hate thee do their worst:I will be true to thee till death ;Yea, even upon the gallows treeThe last breath of a death of shameShall shout thy name, O Liberty!”

440

PAROU|R S:WAK

:R:WAN-HR:BOUNI

:r…an dar]a‘ im Hr;bouni%

Dou m;r nor Dwin% m;r nor Ani%

M;r 'oqrik fo[i dou m;‘ ;raxanq%

M;r dar; karot% m;r qar; naxanq!

Krkn;rg& — :r…an dar]a‘ im Hr;bouni%

Dar;r ;s anz;l ba\z mnaz;l ;s patani!

Qo Masis forow% qo Araqs morow%

M;‘anas darow% :r…an!

M;nq ar\an kanc;r oun;nq m;r srtoum%

Ankatar t;nc;r oun;nq m;nq ,at!

M;r kancn a®anz q;x ixour kkorci%

A®anz q;x m;r t;ncn ixour ksa®ci!

Krkn;rg&— :r…an dar]a‘ &&&

K\anqoum am;n s;r linoum h tarb;r%

Isk m;nq bolors ;nq q;xnow farb;l%

Taq h s;re m;r^ ,;k qar;rid p;s

Fin h s;re m;r^ ]ig dar;rid p;s!

�Krkn;rg — :r…an dar]a‘ &&&

441

PARUYR SEVAKTranslated by Dora Sakayan

YEREVAN-EREBUNI

Reborn Yerevan from Erebuni,Our modern Dvin, our new Ani,In our little land you’re the greatest goal,Our ancient dream, our grace of stone.

Refrain: Reborn Yerevan from Erebuni,You have lived so long, yet you remain in infancy,With Massis your father, with Arax your mother,Stay forever young, Yerevan!

Our hearts are filled with ancestral calls,Unaccomplished goals we have a lot,Without you, our calls will be lost in vain, Without you, our goals we will not attain.

Refrain: Reborn Yerevan ...

Love has many ends, many shapes in life,But we all became entranced by you.Our love is warm, like your sunny stones,Our love is old, stemming from eons.

Refrain: Reborn Yerevan ...

442

PAROU|R S:WAK

APR:L

Apr;@l% apr;@l% a\np;*s apr;l%

Or sourb fo[ed ;rb;q cxga qo aw;lord ‘anrouj\oune!

Apr;@l% apr;@l% a\np;*s apr;l%

Or dou inqd hl ;rb;q cxgas qo s;'akan manrouj\oune!

Ou j; fankar‘ anp;tqouj\oun q;x famar;s%

j; inqd q;x arfamarf;s

ou fama®;s%

q;x f;t wiyi*%

q;x cxi=i*&

famb;ratar q;x f;t .osi@%

faka®ako*um q;x famoxi

inqe&&& fxor Fanrouj\oune&&&

Apr;@l% apr;@l% a\np;*s apr;l%

Or ouri,i .indow .ndas%

Or ouri,i zn‘ouj\ounow

Inqd hl zn‘as% inqd hl jndas!

Lin;s% mnas am;nqi f;t%

Nranz kamqin fpatakw;s%

ª:sº-d .a®n;s m;‘ ªm;nqº-i f;t%

Nranz zawow lou® tapakw;s!

Trw;s nranz lou\si nman

:w c.ab;s^ fou\si nman!

Ar,alou\si nman bazw;s

nra*nz famar%

W;r=alou\si nman bozw;s

nra*nz famar!

�

443

PARUYR SEVAKTranslated by Dora Sakayan

TO LIVE

To live, to live, to live in a way,

That your saintly earth won’t feel your heaviness.

To live, to live, to live in a way,

That you yourself don’t feel your own tininess.

And if you happen to regard yourself

As useless, or just to disregard yourself,

And you insist on that stubbornly,

The mighty Community itself

will argue with you,

and speak to you patiently

to convince you of the contrary...

To live, to live, to live in a way,

That you rejoice with the joy of others,

That you revel with the triumph of others,

And you, too, cheer with them.

Be, stay with your peers,

Comply with their will,

Blend your “I” with the great “We,”

Suffer silently their grief.

Be loyal to them like the light,

and not deceptive, like hope.

Unfold yourself like the day-break,

for them,

Inflame yourself like the sunset,

for them.

�

444

J; laz lin;s^ nranz famar%

J; baz lin;s^ nranz famar!

:w fa@z lin;s nranz famar^

fog…or fa@z%

Q;x nranzow k\anqoum xin;s

:w nranzow k\anqoum lin;s

og…orwa@‘!

:w nranzow k\anqoum lin;s

jou\l kam ouv;[%

:w nranzow k\anqoum lin;s

bou\l kam mv;[%

J,wa®^ incp;s anapastan%

Faroust^ incp;s la\n ta'astan&&&

Apr;@l% sa\r;@l% apr;l a\np;*s%

Or nranz f;t mjn;s-amp;s

:w nranz f;t ,anjar]akw;s&

M;kt;[ fankar‘ endar]akw;s%

M;kt;[ da®nas goundouk‘ik&

M;kt;@[ bazw;s% m;kt;@[ 'akw;s%

Incp;s namak … kam bazik&&&

Apr;@l% apr;*l% apr;l m;kt;*[%

K\anqd .a®n;l nranz k\anqin%

Ta®apanqd^ ta®apanqin%

+anqd^ =anqin%

Zanqd^ zanqin%

:w ;njarkw;l nranz kamqin%

Nranz kamqn hl q;x ;njark;l%-

Da®nal …* ,anj% …* ,anjarg;l&&&

445

If you cry, it’s for them,

If you fly, it’s for them,

Be bread for them,

Spiritual bread.

Get strength from them in life,

Get zeal from them for life.

Be one of them, whether frail or strong,

And be with them, whether a fly or a throng,

Be poor like a pauper

And rich like the vast prairie.

To live, to live, to live in a way,

That you darken with them like clouds,

And you strike with them like thunder,

With them you expand all at once,

With them you contract all at once.

With them you close and open up,

Like a letter or a card. ...

To live, to live, to live together,

To blend your life with their life,

Your pain with their pain,

Your strife with their strife,

Your grain with their grain,

Comply with the will of others,

Yet impel your own will to others.

And in heaven’s global vault

Be both thunder and lightning bolt.

446

PAROU|R S:WAK PARUYR SEVAK(1924-1971) Translated by Dora Sakayan

MIANGAMIZ

Asoum ;n% j; miangamiz k\anqoum oci@nc ci katarwoum&

Miangamiz o*c mi karp;t … o*c mi gorg ci pat®woum%

Miangamiz b;rd ci ,inwoum ou ci qandwoum miangamiz%

Miangamiz ]\oun ci galis … ci 'coum angam qamin!

Mi*rg ci fasnoum miangamiz% o@ur mnaz j;^ .;loqanan%

Xo@u\g c;n kaxmoum miangamiz% o@ur mnaz j;^ ;r;qanan!

Miangamiz c;n k,tanoum … c;n xgoum =ri kariq%

O*c a\sørn h anz\al da®noum% o*c hl wa[n h da®noum galiq!

A\s am;ne yi,t h farka*w

F;nz a\sp;s h% incp;s or ka!

Saka\n ;j; im k\anqi m;= g;j farzn;in mi* angam in]%

J; ;s i#nc ;m g;radasoum%

I#nc ;m ouxoum

Ou ;raxoum%

:s kas;i&

– Inc linoum h% jo[ or lini miangami@z&&&

AT ONCE

They say nothing happens instantly in life,No carpet nor tapestry is worn out at once,Instantly no fortress is built, nor is it destroyed at once,The snow doesn’t fall all at once, nor does the wind blow all at once.

Fruits do not ripen, much less do people wisen at once,Men and women do not couple, much less do they triple at once,People are not instantly sated, nor do they instantly crave for water,Today doesn’t turn instantly past, nor does tomorrow turn future.

All this is certainly true,And this is just the way it is.But if in my life they would ever ask me once,What would I prefer,What would I desire,And to what would I aspire,I would say:– Whatever is going to happen, let it happen at once...

447

PAROU|R S:WAK

(1924-1971)

WWAARRQQ MM::’’AAZZ

O@u,-o@u, ;n galis% ba\z o*c ou,aza‘&

’nwoum ;n nranq yi*,t vamanakin!

:w vamanakiz a®a= ;n enknoum%

Dra famar hl c;n n;roum nranz!

Antofm c;n nranq kam anfa\r;niq&

Fasarak foriz ou moriz ‘nwa‘%

S;roum ;n nranq … a*\n wa\r;nouz%

Or hl ch@r karo[ apr;l qara\roum!

S;roum ;n nranq … a*\n ‘;roukiz%

Or na.entroum hr qn;l taka®oum!

S;roum ;n nranq … a*\n patanouz%

Or sirafarw;z ir isk patk;rin!

S;roum ;n nranq bolo@r nranziz%

Or satana\in fogin ;n ‘a.oum%

Mia\n j; an;*n mta‘a‘n ir;nz%

I@nc 'ou\j% j; m;®n;n vamanakiz ,out!

Anwtang^ incp;s frd;fn ar…i%Anwnas^ incp;s øgtakar lortoun%

Wa. ;n n;r,ncoum p;touj\ounn;rin

Minc… isk ir;nz kamqi faka®ak!

Arqan;ri f;t .osoum ;n ªdouº-ow%

:j;% ifark;% lsoum ;n nranz%

Isk j; c;n lsoum^ m;@k h% c;*n l®i%

K.os;n nou\nisk ir;nz ko,ki* f;t!

Ow safmanoum h nor ør;nq ou karg^

Fa\tararwoum h … ør;nqiz dours!

Ba\z c;@n wa.;noum nranq car

mafiz&

Aproum ;n dvwar ou m;®noum ;n f;,t&&&

PARUYR SEVAKTranslated by Garig Basmadjian

THE GREAT

They appear the latest, but they are never late,

They are born in time,But they always fall before it,And they are never pardoned.

They are not without a family or a homeland.

They are born of ordinary parentsOr a savage unable to live in a cave.

They are brought forth by the old manWho prefers to sleep in a jug,Or by the ladWho falls in love with himself.

They are born of thoseWho sell their souls to devilsTo execute their thoughts –So what if they are executed.

They are harmless like the fire of the sun,Innocent like the useful grass-snake.They inspire fear in states and

governments,Even against their will.

They address kings in the second person singular,

Of course if they listen to them,And if they don’t, it’s all the same,They speak with their shoes.

He who frames a new law or ruleIs declared to be outside the law.But they do not fear death:They live with difficulty and die easily.

448

:{I<H CAR:NZ

(1897-1937)

:S IM ANOU<

:s im anou, Fa\astani ar…afam ba®n ;m siroum%

M;r fin saxi o[banwag% lazakouma‘ larn ;m siroum%

Arnanman ‘a[ikn;ri ou ward;ri bo*u\re wa®man%

Ou nair\an a[=ikn;ri f;xaykoun pa*rn ;m siroum!

Siroum ;m m;r ;rkinqe moug% =r;re =in=% liye lous;%

Ar…n am®an ou ]m;®wa wi,apa]a\n bouqe ws;m%

Mjoum kora‘ .ryijn;ri anf\ourenkal pat;re s…Ou fnam\a qa[aqn;ri faxaram\a qa*rn ;m siroum!

Our hl lin;m c;m mo®ana ;s o[ba]a\n ;rg;re m;r%

C;m mo®ana a[ojq dar]a‘ ;rkajagir grq;re m;r%

Incqan hl sour sirts .oz;n ar\ounaqam w;rq;re m;r-

Hli@ ;s orb ou arnawa® im Fa\astan \a*rn ;m siroum!

Im karota‘ srti famar o*c mi ouri, f;qiaj cka%

Nar;kazou% Qoucaki p;s lousapsak yakat cka&

A,.arf anzi*r% Ararati nman y;rmak gagaj cka&

Incp;s anfas 'a®qi yam'a^ ;s im Masis sa*rn ;m siroum!

:{I<: CAR:NZ

M:R L:XOUN

:w warp;tn;r .onarf ou fanyar;[%

F[k;l ;n a\n dar;r%

:w 'a\l;l h na m;rj% incp;s b\our;[%

M;rj koptaz;l! incp;s l;®na\in qar!

449

YEGHISHE CHARENTSTranslated by Gerald Papasian and Nora Armani

I LOVE ARMENIA

I love the sun-drenched zestful taste of our peerless Armenian words.I love the languishing sad tunes of our lamentful ancient lutes.Our fragrant flowers, blood-red roses and our ripe and luscious fruits.I love the undulating dances of our fair Nayirian girls.

I love our haunting dark blue skies, our crystal springs and light-soaked lakes.The summer suns and dragon-winds of winter’s unrelenting cold.The uninviting blackened walls of our wretched homely huts.I cherish each stone of our martyred cities thousands of years old.

Wherever I wander on earth, they’re in my heart our mournful airs.Our time-worn manuscripts and parchments in my mind have turned to prayersHowever deep our bleeding wounds might pierce and ravage my heart’s core,My orphaned land, blood-scorched Armenia, I will love you even more.

No balm can sooth my restless soul, my ever-roving yearning heart.For me, no hallowed brow glows like Narek’s or Kuchak’s art.Traverse the world no holy peak you’ll find so bright, for ever white.Like an unreached road of glory, I love my mountain Ararat.

YEGHISHE CHARENTSTranslated by Dora Sakayan

OUR LANGUAGE

And masters, humble and ingenious,Have polished it for ages,It sparkled, like a crystal, at one instant,It hardened like a rock, at another.

450

PAROU|R S:WAK PAROUYR SEVAKTranslated by Garig Basmadjian

FPANZIKOUJ|OUN

:rb w;r=alou\sn m.rywoum amp;ri m;=^ sanri nman%

Ou fototo[ barak qamin% ,niki p;s% kang h a®noum

Am;n j'i% ‘a®i% gou[]i … am;n mardou a®a=%

Ou ;rb zourte ;ritasard zou\z h talis ir ouvn ard;n^

Stip;low ,apik koyk;l ou mrmn=al .osq;r dvgof&

Ou ;rb mjan jaw,i wra orwa fa=ozn h .lanoum%

Isk fat ou k;nt lou\s;rn as;s da®noum ;n fin xardankar%

Miami@t ;m da®noum noriz% fawatoum ;m ardarouj\a*n&

Ou jwoum h% j; ;s piti im &&& bnakan mafow m;®n;m!

≥

TRANSIENCY

When twilight rakes the clouds like a comb

and the thin, sniffing wind stops like a puppy

before every shrub, tree, clod and man,

when the young cold shows its strength

making us button our shirts and grumble,

when the day’s bark is deadened on the deep velvet

and the strewn lights seem ancient adornments–

one again I become naive,

once more I believe in justice,

and it seems to me

I shall die a natural death.

451

FOWFANN:S <IRAX

(1914-1984)

K<:ÂQ

Mtqi ørozqiz ;rb a,.arf mta^

A,.arfoum^ a,.arf mor s;re gta &&&

Fonq;rs^ l‘akn ;n im nvari%

Acq;rs^ nra xou\g jas;rn ari%

:w k,®;zi mors s;re sourb%

Or incqan m;‘ hr% a\nqan .orn ounourb&

Fimala\n ibr… k,®aqar dri^

W;r j®aw l;®e f;tn ir nvari&

’ow;re dri^ w;r ;lan krkin%

War qa,;z mors s;re srbagin&

Ast[abou\l;re^ dri k,®aqar^

Noriz ma\rikis s;re qa,;z war&&&

Qo s;rn% im sira‘% qo s;rn hl dri^

W;r ou war arin nvar nvari%&&&

Ba\z ;rb Masis-ma\r im

Fa\astaniz

Mi bou® fo[ dri^

:kaw fambour;z nvar nvari&&&

HOVHANNES SHIRAZ

Translated by Dora Sakayan

THE BALANCE

Entering the world from the cradle ofcreation,

A worldwide mother love was my first sensation...

My brows, the levers of my scale,My eyes, a pair of shells on its rail.

And I weighed my mother’s saintly love and found

It was as great, as it was gentle and pro-found.

I placed Himalaya as the weight,The mountain rebounded, and so did its

plate.The plate rose again when I placed the

seas, My mother’s love pulled it down with

ease. I loaded the scale with the stars from

above,But none could outdo my mother’s love.Your love, my sweetheart, I measured as

well,The bars wavered, up and down went the

scale. But when I cast some earth of my

Masis-Mother Armenia with my fist,The two levers balanced, they came close

and kissed...

452

FAMO SAF|AN (1914-1993)

KGAM

:j; minc… angam

Lsa‘ lin;s% j; ;s a\s a,.arfoum ckam%Mi…nou\n h% kgam% inc hl lini% kgam%Our hl lin;m kgam!

:j; minc… angam ;s kouraza‘ lin;m%:j; minc… angam lou\sd mara‘ lini%W;r=in fou\sd qamin a®a‘-tara‘ lini%A®anz lou\si kgam% ;s a\s angam kgam

M;nouj\an m;= lazo[ ;rgid wra!

:j; minc… angam

Qo fawati fand;p dou m;[q ara‘ lin;s

:w famara‘ lin;s% or a,.arfoum ckam%:j; minc… angam fo[s ma[a‘ lin;s%:j; minc… angam mtqow ja[a‘ lin;s%:j; minc… angam in] wtara‘ lin;s

W;rfou,;rid w;r=in .onaw qaran]awiz%Mi…nou\n h% kgam% inc hl lini% kgam%

:w kycas fankar‘ tarørinak zawiz &&&

Kgam% glou.-gl.i ou ];®q-];®qi ktanq%Laz klin;nq m;®a‘ m;[qid wra!

:j; minc… angam faxar sari ;t…Faxar kapow kapwa‘% .acow .acwa‘ lin;m%Tqna‘-tan=wa‘ lin;m% mi…nou\n h% kgam!

Inc hl lini% kgam% ckanc;s hl% kgam%:w kb;r;m ;s q;x oura.ouj\oun mi m;‘

Anaknkal dar]is iro[ouj\amb –Qo tan ou qo fogou taro[ouj\amb%:raxn;rid% k\anqid t…o[ouj\amb!

Kgam … kda®nam gta‘ ba.ti vpit

:w fawati vpit^ ta®apanqiz ma,wa‘%Artasouqiz .a,wa‘ d;mqid wra!

:j; minc… angam m;=qs ‘alwa‘ lini%:j; minc… angam otqs wa®wa‘ lini%:w yakatis faxar fo[mi farwa‘ lini%Mi…nou\n h% kgam% our hl lin;m% kgam!

G;tni takiz kgam%Mi f;®awor anfa\t molorakiz kgam!

Kgam ou ja' ktam

Fardago[i 'o,in ,;mqid wra!

453

HAMO SAHIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

I WILL COME

Even if you heard I exist no more in this world,Just the same, I will come, whatever it takes, I will come,Wherever I am, I will come.Even if I have lost my sight,Even if in your house there is no light,And you have given up all your hope,I will reach you in the dark, I will then comeTo the tearful song of your solitude.

Even if you have sinned against your faithHaving accepted my cruel fate,Even if you have buried me in your head,And have strewed earth on my grave,Even if you have driven me out Of your brain’s last humid cave,Just the same, I will come, whatever will be, I will come;And you will shriek out with unusual pain ...I will come and we will, hand-in-hand, head-to-head, Weep over your deadly sin.

Even if I am behind a thousand mountains, Fastened with a thousand knots, nailed to a cross,Perturbed and tormented, just the same, I will come.Whatever it takes, even without your call, I will come. And I will bring you the greatest joyIn virtue of my sudden return. And I’ll fill your home and your soulWith that joy for as long as you live and dream.I will appear as fortune’s smile, And the smile of faith on your faceThat is bleary with tears, weary of pain.

Even if my back is folded,Even if my feet are charred,And my wind-blown forehead scarred,Just the same, I will come, whatever it takes, I will come.I will come from under the earth, From a remote and unknown planet.I will come and shake off the dustOf the milky way on your doorstep.

FOWFANN:S JOUMAN|AN

(1869-1923)

FA|OZ L:ÂN:ROUM

M;r yam';n .awar% m;r yam';n gi,;r%

Ou m;nq anfatnoum

Hn anlou\s mjnoum

:rka@r dar;row gnoum ;nq d;p w;r

Fa\oz l;®n;roum

Dvar l;®n;roum!

Tanoum ;nq fnouz m;r gan];rn angin%

M;r gan];re ‘ow%

Inc or dar;row

:rkn;l h% ‘n;l m;r .orounk fogin

Fa\oz l;®n;roum%

Bar]r l;®n;roum!

Ba\z qani angam ,;k anapati

Ørdoun;re s…Irarou ;t…:ka@n xark;zin m;r qarwann axniw

Fa\oz l;®n;roum%

Arnot l;®n;roum!

Ou m;r qarwane ,'oj% soskafar%

Jalanwa‘% =ardwa‘%

Ou fatwa‘-fatwa‘

Tanoum h ir;n w;rq;rn anfamar

Fa\oz l;®n;roum%

Sougi l;®n;roum!

Ou m;r acq;re na\oum ;n karot

F;®ou ast[;rin%

:rknqi ‘;rin%

J; ;#rb kbazwi pa\‘a® a®awot%

Fa\oz l;®n;roum%

Kanac l;®n;roum!

454

HOVHANNES TOUMANIANTranslated by Mischa Kudian���

IN THE ARMENIAN MOUNTAINS

Sombre is our path,Dark as the very night:Yet upwards have we climbedEndlessly through the long centuries,In the Armenian mountains,Those rigorous mountains.

Of old have we borne our such vastAnd priceless treasures,To which for centuriesHave our souls profound given birth,In the Armenian mountains,Those lofty mountains.

But frequently have the black hordesOf the scorching desertCome and struck hard,Repeatedly, at our noble caravan,In the Armenian mountains,Those blood-stained mountains.

Yet our caravan, confused, terrified,Plundered, massacred,And torn asunder,Ever bears its innumerable wounds,In the Armenian mountains,Those mourning mountains.

And our eyes turn their yearning gazeUpon the distant stars,Upon the limits of the heavens,Wondering when a bright morn will breakIn the Armenian mountains,tThose green, green mountains.

455

456

FAMO SAF|AN

(1914-1993)

J:J:W LINI

ªJo[ fo[r j;j… lini qo wraº &&&

:w f;to ‘anr mi qar ;n dnoum

A\d fo[i wra!

:w f;to ‘anr mi dar h nstoum

A\d fo[i wra!

:w f;to fo[i mi sar h nstoum

A\d dari wra&&&

ªJo[ fo[r j;j… lini qo wraº!

HAMO SAHIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

MAY IT BE LIGHT

“May the earth be light on you,”And they place a stoneOn that earth.And then a century sits On that earth.And then a mountain of earth sits On that century…“May the earth be light on you.”

HAMO SAHIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

I am not afraid to see myself fade,I do not fear my share of death,But I shudder at the thought

of our planet,Ingenious yet tired, defenseless, inept.I dread seeing its endlessness end.

FAMO SAF|AN

Im clin;louz ;s c;m wa.;noum

:s c;m wa.;noum im bavin mafiz

Saka\n ‘nkn;rs do[oum ;n anw;r=

M;r fognafanyar% ba\z .;[y ou anyar

A\s moloraki

Anwa.yanouj\an wa.yani afiz!

HAMO SAHIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

For how many, many millions of yearsYou weren’t here, I wasn’t here.And we shall never be so near,For how many, many millions of years.Who will ever come, just to assessWhat we have found; who’ll ever guess?

FAMO SAF|AN

Qani% qani milion tari

Dou cka\ir% ;s cka\i!

Ou m;nq irar c;nq patafi

Qani% qani milion tari&&&

O#w piti ga% or mta‘i%

Ginn imana m;r gta‘i!

457

FAMO SAF|AN

:W I#NC H TW:L IN}BNOUJ|OUNE

:w i#nc h tw;l in] bnouj\oune% –Fawit\an norog ir fnouj\oune%

Ir =rw;vn;ri anqnouj\oune

:w fognafolow ir krknouj\oune&&&

Ir qara'n;ri famb;rouj\oune%

Ir .[yi a®a= ir g;rouj\oune%

Ir andoundn;ri taro[ouj\oune%

S;'akan w;rq;rn apaqin;lou

Karo[ouj\oune&&&

Ir s…afo[i .onawouj\oune&&&

Masr;nou ',ot .onarfouj\oune&&&

Inqnaba,.oumi oura.ouj\oune%

Inqnam;rvoumi .ixa.ouj\oune%

Inqnouj\an patiwn ou

jankouj\oune%

Inqn ir m;‘ouj\amb cpar‘;nalou

:r=ankouj\oune!

HAMO SAHIANTranslated by Dora Sakayan

AND WHAT DID NATURE OFFER ME?

And what did nature offer me?Its oldness in constant renovation,Its waterfalls in restless agitation, And its pattern of cyclic repetition...The patience of its coasts,Its captivity to its own conscience,The capacity of its cavities,The ability

to mend its wounds.The humidity of its barren land,The humility of the thorny rose-hip

plant,The felicity of self-devotion,And the bravery of self-abnegation.The dignity and value of identity,And the blissof not boasting about its own

supremacy.

:{I<: CAR:NZ

(1897-1937)

AR"IKIN

Incqan or four ka im srtoum

– bolore q;x&

Incqan krak ou wa® .ndoum

– bolore q;x&

– Bolo@re tam ou nwir;m% in] o*c mi

four jo[ cmna^

Do@u cmrs;s ]m®an zrtoum%

– bolo@re q;x&&&

YEGHISHE CHARENTSTranslated by Dora Sakayan

TO ARPIK

All the warmth there is in my heart, all is yours;

All the flames and sheer delight, all is yours;

Let me grant you the warmth I hold, let me stay without;

So you don’t freeze in winter’s cold, – all is yours...

458

FOWFANN:S FOWFANNIS|AN

(1864–1929)

NOR GAROUN

Q;x spaso[ cmnaz%

O#ur ;s gali% a*\ garoun&

Gowqd aso[ cmnaz%

Xo@ur ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

S…-mouj pat;z a,.arfin%

Sar ou ]or da®an arin%

M;x wa\ b;r;z hs tarin –O#ur ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

B\oulb\oule ga^ jo[ ];n ta%

Hl o#w piti q;x .nda%

Hl o#r sirte kjnda –Xour ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

B\oub\ouln ;kaw^ ward couni%

’a[koze ka^ ward couni –Hl o*w a or dard couni –O#ur ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

Dou ;t b;rir fawq;rin%

O#nz t;r eln;n bn;rin –Sa*[ t;[ cka m;r ;rkrin –Xour ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

A,ou[i b;rane 'ak%

Sax-q\amanc;n 'aki tak%

Sirtn a hrwoum ankrak –O#ur ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

Q;x spaso[ cmnaz%

Xour ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

Gowqd aso[ cmnaz -

O#ur ;s gali% a*\ garoun!

HOVANNES HOVANNISSIANTranslated by Alice Stone Blackwell

NEW SPRING

WHERE art thou coming, Springtime sweet?Thou com’st in vain, O Spring!I No one is left to wait for thee,No one thy praise to sing.

Deep darkness has enwrapped the world;To mount and valley clingRed stains of blood; this year brought woe.Where art thou coming, Spring?

The nightingale may sing to thee;Who else, where all are slain,Is left to smile? What heart can stir?O Spring, thou com’st in vain!

The nightingale has come, but foundNo rose with silken leaf.Here is the flower-bed, but no flower.Who else is free from grief?

Although thou hast brought back the birds,How shall they find their nests?No spot in all our fatherlandUnspoiled, unruined rests.

The minstrel’s mouth is closed today;No flutes or viols ring;His heart is burning without fire.Where art thou coming, Spring?

No one is left to praise thee nowOn mountain or on plain;No one is left to wait for thee;O Spring, thou com’st in vain!

459

FOWFANN:S <IRAX

(1914-1984)

HQSPROMT

M;nq .a[a[ hinq m;r l;®n;ri p;s%

Douq fo[m;ri p;s .ouv;ziq wa\rag!

M;nq ];r d;m ;lanq m;r l;®n;ri p;s%

Douq fo[m;ri p;s zrw;ziq wa\rag!

Ba\z m;nq faw;rv ;nq m;r l;®n;ri

p;s%

Douq fo[m;ri p;s kkorc;q wa\rag!

HOVHANNES SHIRAZTranslated by Dora Sakayan

EXPROMPT

We were peaceful like our mountains,You burst in fiercely like gusty winds.

We stood up against you like our mountains,

You dispersed fiercely like gusty winds.

But we are eternal like our mountains,You will vanish fiercely like gusty

winds.

G:WORG HMIN

(1918-1998)

FAM:RGIZ F:TO

Inc ouxoum hi q;x .ostowan;l

:w ga[tni hi pafoum im fogoum%

A\nqan faraxat ou a\np;s an;[‘%

Dou lsoum hir ;r;k fam;rgoum!

Dou h*l nou\nn hir ouxoum in] as;l%

Inc ;s ls;zi ;r;k fam;rgoum&&&

Ba\z ort;[i#z hr =oujakn imaz;l

Anba® ga[tniqe im ou qo fogou&&&

GEVORK EMINTranslation by Dora Sakayan

AFTER THE CONCERT

What I wanted to disclose to you

And was keeping in my heart,

You heard genuinely and frankly

At the concert last night.

You, too, wanted to come out

With what I heard last night...

How could the violin find out

About the wordless secret of our

hearts?

461

Aagaf [agah] avaricious, stingyagafouj\oun [agahutŒyun] avarice, stinginessagarak [agarak] farmag®aw [ag¤av] crowAdrb;=an [Ad§rbejan] Azerbaijanadrb;=anakan [ad§rbejanakan] Azeri,

Azerbaijaniadrb;=an;r;n [ad§rbejaneren] Azeri, Azer-

baijani (language)adrb;=anzi [ad§rbejant¿sŒi] Azeri, Azerbai-

jani (person)axat [azat] freeaxatamit [azatamit] liberalaxat;l [azatel] to free, to rescueaxatw;l [azatvel] to get freeaxatouj\oun [azatutŒyun] liberty, freedomaxatq;[ [azatkŒeg¿h] parsleyaxg [azg] nation, peopleaxgabnakcouj\oun [azgab§nakc¿hŒutŒyun]

populationaxgagrouj\oun [azgagrutŒyun] ethnogra-

phyaxgakan [azgakan] relative axgakiz [azgakit¿sŒ] related by nationalityaxga\in [azgayin] nationalaxgouj\oun [azgutŒyun] nationalityaxd [azd] announcement, advertisementaxdak [azdak] factor, agentaxdan,an [azdan§s¿han] signalaxd;l [azdel] to influence, to affectaxd;zik [azdet¿sŒik] influentialaxd;zouj\oun [azdet¿sŒutŒyun] influence,

effectaxdou [azdu] effectiveaxniw [azniv] noble, honest, kindaxnwouj\oun [azn§vutŒyun] nobleness, hon-

esty, kindnessaxdr [azd§r] hipaxniw [azniv] honest, nobleaxnwouj\oun [azn§vutŒyun] honestyajar [atŒar] dung (used for heating)

ajo® [atŒo¤] chairajo®anist [atŒo¤anist] chief residence (rel.)alar;l [alarel] to procrastinateal;ko‘;l [alekot¿sel] to undulatealiq [alikŒ] waveal\our [alyur] floura.o® [ak¿ho¤] stablea.orvak [ak¿horz¿hak] appetitea.orv;li [ak¿horz¿heli] agreeablea.t [ak¿ht] disease, vicea‘akan [at¿sakan] adjectivea‘;li [at¿seli] razor a‘il;l [at¿silel] to shavea‘ilw;l [at¿silvel] to get shaveda‘ou. [at¿suk¿h] coal, charcoalak [ak] 1. gem, jewel; 2. wheel; 3. fountainakan [akan] mine, explosive deviceakanat;s [akanates] eyewitnessakan= [akanj] earakan=ø[ [akanjog¿h] earringaknark [aknark] hintaknark;l [aknarkel] to hintaknjarj [ak§ntŒartŒ] wink (of an eye), sec-

ond, momentaknkal;l [ak§nkalel] to expectaknkalouj\oun [ak§nkalutŒyun] expectationaknoz [aknot¿sŒ] eyeglassakos [akos] furrowakoumb [akumb] club (social)af [ah] fear, terrorafab;k;l [ahabekel] to terrorizeafab;kic [ahabekic¿hŒ] terroristafab;kcouj\oun [ahabekc¿hŒutŒyun] terrorismafagin [ahagin] enormous, largeafawor [ahavor] terribleaf;[ [aheg¿h] cruel, terriblea[ [ag¿h] salta[al [ag¿hal] to grind a[a[ak [ag¿hag¿hak] scream, outcry, uproara[aman [ag¿haman] salt shakera[and [ag¿hand] sect, heresya[ac;l [ag¿hac¿hŒel] to implore, to beg

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

a[awni [ag¿havni] dove, pigeona[az [ag¿hat¿sŒ] milla[b [ag¿hpŒ] trash, waste, garbagea[b\our [ag¿hpŒyur] well, spring, sourcea[;[ [ag¿heg¿h] bow, archa[;t [ag¿het] disaster, calamitya[i [ag¿hi] saltya[iq [ag¿hikŒ] intestine, bowelsa[mk;l [ag¿hm§kel] to make noisea[mouk [ag¿hmuk] noisea[\ous [ag¿hyus] bricka[=ik [ag¿hc¿hŒik] girl, daughtera[w;s [ag¿hves] fox a[t [ag¿ht] dirta[qat [ag¿hkŒat] poor a[qatouj\oun [ag¿hkŒatutŒyun] povertya[oj;l [ag¿hotŒel] to praya[ojq [ag¿hotŒkŒ] prayera[ot [ag¿hot] dima[zan [ag¿ht¿sŒan] saladay [ac¿h] growthay;l [ac¿hel] to groway\oun [ac¿hyun] ashes, embers, (mortal)

remainsama\i [amayi] deserted aman [aman] pot, dish, plateamac;l [amac¿hŒel] to be ashamedamac;zn;l [amac¿hŒet¿sŒ§nel] to shameamackot [amac¿hŒkot] shy, bashful ama® [ama¤] summer ama®anoz [ama¤anot¿sŒ] country houseambastan;l [ambastanel] to accuse, to indictambartawan [ambartavan] haughty, arrogantambo. [ambok¿h] crowd, mobambo.awarouj\oun [ambok¿havarutŒyun]

demagogyambo[= [ambog¿hc¿hŒ] entire, wholeambo[=akan [ambog¿hc¿hŒakan] compact, totalambo[=owin [ambog¿hc¿hŒovin] entirelyam;n [amen] every, each, allam;n inc [amen inc¿hŒ] everythingam;na- [amena-] (the) most ...am;nour;q [amenurekŒ] everywhereAm;rika [Amerika] AmericaAm;rika\i Miaz\al Nafangn;r [Amerika-

yi Miat¿sŒyal Nahangner] United States of America

am;rikazi [amerikat¿sŒi] American (male)am;rik\an [amerikyan] American (adj.)

am;rikoufi [amerikuhi] American (fem.)amis [amis] monthAMN = Am;rika\i Miaz\al Nafangn;r

[Amerikayi Miat¿sŒyal Nahangner]United States of America

amoj [amotŒ] shameamp [amp] cloudampama‘ [ampamat¿s] cloudy, nebulousamsagir [amsagir] (monthly ) magazineamsakan 1. (adj.) [amsakan] monthly

1. (noun) [amsakan] salaryamranal [amranal] to grow strongamroz [amrot¿sŒ] fortress, stronghold, castleamousnalou‘oum [amusnalut¿sum] divorceamousin [amusin] husband, spouseamousnanal [amusnanal] to marryamousnouj\oun [amusnutŒyun] marriageamour [amur] solid, firm, strongamouri [amuri] bachelor, single (male)a\b [ayb] name of the first letter of the

Armenian alphabeta\boub;n [aybuben] alphabeta\g;gor‘ [aygegort¿s] gardnera\g;kouj [aygekutŒ] vintagea\gi [aygi] vineyarda\d [ayt] that, thisa\dca' [aytc¿hŒapŒ] that much, so mucha\dp;s [aytpes] that way, so, thusa\dpisi [aytpisi] such, similar, like thata\dqan [aytkŒan] that mucha\vm [ayz¿h§m] now, presentlya\l [ayl] other, buta\landak [aylandak] hideous, monstrousa\lap;s [aylapes] otherwisea\las;roum [aylaserum] degenerationa\l… [aylev] as well a\l…s [aylev§s] anymorea\‘ [ayt¿s] goata\n [ayn] that, ita\nca' [aync¿hŒapŒ] that much, as mucha\np;s [aynpes] so much, that mucha\npisi [aynpisi] such, this kind ofa\nt;[ [aynteg¿h] there a\nqan [aynkŒan] that much, so mucha\o [ayo] yesa\s [ays] thisa\sinqn [aysinkŒ§n] namely, i.e.a\sca' [aysc¿hŒapŒ] this mucha\sp;s [ayspes] so, this way

462

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

a\spisi [ayspisi] this kind ofa\st;[ [aysteg¿h] here a\sqan [ayskŒan] this mucha\sør [aysor] todaya\t [ayt] cheeka\r [ayr] 1. man, male; 2. cavea\r;l [ayrel] to burn, to kindlea\ri [ayri] widow(er)a\rwa‘ [ayr§vat¿s] burnta\rw;l [ayr§vel] to be/get burnta\z [ayt¿sŒ] visita\z;l;l [ayt¿sŒelel] to visita\z;louj\oun [ayt¿sŒelutŒyun] visitationanaxniw [anazniv] dishonestanaxnwouj\oun [anazn§vutŒyun] dishonestyanali [anali] saltlessanaknkal [anak§nkal] surpriseanamoj [anamotŒ] shamelessanapat [anapat] desert, wildernessanaca® [anac¿hŒa¤] objective?ana®ak [ana¤ak] unruly, prodigalanasoun [anasun] animal, beastanarat [anarat] immaculate, pureanarg;l [anargel] to scorn, to offendanardar [anartŒar] unjustanba.t [anbak¿ht] unfortunate, unluckyanbouv;li [anbuz¿heli] incurableangam [ankŒam] point of time, 2 ~ twiceang;t [anget] ignorant, unlearnedangin [angin] pricelessangir [angir] by heartangl;r;n [angleren] English (language) Anglia [Anglia] Englandangliakan [angliakan] Englishangliazi [angliat¿sŒi] English (male)angloufi [angluhi] English (fem.)angrag;t [ang§raget] illiterateangouj [angutŒ] mercilessangou\n [anguyn] colorlessandadar [andatŒar] continuous, unceasingandam [antŒam] member, limbandamalou\‘ [antŒamaluyt¿s] crippled, para-

lyzed, invalidandorr [andorr] calm, peacefulandound [andund] abyssan;l [anel] to doan;r;s [aneres] shameless, impudentanxor [anzor] powerless, weakanendfat [an§nthat] constantlyanjiw [antŒiv] innumerable

ani‘;l [anit¿sel] to curse, to damnanimast [animast] meaninglessaniraw [anirav] unjust, wronganiw [aniv] wheelan.;lq [ank¿helkŒ] senseless, foolishan.of;m [ank¿hohem] imprudentan‘anoj [ant¿sanotŒ] unknown, strangeanka. [ankak¿h] independent, freeanka.ouj\oun [ankak¿hutŒyun] independenceanka\oun [ankayun] unstableankanon [ankanon] irregularankatar [ankatar] imperfect, incompleteankarg [ankark] unrulyankar;li [ankareli] impossibleankaro[ [ankarog¿h] unable, incompetentank;[‘ [ankeg¿ht¿s] sincere ank\oun [ankyun] corneranko[in [ankog¿hin] bed (the mattress and

the bedding)ankoum [ankum] fall, decadence anfamb;r [anhamber] impatientanfat [anhat] individualanf;tanal [anhetanal] to disappearanfog [anhok] carelessanfrav;,t [anhraz¿hes¿ht] necessaryan] [and¿z] personan]amb [and¿zamp] in personan]nakan [and¿znakan] personal, privatean]nas;r [antd¿znaser] selfishan]naspanouj\oun [and¿znaspanutŒyun] sui-

cidean]naworouj\oun [and ¿znavorutŒyun] person-

alityan]r… [and¿zrev] rainan]r…;l [and¿zrevel] to rainanya,ak [anc¿has¿hak] tasteless (about people)anyarak [anc¿harak] inept, stupidanmaf [anmah] immortalanm;[ [anmeg¿h] innocentanmi=ap;s [anmijapes] immediatelyanmo®anali [anmo¤anali] unforgettablean,arv [ans¿harz¿h] immobilean,norfakal [ans¿h§norhakal] ungratefulan,ou,t [ans¿hus¿ht] sure, certainlyanoji [anotŒi] hungryanwan;l [anvanel] to name, to callanwani [anvani] renownedanca' [anc¿hŒapŒ] immense, vey muchansafman [ansahman] infinite, boundlessansowor [ansovor] unusual

463

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

anwnas [anv§nas] intact, unharmedanta® [anta¤] forestantarb;r [antarber] indifferentant;r [anter] unprotected, abandonedantirakan [antirakan] unprotectedanzkazn;l [ant¿sŒkat¿sŒ§nel] to spend (about

time)anzn;l [ant¿sŒnel] to pass (by)anzord [ant¿sŒortŒ] passer-byanoun [anun] name anou, [anus¿h] sweetanou,adir [anus¿hadir] inattentivea,ak;rt [as¿hakert] pupil, student (male)a,ak;rtoufi [as¿hakertuhi] pupil (fem.)a,.atas;n\ak [as¿hk¿hatasenyak] office,

study room a,.atas;r [as¿hk¿hataser] diligenta,.atanq [as¿hk¿hatankŒ] worka,.atasirouj\oun [as¿hk¿hatasirutŒyun] di-

ligencea,.at;l [as¿hk¿hatel] to worka,.arf [as¿hk¿harh] worlda,.arfagrouj\oun [as¿hk¿harhagrutŒyun]

geographya,.ou\v [as¿hk¿huyz¿h] vivacious, livelya,tarak [as¿htarak] towera,oun [as¿hun] fall (season), autumnacq [ac¿hŒkŒ] eyeapaga [apaga] futureapaki [apaki] glassapafow [apahov] secure, safeapa,.ar;l [apas¿hk¿harel] repentapa®ni [apa¤ni] future tenseapastan;l [apastanel] to take refugeapazou\z [apat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] proofapazouz;l [apat¿sŒut¿sŒel] to proveaptak [aptakŒ] slapapr;l [aprel] to liveapranq [aprankŒ] merchandiseapr;lak;rp [aprelakerp] way of lifeapr;@s [apres!] Good for you! Bravo!apou.t [apuk¿ht] cured and spiced meatapou, [apus¿h] stupidapour [apur] soupa= [ac¿hŒ] right (side), right handa®agast [a¤agast] saila®agastanaw [a¤agastanav] sailboata®a‘ [a¤at¿s] proverba®ak [a¤ak] fablea®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ] before, in front

a®a=ark [a¤ac¿hŒark] offera®a=ark;l

[ a ¤ a c

atamnabou\v [atamnabuyz¿h] dentistat;l [atel] to hateat;louj\oun [atelutŒyun] hatredarag [arak] fast, quicklyaragafos [aragahos] rapid, stormyaragil [aragil] storkara‘;l [arat¿sel] to graze, to pastureararo[ouj\oun [ararog¿hutŒyun] ceremonyarg;l;l [argelel] to forbidardar [artŒar] justard;n [artŒen] alreadyardi [ardi] modernard\ounq [artŒyunkŒ] resultardouk [artŒuk] iron (appliance)ardouk;l [artŒukel] to press (by iron)arjnanal [artŒnanal] to wake up (intrans.)arjnazn;l [artŒnat¿sŒ§nel] to awaken, to ani-

mate (intrans.) arjoun [artŒun] awake, alertarvani [arz¿hani] worthy, deservingarvaniq [arz¿hanikŒ] meritarv;l [arz¿hel] to cost, to be wortharv;q [arz¿hekŒ] value, pricear‘aj [art¿satŒ] silverar‘iw [art¿siv] eaglearka‘ [arkat¿s] accidentarka‘a.ndir [arkat¿sak¿h§ntŒir] adventurerarka‘a.ndrouj\oun [arkat¿sak¿h§ntŒrutŒyun]

adventureark[ [ark§g¿h] box, casearfamarfanq [arhamarhankŒ] disdainarfamarf;l [arhamarhel] to disdain, to ignorearf;st [arhest] craft, trade, handicraftar]aganq [art¿sŒagankŒ] echoar]ak [art¿sŒak] prosear]akagir [art¿sŒakagir] prose writerar]ak;l [art¿sŒakel] set free, releasear]akourd [art¿sŒakurtŒ] holiday, vacationar]an [art¿sŒan] statue, monumentarmat [armat] rootarmatakan [armatakan] radicalarmounk [armunk] elbowar\oun [aryun] bloodar\ounakiz [aryunakit¿sŒ] blood relative, kinar,alou\s [ars¿haluys] dawnar,aw [ars¿hav] course; invasion; campaignarot [arot] pasture, herbagear= [arc¿hŒ] beararw;st [arvest] artarw;stag;t [arvestaget] artist

art [art] field; landartab;r;l [artaberel] to utter, to pronounceartaga[j [artagag¿htŒ] emigration, exodusartagr;l [artagrel] to copyartadranq [artadrankŒ] productionartadr;l [artadrel] to produceartadrouj\oun [artadrutŒyun] productionartafa\t;l [artahaytel] to expressartafa\touj\oun [artahaytutŒyun] expressionartafan;l [artahanel] to exportarta,nc;l [artas¿h§nc¿hŒel] to exhaleartasafman [artasahman] abroadartasan;l [artasanel] to pronounce, to reciteartasanouj\oun [artasanutŒyun] pronuncia-

tion, recitalartasowor [artasovor] extraordinary, unusualartasw;l [artasvel] to weep, to cryartasouq [artasukŒ] tearsartazol;l [artat¿sŒolel]to reflectartaqin [artakŒin] exterior, externalarton;l [artonel] to permitartou\t [artuyt] skylarkArza. [Art¿sŒak¿h] Karabakharzounq [art¿sŒunkŒ] teararou [aru] malearqa [arkŒa] king, monarcharqa\akan [arkŒayakan] royalarqa\ouj\oun [arkŒayutŒyun] heaven, par-

adisear… [arev] sunar…;lq [arevelkŒ] Eastar…moutq [arevmutkŒ] Westa' [apŒ] (1) palm, handful; (2) coasta's; [apŒse] traya'so@s [apŒsos] a pity! /a shame!a'sosal [apŒsosal] to regretaqa[a[ [akŒag¿hag¿h] roosteraqazi [akŒat¿sŒi] kickaqsor [akŒsor] exile, banishmentaqsor;l [akŒsor] to exile, to drive outaqzan [akŒt¿sŒan] pliers, pincers

Bbaba.;l [babak¿hel] to beat (of heart)baba.oum [babak¿hum] beating (of heart),

palpitationbad [bad] duckbadri=an [badrijan] eggplantbax; [baze] falcon, hawkbaxkajo® [bazkatŒo¤] armchair

465

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

baxk;rak [bazkerak] pulsebaxma- [bazma-] multi-, poly-baxmaxan [bazmazan] diverse, manifoldbaxmajiw [bazmatŒiv] numerousbaxmanal [bazmanal] to multiply, to grow in

numberbaxmoz [bazmot¿sŒ] sofa, couchbaxmouj\oun [bazmutŒyun] crowdbaxouk [bazuk] arm, forearmbavak [baz¿hak] cup, mugbavakaya® [baz¿hakac¿ha¤] toast (speech)bavan;l [baz¿hanel] to divide, to separatebavanw;l [baz¿hanvel] to separatebavanoum [baz¿hanum] separation, divisionbavin [baz¿hin] share, partbala or balik [bala or balik] cherished child,

offspringba.;l [bak¿hel] to collideba.w;l [bak¿hvel] to knock, to hitba.t [bak¿ht] fate, destiny, luckba.tawor [bak¿htavor] lucky, happybak [bak] yard, courtyardbaf [bah] spadeba[adrouj\oun [bag¿hadrutŒyun] compos-

ition, combinationba[a]a\n [bag¿had¿zayn] consonantba[dat;l [bag¿hdatel] to compare ba[kanal [bag¿hkanal] to consist of, to be

composed ofba[niq [bag¿hnikŒ] bathhouse, bathroombaykon [bac¿hkon] waistcoat, jacketbambak [bambak] cottonbambasanq [bambasankŒ] gossipbambas;l [bambasel] to gossipba\ [bay] verbba\z [bayt¿sŒ] butban [ban] thing; workbanal [banal] to openbanali [banali] keybanak [banak] armybanakan [banakan] rationalbanakz;l [banakt¿sŒel] to negotiatebanast;[‘ [banasteg¿ht¿s] poetbanaw;y [banavec¿h] discussionban=ar;[;n [banjareg¿hen] vegetablesbanwor [banvor] workman, blue-collar worker banworoufi [banvoruhi] worker (fem.)bant [bant] prison, jailbantark;l [bantarkel] to imprison, to detainbantark\al [bantarkyal] prisoner

bantarkw;l [bantark§vel] to get jailedba,.;l [bas¿hk¿hel] to distributeba® [ba¤] wordba®aran [ba¤aran] dictionarybastourma [basturma] salted and spiced beefbawakan [bavakan] enough, sufficientbawarar [bavarar] satisfactorybawarar;l [bavararel] to satisfybarak [barak] thinbarak;l [barakel] to become thin(ner)barba® [barba¤] dialectbarbaros [barbaros] barbarianbargaway;l [bargavac¿hel] to flourish, to

prosperbard [bartŒ] compound, complexbar;ba.t [barebak¿ht] fortunatebar;b;r [bareber] fruitful, fertilebar;gor‘ [baregort¿s] benefactorbar;gor‘akan [baregort¿sakan] benevolentbar;law;l [barelavel] to improvebar;.i[y [barek¿hig¿hc¿h] conscientiousbar;.os;l [barek¿hosel] to intercede, to

speak on behalf of s.o.bar;kam [barekam] friend (male)bar;kamoufi [barekamuhi] friend (fem.)bar;karg;l [barekarkŒel] to amend, to

improve, to renovatebar;k;zik [bareket¿sŒik] wealthybar;kirj [barekirtŒ] polite, well-behavedbar;ma[jouj\oun [baremag¿htŒutŒyun]

wish, good wish, congratulation bar;npast [baren§past] beneficialbar;sirt [baresirt] good-heartedbar;rar [barerar] benefactorbari [bari] good, kindbariq [barikŒ] good deed, charitybarkanal [barkanal] to get angry, to get madbarkouj\oun [barkutŒyun] angerbar] [bart¿s] pillow, cushionbar]r [bart¿s§r] highbar]ragou\n [bart¿sŒraguyn] supreme; upper

most; higher (about education)bar]ra.os [bart¿sŒrak¿hos] 1. adj. loud (about

people); 2. noun: microphone, speakerbar]rafasak [bart¿sŒrahasak] tallbar]ra]a\n [bart¿sŒrad¿zayn] aloudbar]ranal [bart¿sŒranal] to rise, to mountbar]razn;l [bart¿srat¿sŒ§nel] to elevate, to raisebar]rouj\oun [bart¿sŒrutŒyun] altitude, heightbaro\akan [baroyakan] moral, ethical

466

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

bar… [barev] greetingbar…* [barev!] hello!bar…;l [barevel] to salute, to greetbaz [bat¿sŒ] openbazaka [bat¿sŒaka] absent, awaybazaka\ouj\oun [bat¿sŒakayutŒyun] absence bazafa\t [bat¿sŒahayt] evident, obviousbaza®ik [bat¿sŒa¤ik] exceptionalbaza®akan [bat¿sŒa¤akan] ablative (case)baza®ouj\oun [bat¿sŒa¤utŒyun] exceptionbazasakan [bat¿sŒasakan] negativebazas;l [bat¿sŒasel] to denybazatr;l [bat¿sŒatrel] to explainbazatrouj\oun [bat¿sŒatrutŒyun] explanationbazar]ak [bat¿sŒart¿sŒak] absolutebaz;l [bat¿sŒel] to openbazi [bat¿sŒi] exceptbazik [bat¿sŒik] postcardbaz kanac [bat¿sŒ kanac¿hŒ] light greenbazw;l [bat¿sŒvel] to open upbazoum [bat¿sŒum] openingbawakan [bavakan] enoughb;kan;l [bekanel] to reverse (a decision)b;kor [bekor] piece, fragment; remnantb;[ [beg¿h] mustacheb;[mnawor [beg¿hmnavor] fruitful; productiveb;m [bem] stageb;madr;l [bemadrel] to stage, to put on (a play)b;nxin [benzin] gazolineb;® [be¤] burden, loadb;®nakir [be¤nakir] porterb;®natar [be¤natar] cargo-carrying; truckb;ran [beran] mouthb;rd [bertŒ] fortress, strongholdb;r;l [berel] to bringb;rri [berri] fruitful, fertilebjamat [b§tŒamat] thumb bvi,k [b§z¿his¿hk] physicianbv,kakan [b§z¿h§s¿hkakan] medicalbi‘ [bit¿s] stain, blemishblour [b§lur] hillb‘a.ndir [b§t¿sak¿h§ntir]pedantic, fussyb.;l [b§k¿hel] to spring up, to originatebnagir [b§nagir] original (work)bnaxd [b§nazd] instinctbna‘in [b§nat¿sin] innate, inbornbnakan [b§nakan] naturalbnakawa\r [b§nakavayr] settlement, residencebnakaran [b§nakaran] apartmentbnak;li [b§nakeli] habitable

bnakic [b§nakic¿hŒ] residentbnakcouj\oun [b§nakc¿hŒutŒyun] populationbnakw;l [b§nakvel] to reside, to livebnankar [b§nan§kar] landscapebna=n=;l [b§naj§njel] to annihilatebna=n=oum [b§naj§njum] annihilationbnaw [b§nav] not at all, neverbnaworouj\oun [b§navorutŒyun] nature,

characterbnoro, [b§noros¿h] typicalbnoro,;l [b§noros¿hel] to characterize, to definebnouj\oun [b§nutŒyun] naturebox [boz] whore, prostitutebolor [bolor] allbolorowin [bolorovin] entirely, completelybo[bo= [bog¿hboc¿h] bud, shoot, sproutbo[oq [bog¿hokŒ] protest, complaint, appealbo[oqakan [bog¿hokŒakan] protestantbo[oq;l [bog¿hokŒel] to protestbo,a [bos¿ha] gipsy (pejorative) bowandakouj\oun [bovandakutŒyun] contentboran [boran] snowstormborboq;l [borbokŒel] to inflame, to kindleborboqw;l [borbokŒvel] to get inflamed, to

blazebor;ni [boreni] hyenaboz [bot¿sŒ] flame, blazeb=i= [b§jij] cellb®nabar;l [b§¤nabarel] to force; to rape; to

tortureb®nabarouj\oun [b§¤nabarutŒyun] rapeb®nagraw;l [b§¤nagravel] to confiscateb®nakal [b§¤nakal] to tyrantb®n;l [b§¤nel] to hold (onto); to catch, to arrestb®ni [b§¤ni] forced, involontaryb®nouj\oun [b§¤nutŒyun] violenceb®ounzq [b§¤unt¿sŒkŒ] fistBraxilia [Brazilia] Brasilbraxilazi [brazilat¿sŒi] Brasilianbrd\a [b§rtŒya] woolenbrin] [brind¿z] ricebrout [brut] potterbou [bu] owlbouj [butŒ] blunt, dull; stupid; elision mark (^)bouv;l [buz¿hel] to cure, to treatbouvqou\r [buz¿hkŒuyr] nurseboul[arakan [bulg¿harakan] Bulgarian (adj)boul[ar;r;n [bulg¿hareren] Bulgarian (lan-

guage)Boul[aria [Bulg¿haria] Bulgaria

467

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

bou\n [buyn] nest bou\s [buys] plant, herbbou\r [buyr] scent, fragrance, aromaboun [bun] original, properbousakan [busakan] vegetal bousak;r [busaker] vegetarianbourd [burtŒ] woolbourmounq [burmunkŒ] scent, aromabouq [bukŒ] sleetb…;® [beve¤] pole

Ggagaj [gagatŒ] top, summit, peakgagajnak;t [gagatŒnaket] peak, zenith;

culmination, climaxgaxan [gazan] beast, brutegaxananoz [gazananot¿sŒ] zoogaxar [gazar] carrotgaja [gatŒa] Armenian pastrygal [gal] to come, to arrivegaf [gah] thronega[a'ar [gag¿hapŒar] idea, notion, conceptga[j [gag¿htŒ] emigration, migrationga[j;l [gag¿htŒel] to emigrate, forced to

leave the homelandga[= [gag¿hc¿h] lukewarm ga[tni (adj.) [gag¿htni] secret, undiscoveredga[tniq (noun) [gag¿htnikŒ] secret, mysteryga[ouj [gag¿hutŒ] colony; communityga\l [gayl] wolfgang [gang] skull, craniumgangat [gangat] complaintgangatw;l [gangatvel] to complaingangour [gangur] curlygan] [gand¿z] treasurega®(nouk) [ga¤(nuk)] lambgawaxan [gavazan] cane, rod, stickgawaj [gavatŒ] cup, glassgawa® [gava¤] province, regiongar;=our [garejur] beergari [gari] barleygar,afot [gars¿hahot] stench, stinkgar,;li [gars¿heli] detestable, basegaroun [garun] springgdal [g§tal] spoong;[agitouj\oun [geg¿hagitutŒyun] aestheticsg;[agrouj\oun [geg¿hagrutŒyun] calligraphyg;[arw;st [geg¿harvest] fine artsg;[;zik [geg¿het¿sŒik] beautifulg;[;zkouj\oun [geg¿het¿sŒkutŒyun] beauty

g;[] [geg¿hd¿z] glandg;[=ouk [geg¿hjuk] peasantg;, [ges¿h] uglyg;t [get] riverg;tin [getin] ground, soilg;tna.n]or [getnak¿h§nd¿zor] girasoleg;r [ger] fat, overweightg;ra- [gera-] over-, super-, trans-, mostg;ragnafat;l [gerag§nahatel] overestimateg;radrakan [geradrakan] superlativeg;raxanz [gerazant¿sŒ] excellentg;ran [geran] beam, postg;rdastan [gerdastan] family, dynasty,

descendantsg;r;xman [gerezman] graveg;ri [geri] captive, slaveg;rmanakan [germanakan] German (adj.)g;rmanazi [germanat¿sŒi] German (male)g;rman;r;n [germaneren] German (language)G;rmania [Germania] Germanyg;rmanoufi [germanuhi] German (fem.)gjal [g§tŒal] to commiserate, to have com-

passiongiv [giz¿h] insane, crazy, mad; stupidgi‘ [git¿s] linegin [gin] pricegini [gini] wineginow [ginov] drunkgi,;r [gis¿her] nightgi,;ranoz [gis¿heranot¿sŒ] nightgowngi,;r;l [gis¿herel] to stay overnightgitakiz [gitakit¿sŒ] consciousgitakzouj\oun [gitakit¿sŒutŒyun] consciousnessgit;liq [gitelikŒ] knowledgegit;nal [gitenal] to knowgitnakan [gitnakan] scholar, scientistgitouj\oun [gitutŒyun] sciencegitoun [gitun] knowledgeable, eruditegir [gir] letter, graphic signgiranal [giranal] to grow fatgirk [girk] lap, bosom girq [girkŒ] bookgl.agir [g§lk¿hagir] capital (letter)gl.awor [g§lk¿havor] main, majorgl.ark [g§lk¿hark] hat, capglor;l [g§lorel] to roll, to turn overglou. [g§luk¿h] head; chiefg‘;l [g§t¿sel] to drawgmb;j [g§mbetŒ] domeg\ou[ [gyug¿h] village; countryside

468

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

g\ou[azi [gyug¿hat¿sŒi] peasant; farmerg\ou[aqa[aq [gyug¿hakŒag¿hakŒ] country-

town, large villageg\out [gyut] inventiongnal [g§nal] to go, to leave, to departgnafat;l [g§nahatel] to value, to appreciategnazq [g§nat¿sŒkŒ] traingn;l [g§nel] to buy, to purchasegndak [g§ndak] ball, bulletgnord [g§nortŒ] buyer, customergncou [g§nc¿hŒu] gypsygognoz [goknot¿sŒ] aprongol [gol] lukewarm golor,i [golors¿hi] vapor, steam gof [goh] contented, satisfiedgofanal [gohanal] to content (oneself)gofar [gohar] jewelgofazoum [gohat¿sŒum] satisfactiongo[ [gog¿h] thiefgo[anal [gog¿hanal] to stealgom [gom] stable, stall; barngo\akan [goyakan] noun, substantivego\ouj\oun [goyutŒyun] existence, beinggon; [gone] at leastgoc;l [goc¿hŒel] to exclaim, to shoutgo®al [go¤al] to scream, to shoutgo®ox [go¤oz] haughty, arrogant gow;l [govel] to praisegow;st [govest] word of praisegoti [goti] beltgorg [gorg] carpet, ruggor‘ [gort¿s] work, affair, act, businessgor‘adoul [gort¿sadul] strike (by workers)gor‘axourk [gort¿sazurk] unemployed, joblessgor‘a‘;l [gort¿sat¿sel] to use, to spendgor‘aran [gort¿saran] factory; organ (anatomy)gor‘;l [gort¿sel] to act, to workgor‘iakan [gort¿siakan] instrumental (case)gor‘ic [gort¿sic¿hŒ] agent, activistgor‘iq [gort¿sikŒ] instrumentgor‘o[ouj\oun [gort¿sog¿hutŒyun] operationgort [gort] frogg®;fik [g¤ehik] vulgar, trivialgtn;l [g§tnel] to findgtnw;l [g§tn§vel] to be found, to be situatedgrabar [g§rabar] classical Armenian grag;t [g§raget] literate, lettered, educatedgragir [g§ragir] secretary, clerk (male)gragroufi [g§ragruhi] secretary, clerk (fem.)gradaran [g§radaran] library, bookcase

gra.anouj [g§rak¿hanutŒ] bookstoregrakan [g§rakan] literarygrakanouj\oun [g§rakanutŒyun] literaturegrapafaran [g§rapaharan] bookcasegras;[an [g§raseg¿han] deskgras;n\ak [g§rasenyak] office, study roomgras;r [g§raser] lover of lettersgrawaya® [g§ravac¿ha¤] booksellergraw;l [g§ravel] to occupy, to confiscategrawor [g§ravor] written, in writinggrata.tak [g§ratak¿htak] blackboardgr;j; [gretŒe] almost, nearly gr;l [g§rel] to writegric [g§ric¿hŒ] pen grk;l [g§rkel] to embracegro[ [g§rog¿h] writergrpan [g§rpan] pocketgrouj\oun [g§rutŒyun] writinggrw;l [g§rvel] to be writtengouj [gutŒ] compassion, pitygoulpa [gulpa] sock, stockinggoumar [gumar] sum, amountgoumaroum [gumarum] assembly; additiongou\n [guyn] colorgounat [gunat] palegounawor [gunavor] coloredgourgouranq [gurgurankŒ] affectiongouz; [gut¿sŒe] maybe, perhaps

Dda [da] this, that, this onedaga[ [dagag¿h] coffindadar [datŒar] pause, restdadar;l [datŒarel] to stop (intr.) dadar;zn;l [datŒaret¿sŒ§nel] to stop, to suspend davan [daz¿han] cruel, severedafiy [dahic¿h] hangmandafouk [dahuk] sledge, sleighdanak [danak] knifedanda[ [dandag¿h] slowDania [Dania] Denmarkdaniakan [daniakan] Danishdaniazi [daniat¿sŒi] Daneda,inq [das¿hinkŒ] pact, treatyda,nak [das¿hnak] Armenian federalistda,nakafar [das¿hnakahar] pianistda,nakiz [das¿hnakit¿sŒ] allyda,namour [das¿hnamur] piano (musical

instrument)da,t [das¿ht] field

469

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

da®n [da¤§n] bitter, tartda®nal [da¤nal] to turn (into), to becomedas [das] lesson, classdasagirq [dasagirkŒ] textbook dasa.os [dasak¿hos] lecturer, professordasakan [dasakan] classical dasakarg [dasakarkŒ] rank, class (in society)dasawand;l [dasavandel] to teach, to edu-

cate (in class)dasaran [dasaran] class, classroomdastiarak [dastiarak] educatordastiarak;l [dastiarakel] to educatedastiarakouj\oun [dastiarakutŒyun] upbrin-

ging, educationdaw [dav] plot, conspiracydawayan [davac¿han] traitor, betrayerdawayan;l [davac¿hanel] to betray, to plotdat [dat] lawsuit, causedatapart;l [datapartel] to condemn, to

sentencedatawarouj\oun [datavarutŒyun] trialdatawor [datavor] judgedataran [dataran] tribunal, courtdatark [datark] emptydatarkouj\oun [datarkutŒyun] emptinessdat;l [datel] to judgedar [dar] centurydarak [darak] shelf; drawerdaran [daran] snare; hiding placedarbin [darpŒin] blacksmithdar]\al [dart¿sŒyal] again, anewdar]n;l [dart¿sŒ§nel] to turn, to return; to

change (into)darman [darman] remedy, curedarman;l [darmanel] to remedy, to cureddmik [d§tŒmik] zucchiniddoum [d§tŒum] pumpkin, squash, zucchinid;[ [deg¿h] medicine, medication, drugd;[agor‘ [deg¿hagort¿s] pharmacistd;[atoun [deg¿hatun] pharmacyd;[in [deg¿hin] yellowd;[] [deg¿ht¿sŒ] peachd;[]anik [deg¿ht¿sŒanik] canaryd;[n;l [deg¿hnel] to turn yellowd;m [dem] against, opposited;mq [demkŒ] 1. face, visage; 2. person

(grammatical category)d;pi [depi] towardd;pq [depkŒ] case; event, incidentd;® [de¤] yet, still

d;span [despan] ambassadord;spanatoun [despanatun] embassyd;rasan [derasan] actor, comedian (male)d;rasanoufi [derasanuhi] actressd;r]ak [dert¿sŒak] tailord;r]akoufi [dert¿sŒakuhi] dressmakerd;r]an [dert¿sŒan] threaddv- [d§z¿h-] mal-, dis-, un-dvba.t [d§z¿hbak¿ht] unfortunate, unhappydvgof [d§z¿hgoh] discontent, dissatisfieddvgou\n [d§z¿hguyn] discolored, paledvo.q [d§z¿hok¿hkŒ] helldvwar [d§z¿hvar] hard, difficultdiak [diak] corpse, dead bodydix;l [dizel] to pile, to heap up, to accumulatedimadr;l [dimadrel] to resist, to withstanddimak [dimak] maskdimawor;l [dimavorel] to meet; to pick up, to

fetchdimaz [dimat¿sŒ] facing, in front ofdimazkoun [dimat¿sŒkun] resitant, durabledipc;l [dipc¿hŒel] to touchdiwanag;t [divanaget] diplomatditaworouj\oun [ditavorutŒyun] intentiondit;l [ditel] to observe, to watch dito[ouj\oun [ditog¿hutŒyun] observation,

remarkdirq [dirkŒ] position, situationd\ourin [dyurin] easydn;l [d§nel] to put, to placedo[ [dog¿h] (1) shiver, tremor; (2) tiredo[al [dog¿hal] to tremble, to shake, to shiverdpir [d§pir] church clerkdproz [d§prot¿sŒ] schooldprozakan [d§prot¿sŒakan] schoolboy,

school-girl, studentdra.t [d§rak¿ht] paradisedrakan [d§rakan] 1. positive 2. dative (case)dra famar [d§ra hamar] thereforedram [dram] 1. money; 2. Armenian currencydrazi [drat¿sŒi] neighbordro,(ak) [dros¿h(ak)] flagdou [du] you (informal)dou\l [duyl] pail, bucketd®n;dou® [d§¤nedu¤] from door to doordou® [du¤] doordoustr [dust§r] daughterdours [durs] outdouq [dukŒ] you (formal)d… [dev] devil, demon

470

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

:;bra\akan [yeprayakan] Hebrew, Hebraist;giptakan [yegiptakan] Egyptian, of Egypt;giptazi [yegiptat¿sŒi] Egyptian (male);giptazor;n [yegiptat¿sŒoren] corn:giptos [Yegiptos] Egypt;giptoufi [yegiptuhi] Egyptian (fem.);x [yez] ox;xaki [yezaki] singular (in grammar); unique;x;rq [yezerkŒ] shore, edge, brink;j; [yetŒe] if;lak [yelak] strawberry;ln;l [yelnel] get up, rise; ascent, emerge;lou\j [yeluytŒ] public appearance;lq [yelkŒ] exit;kamout [yekamut] income;k;[;zi [yekeg¿het¿sŒi] church;[anak [yeg¿hanak] manner, mode, melody;[ba\r [yeg¿hpŒayr] brother;[;g(n) [yeg¿heg(n)] reed, cane;[;®n [yeg¿he¤n] great crime (used for

Armenian genocide);[nik [yeg¿hnik] roe;[=;rou [yeg¿hjeru] deer;[=\our [yeg¿hjyur] horn;[oung [yeg¿hung] fingernail;njadr;l [yentŒadrel] to suppose;njaka [yentŒaka] subject;®agou\n [ye¤aguyn] tricolor;®al [ye¤al] to boil;s [yes] I, myself;sas;r [yesaser] selfish;sasirouj\oun [yesasirutŒyun] egoism:wropa [yevropa] Europe;wropakan [yevropakan] European;wropazi [yevropat¿sŒi] European citizen;t [yet] back, backward;t… [yetev] back, behind;rax [yeraz] dream;ravi,t [yeraz¿his¿ht] musician;rav,touj\oun [yeraz¿h§s¿htutŒyun] music;ra.tagitouj\oun [yerak¿htagitutŒyun]

gratitude;ra.tapart [yerak¿htapart] grateful;rak [yerak] vein;ram [yeram] flock;rani@ [yerani] I wish ..., if only ... ;ra,.aworagir [yeras¿hk¿havoragir] warran-

ty, bail;ra,.awor;l [yeras¿hk¿havorel] to warrant,

to guarantee;#rb [yerpŒ?] when?;rb;mn [yerpŒem§n] sometimes;rb;q [yerpŒekŒ] never;rb or [yerpŒ vor] when, whenever;rg [yerkŒ] song;rg;l [yerkŒel] to sing;rgic [yerkŒic¿hŒ] singer (male);rgcoufi [yerkŒc¿hŒuhi] singer (fem.);rdoum [yertŒum] oath;rdw;l [yertŒ§vel] to oath, to swear;r;.a [yerek¿ha] child;r;k [yerek] yesterday;r;ko [yereko] evening;r;s [yeres] face, visage;r;soun [yeresun] thirty;r;q [yerekŒ] three;rj [yertŒ] marching; journey;rj…;k;l [yertŒevekel] to commute;rj…;kouj\oun [yertŒevekutŒyun] traffic,

communication;rikam [yerikam] kidney;ritasard [yeritasard] young, young man;ritasardouj\oun [yeritasardutŒyun] youth;rk [yerk] literary work;rkaj [yerkatŒ] iron (metal);rkar [yerkar] long;rkarat… [yerkaratev] long-lasting;rkarouj\oun [yerkarutŒyun] length;rkinq [yerkinkŒ] heaven, sky;rkir [yerkir] earth, land;rknagou\n [yerknaguyn] sky-blue;rkna\in [yerknayin] heavenly, celestial;rkcot [yerkc¿hŒot] timid;rkcotouj\oun [yerkc¿hŒotutŒyun] timidity;rkto[ [yerktog¿h ] note, a few lines;rkraban [yerkraban] geologist;rkrabanouj\oun [yerkrabanutŒyun] geology;rkragor‘ [yerkragort¿s] peasant, farmer;rkragor‘ouj\oun [yerkragort¿sutŒyun] agri-

culture;rkra\in [yerkrayin] terrestrial;rkra,arv [yerkras¿harz¿h] earthquake;rkrord [yerkrort] second (ordinal number);rkrpag;l [yerk§rpakŒel] to worship;rkou [yerku] two;r,ik [yers¿hik] sausage;r=anik [yerjanik] happy;r=ankouj\oun [yerjankutŒyun] happiness;rrord [yerrortŒ] third

471

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

;r…al [yereval] to appear, to seem;r…aka\;l [yerevakayel] to imagine;r…aka\ouj\oun [yerevakayutŒyun] imagina-

tion:r…an [Yerevan] Yerevan (capital of Armenia);r…ou\j [yerevuytŒ] appearance, phenomenon;'a‘ [yepŒat¿s] cooked;';l [yepŒel] to cook;'w;l [yepŒvel] to be cooked

Xxamb\ou[ [zambyug¿h] basketxa\ranal [zayranal] to get angryxa\rou\j [zayruytŒ] angerxanaxan [zanazan] differentxanaxan;l [zanazanel] to distuiguishxangak [zangak] bellxangafar;l [zangaharel] to phone, to callxang;l [zangel] to phone, to callxa®anz;l [za¤ant¿sŒel] to rave, to be deliriousxawak [zavak] child, offspringXatik [Zatik] Easterxarganal [zarganal] to get developedxargazn;l [zargat¿sŒ§nel] to developxard [zartŒ] ornament, decoration, adornmentxardankar [zartŒan§kar] adornment, decora-

tionxardar;l [zartŒarel] to decorate, to adornxark;l [zarkel] to strike, to hitxarmanal [zarmanal] to be surprised, to be

astonishedxarmanali [zarmanali] bizarre, strangexarmanq [zarmankŒ] astonishment, amazementxarmik [zarmik] cousinxba[wa‘ [zbag¿hvat¿s] busy, occupiedxba[w;l [zbag¿hvel] to occupy oneselfxbosanq [zbosankŒ] amusement, recreationxbosa,r=ik [zbosas¿h§rjik] touristxbosaptou\t [zbosap§tuyt] strollxbosn;l [zbosnel] to take a walk, to promenadexgal [zgal] to feelxga\oun [zgayun] sensitivexgazoum [zgat¿sŒum] feeling, sentimentxg;st [zgest] dressxgou\, [zguys¿h] careful, cautiousxgou,anal [zgus¿hanal] to avoidx;ro [ze¤o] zerox;nq [zenkŒ] weapon, armamentxxwanq [z§zvank] disgust; detestationxxw;l [z§zvel] to be disgusted, to get tired (of)

xxw;li [z§zveli] disgusting, loathsomexin;l [zinel] to armxinwor [zinvor] soldierxi=;l [zic¿hŒel] to yield, to give inx[=al [z§g¿hjal] to repentxma\lw;l [zmaylvel] to be rapturedxof [zoh] victimxof;l [zohel] to sacrificexow [zov] cool, freshxorq [zorkŒ] army, troopsxsp;l [z§spel] to restrain, to curb, to repressxwarj [z§vartŒ] joyous, gayxwaryanal [z§varc¿hanal] to amuse oneself,

to have funxrkanq [z§rkankŒ] privation, hardshipxrk;l [z§rkel] to deprivexro [z§¤o] zeroxrou\z [z§ruyt¿sŒ] conversation; talexrouz;l [z§ruyt¿sŒel] to chat, to conversexrpart;l [z§rpartel] to slander, to defamexrpartouj\oun [z§rpartutŒyun] slander,de-

famationxougadipouj\oun [zugadiputŒyun] coinci-

dencexougaran [zugaran] toilet, bathroomxou\g [zuykŒ] pair; couplexousp [zusp] restrained, composedxour [zur], i xour [i zur] in vainxourk [zurk] deprived, devoid

Hhak [eyak] creature, beinghakan [eyakan] substantial, essentialhap;s [eyapes] in realityhg [ekŒ] femalehgouz [ekŒut¿sŒ] (dial.) tomorrowhvan [ez¿han] cheap, inexpensivehvanouj\oun [ez¿hanutŒyun] cheapnesshl [el] too, alsohl;ktraka\an [elektrakayan] power stationhl;ktrakan [elektrakan] electric(al)hl;ktrakanouj\oun [elektrakanutŒyun] elec-

tricityhli [eli] again, too, also; nevertheless h, [es¿h] donkey, assh= [ej] pagehstonazi [estonat¿sŒi] Estonian (person)hston;r;n [estoneren] Estonian (language)Hstonia [Estonia] Estoniahouj\oun [eyutŒyun] essence

472

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Ee[]al [§g¿ht¿sŒal] to wishembi, [§mbis¿h] wrestleremb®n;l [§mb§¤nel] to grasp, to comprehendemp;l [§mpel] to drinkemp;liq [§mpelikŒ] beverage, drink; liquor,

spiritsendar]ak [§ntŒart¿sŒak] spacious, wideendg‘;l [§ndg§t¿sel] underline; stress; point outendgrk;l [§ndg§rkel] embrace; encompassendd;m [§ntdem] againstenddimanal [§ntdimanal] to resist, to opposeendla\n;l [§ndlaynel] to enlargeendfaka®ake [§ntŒhaka¤ak§] on the contraryendfanrap;s [§ntŒhanrapes] in general endfanour [§ntŒhanur] general; total; mainendfat;l [§ntŒhatel] to interrupt, to discon-

tinueendmi,t [§ndmis¿ht] foreverendmi=;l [§ndmic¿hŒel] to interruptendmi=oum [§ndmic¿hŒum] intermission, pauseendounak [§ntŒunak] capable, aptendoun;l [§ntŒunel] to accept, to agree endoun;louj\oun [§ntŒunelutŒyun] reception;

admissionendørinak;l [§ntŒorinakel] to copyendørinakouj\oun [§ntŒorinakutŒyun] copy,

duplicate, transcriptenjazq [§ntŒat¿sŒkŒ] courseenj;rzaran [§ntŒert¿sŒaran] textbook, read-

ing hallenj;rz;l [§ntŒert¿sŒel] courseenjr;l [§ntŒrel] to have supperenjriq [§ntŒrikŒ] supperen‘a [§nt¿sa] gift, presenten‘a\;l [§nt¿sayel] to donateenkal;l [§nkalel] to comprehend, to perceiveenk;r [§nker] friend (male)enk;rakz;l [§nkerakt¿sŒel] to associate, to

accompanyenk;ranal [§nkeranal] to join, to accompanyenk;rouj\oun [§nkerutŒyun] society, com-

pany, friendshipenk;roufi [§nkeruhi] friend (female)enkn;l [§nknel] to fall, to declineenkou\x [§nkuyz] walnuten]ou[t [§nd¿zug¿ht] giraffeentani [§ntani] domestic, familiarentaniq [§ntanikŒ] familyentir [§ntir] first-class, exquisite, fine

entr;l [§ntrel] to elect, to chooseentrouj\oun [§ntrutŒyun] choice, election est [§st] according to

Jjag [tŒag] crownjagawor [tŒakŒavor] kingjagaworouj\oun [tŒakŒavorutŒyun] kingdomjagoufi [tŒakŒuhi] queenjaj [tŒatŒ] paw; palm (of hand)ja.i‘ [tŒak¿hit¿s] sorrow, grief; afflictionjakard [tŒakartŒ] trap, snareja[ [tŒag¿h] neighborhoodja[amas [tŒag¿hamas] district, quarterja[;l [tŒag¿hel] to buryja[w;l [tŒag¿hvel] to be buriedja[oum [tŒag¿hum] burial, funeraljan [tŒan] tan (yogurt beverage)janaq [tŒanakŒ] inkjangaran [tŒangaran] museumjank [tŒank] expensive, costlyjankagin [tŒankagin] dear, beloved; costly,

valuablejan]r [tŒand¿z§r] thick (about liquid)ja,kinak [tŒas¿hkinak] hadkerchiefja®am;l [tŒa¤amel] to fade, to witherjat;rakan [tŒaterakan] theatricaljatron [tŒatron] theatrejargman;l [tŒargmanel] to translate, to inter-

pretjargman(ic) [tŒargman(ic¿hŒ)] translator,

interpreterjargmanouj\oun [tŒargmanutŒyun] transla-

tion, interpretationjargmanw;l [tŒargmanvel] to be translated,

to be interpretedjarjic [tŒartŒic¿hŒ] eyelashjar.oun [tŒark¿hun] tarragonjarm [tŒarm] freshjarmazn;l [tŒarmat¿sŒ§nel] to freshenjarmouj\oun [tŒarmutŒyun] to freshenjaz [tŒat¿sŒ] wetja' [tŒapŒ] strength; pace; efficacyja'a®;l [tŒapŒa¤el] to wander, to roamja';l [tŒapŒel] to pour, to spillja'w;l [tŒapŒvel] to flow, to be poured jaqnw;l [tŒakŒn§vel] to hidejaqstoz [tŒakŒ§stot¿sŒ] hiding-placejaqoun [tŒakŒun] secretlyj; [tŒe] that

473

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

j;j… [tŒetŒev] light; easyj;l [tŒel] wire, threadj;ladr;l [tŒeladrel] to dictate, to advisej;kna‘ou [tŒeknat¿su] candidate, contenderj;\ [tŒey] teaj;\aman [tŒeyaman] teapotj;p;t [tŒepet] althoughj;rj [tŒertŒ] (1) newspaper; (2) leafj;ri [tŒeri] imperfect, defective, faultyj;rouj\oun [tŒerutŒyun] defect, fault, short-

comingj;r…s [tŒerev§s] perhaps, maybej;' [tŒepŒ] (1) bran; (2) dandruffj;q [tŒekŒ] declined; obliquej;… [tŒeyev] although, even thoughjjwas;r [tŒ§tŒvaser] sour creamjjou [tŒ§tŒu] sourji(ak) [tŒi(ak)] shovel, oarjiawar;l [tŒiavarel] to row, to paddlejix [tŒiz] span of hand (unit of measure)jij;[ [tŒitŒeg¿h] tinjij;®nik [tŒitŒe¤nik] butterflyjikounq [tŒikunkŒ] back; supportjiw [tŒiv] numberj[ja.a[ [tŒ§g¿htŒak ¿hag¿h] card gamej[jakiz [tŒ§g¿htŒakit¿sŒ] correspondentj[jakz;l [tŒ§g¿htŒakt¿sŒel] to correspondjmbouk [tŒ§mbuk] drumjmr;l [tŒ§mrel] to grow numb, to get sleepyjmr;zouzic [tŒ§mret¿sŒut¿sŒic¿hŒ] narcoticj\ourimazouj\oun [tŒyurimat¿sŒutŒyun] mis-

understandingj,nami [tŒ§s¿hnami] enemyj,wa® [tŒ§s¿hva¤] miserablej,wa®ouj\oun [tŒ§s¿hva¤utŒyun] miseryjojow;l [tŒotŒovel] to stammer, to stutterjo[n;l [tŒog¿hnel] to leave, to allow, to letjo[ouj\oun [tŒog¿hutŒyun] pardon, gracejonir [tŒonir] pit ovenjo,ak [tŒos¿hak] stipend, pensionjo® [tŒo¤] grandson, granddaughterjoq [tŒokŒ] lungjoqa.t [tŒokŒak¿ht] tuberculosisj®icq [tŒ§¤ic¿hŒkŒ] flightj®c;l [tŒ§¤c¿hŒel] to flyj®coun [tŒ§¤c¿hŒun] birdjwabanouj\oun [tŒ§vabanutŒyun] arithmeticjwal [tŒ§val] to seem, to appearjwakan [tŒ§vakan] numeral, datejwan,an [tŒ§van§s¿han] cipher, mark (school)

jwark;l [tŒ§varkel] to countjr=;l [tŒ§rc¿hŒel] to wetjr=w;l [tŒ§rc¿hŒvel] to get wetjrqafa\ [tŒ§rkŒahay] Armenian from Turkeyjrqoufi [tŒ§rkŒuhi] Turk (fem.)joux [tŒuz] figjouj [tŒutŒ] mulberryjoulanal [tŒulanal] to weaken, to softenjoulouj\oun [tŒulutŒyun] weaknessjou. [tŒuk¿h] brown-skinned, dark-hairedjou[j [tŒug¿htŒ] paperjou\l [tŒuyl] weakjou\latr;l [tŒuylatrel] to allowjou\n [tŒuyn] poisonjounawor [tŒunavor] poisonousjounawor;l [tŒunavorel] to poisonjou, [tŒus¿h] cheekjour [tŒur] sabrejourq [tŒurkŒ] Turkjourqakan [tŒurkŒakan] Turkish (adj.)jourq;r;n [tŒurkŒeren] Turkish (language)Jourqia [TŒurkŒia] Turkeyjou' [tŒupŒ] bushjouq [tŒukŒ] spitjq;l [tŒ§kŒel] to spitj… [tŒev] arm, wing

Vvam [z¿ham] hourvamagor‘ [z¿hamagort¿s] watchmakervamadrw;l [z¿hamad§rvel] to make an appoint-

mentvamadrouj\oun [z¿hamadrutŒyun] appointmentvamakan [z¿hamakan] hourly, per hourvamanak [z¿hamanak] timevamanakakiz [z¿hamanakakit¿sŒ] contempo-

raryvamanaka,r=an [z¿hamanakas¿h§rjan] epoch,

period of timevamanakawor [z¿hamanakavor] temporaryvamanakazou\z [z¿hamanakat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] time-

tablevaman;l [z¿hamanel] to arrivevamanz [z¿hamant¿sŒ] pastimevamanoum [z¿hamanum] arrivalvamazou\z [z¿hamat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] watch, clockvamk;t [z¿hamket] deadlineva\® [z¿hay¤] cliff, rockvang [z¿hang] rustvangot [z¿hangot] rusty

474

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

va®ang [z¿ha¤ang] heir, heiressva®ang;l [z¿ha¤angel] to inheritva®angord [z¿ha¤angortŒ] heir, heiressva®angouj\oun [z¿ha¤angutŒyun] inheritance,

heritagev.takan [z¿h§k¿htakan] negativev.t;l [z¿h§k¿htel] to denyvo[ow [z¿hog¿hov] meeting, assemblyvo[owrdakan [z¿hog¿hov§rtŒakan] popularvo[owourd [z¿hog¿hovurtŒ] peoplevpit [z¿h§pit] smilevptal [z¿h§ptal] to smilevouvkal [z¿huz¿hkal] abstinent

Iibr(…) [ipŒr(ev)] as, as ifigakan [igakan] feminine, femaleixour [izur] in vainiv [iz¿h] viperi[] [ig¿ht¿sŒ] desire, longingim [im] myimanal [imanal] to know, to realize, to be

aware ofimast [imast] meaning, senseimastoun [imastun] wiseimazn;l [imat¿sŒ§nel] to inform; to warnime [im§] mineine% inn [in§, inn] ninein] [ind¿z] me, to meinn;rord [innerortŒ] ninthinnsoun [inn§sun] ninetyi#nc [inc¿h?] what?inc or [inc¿hŒ vor] whateverincp;#s [inc¿hŒpes?] how?incpisi# [inc¿hŒpisi?] what kind of?incou# [inc¿hŒu?] why?incqa#n [inc¿hŒkŒan?] how much?inqe [inkŒ§] he, she, itinqnak;nsagrouj\oun [inkŒnakensagrutŒyun]

autobiographyinqnafos [inkŒnahos] fountain peninqna,arv [inkŒnas¿harz¿h] motorcarinqnas;r [inkŒnaser] selfishinqnaspanouj\oun [inkŒnaspanutŒyun] sui-

cideinqnourou\n [inkŒnuruyn] self-reliant, inde-

pendent, originalinqs [inkŒ§s] myselfi,.an [is¿h§k¿han] princei,.an ]ouk [is¿h§k¿han d¿zuk] Sevan trout

i,.anoufi [is¿h§k¿hanuhi] princessi,.;l [is¿h§k¿hel] to reigni=;zn;l [ijet¿sŒ§nel] to lower, to take downi=n;l [ijnel] to descendisk [isk] but, andiskakan [iskakan] realispanazi [ispanat¿sŒi] Spanish (male)iskap;s [iskapes] reallyiskou\n [iskuyn] immediatelyispanakan [ispanakan] Spanish (adj.)ispan;r;n [ispaneren] Spanish (language)Ispania [Ispania] Spain

ispanoufi [ispanuhi] Spanish (fem.) Isra\;l [Israyel] Israelisra\;lakan [israyelakan] Israeliteisra\;lazi [israyelat¿sŒi] Israeliteitalakan [italakan] Italian (adj.)italazi [italat¿sŒi] Italian (male)ital;r;n [italeren] Italian (language)Italia [Italia] Italyitaloufi [italuhi] Italian (fem.)ir (1) [ir] thing; (2) [ir] his/her/itsiragor‘;l [iragort¿sel] to realize, to fulfilliradar]ouj\oun [iradart¿sŒutŒyun] eventiradrouj\oun [iradrutŒyun] situationirakan [irakan] realirakanouj\oun [irakanutŒyun] realityiran [iran] bust, body, trunkIran [Iran] Iraniranakan [iranakan] Iranian (adj.)iranzi [irant¿sŒi] Iranian (person)irap;s [irapes] reallyiraw [irav] trulyirawaban [iravaban] lawyerirawag;t [iravaget] juristirawamb [iravamb] rightlyirawounq [iravunkŒ] right, entitlement irar [irar] each otherir;n [iren] him/herir;nz [irent¿sŒ] their, themir;nq [irenkŒ] theyirikoun [irikun] eveningiro[ouj\oun [irog¿hutŒyun] reality, truthiroq [irokŒ] truly, really, in fact

Llaj [latŒ] clothlal [lal] to cryla\n [layn] broad, wide

475

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

la\nouj\oun [laynutŒyun] widthla\nq [laynkŒ] widthlan= [lanj] slopelapt;r [lapter] lanternlaw [lav] goodlawagou\n [lavaguyn] the bestlawanal [lavanal] to improvelawa, [lavas¿h] lavash, Armenian flat breadlawat;s [lavates] optimistlawazn;l [lavat¿sŒ§nel] to improve, to betterlatinakan [latinakan] Latin (adj.)latin;r;n [latineren] Latin (language)lar;l [larel] to stretch; to tune; to set (a clock)larwa‘ [larvat¿s] tenselaz [lat¿sŒ] cry, cryinglaz lin;l [lat¿sŒ linel] to cryla';l [lapŒel] to eat, to gorge, to devourl;xwaban [lezvaban] lingustl;xwabanouj\oun [lezvabanutŒyun] linguisticsl;xwa.oumb [lezvak¿humb] language groupl;xou [lezu] language, tonguel;f [leh] Polish (male)l;fakan [lehakan] Polish (adj.)L;fastan [Lehastan] Polandl;f;r;n [leheren] Polish (language)l;foufi [lehuhi] Polish (fem.)l;[i [leg¿hi] gall, bilel;® [le¤] mountainl;zoun [let¿sŒun] fulllix;l [lizel] to licklimon [limon] lemonliy [lic¿h] lakelin;l [linel] to beliqe [likŒ§] plenty; fulll‘;l [l§t¿sel] to yokelkti [l§kti] impudentl\ard [lyartŒ] liverlobi [lobi] beanslolik [lolik] tomatolok [lok] only, just lo[al [log¿hal] to swimlo[anal [log¿hanal] to bathelo[aran [log¿haran] bathroom l®;l [l§¤el] to remain silentl®ouj\oun [l§¤utŒyun] silencels;l [l§sel] to hear, to listenlwanal [l§vanal] to washlwazaran [l§vat¿sŒaran] sink; washroomlwazq [l§vat¿sŒkŒ] washing; laundrylragir [l§ragir] newspaper

lranal [l§ranal] to end, to expirelrazn;l [l§rat¿sŒ§nel] to completelriw [l§riv] completelylrt;s [l§rtes] spylzn;l [l§t¿sŒnel] to fill, to pourlzon [l§t¿sŒon] fillinglzw;l [l§t¿sŒvel] to get filledlou [lu] flealou‘ [lut¿s] 1. yoke; 2. diarrhealou‘;l [lut¿sel] to solve, to dissolvelou\s [luys] light, brightnesslou® [lu¤] silentlousabaz [lusabat¿sŒ] dawn; sunriselousafogi [lusahokŒi] the late; deceasedlousankar [lusan§kar] photographlousankarcouj\oun [lusan§karc¿hŒutŒyun]

photographylousawor [lusavor] brightlousawor;l [lusavorel] to illuminatelousin [lusin] moon lour [lur] news, messagelour= [lurj] seriouslq;l [l§kŒel] to abandon, to leave

>.ab;ba [k¿hapŒeba] swindler, impostor.ab;l [k¿hapŒel] to deceive.abousik [k¿hapŒusik] deceitful.a.t;l [k¿hak¿htel] to displace; to violate.ak [k¿hak] not ripe (about fruits).a[ [k¿hag¿h] game, play.a[al [k¿hag¿hal] to play.a[aliq [k¿hag¿halikŒ] toy.a[a[ [k¿hag¿hag¿h] calm, peaceful.a[a[ouj\oun [k¿hag¿hag¿hutŒyun] peace.a[o[ [k¿hag¿hog¿h] grapes.a\j;l [k¿haytŒel] to sting, to prick.a\ta®ak [k¿hayta¤ak] disgraceful, infamous.angar;l [k¿hangarel] to disturb, to annoy.and [k¿hand] jealousy.anouj [k¿hanutŒ] shop, store.ac [k¿hac¿hŒ] cross, crucifix.aca]… [k¿hac¿hŒad¿zev] in the form of a cross.a®n [k¿ha¤§n] mixed.a®n;l [k¿ha¤nel] to mingle, to mix.awar [k¿havar] dark(ness).arda. [k¿hardak¿h] fraudulent, tricky.aris. [k¿harisk¿h] anchor.;lagar [k¿helagar] mad, crazy.;lazi [k¿helat¿sŒi] intelligent, clever

476

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

.;loq [k¿helokŒ] wise, intelligent, clever

.;lq [k¿helkŒ] brains, intelligence; wisdom

.;[d;l [k¿heg¿hdel] to strangle, to choke

.;[y [k¿heg¿hc¿h] poor, unfortunate

.;nj [k¿hentŒ] stupid, crazy, insane

.x;l [k¿h§zel] to break off, to pull away

.jan [k¿h§tŒan] spur; incentive

.ixa. [k¿hizak¿h] brave, courageous

.i[y [k¿hig¿hc¿h] conscience

.ist [k¿hist] strict, severe

.it [k¿hit] dense, thick

.[yal [k¿h§g¿hc¿hal] to pity

.you[i [k¿h§c¿hug¿hi] main road

.mbagr;l [k¿h§mbagrel] to edit

.mbagric [k¿h§mbagric¿hŒ] editor

.mbagrouj\oun [k¿h§mbagrutŒyun] edition

.m;l [k¿h§mel] to drink

.micq [k¿h§mic¿hŒkŒ] conscience

.mor [k¿h§mor] dough

.nam;l [k¿h§namel] to take care

.na\;l [k¿h§nayel] to save, to spare; to set asidefor future use

.ndir [k¿h§ntŒir] matter, problem, question

.ndranq [k¿h§ntŒrankŒ] request, demand

.ndr;l [k¿h§ntŒrel] to ask, to beg, to request

.n]or [k¿h§nd¿zor] apple

.n]or;ni [k¿h§nd¿zoreni] apple tree

.n=ou\q [k¿h§njuykŒ] feast, dinner party; goodcheer

.ox [k¿hoz] pig

.ofanoz [k¿hohanot¿sŒ] kitchen

.of;m [k¿hohem] prudent

.of;mouj\oun [k¿hohemutŒyun] prudence

.o[owak [k¿hog¿hovak] pipe, tube

.o\ [k¿hoy] ram

.onaw [k¿honav] humid

.onawouj\oun [k¿honavutŒyun] humidity

.onarf [k¿honarh] humble

.onarfw;l [k¿honarhvel] to bow

.o,or [k¿hos¿hor] huge, large, gross

.ocendot [k¿hoc¿hŒ§ndot] obstacle

.osakiz [k¿hosakit¿sŒ] speech partner

.osakz;l [k¿hosakt¿sŒel] to converse

.osakzouj\oun [k¿hosakt¿sŒutŒyun] conversa-tion

.os;l [k¿hosel] to speak

.ostanal [k¿hostanal] to promise

.osq [k¿hoskŒ] speech, spoken word, phrase

.ot [k¿hot] grass, turf; herbage

.or [k¿hor] deep, profound

.oramank [k¿horamank] sly, cunning, crafty

.orj fa\r [k¿hortŒ hayr] stepfather

.orj ma\r [k¿hortŒ mayr] stepmother

.orf;l [k¿horhel] to think, to meditate, to reflect

.orfrdakz;l [k¿horh§rtŒakt¿sŒel] to consult

.orfourd [k¿horhurtŒ] advice; thought; counsel

.orowa‘ [k¿horovat¿s] roasted, grilled, broiled;barbecue

.orow;l [k¿horovel] to barbecue, to roast

.ortak;l [k¿hortakel] to destroy

.orouj\oun [k¿horutŒyun] depth

.®ow;l [k¿h§¤ovel] to break up, to become alienated, to not talk to each other

.rat [k¿h§rat] advice

.rat;l [k¿h§ratel] to advise

.r.in= [k¿h§rk¿hinj] neigh

.r.n=al [k¿h§rk¿h§njal] to neigh

.ouvan [k¿huz¿han] crowd, mob

.oul [k¿hul] deaf

.ouyap [k¿huc¿hap] panic, alarm

.oumb [k¿humb] group

.ousa';l [k¿husapŒel] to avoid, to shun

.ouz [k¿hut¿sŒ] cell

.ou' [k¿hupŒ] cover, lid

.';l [k¿h§pŒel] to hit, to attack

’‘ag;l [t¿sakŒel] 1. to originate; 2. to rise (about

the sun)‘agoum [t¿sakŒum] origin‘a.;l [t¿sak¿hel] to sell‘a.s [t¿sak¿hs] expense‘a.s;l [t¿sak¿hsel] to spend, to expend‘a‘k;l [t¿sat¿skel] to cover‘a‘koz [t¿sat¿skot¿sŒ] cover, tablecloth; bed-

spread‘a‘kw;l [t¿sat¿sk§vel] to get covered‘ak [t¿sak] hole, opening‘ak;l [t¿sakel] to pierce, to prick‘a[ik [t¿sag¿hik] flower‘a[kaw;t [t¿sag¿hkavet] abounding with flow-

ers, florid‘a[k;l [t¿sag¿hkel] to bloom‘a[r [t¿sag¿h§r] sarcasm, ridicule; joke‘a[r;l [t¿sag¿hrel] to ridicule‘am;l [t¿samel] to chew‘amon [t¿samon] chewing gum‘a\r [t¿sayr] edge, end, border‘a\raf;[ [t¿sayraheg¿h] extreme; absolute‘anoj [t¿sanotŒ] known, acquaintance

477

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

‘anr [t¿san§r] heavy‘a® [t¿sa¤] tree‘a®a [t¿sa¤a] servant, valet‘a®a\;l [t¿sa¤ayel] to serve, to wait upon‘awal [t¿saval] volume‘araw [t¿sarav] thirst, thirsty‘a' [t¿sapŒ] clap‘a'afarouj\oun [t¿sapŒaharutŒyun] applause‘;‘ [t¿set¿s] beating‘;‘;l [t¿set¿sel] to beat‘;r [t¿ser] (about people) old‘;rouj\oun [t¿serutŒyun] old age‘ia‘an [t¿siat¿san] (1) rainbow; (2) iris‘il [t¿sil] bud, sprout‘i‘ [t¿sit¿s] breast; udder‘i‘a[ [t¿sit¿sag¿h] laughter‘i‘a[;l [t¿sit¿sag¿hel] to laugh‘i‘a[;li [t¿sit¿sag¿heli] ridiculous‘i‘;®nak [t¿sit¿se¤nak] swallow (bird)‘iran [t¿siran] apricot‘.a.ot [t¿s§k¿hak¿hot] tobacco‘.;l [t¿s§k¿hel] to smoke‘n;l [t¿s§nel] to give birth‘nndawa\r [t¿s§n§ndavayr] birthplace‘no[n;r [t¿s§nog¿hner] parents‘not [t¿s§not] jaw‘nw;l [t¿s§nvel] to be born‘nound [t¿s§nund] birth’nound [t¿s§nund] Christmas‘ow [t¿sov] sea‘oz [t¿sot¿sŒ] (1) breast, bosom; (2) gulf‘®;l [t¿s§¤el] to bend‘®w;l [t¿s§¤vel] to incline, to be bent‘ragir [t¿s§ragir] program‘rar [t¿s§rar] package, envelope‘ou[ak [t¿sug¿hak] trap‘ou\l [t¿suyl] lazy‘ounk [t¿sunk] knee‘ou® [t¿su¤] crooked

Kkaxdour;l [kazdurel] to invigorate, to vivifykaxmak;rp;l [kazmakerpel] organizekaxmak;rpouj\oun [kazmakerputŒyun] or-

ganizationkaxm;l [kazmel] to form, to constitutekaj [katŒ] milkkajil [katŒel] dropkajo[ikos [katŒog¿hikos] Catholicos, Patri-

arch of all Armenians

kajsa [katŒsa] kettleka.;l [kak¿hel] to hangkakac [kakac¿hŒ] poppykafou\q [kahuykŒ] furnitureka[amb [kag¿hamb] cabbageKa[and [Kag¿hand] New Year’s Dayka[apar [kag¿hapar] patternka[in [kag¿hin] hazelnutka[ni [kag¿hni] (1) oak; (2) hazel bushkam [kam] orkama\akan [kamayakan] arbitrarykamar [kamar] archkamaz [kamat¿sŒ] slow(ly)kamour= [kamurj] bridge kamq [kamkŒ] will powerka\aran [kayaran] train stationka\‘ [kayt¿s] sparkleka\‘ak [kayt¿sak] lightningka\sr [kays§r] Emperorka\ta® [kayta¤] robustKanada [Kanada] Canadakanadakan [kanadakan] Canadiankanadazi [kanadat¿sŒi] Canadian (male)kanadoufi [kanaduhi] Canadian (fem.)kanac [kanac¿hŒ] greenkanac;[;n [kanac¿hŒeg¿hen] green vegetables,

greens; grass, herbskanga® [kanga¤] stop, stationkangn;l [kangnel] to stop, to stand (up)kanj;[ [kantŒeg¿h] lampkan.;l [kank¿hel] to prevent; to avertkan.ik [kank¿hik] cashkanon [kanon] rule, regulation, lawkanonadrouj\oun [kanonadrutŒyun] constitu-

tion; charterkanonawor [kanonavor] regularkanc;l [kanc¿hŒel] to call ka,a®ak;rouj\oun [kas¿ha¤akerutŒyun]

bribery, corruptionka,a®;l [kas¿ha¤el] to bribe ka,a®q [kas¿ha¤kŒ] bribe, bribery, corruptionka,i [kas¿hi] leather, skinka,kand;l [kas¿hkandel] to bind, to restrain;

to hinderkaca[ak [kac¿hŒag¿hak] magpiekap [kap] tie, link; communicaton; connectionkap;l [kapel] to link, to bind, to tie kapik [kapik] monkey kapou\t [kapuyt] blueka®awar;l [ka¤avarel] to govern

478

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

ka®awarouj\oun [ka¤avarutŒyun] governmentka®ouz;l [ka¤ut¿sŒel] to buildka®ouzo[ [ka¤ut¿sŒog¿h] builderka®ouzwa‘q [ka¤ut¿sŒvat¿skŒ] structureka®q [ka¤kŒ] coach, carriagekaska‘ [kaskat¿s] doubt; skepticism kaska‘;l [kaskat¿sel] to suspect, to doubt kawiy [kavic¿h] chalkkatak [katak] joke, funkata[i [katag¿hi] fierce, wild; furiouskatar;l [katarel] to fulfillkatar;louj\oun [katarelutŒyun] perfectionkatar\al [kataryal] perfectkatou [katu] catkar [kar] (1) sewing; (2) there waskarag [karakŒ] butterkarap [karap] swankaras [karas] water jarkarg [karkŒ] order, rule; rank, rowkargapaf [karkapah] orderlykardal [kartŒal] to readkar;l [karel] to sew kar;li [kareli] possiblekar;kz;l [karekt¿sŒel] to have compassion withkar;nal [karenal] to be ablekariq [karikŒ] demand, needkar‘;l [kart¿sel] to think, to presumekar‘iq [kart¿sikŒ] opinionkar‘r [kart¿s§r] hard, toughkarkandak [karkandak] cake, pastrykarkout [karkut] hailkary [karc¿h] short, briefkarmir [karmir] redkarmir p[p;[ [karmir p§g¿hpeg¿h] red pepperkaro[ [karog¿h] able karo[anal [karog¿hanal] to be ablekarot [karot] (1) (adj.) needy, in want of;

(2) (noun) nostalgia karot;l [karotel] to misskar…or [karevor] important, necessarykazin [kat¿sŒin] adzekazouj\oun [kat¿sŒutŒyun] situation, status,

conditionkaw [kav] claykawiy [kavic¿h] chalk ka'aric [kapŒaric¿hŒ] lid, cover kaqaw [kakŒav] partridgek;[;q;l [keg¿hekŒel] to exploitk;[‘ [keg¿ht¿s] fake, falsek;[‘awor [keg¿ht¿savor] hypocrite

k;[t [keg¿ht] dirtk;[tot [keg¿htot] dirtyk;[… [keg¿hev] peel, barkk;nal [kenal] to stay, to remain, to stop, to liek;ndani [kentŒani] (1) (adj.) alive; (2) (noun)

animalk;nsabanouj\oun [kensabanutŒyun] biologyk;nsakan [kensakan] vitalk;ntron [kentron] centerk;®as [ke¤as] cherryk;s [kes] half; partk;sgi,;r [kesgis¿her] midnightk;sør [kesor] noon, midday; daytimek;t [ket] point, dot, full stopk;tadrouj\oun [ketadrutŒyun] punctuationk;rakr;l [kerakrel] to feed, to nourishk;rakour [kerakur] meal, foodk;rp [kerp] manner, wayk;rpar [kerpar] character, featuresk;zz;* [ket¿sŒt¿sŒe] long live!kxak [k§zak] chin, jawkin [kin] woman, wifekisam\a [kisamya] semi-annualkisat [kisat] incomplete, partially donekiraki [kiraki] Sundaykirq [kirkŒ] passionklor [k§lor] roundk‘;l [k§t¿sel] to bitek‘‘i [k§t¿st¿si] stingykkou [k§ku] cuckook[xi [k§k¿hzi] islandk[k[anq [k§k¿hk§k¿hankŒ] fecal matter, excre-

ment; dungkrytazn;l [k§rc¿h§tat¿sŒ§nel] to gnash, to grindkma.q [k§mak¿hkŒ] skeletonk\anq [kyankŒ] lifekniq [k§nikŒ] stamp, seal; impression, markknyij [k§nc¿hitŒ] trunkknyi® [k§nc¿hi¤] wrinklekny®ot [k§nc¿h¤ot] wrinkled, complicatedknqafa\r [k§nkŒahayr] godfatherknqama\r [k§nkŒamayr] godmother knq;l [k§nkŒel] 1. to baptize, to christen; 2. to

sealk,;®q [k§s¿he¤kŒ] balance, scalek,i® [k§s¿hi¤] weightk,®;l [k§s¿h¤el] to weighk,tamb;l [k§s¿htambel] tto reproach, to con-

demnk,tanal [k§s¿htanal] to be satiated, to have

479

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

enough (food)koj [kotŒ] handlekojo[ [kotŒog¿h] monument, obeliskko. [kok¿h] wrestlingko.;l [kok¿hel] to tramp, to presskokik [kokik] tidy, neatkokon [kokon] budkokord [kokortŒ] throatko[ [kog¿h] rib, flank, side ko[m [kog¿hm] sideko[mnaki [kog¿hmnaki] secondary, obliqueko[mnazou\z [kog¿hmnat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] compassko[mnoro,;l [kog¿hmnoros¿hel] to orientko[opt;l [kog¿hoptel] to to rob, to stealko[p;l [kog¿hpel] to lock, to closeko[p;q [kog¿hpekŒ] lockko[q [kog¿hkŒ] side; cover (of a book)ko[qe [kog¿hkŒ§] nearbykoyak [koc¿hak] buttonkonq [konkŒ] waistko,ik [kos¿hik] shoeko,kakar [kos¿hkakar] shoemakerko,t [kos¿ht] rude, coarse, impolitekoc [koc¿hŒ] call, appealkoc;l [koc¿hŒel] to name, to call, to appeal kocw;l [koc¿hŒvel] to be calledkopit [kopit] rude, uncivilkotr;l [kotrel] to break, to smashkoranal [kor] to bow, to bendkorix [koriz] kernel, stone; nucleuskor‘an;l [kort¿sanel] to destroykor‘anoum [kort¿sanum] desructionkor‘anw;l [kort¿sanvel] to get destroyedkorc;l [korc¿hŒel] to get lostkorzn;l [kort¿sŒ§nel] to losekoroust [korust] loss, detrimentkpc;l [k§pc¿hŒel] to stickk®af;l [k§¤ahel] to guessk®iw [k§¤iv] battle, fight; wark®w;l [k§¤vel] to fightk®ounk [k§¤unk] 1. crane (bird); 2. crane

(machine)kski‘ [k§skit¿s] grief, sorrowktak [k§tak] testamentktaw [k§tav] linen; work of art, paintingktor [k§tor] piecektr;l [k§trel] to cutktrouk [k§truk] concise; sharp; decisivektour [k§tur] roofktouz [k§tut¿sŒ] beak

krak [k§rak] firekrak;l [krakel] to open firekr;l [k§rel] to carry, to bearkrj;l [k§rtŒel] to educatekrjwa‘ [k§rtŒvat¿s] educatedkrjouj\oun [k§rtŒutŒyun] educationkria [krya] turtlekrk;s [k§rkes] circuskrkin [k§rkin] againkrknako,ik [k§rknakos¿hik] overshoekrkn;l [k§rknel] to repeatkrknouj\oun [k§rknutŒyun] to repeatkryat;l [k§rc¿hatel] to reducekrts;r [k§rtser] youngerkron [kron] religionkronakan [kronakan] religiouskronawor [kronavor] clergymankoul tal [kul tal] to swallowkou\r [kuyr] blindkout [kut] seed, grain, pitkoutak;l [kutakel] to accumulatekour‘q [kurt¿skŒ] breast

Ffagn;l [hakŒnel] to wear, to put on fagnw;l [hakŒn§vel] to dress oneself, to get

dressedfagoust [hakŒust] dress, garmentfagoust;[;n [hakŒusteg¿hen] clothing, gar-

ments fax [haz] coughfaxal [hazal] to coughfaxar [hazar] thousandfaxiw [haziv] hardlyfaxwag\out [hazvagyut] rarefaxwad;p [hazvadep] rare(ly), scarce(ly)fala‘anq [halat¿sankŒ] persecutionfala‘;l [halat¿sel] to persecutefal;zn;l [halet¿sŒ§nel] to melt (trans.)falw;l [halvel] to melt (intrans.)faka- [haka-] anti-fakakr;l [hakakrel] to dislikefaka®ak [haka¤ak] contrary, opposite,

adversefaka®akord [haka¤akortŒ] adversaryfakas;l [hakasel] to contradictfakasouj\oun [hakasutŒyun] contradictionfa[janak [hag¿htŒanak] victoryfa[j;l [hag¿htŒel] to win, to conquerfa[ord;l [hag¿hortŒel] to inform, to notify; to

480

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

declarefaya. [hac¿hak¿h] oftenfaya.;l [hac¿hak¿hel] to frequentfaya.ord [hac¿hak¿hortŒ] customer, clientfay;li [hac¿heli] pleasant, enjoyablefayou\q [hac¿huykŒ] pleasurefam [ham] taste, flavorfamaxg;st [hamazgest] uniformfama.mb;l [hamak¿h§mbel] to bring

together, to gatherfama.mbw;l [hamak¿h§mbvel] to come

together, to gatherfamakargic [hamakarkŒic¿hŒ] computerfamakr;li [hamakreli] lovely, good-lookingfama]a\n [hamad¿zayn] agreed, concordantfama]a\nw;l [hamad¿zayn§vel] to agreefama,.arfa\in [hamas¿hk¿harhayin] interna-

tionalfamaca' [hamac¿hŒapŒ] proportionalfama® [hama¤] stubborn, tenaciousfama®ot [hama¤ot] short, brieffamar [hamar] 1. for; 2. numberfamar;l [hamarel] to count, to considerfamar]ak [hamart¿sŒak] bold, frankfamar]akw;l [hamart¿sŒakvel] to darefamarw;l [hamarvel] to be consideredfamazanz [hamat¿sŒant¿sŒ] internetfambaw [hambav] famefamb;r;l [hampŒerel] to have patiencefamb;rouj\oun [hampŒerutŒyun] patiencefambou\r [hampŒuyr] kissfambour;l [hampŒurel] to kiss fam;[ [hameg¿h] tastyfam;mat [hamemat] according tofam;matouj\oun [hamematutŒyun] compa-

risonfam;st [hamest] modestfam;ra,. [hameras¿hk¿h] harmoniousfamox;l [hamozel] to convincefamow [hamov] tastyfa\ [hay] Armenian Fa\astan [Hayastan] Armeniafa\;li [hayeli] mirrorfa\;r;n [hayeren] Armenian (language)fa\kakan [haykakan] Armenian (adj.)fa\fo\;l [hayhoyel] to cursefa\tagir [haytagir] announcement, programfa\tarar;l [haytararel] to announce, to

declare, to proclaimfa\tararouj\oun [haytararutŒyun] an-

nouncement, declarationfa\tn;l [haytnel] to reveal, to expressfa\tni [haytni] evident, obvious, clearfa\tnouj\oun [haytnutŒyun] revelationfa\r [hayr] fatherfa\r;nakiz [hayrenakit¿sŒ] compatriotfa\r;nas;r [hayrenaser] patriotfa\r;nasirouj\oun [hayrenasirutŒyun] patri-

otismfa\r;niq [hayrenikŒ] fatherlandfa\zakan [hayt¿sŒakan] accusative (case)fa\oufi [hayuhi] Armenian (fem.)fang [hang] rhymefangamanq [hangamankŒ] circumstance,

conditionfangist [hangist] quiet; peaceful; easy-goingfangc;l [hangc¿hŒel] to relax, to rest fangstanal [hang§stanal] to rest fangrwan [hang§rvan] haltfand;p [handep] towardfand;s [handes] show, parade, spectaclefand;r]anq [handert¿sŒankŒ] wardrobe

(clothing)fand;r]aran [handert¿sŒaran] wardrobe

(location)fandiman;l [handimanel] to scoldfandip;l [handipel] to meetfandipoum [handipum] meeting, encounterfandisat;s [handisates] spectatorfan;l [hanel] to remove, to take outfan;louk [haneluk] riddlefankar‘ [hankart¿s] suddenly, at oncefan]n a®n;l [hand¿z§n a¤nel] to undertakefan]narar;l [hand¿znararel] to instruct, to

recommend, to advisefan]n;l [hand¿znel] to entrust, to remitfanyar [hanc¿har] geniusfanyar;[ [hanc¿hareg¿h] genialfanra‘anoj [hanrat¿sanotŒ] famousfanraka®q [hanraka¤kŒ] tramwayfanzanq [hant¿sŒankŒ] fault, guilt, wrongfanzawor [hant¿sŒavor] guiltyfanoun [hanun] in the name of, for the sake offanqa\in [hankŒayin] mineralfa,iw [has¿hiv] accountfa,wapaf [has¿hvapah] accountantfa,w;l [has¿hvel] to countfa,t [has¿ht] harmoniousfa,tw;l [has¿htŒvel] to reconcilefa,touj\oun [has¿htutŒyun] peace, conciliation

481

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

fac;l [hac¿hŒel] to barkfa=o[ [hajog¿h] successfulfa=o[w;l [hajog¿hvel] to succeed, to be suc--

cessfulfa=o[ouj\oun [hajog¿hutŒyun] success, good

luckfa=ord [hajortŒ] following, nextfa®ac;l [ha¤ac¿hŒel] to sigh, to sobfasak [hasak] height; agefasarak [hasarak] common, ordinaryfasarakouj\oun [hasarakutŒyun] society;

communityfaskanal [haskanal] to understandfaskanali [haskanali] understandablefaskazouj\oun [haskat¿sŒutŒyun] notion, con-

cept, ideafasn;l [hasnel] to reach, to arrivefast [hast] thick, bulkyfastat [hastat] firm, stable, surefastat;l [hastatel] to confirmfasz; [hast¿sŒe] addressfasou\j [hasuytŒ] income, profitfasoun [hasun] mature, ripefaw [hav] chickenfawanabar [havanabar] probablyfawan;l [havanel] to like; to assent, to

approvefawanouj\oun [havanutŒyun] approvalfawasar [havasar] equal, similarfawasarouj\oun [havasarutŒyun] equalityfawatal [havatal] to believe, to trustfawatarim [havatarim] faithfulfawatarmouj\oun [havatarmutŒyun] fidelityfawatq [havatkŒ] belief, faithfawaq;l [havakŒel] to collectfawaq;l [havakŒel] to gatherfawaqw;l [havakŒvel] to collect, to gatherfawaqou\j [havakŒuytŒ] gatheringfaw;rv [haverz¿h] eternal, foreverfawit;nakan [havitenakan] eternal, foreverfat [hat] piecefatak [hatak] bottomfatakagi‘ [hatakagit¿s] plan, mapfatkap;s [hatkapes] especially, specificallyfatkouj\oun [hatkutŒyun] quality, traitfator [hator] volume (book)fatouk [hatuk] special, properfatouz;l [hatut¿sŒel] to compensate, to restore,

to pay backfarab;rakan [haraberakan] relative

farab;rouj\oun [haraberutŒyun] relationfaraxat [harazat] close relative, kinfolkfaraw [harav] southfarba‘ [harpat¿sŒ] drunk, intoxicatedfarbou. [harpuk¿h] a cold, flufarganq [hargankŒ] respect, esteemfarg;l [hargel] to respectfarg;li [hargeli] respectablefarj [hartŒ] smooth, planefark [hark] floor, storey; home;fark [hark] taxesfar]akoum [hart¿sŒakum] attackfarmar [harmar] suitable, conveniantfar\our [haryur] hundredfars [hars] bride, daughter-in-law, sister-in-lawfarsaniq [harsanikŒ] weddingfarstanal [har§stanal ] to become richfarstouj\oun [har§stutŒyun] wealthfarwa‘ [harvat¿s] hit, blowfarwa‘;l [harvat¿sel] to hit, to blowfarz [hart¿sŒ] questionfarzn;l [hart¿sŒ§nel] to ask (a question)faroust [harust] rich, wealthyfar…an [harevan] neighborfaz [hat¿sŒ] breadf;gnanq [hegnankŒ] sarcasmf;gn;l [hegnel] to ridicule, to be sarcasticf;x [hez] mild, meekf;janos [hetŒanos] paganf;‘aniw [het¿saniv] bicyclef;k;kal [hekekal] to sobf;[a'o.ouj\oun [heg¿hapŒok¿hutŒyun] revo-

lutionf;[inak [heg¿hinak] authorf;,t [hes¿ht] easyf;®agir [he¤agir] telegramf;®a.os [he¤ak¿hos] telephonef;®anal [he¤anal] to go awayf;®ankar [he¤an§kar] perspectivef;®awor [he¤avor] distantf;®aworouj\oun [he¤avorutŒyun] distancef;®ou [he¤u] farf;®oustat;souj\oun [he¤ustatesutŒyun] te-

levisionf;taqrqir [hetakŒ§rkŒir] curiousf;taqrqrakan [hetakŒ§rkŒrakan] interestingf;txf;t; [het§z-hete] graduallyf;to [heto] afterf;tq [hetkŒ] trace, footprintf;t…anq [hetevankŒ] result

482

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

f;t…anqow [hetevankŒov] as a result off;t…;l [hetevel] to followf;ros [heros] herof;qiaj [hekŒiatŒ] fairy talefxor [h§zor] powerfulfianal [hianal] to admire, to be charmedfianali [hianali] wonderful, marvelousfiasja'w;l [hiastŒapŒvel] to get disapointedfiazoum [hiat¿sŒum] admirationfima [hima] nowfimar [himar] crazy, stupidfimn;l [himnel] to found, to establishfimq [himkŒ] basis, foundationfing [hing] fivefing;rord [hingerortŒ] fifthfing,abji [hings¿hapŒti] Thursdayfi,atak [his¿hatak] souvenir, memoryfi,atak;l [his¿hatakel] to mentionfi,;l [his¿hel] to rememberfi,o[ouj\oun [his¿hog¿hutŒyun] memoryfisoun [hisun] fiftyfisoun;rord [hisunerortŒ] fiftiethFisous [Hisus] Jesusfiwand [hivand] ill, sickfiwandanal [hivandanal] to get ill, sickfiwandanoz [hivandanot¿sŒ] hospitalf[i [h§g¿hi] pregnantfma\;l [h§mayel] to charmfmout [h§mut] skilledf\oul; [hyule] nucleusf\oupatos [hyupatos] consulf\ousis [hyusis] northf\our [hyur] guestf\ouranoz [hyuranot¿s] hospice, hotelf\ouras;n\ak [hyurasenyak] guest roomf\ouras;r [hyuraser] hospitablef\ourasirouj\oun [hyurasirutŒyun] hospita-

lityfnar [h§nar] means, wayfnarawor [h§naravor] possiblefnaraworouj\oun [h§naravorutŒyun] possi-

bility, opportunityfnc;l [h§nc¿hŒel] to soundfnc\oun [h§nc¿hŒyun] soundfogal [hokŒal] to take carefog;banouj\oun [hokŒebanutŒyun] psychol-

ogyfog;kan [hokŒekan] spiritualfogi [hokŒi] soul, personfogna‘ [hokŒnat¿s] tired

fognaki [hokŒnaki] pluralfogn;l [hokŒnel] to get tiredfogs [hokŒs] worry; concernfod [hod] article; joint (anat.)fodwa‘ [hodvat¿s] articlefo[ [hog¿h] earth, ground, soil, landfo[agor‘ [hog¿hagort¿s] agronomist; farmerfonq [honkŒ] eyebrowfo,ot;l [hos¿hotel] to tear to piecesfo®;t;s [ho¤etes] pessismistfosanq [hosankŒ] flow, current, streamfos;l [hosel] to run, to flowfow [hov] cool, freshfowanoz [hovanot¿sŒ] umbrellafowiw [hoviv] shepherdfowit [hovit] valley, dalefot [hot] 1& smell; 2. flockfot;l [hotel] to stink, to rotfotot;l [hototel] to smell (trans.)for [hor] wellforaqou\r [horakŒuyr] paternal auntFordanan [Hordanan] Jordanfor;[ba\r [horeg¿hpŒayr] paternal uncleforj [hortŒ] calf (young cattle)forin;l [horinel] to make up, to createfpatak [h§patak] citizen, subjectfpatakouj\oun [h§patakutŒyun] citizenshipfpart [h§part] proudfpartanal [h§partanal] to pride oneselffpartouj\oun [h§partutŒyun] pridef®cakawor [h§¤c¿hŒakavor] well-known,

famousfska [h§ska] giant, hugefsk;l [h§skel] to watch, to attendfstak [h§stak] clearfravarakan [hraz¿harakan] resignationfravarw;l [hraz¿harvel] to resignfrav;,t [hraz¿hes¿ht] farewellfrafang [hrahang] instruction, orderfrafang;l [hrahangel] to instructframa\;l [hramayel] to command, to orderframan [hraman] order framzn;l [hramt¿sŒ§nel] to offer, to servefra,agor‘ [hras¿hagort¿s] miracle-workerfra,ali [hras¿hali] wonderful, marvelousfra,aliq [hras¿halikŒ] wonder, marvelfra,q [hras¿hkŒ] miraclefraparak [hraparak] squarefrapou\r [hrapuyr] charmfrapour;l [hrapurel] to charm

483

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

frapouric [hrapuric¿hŒ] charmingfratarak;l [hratarakel] to publishfratarakic [hratarakic¿hŒ] publisherfraw;r [hraver] invitationfrawir;l [hravirel] to invitefrd;f [h§rdeh] firefr;a [h§rya] Hebrew, Jewish (person)fr;akan [hreakan] Hebrew, Jewish (adj.)fr;l [h§rel] to pushfr;, [hres¿h] monsterfr;,tak [hres¿htak] angelfr;tani [hretani] canon, artilleryfr;oufi [hreyuhi] Jewish (fem.)frywanq [h§rc¿hvankŒ] joy, delightfoux;l [huzel] to touch (emotionally)foulis [hulis] July foum [hum] raw, uncooked fou\n [huyn] Greek fou\s [huys] hopefounakan [hunakan] Greek (adj.)Founastan [Hunastan] Greecefounar;n [hunaren] Greek (language)foungar [hungar] Hungarian (adj.)foungar;r;n [hungareren] Hungarian (lan-

guage)Foungaria [hungaria] Hungaryfounis [hunis] Junefoun]q [hunt¿skŒ] harvestfounwar [hunvar] Januaryfou, [hus¿h] memoirfou,ar]an [hus¿hard¿zan] monument, memor-

ialfousadr;l [husadrel] to give hopefousal [husal] to hope fousa.abw;l [husak¿hapŒvel] to get disap-

pointedfousafat [husahat] in despair

}]ag [d¿zakŒ] the young of an animal]a. [d¿zak¿h] left (side)]a\n [d¿zayn] voice]a\napnak [d¿zaynap§nak] record, music disc]a\nas'\ou® [d¿zaynaspŒyu¤] radio]a\nawor [d¿zaynavor] vowel; vocal]an]rali [d¿zand¿zrali] boring]an]ranal [d¿zand¿zranal] to be bored]g;l [d¿z§kŒel] to pull, to drag]g]g;l [d¿z§kŒd¿z§kŒel] to postpone, to drag,

to delay

]gt;l [d¿z§gtel] to strive];x [d¿zez] to you (plural / formal)];j [d¿zetŒ] olive oil];®agir [d¿ze¤agir] manuscript];®nark [d¿ze¤nark] enterprise, undertaking];®nark;l [d¿ze¤narkel] to undertake];®na'a\t [d¿ze¤napŒayt] stick, cane];®noz [d¿ze¤not¿sŒ] glove];®nouna\n [d¿ze¤nunayn] empty-handed];®q [d¿ze¤kŒ] hand];r [d¿zer] your (plural / formal)];rbakal;l [d¿ze¤bakalel] to arrest]i [d¿zi] horse]iawor [d¿ziavor] rider, horseman]iar,aw [d¿ziars¿hav] horse race]irq [d¿zirkŒ] gift, talent]knkij [d¿z§k§nkitŒ] caviar]knors [d¿z§knors] fisherman]m;® [d¿z§me¤] winter]m;rouk [d¿z§meruk] watermelon]\oun [d¿zyun] snow]or [d¿zor] dale, valley]wa‘;[ [d¿z§vat¿seg¿h] omelet]ri [d¿z§ri] free, gratis]ou [d¿zu] egg]oul;l [d¿zulel] to mold (statue)]ouk [d¿zuk] fish]… [d¿zev] form, way, manner]…akan [d¿zevakan] formal, nominal]…anal [d¿zevanal] to pretend]…a'o.;l [d¿zevapŒk¿hel] to transform, to

transmute

{[;k [g¿hek] rudder, helm[;kaniw [g¿hekaniv] wheel[;kawar [g¿hekavar] leader[;kawar;l [g¿hekavarel] to lead, to govern[;kawarouj\oun [g¿hekavarutŒyun] direction,

management{oran [G¿horan] Koran

Yyagar [c¿hagar] rabbitya.arak [c¿hak¿harak] bobbinyakat [c¿hakat] forehead, front, facadeyakatagir [c¿hakatagir] fate, destinyyakatamart [c¿hakatamart] combat, battleyafiy [c¿hahic¿h] marsh, swampyamprouk [c¿hampruk] suitcase, luggage

484

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

yam'a [c¿hampŒa] route, roadyam'ord;l [c¿hampŒortŒel] to travelyam'ordouj\oun [c¿hampŒortŒutŒyun] journey,ya\ [c¿hay] seagullyanac;l [c¿hanac¿hŒel] to know, to recognizeyank [c¿hank] claw, pawyany [c¿hanc¿h] flyya, [c¿has¿h] mealya,ak [c¿has¿hak] tasteya,akawor [c¿has¿hakavor] tastefulya,ak;l [c¿has¿hakel] to enjoy, to savorya,as;[an [c¿has¿haseg¿han ] dinner tableya,as;n\ak [c¿has¿hasenyak] dining roomya,;l [c¿has¿hel] to dine, to eat, to have dinnerya,k;rou\j [c¿has¿hkeruytŒ] feast, gala, dinneryaponakan [c¿haponakan] Japanese (adj.)yaponazi [c¿haponakan] Japanese (male)yapon;r;n [c¿haponeren] Japanese (language)Yaponia [c¿hapon] Japan yaponoufi [c¿haponuhi] Japanese (fem.) ya® [c¿ha¤] speech, discourseya®aga\j [c¿ha¤agaytŒ] ray, gleamyatrak [c¿hatrak] chess yar [c¿har] remedy, solutionyar;l [c¿harel] to obtain, to procureyarp [c¿harp] grease, fatyarpik [c¿harpik] skillful, cleveryartar [c¿hartar] eloquent, articulateyartarag;t [c¿hartaraget] engineeryartarap;t [c¿hartarapet] architectyartarap;takan [c¿hartarapetakan]

architecturalyartarap;touj\oun [c¿hartarapetutŒyun]

architectureygnavam [c¿h§kŒnaz¿ham] crisisy;[q [c¿heg¿hkŒ] slit, rifty;maran [c¿hemaran] seminaryy;rmak [c¿hermak] whiteyxm;l [c¿h§zmel] to crush, to pressyig [c¿hikŒ] effortyi,t [c¿his¿ht] just, rightyic [c¿hic¿hŒ] cry, screamyiran [c¿hiran] clawykoun [c¿h§kun] flexible, plianty\ou[ [c¿hyug¿h] branch, bough; shootyny[ouk [c¿h§nc¿h§g¿huk] sparrowyn,;l [c¿h§ns¿hel] to pressure, to oppressyn,oum [c¿h§ns¿hum] pressure; oppression y,grit [c¿h§s¿hgrit] exact, precisey,marit [c¿h§s¿hmarit] true, truthful

y,martouj\oun [c¿h§s¿hmartutŒyun] truthy,t;l [c¿h§s¿htel] to verifyyo. [c¿hok¿h] opulent, richyo.ouj\oun [c¿hok¿hutŒyun] opulence, luxuryyort [c¿hort] serf; slaveycal [c¿h§c¿hŒal] to scream, to screechyout [c¿hut] chick

Mmaglz;l [mag§lt¿sŒel] to climbmax [maz] hairma‘oun [mat¿sun] yogurtmakabou\‘ [makabuyt¿s] parasitemakanoun [makanun] family namemakardak [makardak] levelmakba\ [makbay] adverbmak;r;s [makeres] surfacemak;r…ou\j [makerevuytŒ] surfacemakou\k [makuyk] canoemaf [mah] deathmafyakal [mahc¿hakal] bedma[ [mag¿h] sieve, sifterma[j;l [mag¿htŒel] to wish (well)mamoul [mamul] pressma\j [maytŒ] sidewalkma\is [mayis] May ma\r(ik) [mayr(ik)] motherma\ramout [mayramut] sunsetma\raqa[aq [mayrakŒag¿hakŒ] capitalma\r;ni l;xou [mayreni lezu] mother tonguemanan;. [mananek¿h] mustardmanawand [manavand] especially, above allmanga[ [mangag¿h] sickleman;l [manel] to spinmankakan [mankakan] childishmankawarv [mankavarz¿h] educator, peda-

goguemankawarvouj\oun [mankavarz¿hutŒyun]

pedagogymankik [mankik] babymankouj\oun [mankutŒyun] childhoodmanr [man§r] small, tinymanramasn [manramas§n] detailedmanramasnouj\oun [manramasnutŒyun] detailmanouk [manuk] infantmanou,ak [manus¿hak] violet (flower) manou,akagou\n [manus¿hakaguyn] violet

(color)ma,;l [mas¿hel] to wear out, to use upma,k [mas¿hk] skin

485

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

ma,w;l [mas¿hvel] to get wornma®an [ma¤an] cellar, pantrymas [mas] partmasamb [masamb] partly, in partmasnag;t [masnaget] expert, specialistmasnagitouj\oun [masnagitutŒyun] profes-

sion, specializationmasnakiz [masnakit¿sŒ] participantmasnakz;l [masnakt¿sŒel] to participatemasnawor [masnavor] special, privatemat [mat] fingermatani [matani] ringmat;nadaran [matenadaran] library,

repository for old manuscriptsmatit [matit] pencilmat\an [matyan] manuscript, handwritten

bookmatn;l [matnel] to betray; to denouncematc;li [matc¿hŒeli] accessiblematouz;l [matut¿sŒel] to offer, to present, to

serve ( about food, drinks, etc.)matouzo[ [matut¿sŒog ¿h] waitermargag;tin [markŒagetin] meadowmargar; [markŒare] prophetmard [martŒ] human being, manmardik [martŒik] peoplemardkouj\oun [martŒkutŒyun] humanity mar;l [marel] to extinguish, to quenchmarxanq [marzankŒ] exercise, gymnasticsmarx;l [marzel] to train, to exercisemarmar [marmar] marblemarmin [marmin] bodymart [mart] (1) March; (2) battle, combatmartik [martik] soldier, warriormaqi [makŒi] ewe, sheepmaqr;l [makŒrel] to cleanmaqrouj\oun [makŒrutŒyun] to cleanmaqour [makŒur] clean, pure, neatm;x [mez] (pron.) (to) usm;x [mez] (noun) urinem;. [mek¿h] nailm;.ak [mek¿hak] carnationm;.;l [mek¿hel] to nailm;‘ [met¿s] big, great, largem;‘afasak [met¿sahasak] aged, oldm;‘amit [met¿samit] high-minded, haughtym;‘anal [met¿sanal] to growm;‘ar;l [met¿sarel] to honor, to treatm;‘ouj\oun [met¿su] greatness, largenessm;k [mek] one

m;knaban;l [meknabanel] to comment, to interpret

m;kn;l [meknel] to depart, to leavem;[awor [meg¿havor] guilty, sinfulm;[m [meg¿hm] mildm;[r [meg¿h§r] honeym;[ramis [meg¿hramis] honeymoonm;[ou [meg¿hu] beem;[q [meg¿hkŒ] sinm;nak [menak] alonem;nq [menkŒ] wem;= [mec¿hŒ] inm;=b;r;l [mec¿hŒberel] to quotem;=t;[ [mejteg¿h] midst, in the middlem;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ] flank, backm;®a‘ [me¤at¿s] deadm;®n;l [me¤nel] to diem;ta[ [metag¿h] metalm;r [mer] ourm;rj [mertŒ] sometimesm;rv;l [merz¿hel] to refusem;rk [merk] naked, uncoveredm;q;na [mekŒena] machine; carmj;ra\in [m§tŒerayin] grocery (store)mj;rq [m§tŒerkŒ] grocerymjnolort [m§tŒnolort] atmospheremi [mi] a, anmiak [miak] the only, solemiamit [miamit] naivemia]a\n [miad¿zayn] unanimous(ly)mia\n [miayn] onlymia\nak [miaynak] lonelymiasin [miasin] togethermiawor [miavor] unitmiaz\al [miat¿sŒyal] unitedMiaz\al Nafangn;r[Miat¿sŒyal Nahangner]

United Statesmix;l [mizel] to urinatemi#j; [mitŒe?] Is that so? Is it possible?miliard [milyard billionmilion [milyon] millionminc [minc¿hŒ] while; asmincd;® [minc¿hŒde¤] while, whereasminc… [minc¿hŒev] untilmi,t [mis¿ht] alwaysmi=ak [mijak] mediocre, middlemi=anzq [mijant¿sŒkŒ] hallway, corridormi=awa\r [mijavayr] environmentmi=at [mijat] insectmi=in [mic¿hŒin] middle; intermediate; average

486

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

mi=… [mic¿hŒev] betweenmi=nadar [mic¿hŒnadar] middle agesmi=nadar\an [mic¿hŒnadaryan] medievalmi=nord [mic¿hŒnortŒ] middlemanmi=oz [mijot¿sŒ] meansmi=ouk [mic¿hŒuk] kernelmis [mis] meat, fleshmitq [mitkŒ] mind, intellectmirg [mirkŒ] fruitmiouj\oun [miutŒun] unionm.ijar;l [m§k¿hitŒarel] to consolemkan [m§kan] musclemkrat [m§krat] scissorsmkrt;l [m§k§rtel] to christen, to baptizem\ous [myus] othermnal [m§nal] to remain, to staymnazord [m§nat¿sŒortŒ] rest, remnantm,ak;l [m§s¿hakel] to cultivatem,akw;l [m§s¿hakvel] to be cultivatedm,akouja\in [m§s¿hakutŒayin] culturalm,akou\j [m§s¿hakuytŒ] culturem,takan [m§s¿htakan] everlasting, steadym,tanorog [m§s¿htanorokŒ] everlastingm,ou, [m§s¿hus¿h] fog, mistmoli [moli] frenetic, maniacmolorak [molorak] planetmo.ir [mok¿hir] ashmo.ragou\n [mok¿hraguyn] greymom [mom] candlemo®anal [mo¤anal] to forgetmo®azouj\oun [mo¤at¿sŒutŒyun] oblivionmot [mot] near, adjacent; aboutmotaka\q [motakaykŒ] vicinitymot;nal [motenal] to approachmoraqou\r [morakŒuyr] maternal auntmor;[ba\r [moryeg¿hpŒayr] maternal unclemorj [mortŒ] skinmorji [mortŒi] leather, furmorouq [morukŒ] beardm®m®al [m§¤m§¤al] to mumble, to grumblemsour [m§sur] stall, cribmta‘;l [m§tat¿sel] to think, to speculatemta‘;lak;rp [m§tat¿selakerp] mentalitymtaf[azoum [m§tah§g¿hat¿sŒum] conception

of an ideamtafog [m§tahog] worriedmtafogouj\oun [m§tahogutŒyun] worrymtawor [m§tavor] mentalmt;rim [m§terim] intimatemtn;l [m§tnel] to enter

mtrak [m§trak] whip, lashmrgastan [m§rkŒastan] orchardmrs;l [m§rsel] to feel cold, to catch coldmrzanak [m§rt¿sŒanak] prizemrz;l [m§rt¿sŒel] to competemrzou\j [m§rt¿sŒuytŒ] competitionmoug [mukŒ] dark (about color)moug kanac [mukŒ kanac¿hŒ] dark greenmouj [mutŒ] dark, gloomymou. [muk¿h] smokemouk [muk] mousemoutq [mutkŒ] entrancemour [mur] sootmoural [mural] to beg, to ask alms, to solicit

charity

|\ar [yar] (colloquial) sweetheart, darling\oj [yotŒ] seven\ojanasoun [yotŒanasun] seventy\oj;rord [yotŒerortŒ] seventh\ou[ [yug¿h ] oil\ou[ot [yug¿hot] oily, greasy, fatty\ourafatouk [yurahatuk] unique, special\oura\in [yurayin] close relative; kin\ourazn;l [yurat¿sŒ§nel] to appropriate\ouraqanc\our [yurakŒanc¿hŒyur] each, every\ourørinak [yurorinak] original; peculiar,

unusual

Nna [na] he/she/itna. [nak¿h] first (of all)na.aban [nak¿haban] prefacena.agaf [nak¿hagah] presidentna.afa\r [nak¿hahayr] forefather, ancestorna.aya, [nak¿hac¿has¿h] breakfastna.an] [nak¿hand¿z] envyna.an];l [nak¿hand¿zel] to envyna.apa,aroum [nak¿hapas¿harmunkŒ] super-

stitionna.at;l [nak¿hatel] to reproach; to insultna.arar [nak¿harar] ministerna.entr;l [nak¿h§ntrel] to preferna.kin [nak¿hkin] previous, former; priorna.nakan [nak¿hnakan] preliminary; prima-

ry; principalna.ni [nak¿hni] ancestorna.ord [nak¿hord] previous, former, predeces-

sor

487

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

nafang [nahang] state, provincenafan= [nahanj] retreatnafan=;l [nahanjel] to retreatnafatak [nahatak] victim, martyrnamak [namak] letternamakani, [namakanis¿h] postage stampnamakatar [namakatar] postman; courierna\;l [nayel] to looknapastak [napastak] harenaw [nav] ship, vesselnawak [navak] boat nawasti [navasti] sailor, seaman narin= [narinj] orange (fruit)narn=agou\n [nar§njaguyn] orange (color)na… [nayev] also, as welln;[ [neg¿h] narrow, tight, closen;[anal [neg¿hanal] 1. to become narrow; 2.

to take offence, to become angryn;[;l [neg¿hel] to annoy, to trouble, to vexn;[w;l [neg¿hvel] to be vexedn;[ouj\oun [neg¿hutŒyun] narrowness; trou-

ble, tormentn;ng [neng] perfidious, sly, deceitful, fraudu-

lentn;t [net] arrow; dartn;t;l [netel] to throw off, to dartn;r [ner] sister-in-law (the wife of a brother-

in-law)n;rga[j;l [nergag¿htŒel] to immigraten;rgo\akan [nergoyakan] locative (case)n;rgor‘akan [nergort¿sakan] transitive n;rda,nak [nerdas¿hnak] harmoniousn;rdn;l [nerd§nel] put in, contribute, investn;r;l [nerel] to forgive, to excusen;rk [nerk] paint, dyen;rka [nerka] presentn;rka\anal [nerkayanal] to present one-

self, to introduce oneselfn;rka\azn;l [nerkayat¿sŒ§nel] to represent, to

presentn;rka\azouzic [nerkayat¿sŒut¿sŒic¿hŒ] represen-

tativen;rkarar [nerkarar] painter (of walls)n;rk;l [nerkel] to paintn;rmou‘;l [nermut¿sel] to importn;r,nc;l [ners¿h§nc¿hŒel] to inspire; to inhalen;rs [ners] in, insiden;r'ak [nerpŒak] enclosedn;rqin [nerkŒin] interior, inner; internalnifar [nihar] thin, lean, skinny

nifar;l [niharel] to lose weightni, [nis¿h] mark, signnist [nist] session, meeting; sitting nkat;l [n§katel] to noticenkar [n§kar] picture, paintingnkaragir [n§karagir] characternkaragr;l [n§karagrel] to describenkar;l [n§karel] to paint, to picture nkaric [n§karic¿hŒ] painter (male artist)nkarcoufi [n§karc¿hŒuhi] painter (female

artist)nkou[ [n§kug¿h] basement, cellar; cavenman [n§man] like, alike, similarnmanw;l [n§manvel] to resemblenmou, [n§mus¿h] sample, patternn\ard [nyartŒ] nerve; tendonn\ouj [nyutŒ] materialnn=as;n\ak [n§njasenyak] bedroomn,an [n§s¿han] sign, mark, signaln,ana‘ [n§s¿hanat¿s] fiancén,ana.osouj\oun [n§s¿hanak¿hosutŒyun]

engagementn,anak;l [n§s¿hanakel] to mean, to nominaten,anakouj\oun [n§s¿hanakutŒyun] sense,

meaningn,anawor [n§s¿hanavor] renowned, famous n,anwa‘ [n§s¿hanvat¿s] engagedn,;l [n§s¿hel] to mention, to point out; to cele-

bratenoyi [noc¿hi] cypressnopa [nopa] attack (illness)nor [nor] newnoriz [norit¿sŒ] again norog;l [norogel] to renew, to refresh; to ren-

ovatenpast;l [n§pastel] to contributenst;l [n§stel] to sit, to be seatednwag [n§vag] musicnwag;l [n§vagel] to play (an instrument)nwagakz;l [n§vagakt¿sŒel] to accompany (on

a musical instrument)nway;l [n§vac¿hel] to subdue; to conquer; to

prevailnw;r [n§ver] present, giftnwir;l [n§virel] to give (a present)nra [n§ra] his/hernranz [n§rant¿sŒ] themnranq [n§rankŒ] theynrb;r,ik [n§rbers¿hik] frankfurter, hot dognou\n [nuyn] same, identical

488

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

nou\np;s [nuynpes] similarlynou, [nus¿h] almondnou® [nu¤] pomegranatenourb [nurpŒ] fine, subtle, tender, delicate

<,abaj [s¿hapŒatŒ] 1. Saturday; 2. week,abajaj;rj [s¿hapŒatŒatŒertŒ] weekly news-

paper,abajakan [s¿hapŒatŒakan] weekly,abajaw;r= [s¿hapŒatŒaverc¿hŒ] weekend,aganak [s¿haganak] chestnut,aganakagou\n [s¿haganakaguyn] chestnut-

colored, nutbrown,al [s¿hal] shawl, scarf,alak [s¿halak] (coll.) back (anat.),af [s¿hah] profit, gain,afagor‘;l [s¿hahagort¿sel] to exploit, to use,afamol [s¿hahamol] profit-seeking, mercena-

ry,af;l [s¿hahel] to earn; to gain,a[gam [s¿hag¿hgam] turnip,am'our [s¿hampŒur] skewer,apik [s¿hapik] shirt,at [s¿hat] very, many, much,ata.os [s¿hatak¿hos] talkative; chatterbox,atak;r [s¿hataker] voracious; glutton,aradr;l [s¿haradrel] to compose (in writing),aradrouj\oun [s¿haradrutŒyun] composition,

essay,arv;l [s¿harz¿hel] to move (trans.),arvw;l [s¿harz¿h§vel] to move (intrans.),arvoum [s¿harz¿hum] movement,arounak [s¿harunak] continuously,arounak;l [s¿harunakel] to continue,arounakouj\oun [s¿harunakutŒyun] continua-

tion,arq [s¿harkŒ] row, rank, range; line,aqar [s¿hakŒar] sugar ,;[ [s¿heg¿h] oblique,;[;l [s¿heg¿hel] to deviate,;[w;l [s¿heg¿hvel] to deviate,;[oum [s¿heg¿hum] deviation,;m [s¿hem] threshold,;n [s¿hen] merry, joyful; prosperous,;nq [s¿henkŒ] building, edifice,;,t [s¿hes¿ht] stress, accent(uation),;,t;l [s¿hes¿htel] to stress, to accentuate,;r;' [s¿herepŒ] scoop, ladle,;rt [s¿hert] slice, layer

,;'or [s¿hepŒor] trumpet, fanfare,in;l [s¿hinel] to build,inararouj\oun [s¿hinararutŒyun] construc-

tion,i, [s¿his¿h] bottle,itak [s¿hitak] right, straight, correct, erect,irim [s¿hirim] tomb, grave,[ja [s¿h§g¿htŒa] chain,norf [s¿h§norh] grace, favor,norfakal [s¿h§norhakal] grateful, thankful,norfakalouj\oun [s¿h§norhakalutŒyun] thanks,

gratitude, “thank you”,norfawo@r [s¿h§norhavor] Congratulations!

Merry ...,norfawor;l [s¿h§norhavorel] to congratulate,norfiw [s¿h§norhiv] thanks to,nc;l [s¿h§nc¿hŒel] to breathe,og;naw [s¿hokŒenav] steamboat,ogi [s¿hokŒi] steam,o[ [s¿hog¿h] beam,o[al [s¿hog¿hal] to shine, to flash ,o[q [s¿hog¿hkŒ] reflection,o\;l [s¿hoyel] to caress, to pet,o,a';l [s¿hos¿hapŒel] to feel, to touch,or [s¿hor] clothes, dress; cloth,®a\l [s¿h§¤ayl] wasteful, lavish,®a\l;l [s¿h§¤aylel] to waste; to squander,w;dakan [s¿hvedakan] Swedish (adj.) ,w;dazi [s¿hvedat¿sŒi] Swedish (person) ,w;d;r;n [s¿hvederen] Swedish (language)<w;dia [S¿hvedia] Sweden ,w;\zarakan [s¿hveyt¿sŒarakan] Swiss (adj.),w;\zarazi [s¿hveyt¿sŒarat¿sŒi] Swiss (person)<w;\zaria [S¿hveyt¿sŒaria] Switzerland,tap [s¿htap] hastily, speedily; rapid, urgent ,tap;l [s¿htapel] to hurry, to rush,tap;zn;l [s¿htapet¿sŒ§nel] to hasten,tapo[akanouj\oun [s¿htapog¿hakanutŒyun]

hurry, haste,r=aga\;l [s¿h§rjagayel] to travel, to tour; to

make a round trip; to go for a walk, topromenade

,r=aga\ouj\oun [s¿h§rjagayutŒyun] tour, journey, travel; stroll, walk

,r=aka\q [s¿h§rjakaykŒ] vicinity, neighborhood,r=an [s¿h§rjan] circle, field; area, region; peri-

od (of time),r=anak [s¿h§rjanak] frame; milieu, circle,r=apat [s¿h§rjapat] environment, surround-

ings

489

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

,r=apat;l [s¿h§rjapatel] to surround,rjounq [s¿h§rtŒunkŒ] lip,r=;l [s¿h§rjel] 1. to wander, to stroll, to walk; 2.

to turn over,ouka [s¿huka] market,oun [s¿hun] dog,ounc [s¿hunc¿hŒ] breath, respiration; spirit,ou,an [s¿hus¿han] lily,out [s¿hut] quickly, fast,ourj [s¿hurtŒ] lip,our= [s¿hurj] around, about,ouq [s¿hukŒ] shade, shadow; splendor,'anal [s¿h§pŒanal] to get spoiled (about chil-

dren),'azn;l [s¿h§pŒat¿sŒ§nel] to spoil (about child-

ren),';l [s¿h§pŒel] to rub,'oj;l [s¿h§pŒotŒel] to confuse (trans.),'ojw;l [s¿h§pŒotŒvel] to get confused ,'w;l [s¿h§pŒvel] to be rubbed against each other; to come into contact,'oum [s¿h§pŒum] friction; contact,q;[ [s¿h§kŒeg¿h] splendid, magnificent,q;rj [s¿h§kŒertŒ] parade; demonstration

Oog;,nc;l [vokŒes¿h§nc¿hŒel] to inspire, to ani-

mateogi [vokŒi] spirit, soul; ghost; essenceog…or;l [vokŒevorel] to encourage; to ani-

mate; to inspire, to inflameog…orwa‘ [vokŒevorvat¿s] enthusiasticog…orouj\oun [vokŒevorutŒyun] enthusiasm;

inspirationoxni [vozni] hedgehogolo®(n) [volo¤(n)] peaolor;l [volorel] to twist, to twirl, to wringolort [volort] field, realm, sphereo. [vok¿h] spite, grudge; maliceo.akal [vok¿hakal] spiteful, vindictiveo[ [vog¿h] vertebrao[b [vog¿hpŒ] lamentation; complainto[bal [vog¿hpŒal] to lamento[b;rgouj\oun [vog¿hpŒergutŒyun] tragedyo[kou\x [vog¿hkuyz] bunch (of grapes)o[na,ar [vog¿hnas¿har] spine, backboneo[orm;l [vog¿hormel] to have pity, to commis-

serateo[= [vog¿hc¿hŒ] alive, livingo[=o@u\n [vog¿hc¿hŒuyn] salute! hello!

oy [voc¿h] styleoyir [voc¿hir] crime, offenseoyragor‘ [voc¿hragort¿s] criminalomanq [vomankŒ] some (people)omn [vom§n] someone; some persono#nz [vont¿sŒ] (coll.) how? oc [voc¿hŒ] no, notocinc [voc¿hŒinc¿hŒ] nothing; unimportantoc.ar [voc¿hŒk¿har] sheepocncazn;l [voc¿hŒ§nc¿hŒat¿sŒ§nel] to destroy; to

annihilateoc oq [voc¿hŒ vokŒ] nobodyo=il [voc¿hŒil] louseo® [vo¤] (vulg.) assosk; [voske] goldenosk;gou\n [voskeguyn] golden, gold in colorosk;ric [voskeric¿hŒ] jeweler, goldsmithoski [voski] goldoskor [voskor] boneosp [vosp] lentilostikan [vostikan] policeman, copow [ov] whootanawor [votanavor] poemot(q) [vot(kŒ)] footor [vor] that, who, whichorak [vorak] qualityorb [vorpŒ] orphanorbanoz [vorpŒanot¿sŒ] orphanageord [vortŒ] worm, maggotord;gr;l [vortŒegrel] to adoptordi [vortŒi] son, childorkramol [vorkramol] voracious, gluttonousor] [vort¿sŒ] maleoron;l [voronel] to search, to seekoro, [voros¿h] distinct, certainoro,aki [voros¿haki] specific, certain; definiteoro,;l [voros¿hel] to decide, to determineoro,oum [voros¿hum] decisionorowf;t… [vorovhetev] because, fororotal [vorotal] to thunder, to rumbleorca' [vorc¿hŒapŒ] how muchorp;s [vorpes] asorp;sxi [vorpeszi] in order to, so thator= [vorc¿hŒ] denors [vors] chase, hunting; preyorsal [vorsal] to hunt, to chaseorsord [vorsortŒ] hunterorsordouj\oun [vorsordutŒyun] huntingort;[ [vorteg¿h] whereorqan [vorkŒan] how much

490

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

or…h [voryeve] any (for things)

Cca[ [c¿hŒag¿h] (coll.) fatcamic [c¿hŒamic¿hŒ] raisincar [c¿hŒar] naughty, nasty, wicked, bad, evilcaramit [c¿hŒaramit] maliciouscarcar;l [c¿hŒarc¿hŒarel] to tortureca' [c¿hŒapŒ] size, measureca'axanz [c¿hŒapŒazant¿sŒ] excessively, ex-

tremelyca'axanz;l [c¿hŒapŒazant¿sŒel] to exaggerateca'afas [c¿hŒapŒahas] adult, grown-upca'ani, [c¿hŒapŒanis¿h] criterion, standardca'awor [c¿hŒapŒavor] moderateca';l [c¿hŒapŒel] to measurech [c¿hŒe] he/she/it is notc;xoq [c¿hŒezokŒ] neutralcinakan [c¿hŒinakan] Chinese (adj.)Cinastan [C¿hŒinastan] Chinacinar;n [c¿hŒinaren] Chinese (language)cinazi [c¿hŒinat¿sŒi] Chinese (male)cinoufi [c¿hŒinuhi] Chinese (fem.)c[=ik [c¿hŒ§g¿hjik] bat (zool.)cmou,k [c¿hŒ§mus¿hk] skate cna\a‘ [c¿hŒ§nayat¿s] although, despite cor [c¿hŒor] drycor;q,abji [c¿hŒorekŒs¿hapŒtŒi] Wednesdaycors [c¿hŒors] fourcorrord [c¿hŒorrortŒ] fourth cqanal [c¿hŒ§kŒanal] to disappear, to be anni-

hilatedcqawor [c¿hŒ§kŒavor] needy, indigentcqna[ [c¿hŒ§kŒnag¿h] lovely, charming

Ppalat [palat] palace, castlepakas [pakas] less; minus, lacking paf [pah] moment, second; winkpafa‘o [pahat¿so] canned foodpafak [pahak] guard; guardianpafan= [pahanj] demand, requirement; claimpafan=;l [pahanjel] to demand, to requirepafapan [pahapan] guard, watchmanpafaran [paharan] cupboard, closet, cabinetpaf;l [pahel] to keep, to preservepaf;st [pahest] reserve, storagepafpan;l [pahpanel] to preserve, to guardpafpanoum [pahpanum] preservationpafw;l [pahvel] to be kept, to be hidden

pa[ [pag¿h] coldpa[at;l [pag¿hatel] to beseech, to implorePa[;stin [Pag¿hestin] Palestinepa[pa[ak [pag¿hpag¿hak] ice creampa\j;l [paytŒel] to explode; to burstpa\‘a® [payt¿sa¤] clear, bright; shiningpa\man [payman] condition; conditionspa\managir [paymanagir] contract, treatypa\manakan [paymanakan] conditional;

hypotheticalpa\t [payt] horseshoepa\ousak [payusak] bag, sackpa\qar [paykŒar] strugglepandok [pandok] hotel, innpanir [panir] cheesepa,ar [pas¿har] supply, provisionpa,ar;l [pas¿harel] to besiege, to surroundpa,tamounq [pas¿htamunkŒ] worship, adora-

tionpa,t;l [pas¿htel] to worship, to adorepa,t;li [pas¿hteli] adorablepa,ton [pas ¿hton] post, position, functionpa,tonakan [pas¿htonakan] official pa,ton\a [pas¿htonya] officer, employeepa,tpan [pas¿htpan] protectorpa,tpan;l [pas¿htpanel] to protect, to defendpap(ik) [pap(ik)] grandfatherpa®aw [pa¤av] old woman, matron; old manpa®k;l [pa¤kel] to lie down, to rest; to sleeppas [pas] fast; Lentpat [pat] wallpatafakan [patahakan] accidental, casual;

incidentalpatafar [patahar] accident; incidentpataf;l [patahel] to happen, to occur; to

meet accidentallypatani [patani] adolescent, child, youthpata® [pata¤] bit, slice, piece; a little bitpata®aqa[ [pata¤akag¿h] forkpatas.an [patask¿han] answerpatas.anatwouj\oun [patask¿hanat§vu-

tŒyun] responsibilitypatas.anatou [patask¿hanatu] responsiblepatas.an;l [patask¿hanel] to answerpatv;l [patz¿hel] to punish pativ [patiz¿h] punishmentpatiw [pativ] honor, esteempatkan;l [patkanel] to belongpatka®anq [patka¤ankŒ] respect, reverencepatka®;l [patka¤el] to revere

491

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

patk;r [patker] picture, imagepatk;razn;l [patkerat¿sŒ§nel] picture, imagepatya® [patc¿ha¤] reason, causepatya®ow [patc¿ha¤ov] because ofpatm;l [patmel] to tell, to accountpatmic [patmic¿hŒ] historianpatmouj\oun [patmutŒyun] history, storypat,ay [pats¿hac¿h] suitablepat,gamb [pat§s¿hgamb] balconypat®;l [pat¤el] to tearpat®w;l [pat§¤vel] to be ripped, to burstpatw;r [patver] to order, to commandpatwiran [patviran] command, command-

mentpatwir;l [patvirel] to order, to commandpatrast [patrast] readypatrast;l [patrastel] to preparepatrwak [pat§rvak] pretext, excusepatoufan [patuhan] windowpatoufas [patuhas] scourge; evil, plaguepar [par] danceparaga [paraga] circumstance, caseparan [paran] ropeparap [parap] empty, void, vacantpar;l [parel] to danceparx [parz] simple, plain, clearparxaban;l [parzabanel] to clarify, to eluci-

dateparxap;s [parzapes] simplyparx;l [parzel] to clarify; to simplifypar‘;nal [part¿senal] to boastpark [park] sack, bagpark;,t [parkes¿ht] modest, decent; ethical,

chasteparon [paron] Mister, Mr. paroufi [paruhi] female dancerparounak;l [parunakel] to containparp;l [parpel] to emptyparsaw;l [parsavel] to reproach, to criticize;

to condemn; to blameparsik [parsik] Persian (male) parskakan [parskakan] Persian, Iranian (adj.) Parskastan [Parskastan] Persia, Iran parsk;r;n [parskeren] Persian, Iranian (lang.)parskoufi [parskuhi] Persian, Iranian (fem.) partadir [partadir] obligatorypartadr;l [partadrel] to obligate, to forcepartakan [partakan] indebted, obligedpartakanouj\oun [partakanutŒyun] dutypartat;r [partater] debtor

part;x [partez] gardenpartixpan [partizpan] gardenerpartw;l [part§vel] to be defeatedpartouj\oun [partutŒyun] defeatpartq [partkŒ] debt, dutyparounak;l [parunakel] to contain, to includep;[oum [peg¿hum] excavationp;s [pes] as, like, as soon asp;t [pet] chief, commander; masterp;takan [petakan] governmentalp;touj\oun [petutŒyun] government, statep;tq [petkŒ] need, want; necessary, essentialp;ryanq [perc¿hankŒ] richness, luxurypxtik [p§ztik] small, little, young pind [pind] firm, stiff; steady, tight, hardpitak [pitak] labelpitani [pitani] usefulpitou\q [pituykŒ] utensilp[in] [p§g¿hind¿z] copperp[p;[ [p§g¿hpeg¿h] pepperp[tor [p§g¿htor] turbid, muddypynwa‘ [p§c¿hn§vat¿s] decorated, decked outpnak [p§nak] plate, dishpnd;l [p§ndel] to insist, to persistpok;l [pokel] to pick (flowers, fuits, etc.); to

pluckpoc [poc¿hŒ] tailpo®nik [po¤nik] prostitutepsak [p§sak] crown, wreathptou[ [p§tug¿h] fruitptou\t [p§tuyt] promenade, walk, strollpr‘n;l [p§rt¿snel] to finish (off); to get rid (of);

to get away; to slip outpourak [purak] grove, garden; city square

+=a.=a.;l [jak¿hjak¿hel] to crush, to destroy=af [jah] torch=af;l [jahel] (coll.) young, youth =anal [janal] to try, to strive=anas;r [janaser] diligent, hard-working=anq [jankŒ] effort=ard [jartŒ] massacre, slaughter=ard;l [¿jartŒel] to massacre, to butcher; to

smash=;rm [jerm] warm=;rmaca' [jermac¿hŒapŒ] thermometer=;rmastiyan [jermastic¿han] degree (of tem-

perature)=i[ [jig¿h] nerve

492

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

=[a\in [j§g¿hayin] nervous=[a\nanal [j§g¿haynanal] to get angry=n=;l [¿j§njel] to wipe out, to erase=ra[az [j§rag¿hat¿sŒ] (water) mill=raman [j§raman] water urn=r;l [¿j§rel] to water=rf;[;[ [j§rheg¿heg¿h] deluge, flood=rw;v [j§rvez¿h] waterfall=our [jur] water

®axmakan [¤azmakan] military, strategic®axmamj;rq [¤azmam§tŒerkŒ] ammunition®axmik [¤azmik] combatant®oyik [¤oc¿hik] salary®oumb [¤umb] bomb, shell®ous [¤us] Russian (person)®ousakan [¤usakan] Russian (adj.)Âousastan [‹usastan] Russia®ous;r;n [¤useren] Russian (language)

Ssa [sa] this, thatsag [sag] goosesax;l [sazel] to suit, to match; to congruesalor [salor] plumsaka\n [sakayn] but, howeversakark;l [sakarkel] to bargainsaf;l [sahel] to slide safman [sahman] limit, frontier, bordersafmanadrouj\oun [sahmanadrutŒyun] con-

stitutionsafmana'ak;l[sahmanapŒakel] to restrict, to

limit; to concludesafnak [sahnak] sledsamij [samitŒ] dillsa\l [sayl] cart, chariotsan] [sand¿z] rein, bridlesan]afar;l [sand¿zaharel] to curb, to subduesanr [san§r] combsanr;l [sanrel] to combsa®;l [sa¤el] to freezesa®e [sa¤§] (ice) coldsa®naran [sa¤naran] refrigiratorsa®ou\z [sa¤uyt¿sŒ] icesastik [sastik] intense, severe, strong sawan [savan] sheetsawa®nak [sava¤nak] airplanesatana [satana] devilsatar;l [satarel] to aid, to assist, to help

sar [sar] mountainsard [sard] spider sarsa' [sarsapŒ] horror, frightsarq;l [sarkŒel] to make; to fix, to regulatesa'r;l [sapŒrel] to shavesa'ric [sapŒric¿hŒ] barbersgal [s§kŒal] to mourns;. [sek¿h] melons;[an [seg¿han] table s;[m;l [seg¿hmel] to presss;m [sem] thresholds;n\ak [senyak] room, chamber s;® [se¤] gender, sexs;®akan [se¤akan] 1.(gramm.) genitive; 2.

sexual; 3. gender-relateds;®a\in [se¤ayin] species-relateds;r [ser] 1. love; 2. creams;rk…il [serkevil] quinces;rm [serm] seed,grain; sperms;round [serund] generations;'akan [sepŒakan] private, owneds;'akanouj\oun [sepŒakanutŒyun] owner-

shipsin [sin] vainsira‘ [sirat¿s] beloved; loversirafar [sirahar] lover sirafarw;l [siraharvel] to fall in lovesir;l [sirel] to love sir;li [sireli] dear, belovedsir;kan [sirekan] loversirow [sirov] with pleasure, with lovesirt [sirt] heartsiroun [sirun] lovely, prettys.al [s§k¿hal] wrongs.alw;l [s§k¿halvel] to err, to make a mistakes.tor [s§k¿htor] garlics.ranq [s§k¿hrank] bravery(s)k;sra\r [(s)kesrayr] (a woman’s) father-

in-law(s)k;sour [(s)kesur] (a woman’s) mother-in-

lawskxbounq [sk§zbunkŒ] principleskixb [skizb] start, beginnings[oz [s§g¿hot¿sŒ] saw (tool)sk\ou® [skyu¤] squirrelsksnak [sk§snak] beginnersksw;l [sk§svel] to startsmbouk [s§mbuk] eggplant s\oun [syun] columnsnankanal [s§nankanal] to go bankrupt, be

493

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

brokesndik [s§ndik] mercurysn;l [s§nel] to feed, to nourishsnound [s§nund] nutrition, foodso. [sok¿h] onionso.ak [sok¿hak] nightingaleso[al [sog¿hal] to crawl, to creepso[oun [sog¿hun] reptilesoyi [soc¿hi] pine tree soskali [soskali] horrible, terriblesow [sov] hunger, famine, starvationsowa‘ [sovat¿s] hungry, starvingsowor [sovor] accustomedsoworakan [sovorakan] usualsowor;l [sovorel] to learnsoworouj\oun [sovorutŒyun] custom, habitspan;l [spanel] to killspanw;l [spanvel] to get killedspa®;l [spa¤el] to consume, to exhaustspa®nal [spa¤nal] to threaten, to menacespa®naliq [spa¤nalikŒ] threatspasasraf [spasas§rah] waiting roomspasawor [spasavor] servantspas;l [spasel] to waitspitak [spitak] whitesta.os [s§tak¿hos] liarstanal [§stanal] to receivest;[‘agor‘;l [steg¿ht¿sagort¿sel] to createst;[‘agor‘ouj\oun [steg¿ht¿sagort¿sutŒyun]

art work, creation st;[‘;l [steg¿ht¿sel] to createst;p[in [stepg¿hin] carrot, parsnip stip;l [stipel] to oblige, to forcestor [stor] low; mean; common; dishoneststoragrouj\oun [storagrutŒyun] signaturestorg;tn\a [storgetnya] undergroundstoug;l [stugel] to check out, to verify, to

ascertainstou\g [stuyg] true, certainsraf [s§rah] hallsramit [s§ramit] witty, sharpsrbagr;l [s§rpŒagrel] to correct, to proofreadsrbagrouj\oun [s§rpŒagrutŒyun] correction,

proofreadingsrb;l [s§rpŒel] to wipe, to cleansrbic [s§rpŒic¿hŒ] towel, napkinsryagou\n [s§rc¿haguyn] brownsryaran [s§rc¿haran] coffeehousesrsk;l [s§r§skel] to spray, to sprinkle, to inject soug [sug] grief; mourning

sou[ [sug¿h] costly, expensivesounk [sunk] mushroom sout [sut] lie; falsesour [sur] swordsourb [surpŒ] holy, sacred, saintsoury [surc¿h] coffees'\ou®q [spŒyu¤kŒ] diasporasqanc;li [skŒanc¿hŒeli] admirable, splendids… [sev] black

Wwagr [vag§r] tigerwax;l [vazel] to run; to rushwajsoun [vatŒsun] sixtywajsoun;rord [vatŒsunerortŒ] sixtiethwa. [vak¿h] fearwa.;nal [vak¿henal] to fear, to be afraid wa.kot [vak¿hkot] timidwa.yan [vak¿hc¿han] end, finale; conclusion-wa.yanw;l [vak¿hc¿hanvel] to pass awaywafan [vahan] shieldwa[ [vag¿h] early, soonwa[e [vag¿h§] tomorrowwaya®akan [vac¿ha¤akan] merchant, dealerwaya®;l [vac¿ha¤el] to sell; to tradewa\;l [vayel] suitable, fitwa\;l;l [vayelel] to enjoy, to take pleasurewa\r [vayr] 1. site, place; 2. down, belowwa\r;ni [vayreni] wild, barbarianwa\ri [vayri] wildwa\rk\an [vayrkyan] a secondwa\rk;nakan [vayrkenakan] instantaneouswa\rk;nap;s [vayrkenapes] instantlywanakan [vanakan] monkwandak [vandat] cage; railingwan;l [vanel] to repelwank [vank] syllablewanq [vankŒ] monasterywa®aran [va¤aran] stovewa®;l [va¤el] to burn, to kindle (trans.)wa®w;l [va¤vel] to burn (intrans.)wat [vat] bad, wicked, meanwatn;l [vatnel] to wastewar [var] the area below, downwaragou\r [varaguyr] curtainwarak;l [varakel] to infectwaran;l [varanel] to hesitateward [vartŒ] rosewardagou\n [vartŒaguyn] pinkwardap;t [vartŒapet] priest

494

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

war;l [varel] to conduct, to drivewarv;zn;l [varz¿het¿sŒ§nel] to train; to accustomwarvw;l [varz¿h§vel] to get accustomedwarvouj\oun [varz¿hutŒyun] practice, trainingwar] [vart¿sŒ] reward; recompense; rentwar]atr;l [vart¿sŒatrel] to rewardwar];l [vart¿sŒel] to rentwarcap;t [varc¿hŒapet] prime ministerwarcouj\oun [varc¿hutŒyun] management,

administrationwarp;t [varpet] masterwarw;l [varvel] to behave, to conduct oneselfwarw;lak;rp [varvelakerp] behaviourwartiq [vartikŒ] underpants, breecheswaroung [varung] cucumberw;fouj\oun [vehutŒyun] grandeur, majestyw;p [vep] novel; talew;r [ver] up; abovew;r k;nal [ver kenal] to get up w;ra- [vera-] re-w;rab;rmounq [verabermunkŒ] treatment,

attitudew;ragr;l [veragrel] to attribute, to ascribew;rada®nal [verada¤nal] to return, to come

backw;radar] [veradart¿sŒ] return, comebackw;raka®ouz;l [veraka¤ut¿sŒel] to reconstructw;ranorog;l [veranorokŒel] to renovatew;rarkou [verarku] (over)coatw;rlou‘;l [verlut¿sel] to analyzew;rmak [vermak] quilt, coverlet, blanketw;rnagir [vernagir] title, headlinew;rna,apik [vernas¿hapik] shirt, blousew;r= [verc¿hŒ] endw;r=alou\s [verc¿hŒaluys] duskw;r=ak;t [verc¿hŒaket] period (punctuation

mark)w;r=anal [verc¿hŒanal] to end (intrans.)w;r=ap;s [verc¿hŒapes] finally, at lastw;r=azn;l [verc¿hŒat¿sŒ§nel] to finishw;r=in [verc¿hŒin] lastw;r=nakan [verc¿hŒnakan] finalw;z [vet¿sŒ] sixw;z;rord [vet¿sŒerortŒ] sixth w;rq [verkŒ] woundwix [viz] neckwiyak [vic¿hak] state, conditionwiy;l [vic¿hel] to arguewi,t [vis¿ht] sorrow, griefwirawor [viravor] wounded

wirawor;l [viravorel] to wound, to injure, to offend

wka [v§ka] witnesswka\akan [v§kayakan] certificatewka\;l [v§kayel] to testifywfatw;l [v§hatvel] to despairwyar;l [v§c¿harel] to paywyi® [v§c¿hi¤] judgment, sentence, verdictwyit [v§c¿hit] transparent, clearwy®akan [v§c¿h¤akan] decisivewy®;l [v§c¿h¤el] to decide, to resolvewnas [v§nas] harm, damagewnasakar [v§nasakar] harmfulwnas;l [v§nasel] to harmw®nd;l [v§¤§ndel] to expelwstaf [v§stah] confident, surewstaf;l [v§stahel] to trustwtang [v§tang] dangerwtangawor [v§tangavor] dangerous wra [vra] onwran [vran] tentWrastan [Vrastan] Georgia wraz;r;n [vrat¿sŒeren] Georgian (language) wrazi [vrat¿sŒi] Georgian (male)wrazoufi [vrat¿sŒuhi] Georgian (fem.)wr;v [vrez¿h] revengewripak [vripak] (typographic) error, fault,

mistakewrip;l [vripel] miss, fall into errorwr]in [v§rt¿sŒin] brush

Ttabat [tapŒat] pants, trouserstagnap [tagnap] alarm; anxietytagr [tag§r] brother-in-law (husband’s broth-

er)tal (1) [tal] sister-in-law (husband’s sister)tal (2) [tal] to giveta.tak [tak¿htak] board, plankta.takama‘ [tak¿htakamat¿s] (hardwood)

floor, decktak [tak] (1) under; (2) bottomtaka® [taka¤] barreltakawin [takavin] yet, stillta[and [tag¿hand] talenttayar [tac¿har] templetan;l [tanel] to take (away), to carry (off) taniq [tanikŒ] rooftan] [tand¿z] peartan=anq [tanjankŒ] torment, torture, suffering

495

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

tan=;l [tanjel] to torment, to torturetant;r [tanter] landlordtantikin [tantikin] housewife ta,;l [tas¿hel] to fileta,t [tas¿ht] tub, troughtapal;l [tapalel] to overthrowtapak [tapak] frying pantapak;l [tapakel] to fryta® [ta¤] letter (of alphabet), characterta®apanq [ta¤apank] affliction, sufferingta®ap;l [ta¤apel] to suffertase [tas§] tentasn;rkou [tasnerku] twelvetasn;rord [tasnerortŒ] tenth tasnouj [tasnut] eighteentatik [tatik] grandmatara‘;l [tarat¿sel] to spread, to expand; to

extendtarb;r [tarber] different, varioustarb;r;l [tarberel] to differentiatetarb;rw;l [tarbervel] to differ, to varytarb;rouj\oun [tarberutŒyun] differencetar;dar] [taredart¿sŒ] anniversary, birthdaytar;kan [tarekan] yearly, annualtari [tari] yeartariq [tarikŒ] agetariqot [tarikŒot] aged, old tarr [tarr] elementta'ak [tapŒak] flattaq [takŒ] warm, hottg;[ [t§geg¿h] uglytg;t [t§get] illiterate, ignorantt;[ [teg¿h] place, roomt;[akal [teg¿hakal] deputy, vice-, second in

charge; substitutet;[akan [teg¿hakan] localt;[afan;l [teg¿hahanel] to deport, to displacet;[azi [teg¿hat¿sŒi] native; local, aboriginalt;[;kanal [teg¿hekanal] to get informedt;[i oun;nal [teg¿hi unenal] to take placet;[\ak [teg¿hyak] informedt;sak [tesak] kind, sort, typet;sakzouj\oun [tesakt¿sŒutŒyun] meeting,

appointmentt;san;li [tesaneli] visiblet;saran [tesaran] spectacle, viewt;sn;l [tesnel] to seet;souj\oun [tesutŒyun] theoryt;trak [tetrak] copybookt;r [ter] master, owner; the Lord, God

t;r… [terev] leaft;r…aja' [terevatŒapŒ] the falling of leavesti;x;rakan [tiyezerakan] ecumenical; cos-

mic, universalti;x;rq [tiyezerkŒ] universetikin [tikin] madamtiknik [tiknik] dolltipar [tipar] modeltiranal [tiranal] to gain ownershiptir;l [tirel] to dominate; to reign overt.r;l [t§k¿hrel] to sadden (intrans.)t.r;zn;l [t§k¿hret¿sŒ§nel] to sadden (trans.)t.our [t§k¿hur] sadtkar [t§kar] weak, feeble, fainttfay [t§hac¿h] unpleasantt[a [t§g¿ha] boy, son, child t[amard [t§g¿hamartŒ] mantnk;l [t§nkel] to planttnt;sakan [t§ntesakan] economic, materialtnt;s;l [t§ntesel] to savetnør;n [t§noren] directortokos [tokos] interest (%)to[ [tog¿h] line (in a book or writing)toms [toms] ticketton [ton] holiday, feasttona.mbouj\oun [tonak¿h§mbutŒyun] festivi-

ty, partytona‘a® [tonat¿sa¤] Christmas treetonakan [tonakan] festivetonakatarouj\oun [tonakatarutŒyun] cele-

bration, festivityton;l [tonel] to celebratetoprak [toprak] bag, sacktpagr;l [t§pagrel] to print, to publishtparan [t§paran] printing housetramadrouj\oun [tramadrutŒyun] (1) mood;

(2) disposition touv;l [tuz¿hel] to forfeittoun [tun] housetourq [turkŒ] dues, taxes; tributetou' [tupŒ] boxtqn;l [t§kŒnel] to work hardt…;l [tevel] to lastt…o[ouj\oun [tevog¿hutŒyun] duration

Rrabi [rabi] rabbirabouni [rabuni] teacher, wiseman, priestrop; [rope] instant, minute

496

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Zza. [t¿sŒak¿h] firewood; brushza.aw;l [t¿sŒak¿havel] birchbroomza‘ [t¿sŒat¿s] low; basezamaq [t¿sŒamakŒ] land, earthza\toun [t¿sŒaytun] evident; spurting; strikingzan;l [t¿sŒanel] to sowzank [t¿sŒank] list, index; table of contentszankal [t¿sŒankal] to wish, to desirezankali [t¿sŒankali] desirable, desiredzankouj\oun [t¿sŒankutŒyun] desire, wish; willzaw [t¿sŒav] painzawali [t¿sŒavali] sad, regrettable zawakz;l [t¿sŒavakt¿sŒel] to condole, to offer

one’s compassionzaw;l [t¿sŒavel] to regret, to be sorryzatk;l [t¿sŒatkel] to jump; to springz;. [t¿sŒek¿h] mud, dirtz;[ [t¿sŒeg¿h] race, ethnic group; tribez;r;k [t¿sŒerek] daytimezn‘ouj\oun [t¿sŒ§nt¿sutŒyun] exultation,

jubilationznz;l [t¿sŒ§nt¿sŒel] to shakeznzoum [t¿sŒ§nt¿sŒum] shock; blow; concussionzolal [t¿sŒolal] to reflect, to flash zolazoum [t¿sŒolat¿sŒum] reflectionzor;n [t¿sŒoren] wheatzt;souj\oun [t¿sŒ§tesutŒyun] goodbye; till we

meet againzrw;l [t¿sŒ§rvel] to get dispersedzou\z tal [t¿sŒuyt¿sŒ tal] to showzourt [t¿sŒurt] coldzouzak [t¿sŒut¿sŒak] listzouzafand;s [t¿sŒut¿sŒahandes] fair, exhibitionzouzamat [t¿sŒut¿sŒamat] index finger

OUou [u] andoux;l [uzel] to wish, to wantoux;nal [uzenal] to wish, to want; to desireouj [utŒ] eightouj;rord [utŒerortŒ] eighthoujsoun [utŒsun] eightyouv [uz¿h] power, strength, forceouv;[ [uz¿heg¿h] strongou.t [uk¿ht] vow; pilgrimageOukraina [Ukrayina] Ukraineoukrainakan [ukrayinakan] Ukrainian (adj.)oukrainazi [ukrayinat¿sŒi] Ukrainian (person)oukrain;r;n [ukrayineren] Ukrainian (lang.)

ou[ark;l [ug¿harkel] to sendou[;kz;l [ug¿hekt¿sŒel] to accompanyou[;[ [ug¿heg¿h] brain, cerebrum; mind, intellectou[i [ug¿hi] road, way, pathou[i[ [ug¿hig¿h] straightou[[agrouj\oun [ug¿hagrutŒyun] orthographyou[[akan [ug¿hg¿hakan] nominative (case)ou[[aki [ug¿hg¿haki] directlyou[[;l [ug¿hg¿hel] to direct, to correctou[[ouj\oun [ug¿hg¿hutŒyun] directionou[t [ug¿ht] camelou[…or [ug¿hevor] passengerou#m [um?] whose? whom? to whom?ouna\n [unayn] vainoun;nal [unenal] to have, to possessounkndir [unk§ndir] listener (audience)ounkndr;l [unk§ndrel] to listenou, [us¿h] lateou,adir [us¿hadir] attentive; carefulou,anal [us¿hanal] to be late ou®;l [u¤el] to swellou®i [u¤i] willowous [us] shoulderousan;l [usanel] to studyousano[ [usanog¿h] university student (male)ousano[oufi [usanog¿huhi] university student

(fem.)ousoum [usum] educationousoumnasirouj\oun [usumnasirutŒyun]

study, research, surveyousouzic [usut¿sŒic¿hŒ] teacher (male)ousouzcoufi [usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhi] teacher (fem.)out;l [utel] to eat, to consume; to squanderout;liq [utelikŒ] foodou#r [ur?] where? ourag [urag] adzeoura. [urak¿h] glad, gay, merryoura.anal [urak¿hanal] to rejoiceoura.ouj\oun [urak¿hutŒyun] joyourbaj [urpŒatŒ] Fridayour;mn [urem§n] so, thusouri, [uris¿h] other, elseourwagi‘ [urvagit¿s] outlineourwakan [urvakan] ghost

"'ajaj;l [pŒatŒatŒel] to wrap'a.c;l [pŒak¿hc¿hŒel] to flee, to run away'a.oust [pŒak¿hust] flight, escape

497

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

'ak [pŒak] close, shut'ak;l [pŒakel] to close, to shut'a\l [pŒayl] shine'a\latak;l [pŒaylatakel] to glitter; to

sparkle; to blaze'a\l;l [pŒaylel] to shine, to sparkle'a\loun [pŒaylun] shiny, brilliant'a\t [pŒayt] wood'a\'a\;l [pŒaypŒayel] to caress, to pet'a®as;r [pŒa¤aser] ambitious'a®asirouj\oun [pŒa¤asirutŒyun] ambition'a®awor [pŒa¤avor] glorious'a®aton [pŒa¤aton] festival'a®q [pŒa¤kŒ] glory'ast [pŒast] fact, evidence; proof'astaban [pŒastaban] lawyer'arjam [pŒartŒam] rich, opulent'a'ag [pŒapŒag] wish, desire'a'ag;l [pŒapŒagel] to wish'a'ouk [pŒapŒuk] soft, delicate';, [pŒes¿h] skirt, hem';sa [pŒesa] bridegroom, son-in-law';tour [pŒetur] feather'iliso'a [pŒilisopŒa] philosopher'i[ [pŒig¿h] elephant'law [pŒ§lav] pilaf (steamed rice dish)'lw;l [pŒ§lvel] to collapse, to fall down'ntr;l [pŒ§ntrel] to seek, to search',at [pŒ§s¿hat] wild olive, oleaster',our [pŒ§s¿hur] piece, crumb'ojorik [pŒotŒorik] storm'o. [pŒok¿h] loan'o.adar] [pŒok¿hadart¿sŒ] mutual'o.adr;l [pŒok¿hadrel] to transfer, to trans-

port'o.anak [pŒok¿hanak] instead'o.anak;l [pŒok¿hanakel] to exchange'o.;l [pŒok¿hel] to change, to exchange'o.w;l [pŒok¿hvel] to be changed; to change

(one’s clothes)'o[ [pŒog¿h] 1. money; 2. horn'o[kap [pŒog¿hkap] necktie'o[oz [pŒog¿hot¿sŒ] street'o,i [pŒos¿hi] dust'os [pŒos] hole, ditch, pit'or [pŒor] belly, abdomen, bowels'or;l [pŒorel] to dig'or] [pŒort¿sŒ] trial, attempt'or];l [pŒort¿sŒel] to try, to attempt'o'o.;l [pŒopŒok¿hel] to change, to exchange'oqr [pŒokŒ§r] small, minor

'canal [pŒ§c¿hŒanal] to get spoiled, to deteri-orate

'c;l [pŒ§c¿hŒel] to blow'®;l [pŒ§¤el] to spread, to lay out'®w;l [pŒ§¤vel] to stretch's'sal [pŒ§spŒ§sal] to whisper'rk;l [pŒ§rkel] to save, to salvage, to rescue'rkic [pŒ§rkic¿hŒ] savior'rkouj\oun [pŒ§rkutŒyun] salvation'r'r;l [pŒ§rpŒ§rel] to foam'oul [pŒul] phase, stage'oun= [pŒunj] bunch, bouquet'ou, [pŒus¿h] thorn'ouc [pŒuc¿hŒ] vain, empty'ou® [pŒu¤] oven

Qqafana [kŒahana] priestqa[aq [kŒag¿hakŒ] city, townqa[aqakan [kŒag¿hakŒakan] politicalqa[aqakanouj\oun [kŒag¿hakŒakanutŒyun]

politicsqa[aqakirj [kŒag¿hakŒakirtŒ] civilizedqa[aqakrjouj\oun [kŒag¿hakŒak§rtŒutŒyun]

civilizationqa[aqap;t [kŒag¿hakŒapet] mayorqa[aqawari [kŒag¿hakŒavari] politeqa[aqawarouj\oun [kŒag¿hakŒavarutŒyun]

politeness qa[aqazi [kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒi] citizenqa[aqaziouj\oun [kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒiutŒyun]

citizenshipqa[;l [kŒag¿hel] to gather, pick, collect (flow-

ers, fruit)qa[za‘ [kŒag¿ht¿sŒat¿s] hungryqa[zr [kŒag¿ht¿sŒ§r] sweetqam;l [kŒamel] to to strain; to squeezeqa\l;l [kŒaylel] to walkqan [kŒan] thanqanak [kŒanakŒ] (1) quantityqandak [kŒandak] sculptureqandakagor‘ [kŒandakagort¿s] sculptorqand;l [kŒandel] to undo, to tear; to ruin, to

destroyqani# [kŒani?] how many?qa, [kŒas¿h] weightqa,;l [kŒas¿hel] to pull, to drawqa= [kŒaj] braveqa=ouj\oun [kŒajutŒyun] courageqa®- [kŒa¤-] quar-, four-

498

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

qa®asoun [kŒa¤asun] fortyqa®\ak [kŒa¤yak] quartetqa®ord [kŒa¤ortŒ] a quarterqar [kŒar] stoneqaranal [kŒaranal] to be petrified, to become

(like) stoneqarox [kŒaroz] sermonqarox;l [kŒarozel] to preachqart;x [kŒartez] mapqartou[ar [kŒartug¿har] secretaryqaza. [kŒat¿sŒak¿h] vinegarq;x [kŒez] to you, for you (informal)q;xniz [kŒeznit¿sŒ] from you, of youq;ni [kŒeni] sister-in-law (the wife’s sister)q;®a\r [kŒe¤ayr] brother-in-law (the sister’s

husband or the wife’s brother)q;®i [kŒe¤i] maternal uncleq;rakanouj\oun [kŒerakanutŒyun] grammarq;r;l [kŒerel] to scratchqij [kŒitŒ] noseqimq [kŒimkŒ] palateqic [kŒic¿hŒ] little, mi qic [mi kŒic¿hŒ] a littleqn;l [kŒ§nel] to sleepqnnadat [kŒ§nnadat] criticqnnadat;l [kŒ§nnadatel] to criticizeqnn;l [kŒ§nnel] to examineqnnouj\oun [kŒ§nnutŒyun] exam, testq,;l [kŒ§s¿hel] to drive, to chaseqo [kŒo] your (informal)qo[ [kŒog¿h] veilqsak [kŒ§sak] purse, wallet; moneyqsan [kŒsan] twentyqsan;rkou [kŒsanerku] twenty-twoqsan;rord [kŒsanerortŒ] twentiethqsanm;k [kŒsanmek] twenty-oneqw;ark;l [kŒvearkel] to voteqriston\a [kŒristonya] Christianqriston;ouj\oun [kŒristoneyutŒyun] Chris-

tianityqou\r [kŒuyr] sisterqoun [kŒun] sleepqour= [kŒurj] rag; rubbish

…… [yev] and… a\ln% …ln&% [yev ayl§n] etc.…s [yev§s] also, too, as well

Øøgnakan [okŒnakan] assistantøgn;l [okŒnel] to help, to assist øgnouj\oun [okŒnutŒyun] help, assistance øgostos [ogostos] August øgtagor‘;l [okŒtagort¿sel] to useøgtakar [okŒtakar] useful, helpfuløgtw;l [okŒt§vel] to make use, to profitøgout [okŒut] profitød [otŒ] air, weatherødanaw [otŒanav] airplane ødacou [otŒac¿hŒu] pilot øvandak [oz¿handak] auxiliaryøvandak;l [oz¿handakel] to help, to assistø] [ot¿sŒ] serpent, snakeø]iq [od¿zikŒ] collarø[ [og¿h] earring, ringø[ak [og¿hak] ring, buckleø[i [og¿hi] brandy, vodkaøya® [oc¿ha¤] soapøwkianos [ovkianos] oceanøtar [otar] foreign, strangeøtarouj\oun [otarutŒyun] foreign countryør [or] dayøragir [oragir] diary, journaløraj;rj [oratŒertŒ] daily newspaperørazou\z [orat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] calendarør;nsdrouj\oun [orensdrutŒyun] legislationør;nq [orenkŒ] lawørinak [orinak] exampleørinakan [orinakan] legitimate, lawfulørinak;li [orinakeli] examplaryøriord [oriortŒ] miss, young girlørfn;l [orhnel] to bless; to glorifyøror [oror] lullaby

~ixika [fizika] physicsixikakan [fizikakan] physical, bodilyixikap;s [fizikapes] physicallyilm [film] film

`rans;r;n [franseren] French (language)~ransia [Fransia] France`ransiakan [fransiakan] French (adj.)`ransiazi [fransiat¿sŒi] French (male)`ransoufi [fransuhi] French (fem.)

499

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

501

Aabdomen 'or [pŒor], worowa\n [vorovayn]ablative (case) baza®akan [bat¿sŒa¤akan]able karo[ [karog¿h]about masin [masin] (postp.)above w;r [ver] (postp.)abroad artasafman [artasahman]absence bazaka\ouj\oun [bat¿sŒakayutŒyun]absent bazaka [bat¿sŒaka]absolute bazar]ak [bat¿sŒart¿sŒak]absurd anf;j;j [anhetŒetŒ]abundance a®atouj\oun [a¤atutŒyun]abundant a®at [a¤at]abyss andound [andund]accent(uation) ,;,t [s¿hes¿ht]accept (to) endoun;l [§ntŒunel]acceptance endoun;louj\oun [§ntŒunelutŒyun]accident arka‘ [arkat¿s]accompany (to) enk;ranal [§nkeranal]according to fama]a\n [hamad¿zayn],

est [§st] account fa,iw [has¿hiv]accumulate (to) koutak;l [kutakel]accurate y,grit [c¿h§s¿hgrit]accusative (case) fa\zakan [hayt¿sakan]accuse ambastan;l [ambastanel], m;[adr;l

[meg¿hadrel] acquaintance ‘anoj [t¿sanotŒ]acquire (to) ];®q b;r;l [d¿ze¤kŒ berel]act (to) gor‘;l [gort¿sel]action gor‘o[ouj\oun [gort¿sog¿hutŒyun]actor d;rasan [derasan]actress d;rasanoufi [derasanuhi]add goumar;l [gumarel], aw;lazn;l [ave-

lat¿sŒ§nel]address fasz; [hast¿sŒe]adjective a‘akan [at¿sakan]adjust (to) (intrans.) farmarw;l [harmarvel]adjust (to) (trans.) farmar;zn;l [harmare-

t¿sŒ§nel]admire (to) fianal [hianal]adverb makba\ [makbay]advice .orfourd [k¿horhurtŒ]advise (to) .orfourd tal [k¿horhurtŒ tal] affect (to) axd;l [azdel] afraid wa.;za‘ [vak¿het¿sŒat¿s], to be ~ wa.;-

nal [vak¿henal]after f;to [heto] (postposition)afterwards f;to [heto] (adverb)again krkin [k§rkin], dar]\al [dart¿sŒyal],

noriz [norit¿sŒ]against faka®ak [haka¤ak], endd;m [§ntŒ-

dem] (prepos.), dimaz [dimat¿sŒ] (postp.) age tariq [tarikŒ]

aged tariqot [tarikŒot]ago a®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ]agree (to) fama]a\nw;l [hamad¿zaynvel]agreement fama]a\nouj\oun [hamad¿zaynu-

tŒyun]agriculture ;rkragor‘ouj\oun [yerkragor-

t¿sutŒyun]aid øgnouj\oun [okŒnutŒyun]air ød [otŒ]airplane inqnaji® ¤ [inkŒnatŒi¤], sawa®nak

[sava¤nak] alas! awa@[ [avag¿h!]alive k;ndani [kentŒani], o[= [vog¿hc¿hŒ]all bolor [bolor], am;n [amen]allow (to) jou\latr;l [tŒuylatrel]alone m;nak [menak]almost gr;j; [gretŒe]aloud bar]ra]a\n [bart¿sŒrad¿zayn]alphabet a\boub;n [aybuben]already ard;n [artŒen]also na… [nayev], …s [yev§s], nou\np;s

[nuynpes], hl [el]although j;… [tŒeyev]always mi,t [mis¿ht]ambassador d;span [despan]American (fem.) am;rikoufi[amerikuhi]American (male) am;rikazi [amerikat¿sŒi]amount goumar [gumar] amuse (to) (intrans.) xwaryanal [z§varc¿hanal] amuse (to) (trans.) xwaryanazn;l [z§varc¿ha-

t¿sŒ§nel] anchor .aris. [k¿harisk¿h] and ou [u], … [yev]angel fr;,tak [hres¿htak] anger barkouj\oun [barkutŒyun]angle ank\oun [ankyun]angry barkaza‘ [barkat¿sŒat¿s], to become

~ barkanal [barkanal]

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

animal anasoun [anasun], k;ndani [kentŒani]animate (to) k;ndanazn;l [kentŒanat¿sŒ§nel]another ouri, [uris¿h]answer patas.an [patask¿han]ant mr=\oun [m§rjyun] any or…h [voreve] anymore a\l…s [aylev§s]apartment bnakaran [b§nakaran]appeal (to) koc an;l [koc¿hŒanel], dim;l [dimel] appeal koc [koc¿h], dimoum [dimum]appear (to) jwal [tŒ§val], ;r…al [yereval]appearance ;r…ou\j [yerevuytŒ]appetite a.orvak [ak¿horz¿hak]applause ‘a'afarouj\oun [t¿sapŒaharutŒyun]apple .n]or [k¿h§nd¿zor] apple tree .n]or;ni [k¿h§nd¿zoreni] apply (to) kira®;l [kira¤el] appointment vamadrouj\oun [z¿hamadrutŒyun]appreciate gnafat;l [g§nahatel]approach (to) mot;nal [motenal]approach mot;zoum [motet¿sŒum]approval fawanouj\oun [havanutŒyun]approve (to) fawanouj\oun tal [havanu-

tŒyun tal]apricot ‘iran [t¿siran] apron gognoz [gokŒnot¿sŒ]arc a[;[ [ag¿heg¿h]arch kamar [kamar]arithmetic jwabanouj\oun [tŒ§vabanutŒyun]arm baxouk [bazuk], j… [tŒev]armchair baxkajo® [bazkatŒo¤]Armenia Fa\astan [Hayastan]Armenian (fem.) fa\oufi [hayuhi]Armenian (person) fa\ [hay]Armenian (adj.) fa\kakan [haykakan]Armenian (language) fa\;r;n [hayeren]army banak [banak]around ,our= [s¿hurj]arrange (to) kargadr;l [karkŒadrel]arrangement kargadrouj\oun [karkŒadru-

tŒyun]arrive (to) fasn;l [hasnel], vaman;l [z¿hamanel]arrow n;t [net]art arw;st [arvest]article fodwa‘ [hodvat¿s], ~ (gram.) fod [hod]artist arw;stag;t [arvestaget]as ibr(…) [ipŒr(ev)], nman [n§man]ash mo.ir [mok¿hir]; ~es ay\oun [ac¿hyun]ashtray mo.raman [mok¿hraman]ashamed, to be ~ amac;l [amac¿hŒel]ask (to) .ndr;l [k¿h§ntrel] (to request), to ~

(a question) farzn;l [hart¿sŒ§nel]ass h, [es¿h], awanak [avanak]associate (to) enk;rakz;l [§nkerakt¿sŒel]assume (to) ;njadr;l [yentŒadrel]; ~

(responsibilities) stan]n;l [stand¿znelassure (to) wstaf;zn;l [v§stahet¿sŒ§nel]assurance apafowagrouj\oun [apahovagru-

tŒyun]astonished, to be ~ xarmanal [zarmanal]astonishment xarmanq [zarmankŒ]attach (to) kz;l [k§t¿sŒel]attack far]akw;l [hart¿sŒakvel]attempt 'or] [pŒort¿sŒ]attempt (to) 'or];l [pŒort¿sŒel]attest (to) wka\;l [v§kayel]attract (to) graw;l [g§ravel]attractive grawic [g§ravic¿hŒ]augment (to) aw;lazn;l [avelat¿sŒ§nel]August øgostos [ogostos]aunt (maternal) moraqou\r [morakŒuyr], ~

(paternal) foraqou\r [horakŒuyr]author f;[inak [heg¿hinak]authority f;[inakouj\oun [heg¿hinakutŒyun]autumn a,oun [as¿hun]auxiliary øvandak [oz¿handak]avarice agafouj\oun [agahutŒyun]avaricious agaf [agah]average mi=in [mic¿hŒin] avoid (to) .ousa';l [k¿husapŒel] awake arjoun [artŒun]awaken (to) arjnazn;l [artŒnat¿sŒ§nel],

xarjn;zn;l [zartŒnet¿sŒ§nel]away f;®ou [he¤u]awful sarsa';li [sarsapŒeli]axe kazin [kat¿sŒin]axis a®anzq [a¤ant¿sŒkŒ]

Bbaby mankik [mankik] bachelor amouri [amuri]back (adv.) ;t [yet] , (noun) m;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ]bad wat [vat]bag pa\ousak [payusak], toprak [toprak] balance fawasarak,®ouj\oun [havasara-

k§s¿h¤utŒyun]balcony pat,gamb [pat§s¿hgamb]ball gndak [g§ndak]banana banan [banan]bank dramatoun [dramatun], bank [bank]bankrupt snank [s§nank]banquet .n=ou\q [k¿h§nc¿huykŒ], ya,k;rou\j

[c¿has¿hkeruytŒ]baptize (to) knq;l [k§nkŒel], mkrt;l[m§k§rtel]barbecue .orowa‘ [k¿horovat¿s] bare m;rk [merk]bark (to) fac;l [hac¿hŒel]barley gari [gari]basic fimnakan [himnakan]basil ®;fan [¤ehan]

502

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

basin awaxan [avazan]basket xamb\ou[ [zambyug¿h], ko[ow [kog¿hov]bat 1. c[=ik [c¿hŒ§g¿hjik]; 2. gawaxan [gavazan]bathhouse ba[niq [bag¿hnikŒ]bathe (to) lo[anal [log¿hanal]be (to) lin;l [linel]beak ktouz [k§tut¿sŒ]beam g;ran [geran]beans lobi [lobi]bear ar= [arc¿hŒ]beard morouq [morukŒ]beast anasoun [anasun], gaxan [gazan]beat (to) ‘;‘;l [t¿set¿sel]beautiful g;[;zik [geg¿het¿sŒik]beauty g;[;zkouj\oun [geg¿het¿sŒkutŒyun]because orowf;t… [vorovhetev]become (to) da®nal [da¤nal]bed anko[in [ankog¿hin] (mattress and bed-

ding), mafyakal [mahc¿hakal] (piece of furniture)

bedroom nn=as;n\ak [n§njasenyak]bee m;[ou [meg¿hu]beer gar;=our [garejur]before a®a= [a¤ac¿hŒ], a®=… [a¤c¿hŒev]

(postposition)behave (to) warw;l [varvel]behavior warw;lak;rp [varvelakerp], war-

qagi‘ [varkŒagit¿s],behind ;t… [yetev] (postp.)belief fawatq [havatkŒ]believe (to) fawatal [havatal]bell xangak [zangak]belt goti [goti]bend (to) (trans.) ‘®;l [t¿s§¤el] bend (to) (intrans.) ‘®w;l [t¿s§¤vel] benefactor bar;rar [barerar]besides bazi [bat¿sŒi]betray (to) dawayan;l [davac¿hanel]between mi=… [mic¿hŒev] (postp.)bicycle f;‘aniw [het¿saniv]big m;‘ [met¿s]biology k;nsabanouj\oun [kensabanutŒyun]birch-broom za.aw;l [t¿sŒak¿havel]bird j®coun [tŒ§¤c¿hŒun]birth ‘nound [t¿s§nund] birthday tar;dar] [taredart¿sŒ], ‘nnd\an

ør [t¿s§n§ndyan or]bit, a ~ mi qic [mi kŒic¿hŒ] bite pata® [pata¤] bite (to) k‘;l [k§t¿sel] bitter da®n [da¤§n]black s… [sev]blackboard grata.tak [g§ratak¿htak]bless (to) ørfn;l [orhnel]blessing ørfnouj\oun [orhnutŒyun]

blind kou\r [kuyr]blindness kourouj\oun [kurutŒyun]blood ar\oun [aryun]bloom (to) ‘a[k;l [t¿sag¿hkel]blow (to) 'c;l [pŒ§c¿hŒel]blow farwa‘ [harvat¿s]blue kapou\t [kapuyt] blunt bouj [butŒ]board ta.tak [tak¿htak]boast par‘;nal [part¿senal]boat naw(ak) [nav(ak)]body marmin [marmin]boil (to) ;®al [ye¤al]bomb ®oumb [¤umb]bone oskor [voskor]book girq [girkŒ]bookseller grawaya® [g§ravac¿ha¤]bookcase grapafaran [g§rapaharan]bookstore gra.anouj [g§rak¿hanutŒ], gra-

toun [g§ratun]bored (to) get ~ ]an]ranal [d¿zand¿zranal]boring ]an]rali [d¿zand¿zrali]born ‘nwa‘ [t¿s§nvat¿s]bosom ‘oz [t¿sot¿sŒ] bottle ,i, [s¿his¿h]bottom fatak [hatak]bow a[;[ [ag¿heg¿h]box ark[ [ark§g¿h], tou' [tupŒ]boy t[a [t§g¿ha]brain ou[;[ [ug¿heg¿h]brains .;lq [k¿helkŒ] bran j;' [tŒepŒ] branch y\ou[ [c¿hyug¿h], ost [vost]brave qa= [kŒaj]bread faz [hat¿sŒ]break (to) (trans.) kotr;l [kotrel] (glass, etc.),

pok;l [pokel] (flowers) break (to) (intrans.) kotrw;l [kot§rvel], pokw;l

[pokvel]breakfast na.aya, [nak¿hac¿has¿h]breast ‘oz [t¿sot¿sŒ], kour‘q [kurt¿skŒ], ‘i‘ [t¿sit¿s]breath ,ounc [s¿hunc¿hŒ]breathe (to) ,nc;l [s¿h§nc¿hŒel]bribe ka,a®q [kas¿ha¤kŒ]bribe (to) ka,a®;l [kas¿ha¤el]brick a[\ous [ag¿hyus]bride fars [hars]bridegroom ';sa [pŒesa]bridge kamour= [kamurj] bright 'a\loun [pŒaylun]bring (to) b;r;l [berel]broad la\n [layn]broken kotra‘ [kotrat¿s]broom aw;l [avel]brother ;[ba\r [yeg¿hpayr]

503

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

504

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

brother-in-law: t;gr [tekŒ§r] (husband’s brother), q;®a\r [kŒe¤ayr] (sister’s husband), q;n;kal [kŒenekal] (sis-ter-in-law’s husband)

brown sryagou\n [s§rc¿haguyn]brush jou' [tŒupŒ]; .oxanak [k¿hozanak]bucket dou\l [duyl]bud bo[bo= [bog¿hboj], ‘il [t¿sil]build (to) ka®ouz;l [ka¤ut¿sŒel], ,in;l [s¿hinel] building ,;nq [s¿henkŒ]bunch 'oun= [punj]burden b;® [be¤]burial ja[oum [tŒag¿hum]burn (to) (trans.) wa®;l [va¤el], a\r;l [ayrel]burn (to) (intrans.) a\rw;l [ayr§vel]burnt a\ra‘ [ayrat¿s], wa®a‘ [va¤at¿s], (to)

get ~ a\rw;l [ayr§vel], wa®w;l [va¤vel] bury ja[;l [tŒag¿hel]

burst (to) pa\j;l [paytŒel]business a®…tour [a¤evtur], gor‘ [gort¿s],

gor‘arq [gort¿sarkŒ]busy xba[wa‘ [zbag¿hvat¿s]but ba\z [bayt¿sŒ], isk [isk]butter karag [karakŒ]butterfly jij;®(nik) [tŒitŒe¤(nik)]button koyak [koc¿hak]buy (to) gn;l [g§nel]buyer gnord [g§nortŒ]

Ccabbage ka[amb [kag¿hamb]cage wandak [vandak]cake karkandak [karkandak]calendar ørazou\z [orat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ]calculate (to) fa,w;l [has¿hvel]call koc [koc¿hŒ]call (to) kanc;l [kanc¿hel], koc;l [koc¿hŒel] calm fandart [handart]camel ou[t [ug¿ht]Canada Kanada [Kanada]Canadian (adj.) kanadakan [kanadakan]Canadian (fem.) kanadoufi [kanaduhi]Canadian (male) kanadazi [kanadat¿sŒi]canary (bird) d;[]anik [deg¿ht¿sŒanik]cane gawaxan [gavazan]capable karo[ [karog¿h]capacity karo[ouj\oun [karog¿hutŒyun]capital city ma\raqa[aq [mayrakŒag¿hakŒ]capital letter gl.agir [g§lk¿hagir]captive g;ri [geri]card game j[ja.a[ [tŒ§g¿htŒak¿hag¿h]care (to) fogal [hokŒal]caress (to) ,o\;l [s¿hoyel]carnation m;.ak [mek¿hak]carrot st;p[in [stepg¿hin]

carpet gorg [gorg]carriage ka®q [ka¤kŒ]carry (to) kr;l [k§rel]cart sa\l [sayl]case ark[ [ark§g¿h]; folow [holov] (gram)cash kan.ik [kank¿hik]cat katou [katu] catch (to) b®n;l [b§¤nel]cause patya® [patc¿ha¤]; the Armenian ~,

fa\(kakan) dat [(hay(kakan) dat]cautious xgou\, [zguys¿h], ou,adir [us¿hadir]cave qara\r [kŒarayr]caviar ]knkij [d¿z§k§nkitŒ]ceiling a®asta[ [a¤astag¿h]celebrate (to) ton;l [tonel]celebration tonakatarouj\oun [tonakata-

rutŒyun] celestial ;rkna\in [yerknayin]cell b=i= [b§jij]cellar ma®an [ma¤an]century dar [dar]certain oro, [voros¿h]certainly an,ou,t [ans¿hus¿ht]chain ,[ja [s¿h§g¿htŒa]chair ajo® [atŒo¤]chalk kawiy [kavic¿h] chance ba.t [bak¿ht], a®ij [a¤itŒ]change (to) (trans.) 'o.;l [pŒok¿hel]change (to) (intrans.) 'o.w;l [pŒok¿hvel]change 'o'o.ouj\oun [pŒopŒok¿hutŒyun] charcoal a‘ou. [at¿suk¿h] charity bar;gor‘ouj\oun [baregort¿sutŒyun],

o[ormouj\oun [vog¿hormutŒyun]cheap hvan [ez¿han]cheapness hvanouj\oun [ez¿hanutŒyun]cheat (to) .ab;l [k¿hapŒel]cheek a\t [ayt]cheese panir [panir] cherry k;®as [ke¤as]chest kour‘q [kurt¿skŒ]chestnut ,aganak [s¿haganak]chick yout [c¿hut]chicken faw [hav]chief p;t [pet]child ;r;.a [yerek¿ha], manouk [manuk]chin kxak [k§zak]China Cinastan [C¿hŒinastan]Chinese (adj.) cinakan [c¿hŒinakan]Chinese (language) cinar;n [c¿hŒinaren] Chinese (male) cinazi [c¿hŒinat¿sŒi] Chinese (fem.) cinoufi [c¿hŒinuhi] choice entrouj\oun [§ntrutŒyun] choose (to) entr;l [§ntrel]Christmas tree tona‘a® [tonat¿sa¤]Christmas ’nound [t¿s§nund]

505

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

church ;k;[;zi [yekeg¿het¿sŒi]circle ,r=anak [s¿h§rjanak]citizen qa[aqazi [kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒi]citizenship qa[aqaziouj\oun [kŒag¿hakŒa-

t¿sŒiyutŒyun], fpatakouj\oun [h§patakutŒyun]

city qa[aq [kŒag¿hakŒ]clap ‘a' [t¿sapŒ] class (in school) das [das]class (in society) dasakarg [dasakarkŒ] classroom dasaran [dasaran]claw yiran [c¿hiran]clay kaw [kav]clean maqour [makŒur]clean (to) maqr;l [makŒrel]clear fstak [h§stak]clever .;lazi [k¿helat¿sŒi] client faya.ord [hac¿hak¿hortŒ]clock vamazou\z [z¿hamat¿sŒsuyt¿sŒ]close 'ak [pŒak]close, to 'ak;l [pŒakel]cloth laj [latŒ], k;rpas [kerpas]clothing fagoust(;[;n) [hakŒust(eg¿hen)]cloud amp [amp]cloudy ampama‘ [ampamat¿s]coal a‘ou. [at¿suk¿h]coast a' [apŒ]coat w;rarkou [verarku]coffee soury [surc¿h]coffeehouse sryaran [s§rc¿haran]coincidence xougadipouj\oun [zugadiputŒyun]cold zourt [t¿sŒurt], sa®e [sa¤§]collar ø]iq [odzikŒ]collect (to) fawaq;l [havakŒel], vo[ow;l

[z¿hog¿hovel]collective fawaqakan [havakŒakan],

famat;[ [hamateg¿h]color gou\n [guyn]colored gounawor [gunavor]column s\oun [syun]comb sanr [san§r]comb (to) sanr;l [sanrel]come (to) gal [gal]comfort s'o'anq [spŒopŒankŒ], fangst(a-

w;t)ouj\oun [hang§st(avet)utŒyun]comfortable farmaraw;t [harmaravet]comma storak;t[storaket]common fasarak [hasarak]community fasarakouj\oun [hasaraku-

tŒyun], fama\nq [hamaynkŒ]commute (to) ;rj…;k;l [yertŒevekel]companion enk;r [§nker]company enk;rakzouj\oun [§nkerakt¿sŒutŒyun]compare (to) fam;mat;l [hamematel]comparison fam;matouj\oun [hamematutŒyun]

compete (to) mrz;l [m§rt¿sŒel]complain (to) gangatw;l [gangatvel]complaint gangat [gangat]complete (to) awart;l [avartel], lrazn;l

[l§rat¿sŒ§nel]complete katar\al [kataryal]complex bard [bartŒ]compose (to) ,aradr;l [s¿haradrel]composition ,aradrouj\oun [s¿haradrutŒyun]compound ba[adr\al [bag¿hadryal]comprehend (to) emb®n;l [§mb§¤nel]computer fa,wic [has¿hvic¿hŒ]condemn datapart;l [datapartel]condition pa\man [payman], wiyak [vic¿hak]confide (to) wstaf;l [v§stahel]confident wstaf [v§stah]congratulate (to) ,norfawor;l [s¿h§norhavorel]connect to miazn;l [miat¿sŒ§nel]conscience .i[y [k¿hig¿hc¿h]conscious gitakiz [gitakit¿sŒ]consist (to) ba[kaza‘ [bag¿hkat¿sŒat¿s]consider (to) nkati oun;nal [n§kati unenal]considerable kar…or [karevor]consideration nkata®oum [n§kata¤um] consonant ba[a]a\n [bag¿had¿zayn]contemporary vamanakakiz [∞¿hamanakakit¿sŒ]content (noun) bowandakouj\oun [bovan-

dakutŒyun], parounakouj\oun [pa-runakutŒyun]

content(ed) gof [goh]content (to) oneself gofanal [gohanal]continuation ,arounakouj\oun [s¿harunaku-

tŒyun]continue (to) ,arounak;l [s¿harunakel]continuous anendfat [an§nthat], ,arouna-

kakan [s¿harunakakan]contrary faka®ak [haka¤ak]conviction famoxoum [hamozum]convince (to) famox;l [hamozel]convinced famoxwa‘ [hamozvat¿s]cook (to) ;';l [yepŒel]cook .ofarar [k¿hoharar]cooked ;'a‘ [yepŒat¿s]cool xow [zov], fow [hov]copper p[in] [p§g¿hind¿z]copy endørinakouj\oun [§ndorinakutŒyun]copy (to) artagr;l [artagrel], endørina-

k;l [§ndorinakel]copybook t;trak [tetrak]corner ank\oun [ankyun]corpse di(ak) [di(ak)]correct (to) ou[[;l [ug¿hg¿hel], srbagr;l [s§r-

pŒagrel]correction srbagrouj\oun [s§rpŒagrutŒyun]correspond (to) j[jakz;l [tŒ§g¿htŒakt¿sŒel];

506

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

famapatas.an;l [hamapatas-k¿hanel]

correspondence j[jakzouj\oun [tŒ§g¿htŒak-t¿sŒutŒyun], namakagrouj\oun [na-makagrutŒyun]

correspondent j[jakiz [tŒ§g¿htŒakit¿sŒ]corresponding famapatas.an [hamapa-

task¿han]cost arv;q [arz¿hekŒ]cost (to) arv;nal [arz¿henal]cotton bambak [bambak]couch baxmoz [bazmot¿sŒ]cough fax [haz]cough (to) faxal [hazal]count (to) jwark;l [tŒ§varkel], jw;l [tŒ§vel],

fa,w;l [has¿hvel]country ;rkir [yerkir]country house ama®anoz [ama¤anot¿sŒ]court dataran [dataran]courtyard bak [bak]cautious xgou\, [zguys¿h]cover ‘a‘koz [t¿sat¿skot¿sŒ] cover (to) ‘a‘k;l [t¿sat¿skel] cow kow [kov] cradle øroroz [ororot¿sŒ]crazy .;nj [k¿hentŒ] cream s;r [ser]create (to) st;[‘;l [steg¿ht¿sel] creature hak [eyak]crime oyir [voc¿hir]criminal oyragor‘ [voc¿hragort¿s]cripple fa,mandam [has¿hmandam]criticize (to) qnnadat;l [kŒ§nnadatel]crooked ‘ou® [t¿su¤]cross .ac [k¿hac¿hŒ] crow ag®aw [ag¤av]crowd ambo. [ambok¿h], baxmouj\oun [baz-

mutŒyun]crown jag [tŒag]crude foum [hum], anta, [antas¿h] cruel davan [daz¿han], angouj [angutŒ] crush (to) =a.=a.;l [jak¿hjak¿hel]cry (to) laz lin;l [lat¿sŒ linel]cup gawaj [gavatŒ], bavak [baz¿hak]cupboard pafaran [paharan]cure darman [darman], bouvoum [buz¿hum]cure (to) darman;l [darmanel], bouv;l [buz¿hel]curious f;taqrqir [hetakŒ§rkŒir]curly gangour [gangur]current enjazik [§ntŒat¿sŒik]curse an;‘q [anet¿skŒ]curse (to) ani‘;l [anit¿sel]curtain waragou\r [varaguyr]cushion bar] [bart¿s]custom soworouj\oun [sovorutŒyun]

customer faya.ord [hac¿hak¿hortŒ]cut (to) ktr;l [k§trel]cypress noyi [noc¿hi]

Ddagger da,ou\n [das¿huyn]damage wnas;l [v§nasel]damn (to) nxow;l [n§zovel]dance par [par]dance (to) par;l [parel]dandruff j;' [tŒepŒ] danger wtang [v§tang]dangerous wtangawor [v§tangavor] dark (hair or skin) jou. [tŒuk¿h]dark green moug kanac [muk kanac¿hŒ]daughter a[=ik [ag¿hc¿hŒik], doustr [dust§r]daughter-in-law fars [hars]dawn ar,alou\s [ars¿haluys], lousabaz [lusa-

bat¿sŒ]day ør [or]daytime z;r;k [t¿serek]dead m;®a‘ [me¤at¿s]dear sir;li [sireli]death maf [mah]debt partq [partkŒ]deceive (to) .ab;l [k¿hapvŒel] decide (to) oro,;l [voros¿hel]decision oro,oum [voros¿hum]declaration fa\tararouj\oun [haytararutŒyun]declare (to) fa\tarar;l [haytararel]decorate (to) xardar;l [zartŒarel]decrease (to) pakas;zn;l [pakaset¿sŒ§nel]deep .orounk [k¿horunk] deer ;[=;rou [yeg¿hjeru]defame (to) xrpart;l [z§rpartel]defective j;ri [tŒeri]deficiency pakasouj\oun [pakasutŒyun]deficient pakas [pakas]degree astiyan [astic¿han]delicate nourb [nurpŒ] demand .ndranq [k¿h§ntŒrankŒ], pafan=

[pahanj]demand (to) .ndr;l [k¿h§ntŒrel], pafan=;l

[pahanjel]demon d… [dev]den or= [vorc¿hŒ]dentist atamnabou\v [atamnabuz¿h]deny v.t;l [z¿h§k¿htel]depart (to) m;kn;l [meknel]depend (to) ka.oum oun;nal [kak¿hum unenal]deprive (to) xrk;l [z§rkel]descend (to) i=n;l [ic¿hŒnel]desert anapat [anapat]deserted ama\i [amayi]design (to) g‘agr;l [g§t¿sagrel]

507

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

design na.agi‘ [nak¿hagit¿s]desirable zankali [t¿sŒankali]desire zankouj\oun [t¿sŒankutŒyun], 'a'ag

[pŒapŒag] desire (to) zankanal [t¿sŒankanal], 'a'ag;l

[pŒapŒagel] desk gras;[an [g§raseg¿han]desperate fousafat [husahat]despise (to) arfamarf;l [arhamarhel]destiny ba.t [bak¿ht], yakatagir [c¿haka-

tagir]destroy (to) kor‘an;l [kort¿sanel]destruction kor‘anoum [kort¿sanum]detail manramasnouj\oun [manramasnutŒyun]detailed manramasn [manramas§n]determine (to) oro,;l [voros¿hel]develop (to) (trans.) xargazn;l [zargat¿sŒ§nel]develop (to) (intrans.) xarganal [zarganal]development xargazoum [zargat¿sŒum]devil satana [satana]devoid xourk [zurk]dew zo[ [t¿sŒog¿h]dialect barba® [barba¤]diary øragir [oragir]dictate (to) j;ladr;l [tŒeladrel]dictionary ba®aran [ba¤aran]die (to) m;®n;l [me¤nel], mafanal [mahanal]differ (to) tarb;r;l [tarberel]difference tarb;rouj\oun [tarberutŒyun]different xanaxan [zanazan], tarb;r [tarber] difficult dvwar [d§z¿hvar] difficulty dvwarouj\oun [d§z¿hvarutŒyun] dig (to) 'or;l [pŒorel]digest (to) mars;l [marsel]digestion marso[ouj\oun [marsog¿hutŒyun]diligent a,.atas;r [as¿hk¿hataser]dill samij [samitŒ]dine (to) ya,;l [c¿has¿hel]dinner (to) have ~ ya,;l [c¿has¿hel]dinner ya, [c¿has¿h], enjriq [§ntŒrikŒ]dinner party ya,k;rou\j [c¿has¿hkeruytŒ]dinner table ya,as;[an [c¿hŒas¿haseg¿han]direct (to) ou[[;l [ug¿hg¿hel], war;l [varel]directly ou[[aki [ug¿hg¿haki]dirt k;[t [keg¿ht]dirty k;[tot [keg¿htot]disappear (to) anf;tanal [anhetanal]disaster a[;t [ag¿het]discontent dvgof [d§z¿hgoh]discover (to) fa\tnab;r;l [haytnaberel]discovery fa\tnab;roum [haytnaberum]discontinue (to) endfat;l [§nthatel]discount (to) x;[c;l [zeg¿hc¿hŒel]discount x;[c [zeg¿hc¿hŒ]discussion banaw;y [banavec¿h]

disdain (to) arfamarf;l [arhamarhel]disease fiwandouj\oun [hivandutŒyun]disgusted, (to) be ~ xxw;l [z§zvel], no[kal

[nok¿hkal]disgusting xxw;li [z§zveli], no[kali [nok¿hkali]dish (1) ya,at;sak [c¿has¿hatesak] (food) dish (2) a's; [apŒse], pnak [p§nak] (flat-

ware)dishonest anaxniw [anazniv], anpark;,t

[anparkes¿ht]dishonesty anaxnwouj\oun [anazn§vutŒyun],

anpark;,touj\oun [anparkes¿htu-tŒyun]

dissent (to) cfama]a\nw;l [c¿h§hamad¿zaynvel]distance f;®aworouj\oun [he¤avorutŒyun],

tara‘ouj\oun [tarat¿sutŒyun]distant f;®awor [he¤avor] distribute (to) ba,.;l [bas¿hk¿hel] disturb (to) .angar;l [k¿hangarel] divide (to) bavan;l [baz¿hanel], an=at;l

[anjatel]division bavanmounq [baz¿hanmunkŒ], ba-

vanoum [baz¿hanum] divorce amousnalou‘oum [amusnalut¿sum],

apafarxan [apaharzan]divorced amousnalou‘wa‘ [amusnalut¿svat¿s],

bavanwa‘ [baz¿hanvat¿s]do (to) an;l [anel]doctor (medical) bvi,k [b§z¿his¿hk]dog ,oun [s¿hun] dome gmb;j [g§mbetŒ]donkey h, [es¿h], awanak [avanak]door dou® [du¤] dot k;t [ket]doubt kaska‘ [kaskat¿s]doubt (to) kaska‘;l [kaskat¿sel] dove tatrak [tatrak]down n;rq… [nerkŒev]drawer darak [darak]dream ;rax [yeraz]dress fagoust [hakŒust], xg;st [zgest]dress (to) fagnw;l [hakŒn§vel]dressmaker (fem.) d;r]akoufi [dert¿sakuhi]drink .micq [k¿h§mic¿hŒkŒ], emp;li [§mpeli]drink (to) .m;l [k¿h§mel]drip (to) kaj;l [katŒel] drop kajil [katŒil] drop (to) za‘ gz;l [t¿sŒat¿s g§t¿sŒel]drunk farba‘ [harpŒat¿s]dry cor [c¿hŒor]duck bad [bad]due pat,ay [pats¿hac¿h]dust 'o,i [pŒos¿hi]duty partakanouj\oun [partakanutŒyun]

508

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

Eeach am;n [amen]each other irar [irar]eagle ar‘iw [art¿siv]ear akan= [akanj]earring ø[ [og¿h]earth (planet) ;rkir [yerkir], (soil) fo[ [hog¿h]East ar…;lq [arevelkŒ]Easter Xatik [Zatik]Eastern ar…;l\an [arevelyan]easy f;,t [hes¿ht], d\ourin [dyurin] eat (to) out;l [utel]edge ;x;rq [yezerkŒ]educate (to) krj;l [k§rtŒel]education krjouj\oun [k§rtŒutŒyun]effect axd;zouj\oun [azdet¿sŒutŒyun] effect (to) axd;l [azdel] effort =anq [¿jankŒ], yig [c¿hig],egg ]ou [d¿zu]eggplant smbouk [s§mbuk], badri=an [badri-

jan]Egypt :giptos [Yegiptos]Egyptian (adj.) ;giptakan [yegiptakan]Egyptian (fem.) ;giptoufi [yegiptuhi] Egyptian (male) ;giptazi [yegiptat¿sŒi] eight ouj [ut]eighteen tasnouj [tasnutŒ]eighth ouj;rord [utŒerortŒ]eighty oujsoun [utŒsun]elbow armounk [armunk]elect (to) entr;l [§ntrel] election entrouj\oun [§ntrutŒyun] electric hl;ktrakan [elektrakan]electricity hl;ktrakanouj\oun [elektraka-

nutŒyun]element tarr [tarr]elephant 'i[ [pŒig¿h]elevate (to) bar]razn;l [bart¿sŒrat¿sŒ§nel]emancipate axatagr;l [azatagrel]embassy d;spanatoun [despanatun]embrace (to) grk;l [g§rkel]empty datark [datark], parap [parap]end w;r= [verc¿hŒ]end (to) (intrans.) w;r=anal [verc¿hŒanal]end (to) (trans.) w;r=azn;l [verc¿hŒat¿sŒ§nel]enemy j,nami [tŒ§s¿hnami]engine m;q;na [mekŒena]engineer yartarag;t [c¿hartaraget]England Anglia [Anglia]English angliazi [angliat¿sŒi] (male),

anglioufi [angliuhi] (female)English angliakan [angliakan] (adjective)English (language) angl;r;n [angleren]enough bawakan [bavakan]enter (to) mtn;l [m§tnel]

entire ambo[= [ambog¿hc¿hŒ] envelope ‘rar [t¿s§rar] environment ,r=apat [s¿h§rjapat] envy na.an] [nak¿hand¿z] equal fawasar [havasar]equality fawasarouj\oun [havasarutŒyun]error s.al [s§k¿hal] essential hakan [eyakan] estimate (to) gnafat;l [g§nahatel]etc. … a\ln% [yev ayl§n]eternal faw;rv [haverz¿h]eternity fawit;nakanouj\oun [havitenaka-

nutŒyun]Europe :wropa [Yevropa]European (adj.) ;wropakan [yevropakan] European (person) ;wropazi [yevropat¿sŒi] evaporate (to) ,ogianal [s¿hogianal]even nou\nisk [nuynisk], farj [hartŒ]evening ;r;ko [yereko]event d;pq [depkŒ]ever ;rb…h [yerpŒeve]every am;n [amen], \ouraqanc\our [yura-

kŒanc¿hŒyur]everybody bolore [bolor§]everywhere am;nour;q [amenurekŒ], am;n

t;[ [amen teg¿h] evidence apazou\z [apat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ]evident fa\tni [haytni], bazafa\t [ba-

t¿sŒahayt]evil cariq [c¿hŒarikŒ]exact y,grit[c¿h§s¿hgrit] examine (to) qnn;l [kŒ§nnel] example ørinak [orinak]excellent g;raxanz [gerazant¿sŒ]except bazi [bat¿sŒi]exception baza®ouj\oun [bat¿sŒa¤utŒyun]exceptional baza®ik [bat¿sŒa¤ik]exchange 'o.anakoum [pŒok¿hanakum]exchange (to) 'o.anak;l [pok¿hanakel]exile aqsor [akŒsor]exist (to) go\ouj\oun oun;nal [goyutŒyun

unenal] existence go\ouj\oun [goyutŒyun] exit ;lq [yelkŒ] exit (to) dours gal [durs gal] expand (to) tara‘w;l [tarat¿svel]expansion endla\noum [§ndlaynum]experience 'or]a®ouj\oun [pŒort¿sŒa¤utŒyun]explain (to) bazatr;l [bat¿sŒatrel]explanation bazatrouj\oun [bat¿sŒatrutŒyun]export artafanoum [artahanum], arta-

‘oum [artat¿sum]export (to) artafan;l [artahanel], arta‘;l

[artat¿sel]express (to) artafa\t;l [artahaytel]

509

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

expression artafa\touj\oun [artahaytutŒyun] exquisite entir [§ntir]exterior (noun) artaqin(e) [artakŒin(§)]external (adj.) artaqin [artakŒin]extreme(ly) ca'axanz [c¿hŒapŒazat¿sŒ] eye acq [ac¿hŒk]eyebrow fonq [honkŒ]eyeglass aknoz [aknot¿sŒ]

Ffacade yakat [c¿hakat]face ;r;s [yeres]fact 'ast [pŒast], in ~ iroq [irokŒ]factory gor‘aran [gort¿saran]fail (to) ]a.o[w;l [d¿zak¿hog¿hvel]fairy tale f;qiaj [hekŒyatŒ]faith fawatq [havatkŒ]faithful fawatarim [havatarim]fake k;[‘ [keg¿ht¿s]fake (to) k;[‘;l [keg¿ht¿sel]falcon bax; [baze]fall a,oun [as¿hun] (season)fall (to) enkn;l [§nknel]false k;[‘ [keg¿ht¿s], sout [sut]fame fambaw [hambav]family entaniq [§ntanikŒ]family name axganoun [azganun]far f;®ou [he¤u]farm agarak [agarak]farmer agarakapan [agarakapan]fast arag [arag]fat g;r [ger], to get ~ giranal [giranal]fate ba.t [bak¿ht]father fa\r(ik) [hayr(ik)]father-in-law (of a woman) k;sra\r

[kesrayr], (of a man) an;r [aner]fatherland fa\r;niq [hayrenikŒ]fault fanzanq [hant¿sŒankŒ], j;rouj\oun

[tŒerutŒyun]faulty j;ri [tŒeri]fear wa. [vak¿h]fear (to) wa.;nal [vak¿henal] feast .n=ou\q [k¿h§njuykŒ]feather ';tour [pŒetur]feel (to) xgal [§zgal], to ~ cold mrs;l [m§rsel]feeling xgazoum [§zgat¿sŒum]female igakan [ikŒakan]; ;g [ekŒ]festive tonakan [tonakan]fiancé n,ana‘ [n§s¿hanat¿s]field art [art], da,t [das¿ht] fifteen tasnfing [tasn§hing]fifth fing;rord [hingerortŒ]fiftieth fisoun;rord [hisunerortŒ]fifty fisoun [hisun]fight (to) k®w;l [k§¤vel]

fight k®iw [k§¤iv] fill (to) lzn;l [l§t¿sŒnel] finally w;r=ap;s [verc¿hŒapes]find gtn;l [g§tnel]fine nourb [nurpŒ]finger mat [mat]fingernail ;[oung [yeg¿hung]finish (to) awart;l [avartel], w;r=azn;l

[verc¿hŒat¿sŒ§nel]finished, to be ~ w;r=anal [verc¿hŒanal]fire krak [krak], frd;f [h§rdeh]first a®a=in [a¤ac¿hŒin]first of all na. … a®a= [nak¿h yev a¤ac¿hŒ]fish ]ouk [d¿zuk]fisherman ]knors [d¿z§knors]fist b®ounzq [b§¤unt¿sŒkŒ]five fing [hing]flag dro,(ak) [dros¿h(ak)]flat (1) (adj.) ta'ak [tapŒak], farj [hartŒ];

(2) (noun) farkabavin [harkabaz¿hin]flame boz [bot¿sŒ]flea lou [lu]flee (to) 'a.c;l [pŒak¿hc¿hŒel]flesh mis [mis]flight j®icq [tŒ§¤ic¿hkŒ]; 'a.oust [pŒak¿hust]flock ;ram [yeram], fot [hot] floor (in a room) ta.takama‘ [tak¿htakamat¿s]floor (in a building) fark [hark]flour al\our [alyur]flow (to) ja'w;l [tŒapŒvel], fos;l [hosel] flower ‘a[ik [t¿sag¿hik] flu farbou. [harpŒuk¿h]fly yany [c¿hanc¿h]fly (to) j®c;l [tŒ§¤c¿hel]fold (to) ‘al;l [t¿salel]follow (to) f;t…;l [hetevel]following fa=ord [hajortŒ], f;t…\al [hete-

vyal]food (nutrition) out;liq [utelikŒ]food (cooked) k;rakour [kerakur]fool .;nj [k¿hentŒ]foot otq [votkŒ]for famar [hamar] (postp.)forbid (to) arg;l;l [argelel]force ouv [uz¿h]forearm baxouk [bazuk]forehead yakat [c¿hakat]foreign øtar [otar]forest anta® [anta¤]forget (to) mo®anal [mo¤anal]forgetful mo®azkot [mo¤at¿sŒkot]forgive (to) n;r;l [nerel]form ]… [d¿zev]former na.kin [nak¿hkin]fortress amroz [amrot¿sŒ], b;rd [bertŒ]

510

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

fork pata®aqa[ [pata¤akŒag¿h]forty qa®asoun [kŒa¤asun]found (to) fimn;l [himnel]fountain a[b\our [ag¿hpyur], awaxan [avazan]four cors [c¿hŒors]fourteen tasncors [tasn§c¿hŒors]fourth corrord [c¿hŒorrortŒ] fox a[w;s [ag¿hves]frame ,r=anak [s¿h§rjanak]France ~ransia [Fransia]frank ank;[‘ [ankeg¿ht¿s]free axat [azat]; ]ri [d¿z§ri]free (to) oneself (intrans.) axatw;l [azatvel]free (to) (trans.) axat;l [azatel]freedom axatouj\oun [azatutŒyun]freeze (to) (intrans.) sa®c;l [sa¤c¿hŒel]freeze (to) (trans.) sa®;zn;l [sa¤et¿sŒ§nel]French (male) `ransiazi [fransiat¿sŒi] French (language) `rans;r;n [franseren] French (adj.) `ransiakan [fransiakan] French (fem.) `ransoufi [fransuhi] frequent(ly) faya. [hac¿hak¿h]frequent (to) faya.;l [hac¿hak¿hel]fresh jarm [tŒarm]freshen (to) jarmazn;l [tŒarmat¿sŒ§nel]Friday ourbaj [urbatŒ]friend (male) bar;kam [barekam], ~ (fem.)

bar;kamoufi [barekamuhi]friendship bar;kamouj\oun [barekamutŒyun],

enk;rouj\oun [§nkerutŒyun]front yakat [c¿hakat]fruit ptou[ [p§tug¿h], mirg [mirkŒ]fulfill (to) katar;l [katarel], iragor‘;l

[iragort¿sel]full l;zoun [let¿sŒun]furniture kafou\q [kahuykŒ] furrow akos [akos]futile sin [sin], ouna\n [unayn]future apaga [apaga], apa®ni [apa¤ni]

(grammar)

Ggame .a[ [k¿hag¿h] garbage a[b [ag¿hp]garden part;x [partez]gardener partixpan [partizpan]garlic s.tor [s§k¿htor]gather (to) fawaqw;l [havakŒvel]gathering fawaqou\j [havakŒuytŒ]gender s;® [se¤]general (adj.) endfanour [§ntŒhanur]general (noun) xorawar [zoravar]generation s;round [serund]gentle axniw [azniv]genocide z;[aspanouj\oun [t¿sŒeg¿haspanu-

tŒyun]geography a,.arfagrouj\oun [as¿hk¿harha-

grutŒyun]geologist ;rkraban [yerkraban]geology ;rkrabanouj\oun [yerkrabanutŒyun]Georgia (Caucasus) Wrastan [≠rastan]Georgian (adj.) wrazakan [vrat¿sŒakan]Georgian (fem.) wrazoufi [vrat¿sŒuhi] Georgian (lang.) wraz;r;n [vrat¿sŒeren]Georgian (male) wrazi [vrat¿sŒi] German (adj.) g;rmanakan [germanakan]German (fem.) g;rmanoufi [germanuhi]German (language) g;rman;r;n [germaneren]German (male) g;rmanazi [germanat¿sŒi]Germany G;rmania [Germania]get (to) stanal [stanal], da®nal [da¤nal]girl a[=ik [ag¿hc¿hŒik]give (to) tal [tal], to ~ a present nwir;l

[n§virel]glad oura. [urak¿h]glass apaki [apaki]glorious 'a®awor [pŒa¤avor]glory 'a®q [pŒa¤kŒ] gloryglove ];®noz [d¿ze¤not¿sŒ]go (to) gnal [g§nal]goat a\‘ [ayt¿s]God Astwa‘ [astvat¿s]godchild san(ik) [san(ik)]godfather qawor [kŒavor], knqafa\r [k§n-

kŒahayr]godmother qaworakin [kŒavorakin], knqa-

ma\r [k§nkŒamayr] gold oski [voski]golf (‘owa)‘oz [(t¿sova)t¿sot¿sŒ] good law [lav], bari [bari]good-hearted bar;sirt [baresirt]goose sag [sag]Gospel aw;taran [avetaran]gossip bambasanq [bambasankŒ]govern ka®awar;l [ka¤avarel]government ka®awarouj\oun [ka¤avarutŒyun]governor ka®awaric [ka¤avaric¿hŒ]grace ,norf [s¿h§norh]graceful ,norfali [s¿h§norhali]grain fatik [hatik], kout [kut]grammar q;rakanouj\oun [kŒerakanutŒyun]grandchild jo®nik [tŒo¤nik] granddaughter jo®noufi [tŒo¤nuhi] grandfather m;‘ fa\r [met¿s hayr], pap(ik)

[pap(ik)]grandson t[a jo® [tŒo¤] grapes .a[o[ [k¿hag¿hog¿h] grass .ot [k¿hot]gratis ]ri [d¿z§ri]graze (to) ara‘;l [arat¿sel]

511

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

gray gor, [gors¿h]great m;‘ [met¿s]Greece Founastan [Hunas‡an]greedy agaf [agah]Greek founakan [hunakan], fou\n [huyn]Greek (language) founar;n [hunaren]green kanac [kanac¿hŒ]grey mo.ragou\n [mok¿hraguyn]grief wi,t [vis¿ht]grind (to) a[al [ag¿hal]grocery npar;[;n [n§pareg¿hen]ground fatak [hatak]group .oumb [k¿humb] grow (to) m;‘anal [met¿sanal], ay;l [ac¿hel]growth ay [ac¿h]guarantee (to) ;ra,.awor;l [yeras¿hk¿havorel]guarantee (to) ;ra,.aworouj\oun [yeras¿h-

k¿havorutŒyun]guest f\our [hyur]guest room f\ouras;n\ak [hyurasenyak]guide (to) a®a=nord;l [a¤ac¿hnortŒel]guilt fanzanq [hant¿sŒankŒ], m;[q [meg¿hkŒ]guilty m;[awor [meg¿havor]gun frazan [hrat¿sŒan]gypsy gncou [g§nc¿hŒu]

Hhabit soworouj\oun [sovorutŒyun]hair max [maz]half k;s [kes]hall sraf [s§rah]ham (.oxi) apou.t [(k¿hozi) apuk¿ht]hammer moury [murc¿h]hand ];®q [d¿ze¤kŒ]handful a' [apŒ]handicraft arf;st [arhest]hang (to) ka.;l [kak¿hel]hangman dafiy [dahic¿h]happen pataf;l [patahel]happiness ;r=ankouj\oun [yerjankutŒyun]happy ;r=anik [yerjanik], gof [goh]harbor nawafangist [navahangist]hard pind [pind], dvwar [d§z¿hvar]hardly faxiw [haziv], dvwar j; [d§z¿hvar tŒe]hare napastak [napastak]harmonious fam;ra,. [hameras¿hk¿h], n;r-

da,nak [nerdas¿hnak]harmony fam;ra,.ouj\oun [hameras¿hk¿hu-

tŒyun], n;rda,nakouj\oun [nerdas¿h-nakutŒyun] haste ,tapo[akanou-j\oun [s¿htapog¿hakanutŒyun]

hasten (to) ,tap;l [s¿htapel]hat gl.ark [g§lk¿hark]hate (to) at;l [atel]hatred at;louj\oun [atelutŒyun]

haughty m;‘amit [met¿samit], go®ox [go¤oz]have (to) oun;nal [unenal]hazelnut ka[in [kag¿hin]he na [na]head glou. [g§luk¿h]health a®o[=ouj\oun [a¤og¿hc¿hŒutŒyun]hear (to) ls;l [l§sel] heart sirt [sirt]heat taqouj\oun [takŒutŒyun]heaven ;rkinq [yerkinkŒ] heavenly ;rkna\in [yerknayin] heavy ‘anr [t¿san§r] height bar]rouj\oun [bart¿sŒrutŒyun] heir va®ang [z¿ha¤ang], va®angord [z¿ha-

¤angortŒ]hell dvo.q [d§z¿hok¿hkŒ] help øgnouj\oun [okŒnutŒyun] help (to) øgn;l [okŒnel]helper øgnakan [okŒnakan]hen faw [hav]here a\st;[ [aysteg¿h]heritage va®angouj\oun [z¿ha¤angutŒyun] hero f;ros [heros]heroic f;rosakan [herosakan]heroically f;rosabar [herosabar]high bar]r [bart¿sŒ§r]hill blour [b§lur]him ir;n [iren], nran [n§ran]himself inqnir;n [inkŒniren]hire (to) war];l [vart¿sŒel]his nra [n§ra] historian patmaban [patmaban]history patmouj\oun [patmutŒyun]hit .';l [k¿h§pŒel]hold (to) b®n;l [b§¤nel]hole ‘ak [t¿sak] holiday ar]akourd [art¿sŒakurt], ton [ton]holy sourb [surpŒ]honest axniw [azniv], park;,t [parkes¿ht]honesty axnwouj\oun [azn§vutŒyun]honey m;[r [meg¿h§r]honor patiw [pativ]honor (to) patw;l [patvel]hook k;® [ke¤]hope fou\s [huys]hope (to) fousal [husal]horn ;[=\our [yeg¿hjyur]horrible soskali [soskali]horse ]i [d¿zi]hospitable f\ouras;r [hyuraser]hospital fiwandanoz [hivandanot¿sŒ]hospitality f\ourasirouj\oun [hyurasirutŒyun]hotel pandok [pandok]hour vam [z¿ham]hourly vamakan [z¿hamakan]

512

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

house toun [tun]housewife tantikin [tantikin] how? i#ncp;s [inc¿hŒpes?] how many? qani# [kŒani?] how much? o#rca' [vorc¿hŒapŒ?], o#rqan%

[vorkŒan?]human being mard [martŒ]humble .onarf [k¿honarh] humid .onaw [k¿honav] humidity .onawouj\oun [k¿honavutŒyun] hundred far\our [haryur]hungry sowa‘ [sovat¿s]hunt (to) orsal [vorsal]hunter orsord [vorsortŒ]hunting ors [vors]hurry ,tapo[akanouj\oun [s¿htapog¿haka-

nutŒyun]hurry (to) ,tap;l [s¿htapel]husband amousin [amusin]hyena bor;ni [boreni]hypocrite k;[‘awor [keg¿ht¿savor]

II ;s [yes]ice sa®ou\z [sa¤uyt¿sŒ]ice-cream pa[pa[ak [pag¿hpag¿hak]idea ga[a'ar [gag¿hapŒar]if ;j; [yetŒe] ignorant tg;t [t§get], ang;t [anget]ill fiwand [hivand]illness fiwandouj\oun [hivandutŒyun]illiterate angrag;t [ang§raget]image patk;r [patker]imagination ;r…aka\ouj\oun [yerevakayu-

tŒyun]imagine (to) ;r…aka\;l [yerevakayel]immaculate anarat [anarat], anj;ri

[antŒeri]immediately anmi=ap;s [anmijapes],

iskou\n [iskuyn]immigrate (to) n;rga[j;l [nergag¿htŒel]immobile an,arv [ans¿harz¿h]immoral anbaro\akan [anbaroyakan]immortal anmaf [anmah]impatient anfamb;r [anhamber]implore (to) a[ac;l [ag¿hac¿hŒel]import (to) n;ra‘;l [nerat¿sel]important kar…or [karevor]imprudent an.;lq [ank¿helkŒ], an.of;m

[ank¿hohem]impudent an;r;s [aneres]in m;= [mec¿hŒ] (postp.)inattentive anou,adir [anus¿hadir]income ;kamout [yekamut]increase faw;loum [havelum]

increase (to) aw;lazn;l [avelat¿sŒ§nel]independent anka. [ankak¿h]indict (to) ambastan;l [ambastanel]individual anfat [anhat]Indo-European fnd;wropakan [h§ndyevro-

pakan]industrious a,.atas;r [as¿hk¿hataser]industry ard\ounab;rouj\oun [artŒyunabe-

rutŒyun]infant manouk [manuk]inflame (to) borboq;l [borbokŒel]influence axd;zouj\oun [azdet¿sŒutŒyun] influence (to) axd;l [azdel] influential axd;zik [azdet¿sŒik]inform (to) fa[ord;l [hag¿hortŒel]informed t;[\ak [teg¿hyak], (to) get ~ t;-

[;kanal [teg¿hekanal]inherit (to) va®ang;l [z¿ha¤angel]inheritance va®angouj\oun [z¿ha¤ang‚tŒyun] ink janaq [tŒanakŒ]innocent anm;[ [anmeg¿h]inside n;rs [ners]insect mi=at [mijat]insist (to) pnd;l [p§ndel]instantaneous wa\rk;nakan [vayrkenakan]instead 'o.anak [pŒok¿hanak] (prepos.),

'o.ar;n [pŒok¿haren] (postp.)instinct bnaxd [b§nazd]instrument gor‘iq [gort¿sikŒ]instrumental (case) gor‘iakan [gort¿siakan]

insurance apafowagrouj\oun [apahovagrutŒyun]

intellectual mtaworakan [m§tavorakan]intelligent .;lazi [k¿helat¿si] interest 1. f;taqrqrouj\oun [hetakŒ§rkŒru-

tŒyun]; 2. tokos [tokos] (%)interesting f;taqrqrakan [hetakŒ§rkŒrakan]interpret (to) m;knaban;l [meknabanel],

jargman;l [tŒargmanel]interpretation m;knabanouj\oun [meknaba-

nutŒyun]interruption endmi=oum [§ndmijum]invent (to) fnar;l [h§narel]invention g\out [gyut]investigate (to) f;taxot;l [hetazotel]investigation f;taxotouj\oun [hetazotutŒyun]invitation fraw;r [hraver]invite (to) frawir;l [hravirel]iron (1) ;rkaj [yerkatŒ] (metal); (2) ar-

douk [artŒuk] (appliance)irregular ankanon [ankanon]irregularity ankanonouj\oun [ankanonutŒyun]island k[xi [k§g¿hzi]Italian (language) ital;r;n [italeren] Italian (male) italazi [italat¿sŒi]

513

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

Italian (adj.) italakan [italakan] Italian (fem.) italoufi [italuhi] Italy Italia [Italia]its ir [ir], nra [n§ra]ivory '[oskr [pŒ§g¿hosk§r]

Jjail bant [bant]jam pt[anou, [p§tg¿hanus¿h]January founwar [hunvar]Japan Yaponia [C¿haponia]Japanese (male) yaponazi [c¿haponat¿sŒi]Japanese (fem.) yaponoufi [c¿haponuhi]Japanese (adj.) yaponakan [c¿haponakan]Japanese (language) yapon;r;n [c¿haponeren]jar karas [karas]jaw kxak [k§zak]Jesus Fisous [Hisus]Jew fr;a [h§rya]jewel gofar [gohar]jewelry gofar;[;n [gohareg¿hen]Jewish (fem.) fr;oufi [hrehuhi]Jewish (adj.) fr;akan [hreakan]joint (anatom.) fod [hod]job gor‘ [gort¿s]join (to) mianal [mianal]journey yam'ordouj\oun [c¿hampŒortŒutŒyun]joy oura.ouj\oun [urak¿hutŒyun]joyous xwarj [z§vartŒ]judge (to) dat;l [datel] judge (noun) datawor [datavor]juice (mrgi) f\ouj [(m§rkŒi) hyutŒ]July foulis [hulis]June founis [hunis]just ardar [artŒar], y,grit [c¿h§s¿hgrit],

yi,t [c¿his¿ht]justice ardarouj\oun [artŒarutŒyun]

Kkeep (to) paf;l [pahel] kettle kajsa [katŒsa] key banali [banali]kick aqazi [akŒat¿sŒi], qazi [kŒat¿sŒi]kick (to) (a)qazi tal [(a)kat¿sŒi tal] kind (1) (adj.) bari [bari]kind (2) (noun) t;sak [tesak], what kind?

i#nc t;sak [inc¿hŒ tesak?]kindle (to) wa®;l [va¤el], a\r;l [ayrel]king jagawor [tŒakŒavor], arqa [arkŒa]kingdom jagaworouj\oun [tŒakŒavorutŒyun]kiss fambou\r [hampŒuyr]kiss (to) fambour;l [hampŒurel], to ~ each

other fambourw;l [hampŒurvel]kitchen .ofanoz [k¿hohanot¿sŒ] knee ‘ounk [t¿sunk]

kneel (to) ‘nradr;l [t¿s§nradrel] knife danak [danak] knot kap [kap], fangou\z [hanguyt¿sŒ] know (to) git;nal [gitenal]knowledge git;liq [gitelikŒ]known (fanra)‘anoj [(hanra)t¿sanotŒ]

Llake liy [lic¿h]lamb ga® [ga¤]lame ka[ [kag¿h]lament o[bal [vog¿hpŒal]land ;rkir [yerkir], zamaq [t¿sŒamakŒ]landlord tant;r [tanter]language l;xou [lezu]lantern lapt;r [lapter]lap girk [girk]last w;r=in [verc¿hŒin]late ou, [us¿h]late (to) be ~ ou,anal [us¿hanal]laugh (to) ‘i‘a[;l [t¿sit¿sag¿hel], to ~ at ‘a[r;l

[t¿sag¿hrel] law ør;nq [orenkŒ]lawsuit dat [dat]lawyer irawaban [iravaban], 'astaban

[pŒastaban]layer ,;rt [s¿hert], .aw [k¿hav]lead (to) a®a=nord;l [a¤ac¿hŒnortŒel];

[;kawar;l [g¿hekavarel]leader a®a=nord [a¤ac¿hŒnortŒ]leaf t;r… [terev], j;rj [tŒertŒ]learn (to) sowor;l [sovorel], t;[;kanal

[teg¿hekanal]leather ka,i [kas¿hi]leave (to) m;kn;l [meknel]lecturer dasa.os [dasak¿hos]left (side) ]a. [d¿zak¿h]left-handed ]a.lik [d¿zak¿hlik]leg srounq [s§runkŒ], otq [votkŒ]lemon kitron [kitron], limon [limon]length ;rkarouj\oun [yerkarutŒyun]lentil osp [vosp]less pakas [pakas], nwax [n§vaz] lesson das [das]let (to) jo[n;l [tŒog¿hnel]letter (1) namak [namak] (written communica-

tion)letter (2) gir [gir], ta® [ta¤] (graphic sign) level makardak [makardak]level (to) farj;l [hartŒel]liberate (to) axat;l [azatel]liberty axatouj\oun [azatutŒyun]lick (to) lix;l [lizel]lie (down) (to) pa®k;l [pa¤kel]lie sout [sut]

514

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

lie (to) sout as;l [sut asel], st;l [s§tel]life k\anq [kyankŒ]lift bar]razn;l [bart¿sŒrat¿sŒ§nel]light (adj.) j;j… [tŒetŒev]light (noun) lou\s [luys]lighten (to) 'a\latak;l [pŒaylatakel]like nman [n§man] (postp.)like (to) fawan;l [havanel]lily ,ou,an [s¿hus¿han]limit safman [sahman] line gi‘ [git¿s] line (in writing) to[ [tog¿h] linguistics l;xwabanouj\oun [lezvabanutŒyun] lining asta® [asta¤]lion a®\ou‘ [a¤yut¿s]lip ,rjounq [s¿h§rtŒunkŒ]list zouzak [t¿sŒut¿sŒak]listen (to) ls;l [l§sel] literature grakanouj\oun [g§rakanutŒyun]little qic [kŒic¿hŒ], a ~ mi qic [mi kŒic¿hŒ] live (to) apr;l [aprel]lively a,.ou\v [as¿hk¿huyz¿h]liver l\ard [lyard]living room nstas;n\ak [n§stasenyak]load b;® [be¤]loan 'o.a®ouj\oun [pŒok¿ha¤utŒyun]locative (case) n;rgo\akan [nergoyakan]lock (to) ko[p;l [kog¿hpel]lock ko[p;q [kog¿hpekŒ]long ;rkar [yerkar] Long live! k;zz;* [ket¿sŒt¿sŒe!] look (to) na\;l [nayel]Lord T;r [Ter]lose (to) korzn;l [kort¿sŒ§nel]loss koroust [korust]loud bar]ra]a\n [bart¿sŒrad¿zayn]love s;r [ser], to fall in ~ sirafarw;l [siraharvel] love (to) sir;l [sirel] lover sirafar [sirahar] low za‘ [t¿sŒat¿s]lower (to) i=;zn;l [ijet¿sŒ§nel]luck ba.t [bak¿ht]lucky ba.tawor [bak¿htavor]lukewarm gol [gol]lullaby øror [oror]lung joq [tŒokŒ]

Mmachine m;q;na [mekŒena] mad .;nj [k¿hentŒ]madam tikin [tikin] magazine (monthly) amsagir [amsagir]magpie kaca[ak [kac¿hŒag¿hak]make (to) an;l [anel], ,in;l [s¿hinel]

male arou [aru]man mard [mart], t[amard [t§g¿hamartŒ],

a\r [ayr]manner ;[anak [yeg¿hanak]map qart;x [kŒartez]marble marmar [marmar]March mart [mart]mark n,an [n§s¿han], jiw [tŒiv] market ,ouka [s¿huka] marriage amousnouj\oun [amusnutŒyun]married amousnaza‘ [amusnat¿sŒat¿s]marry (to) amousnanal [amusnanal]marvelous fianali [hianali]mask dimak [dimak]master warp;t [varpet]match (to) xouganal [zuganal]match mrzoum [m§rt¿sŒum]; .a[ [k¿hag¿h];

louzki [lut¿sŒki]material n\ouj [nyutŒ]materialist n\oujapa,t [nyutŒapas¿ht]mature fasoun [hasun]maturity fasounouj\oun [hasunutŒyun]May ma\is [mayis]me in] [ind¿z]meadow margag;tin [markŒagetin]meal ya, [c¿has¿h], k;rakour [kerakur]mean car [c¿hŒar]mean (to) n,anak;l [n§s¿hanakel]meaning imast [imast], n,anakouj\oun

[n§s¿hanakutŒyun]means mi=oz [mijot¿sŒ]measure ca' [c¿hŒapŒ]meat mis [mis]medical bv,kakan [b§z¿h§s¿hkakan]medicine bv,kouj\oun [b§z¿hs¿hkutŒyun]; d;[

[deg¿h]medication d;[ [deg¿h]meet (to) fandip;l [handipel]meeting fandipoum [handipum], vo[ow

[z¿hog¿hov], fandipoum [handipum]melody m;[;di [meg¿hedi]melon s;. [sek¿h]melt (to) falw;l [halvel], fal;zn;l [halet¿sŒ§nel]member andam [antŒam]memory fi,o[ouj\oun [his¿hog¿hutŒyun]merchandise apranq [aprankŒ]mercy gouj [gutŒ], o[ormouj\oun [vog¿hormu-

tŒyun]message lour [lur], patgam [patgam]metal m;ta[ [metag¿h]meticulous b‘a.ndir [b§t¿sak¿h§ntŒir]midday k;sør [kesor]middle m;=t;[ [mec¿hteg¿h]midnight k;sgi,;r [kesgis¿her]mild m;[m [meg¿hm]

515

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

military xinworakan [zinvorakan] milk kaj [katŒ] million milion [milion]mind mitq [mitkŒ]mine ime [im§]mineral fanqa\in [hankŒayin]minute rop; [rope]; wa\rk\an [vayrkyan]mirror fa\;li [hayeli]miserable j,wa® [tŒ§s¿hva¤]miss øriord [oriortŒ]mistake s.al [s§k¿hal], make a ~ s.alw;l

[s§k¿halvel]Mister, Mr. paron [paron] mix (to) .a®n;l [k¿ha¤nel] mixed .a®n [k¿ha¤§n] mob ambo. [ambok¿h]modern ardi [ardi]modest fam;st [hamest]momentarily wa\rk;nap;s [vayrke¬†pes]monarch arqa [arkŒa]money dram [dram]monkey kapik [kapik]month amis [amis]monthly amsakan [amsakan]monument fou,ar]an [hus¿hard¿zan]mood tramadrouj\oun [tramadrutŒyun]moon lousin [lusin] moral baro\akan [baroyakan]more aw;li [aveli]morning a®awot [a¤avot]mother ma\r(ik) [mayr(ik)]mother-in-law (of a woman) (s)k;sour [(s)ke-

sur], ~ (of a man) xoqanc [zokŒanc¿hŒ]motion ,arvoum [s¿harz¿hum]mount (to) bar]ranal [bart¿sŒranal]mountain l;® [le¤]mourn (to) sgal [s§kŒal]mouse mouk [muk]mouth b;ran [beran]move (to) (trans.) ,arv;l [s¿harz¿hel]move (to) (intrans.) ,arvw;l [s¿harz¿h§vel]movement ,arvoum [s¿harz¿hum]movie ilm [film]much ,at [s¿hat]mud z;. [t¿sŒek¿h]multiply (to) (trans.) baxmazn;l [bazmat¿sŒ§nel]multiply (to) (intrans.) baxmanal [bazmanal]muscle mkan [m§kan] mushroom sounk [sunk] music ;rav,touj\oun [yeraz¿h§s¿htutŒyun],

nwag [n§vag] musician ;ravi,t [yeraz¿his¿ht]mustard manan;. [mananek¿h]mutual 'o.adar] [pŒok¿hadart¿sŒ]my im [im]

Nnail m;. [mek¿h]naive miamit [miamit]naked m;rk [merk]name anoun [anun]name (to) anwan;l [anvanel]namely a\sinqn [aysinkŒ§n]narrow n;[ [neg¿h]nation axg [azg]national axga\in [azgayin]natural bnakan [b§nakan]nature bnouj\oun [b§nutŒyun]naughty car [c¿hŒar]near mot [mot]neat kokik [kokik]nebulous ampama‘ [ampamat¿s]necessary anfrav;,t [anhraz¿hes¿ht]neck wix [viz]needle as;[ [aseg¿h]negative v.takan [z¿h§k¿htakan]neighbor drazi [drat¿sŒi]neighborhood ja[ [tŒag¿h]nerve =i[ [jig¿h]nervous =[a\in [j§g¿hayin]nest bou\n [buyn]neutral c;xoq [c¿hŒezokŒ]never ;rb;q [yerpŒekŒ]new nor [nor]New Year Nor tari [Nor tari]news lour(;r) [lur(er)]newspaper (daily) øraj;rj [oratŒertŒ]next fa=ord [hajortŒ]nice siralir [siralir]night gi,;r [gis¿her]nightgown gi,;ranoz [gis¿heranot¿sŒ]nine ine [in§]nineteen tasnine [tasnin§]ninety innsoun [inn§sun]ninth inn;rord [innerort]no oc [voc¿hŒ]noble axniw [azniv], axnwakan [†∞¬§vakan]

nobility axnwakanouj\oun [azn§va- kanutŒyun]

nobody oc oq [voc¿hŒ vokŒ], oc m;ke [voc¿hŒmek§]

noise a[mouk [ag¿hmuk]nominative (case) ou[[akan [ug¿hg¿hakan]normal bnakanon [b§nakanon]north f\ousis [hyusis]northern f\ousisa\in [hyusisayin] nose qij [kŒitŒ]not ch% oc% c- [c¿hŒe, vochŒ, c¿hŒ-] ~ at all

bnaw [b§nav], bolorowin [bolorovin] note (1) (memo) ;rkto[ [yerktog¿h]note (2) (mark) jwan,an [tŒ§van§s¿han]

516

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

notion ga[a'ar [gag¿hapŒar]novel w;p [vep]now fima [hima], a\vm [ayz¿h§m]nucleus korix [koriz], mi=ouk [mijuk]number famar [hamar], jiw [tŒiv]numeral jwakan [t§vakan]numerous baxmajiw [bazmatŒiv]nut enkou\x [§nkuyz], ka[in [gag¿hin]nutrition snound [s§nund]

Ooak ka[ni [kag¿hni]oath ;rdoum [yertŒum]object a®arka [a¤arka], .ndir [k¿h§ntŒir] object (to) a®ark;l [a¤arkel]objection a®arkouj\oun [a¤arkutŒyun]observation dito[ouj\oun [ditog¿hutŒyun]observe (to) dit;l [ditŒel]obvious bazafa\t [bat¿sŒahayt]occupation (1) grawoum [g§ravum]; (2)

xba[mounq [zbag¿hmunkŒ] (profes-sion)

occupy (to) (trans.) graw;l [g§ravel]occupy (to) oneself xba[w;l [zbag¿hvel]occur (to) pataf;l [patahel]ocean øwkianos [ovkianos]of course an,ou,t [ans¿hus¿ht]off f;®ou [he¤u] offer a®a=ark;l [a¤ac¿hŒarkel], en‘a\;l

[§nt¿sayel]office gras;n\ak [g§rasenyak]officer spa [spa], pa,ton\a [pas¿htonya] often faya. [hac¿hak¿h]oil \ou[ [yug¿h]oily \ou[ot [yug¿hot]olive ]ijaptou[ [d¿zitŒap§tug¿h]olive oil ]ija\ou[ [d¿zitŒayug¿h]old (things) fin [hin]; ~ (people) ‘;r [t¿ser]omelet ]wa‘;[ [d¿z§vat¿seg¿h]on wra [vra]one m;k [mek], mi [mi]onion so. [sok¿h]only mia\n [miayn]open (to) banal [banal]open baz [bat¿sŒ]opening bazoum [bat¿sŒum]operation (medical) wirafatouj\oun [viraha-

tutŒyun]; gor‘o[ouj\oun [gort¿sog¿hutŒyun]

opinion kar‘iq [kart¿sikŒ]opponent faka®akord [haka¤akortŒ]opposite dimaz [dimat¿sŒ]optimist lawat;s [lavates] or kam [kam]orange (fruit) narin= [narinj]

orange (color) narn=agou\n [nar§njaguyn]orchestra nwaga.oumb [n§vagak¿humb]order (to) frama\;l [hramayel] (to command),

patwir;l [patvirel] (to direct to be supplied)

order (1) framan [hraman]order (2) karg [karkŒ] (succession, sequence),

kargapafouj\oun[karkŒapahu-tŒyun] (discipline), orderly karga-paf [karkŒapah]

ordinary fasarak [hasarak]organize (to) kaxmak;rp;l [kazmakerpel] origin ‘agoum [t¿sakŒum] original \ourørinak [yurorinak], inqnatip

[inkŒnatip] originally skxbnap;s [sk§zbnapes] ornament xard [zartŒ]orphan orb [vorpŒ]orphanage orbanoz [vorpŒanot¿sŒ]orthography ou[[agrouj\oun [ug¿hg¿hagrutŒyun]other ouri, [uris¿h], m\ous [myus]otherwise a\lap;s [aylapes]our m;r [mer]out dours [durs]oven 'ou® [pŒu¤], wa®aran [va¤aran]over wra [on] (postpos.), it is ~ w;r=azaw

[verc¿hŒat¿sŒav]overturn tapal;l [tapalel]overshoe krknako,ik [k§rknakos¿hik]own oun;nal [unenal]owner t;r [ter], s;'akanat;r [sepŒaka-

nater]ox ;x [yez]

Ppact da,inq [das¿hinkŒ] page h= [ej]pain zaw [t¿sŒav]paint n;rk [nerk]paint (to) n;rk;l [nerkel], nkar;l [n§karel], painter (male) nkaric [n§karic¿hŒ]painter (fem.) nkarcoufi [n§karc¿hŒuhi]painting (\ou[a)nkar [(yug¿ha)n§kar]pair xou\g [zuyg]pale gounat [gunat], dvgou\n [d§z¿hguyn]palm a' [apŒ]pan tapak [tapak]pantry ma®an [ma¤an]pants tabat [tabat]paper jou[j [tŒug¿htŒ]paradise dra.t [d§rak¿ht]parcel ‘rar [t¿s§rar]parents ‘no[(n;r) [t¿s§nog¿h(ner)]parsley axatq;[ [azatkŒeg¿h]part bavin [baz¿hin], mas [mas]

517

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

partial masnaki [masnaki]participate (to) masnakz;l [masnakt¿sŒel]particle masnik [masnik]particularly fatkap;s [hatkapes]partner gor‘akiz [gort¿sakit¿sŒ]partridge kaqaw [kakŒav]party tona.mbouj\oun [tonak¿h§mbutŒyun]pass (to) anzn;l [ant¿sŒnel]passenger yam'ord [c¿hampŒortŒ]passion kirq [kirkŒ]passport an]nagir [and¿znagir]past anz\al [ant¿sŒyal]pastry .mor;[;n [k¿h§moreg¿hen], karkan-

dak [karkandak]pasture arot [arot]pasture (to) ara‘;l [arat¿sel]patience famb;rouj\oun [hampŒerutŒyun],

to have ~ famb;r;l [hampŒerel]patient 1. famb;ratar [hampŒeratar];

2. fiwand [hivand] pause dadar [datŒar]paw jaj [tŒatŒ]pay (to) wyar;l [v§c¿h’arel]payment wyaroum [v§c¿harum]pea olo®(n) [volo¤(n)]peace .a[a[ouj\oun [k¿hag¿hag¿hutŒyun] peaceful .a[a[ [k¿hag¿hag¿h] peach d;[] [deg¿ht¿s]pear tan] [tand¿z]pedagogy mankawarvouj\oun [mankavar-

z¿hutŒyun]peel k;[… [keg¿hev]peel (to) k;[…;l [keg¿hevel]pen gric [g§ric¿hŒ]pencil matit [matit]pension jo,ak [tŒos¿hak]people vo[owourd [z¿hog¿hovurtŒ]pepper p[p;[ [p§g¿hpeg ¿h]perhaps gouz; [gut¿sŒe], j;r…s [tŒerev§s]period (punctuation) w;r=ak;t [verc¿haket];

vamanaka,r=an [z¿hamanakas¿h§rjan]Persia Parskastan [Parskastan]Persian (language) parsk;r;n [parsk™r™¬]Persian (fem.) parskoufi [parskuhi] Persian (male) parsik [parsik] Persian (adj.) parskakan [parskakan] person (1) an] [and¿z] (human being),

(2) d;mq [demkŒ] (gramm. category)personal an]nakan [and¿znakan]personality an]naworouj\oun [and¿znavoru-

tŒyun]pharmacist d;[agor‘ [deg¿hagort¿s] pharmacy d;[atoun [deg¿hatun]photograph lousankar [lusan§kar]physician bvi,k [b§z¿his¿hk]

piano da,namour [das¿hnamur]pick up (to) w;rzn;l [vert¿sŒ§nel]picture patk;r [patker], nkar [n§kar]piece ktor [k§tor], fat(ik) [hat(ik)]pig .ox [k¿hoz] pigeon a[awni [ag¿havni]pile (to) dix;l [dizel]pillar s\oun [syun]pillow bar] [bart¿sŒ]pin gndas;[ [g§ndaseg¿h]pincers aqzan [akt¿sŒan]pine tree soyi [soc¿hi]pink wardagou\n [vartŒaguyn]pit (1) 'os [pŒos] (a hole or cavity); (2) korix

[koriz] (the stone of a fruit)pity! a'so@s [apŒsos!]place t;[ [teg¿h]plan ‘ragir [t¿s§ragir]plane inqnaji® [inkŒnatŒi¤]plant bou\s [buys]plant (to) tnk;l [t§nkel]plate a's; [apŒse], pnak [p§nak]play (to) .a[al [k¿hag¿hal], (to) ~ (an instru-

ment) nwag;l [n§vagel]pleasant fay;li [hac¿heli]please .ndr;*m [k¿h§ntŒrem!]pleasure fayou\q [hac¿huykŒ], with ~ sirow

[sirov]pleat ‘alq [t¿salkŒ]plum salor [salor]pocket grpan [g§rpan]poem otanawor [votanavor]poet banast;[‘ [banasteg¿ht¿s]poetry banast;[‘ouj\oun [banasteg¿ht¿sutŒyun]point k;t [ket]poison (to) jounawor;l [tŒunavorel]poison jou\n [tŒuyn]poisonous jounawor [tŒunavor]Poland L;fastan [Lehastan]pole b…;® [beve¤], s\oun [syun]Pole (fem.) l;foufi [lehuhi] Pole (male) l;f [leh] police ostikanouj\oun [vostikanutŒyun]policeman ostikan [vostikan]polish (to) f[k;l [h§g¿hkel], 'a\l;zn;l

[pŒaylet¿sŒ§nel] Polish (adj.) l;fakan [lehakan] Polish (language) l;f;r;n [leheren] polite bar;kirj [barekirtŒ], qa[aqawari

[kŒag¿hakŒavari] politeness qa[aqawarouj\oun [∏Œag¿hakŒa-

varutŒyun]political qa[aqakan [kŒag¿hakŒakan]pomegranate nou® [nu¤]poor .;[y [k¿heg¿hc¿h], a[qat [ag¿hkŒat]

518

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

population vo[owourd [z¿hog¿hovurtŒ], bnakcouj\oun [b§nakc¿hŒutŒyun]

pork .oxi mis [k¿hozi mis]porter b;®nakir [be¤nakir]position dirq [dirkŒ]positive drakan [d§rakan]possible kar;li [kareli]possibility kar;liouj\oun [kareliutŒyun]post office namakatoun [namakatun]postcard bazik [bat¿sŒik]pot aman [aman], anoj [anotŒ]potato g;tna.n]or [getnak¿h§nd¿zor]pour (to) ja';l [tŒapŒel]poverty a[qatouj\oun [ag¿hkŒatutŒyun]power ouv [uz¿h], fxorouj\oun [h§zorutŒyun]powerful fxor [h§zor]powerless anxor [anzor]praise gow;st [govest]praise (to) gow;l [govel]pray (to) a[oj;l [ag¿hotŒel]prayer a[ojq [ag¿hotŒkŒ]preach (to) qarox;l [kŒarozel]pregnant f[i [h§g¿hi]prepare (to) patrast;l [patrastel]present (to) n;rka\azn;l [nerkayat¿sŒ§nel]present (not absent) n;rka [nerka]present (gift) nw;r [n§ver]press mamoul [mamul]pressure yn,oum [c¿h§ns¿hum]price gin [gin]pride fpartouj\oun [h§partutŒyun]priest qafana [kŒahana], ;r;z [yeret¿sŒ],

t;rt;r [terter]prince i,.an [is¿hk¿han]princess i,.anoufi [is¿hk¿hanuhi]print (to) tp;l [t§pel], tpagr;l [t§pagrel] printing office tpagratoun [t§pagratun]prison bant [bant]prisoner bantark\al [bantarkyal]private an]nakan [and¿znakan]privation xrkanq [z§rkankŒ]probability fawanakanouj\oun [havanaka-

nutŒyun]probable fawanakan [havanakan] probably fawanabar [havanabar] problem .ndir [k¿h§ntŒir] produce (to) artadr;l [artadrel]production artadrouj\oun [artadrutŒyun]profit ,af [s¿hah]program ‘ragir [t¿s§ragir], fa\tagir [hay-

tagir] promenade xbosanq [zbosankŒ] pronounce (to) artasan;l [artasanel]pronunciation artasanouj\oun [†rtasanu-

tŒyun]

proper irakan [irakan], iskakan [iskakan]property s;'akanouj\oun [sepŒakanutŒyun]prophet margar; [markŒare]prose ar]ak [art¿sŒak]protest bo[oq [bog¿hokŒ]protest (to) bo[oq;l [bog¿hokŒel]protestant bo[oqakan [bog¿hokŒakan]prove apazou\z [apat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ]prove (to) apazouz;l [apat¿sŒut¿sŒel]psychology fog;banouj\oun [hokŒebanutŒyun]public (adj.) fanra\in [hanrayin]public (noun) fanrouj\oun [hanrutŒyun]pull (to) qa,;l [kŒas¿hel]pulse xark;rak [zarkerak]pumpkin ddoum [d§tŒum]pun ba®a.a[ [ba¤ak¿hag¿h]punctual y,tapaf [c¿h§s¿htapah]punctuality y,tapafouj\oun [c¿h§s¿htapahu-

tŒyun]punctuation k;tadrouj\oun [ketadrutŒyun]punish (to) patv;l [patz¿hel] punishment pativ [patiz¿h]pupil (male) a,ak;rt [as¿hakert], (fem.)

a,ak;rtoufi [as¿hakertuhi]purchase gnoum [g§num]purchase (to) gn;l [g§nel]purpose npatak [n§patak]push fr;l [h§rel]put (to) dn;l [d§nel]

Qquality orak [vorak]quantity qanak [kŒanak]quarter, a ~ qa®ord [kŒa¤ortŒ]queen jagoufi [tŒaguhi]question farz [hart¿sŒ]quick ,out [s¿hut], arag [arag]quickly aragor;n [aragoren]quiet lou® [lu¤], fandart [handart]

Rrace (1) z;[ [t¿sŒeg¿h] (group of people);

(2) ar,aw [ars¿hav] (contest of speed)radio ®adio [¤adio]railroad ;rkajou[i [yerkatŒug¿hi]rain an]r… [and¿zrev] rainbow ‘ia‘an [t¿siat¿san]raise (to) bar]razn;l [bart¿sŒrat¿s§nel]raisin camic [c¿hŒamic¿hŒ]rape b®nabarouj\oun [b§¤nabarutŒyun]rape (to) b®nabar;l [b§¤nabarel]rare(ly) faxwag\out [hazvagyut]raven ag®aw [ag¤av]ray ya®aga\j [c¿ha¤agaytŒ]razor a‘;li [at¿seli]

519

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

read (to) kardal [kartŒal] reading room enj;rzaran [§ntŒert¿sŒaran]ready patrast [patrast]real irakan [irakan], iskakan [iskakan]reality irakanouj\oun [irakanutŒyun]really iskap;s [iskapes]reason patya® [patc¿ha¤]receipt stazakan [stat¿sŒakan]receive (to) stanal [stanal]reception endoun;louj\oun [§ntŒunelutŒyun]recital artasanouj\oun [artasanutŒƒun],

m;nafam;rg [menahamerg]recite (to) artasan;l [artasanel]recognize (to) yanac;l [c¿hanac¿hŒel]recognition (to) yanacoum [c¿hanac¿hŒum]recommend (to) fan]narar;l [hand¿znararel]recreation xbosanq [zbosankŒ]red karmir [karmir] reduce (to) kryat;l [k§rc¿hatel]refugee ga[jakan [gag¿htŒakan]refuse (to) m;rv;l [merz¿hel]regret (to) a'sosal [apŒsosal], zaw;l [t¿sŒavel]regrettable zawali [t¿sŒavali] reign (to) i,.;l [is¿hk¿hel]regular kanonawor [kanonavor]rejoice (to) oura.anal [urak¿hanal]relation farab;rouj\oun [haraberutŒyun]relative (1) (adj.) farab;rakan [haraberakan]relative (2) (noun) axgakan [azgakan]religion kron [kron]remark dito[ouj\oun [ditog¿hutŒyun]remain (to) mnal [m§nal]remedy darman [darman]remember (to) fi,;l [his¿hel]remit (to) fan]n;l [hand¿znel]remove (to) fan;l [hanel]rent (to) war];l [vart¿sŒel]rent war] [vart¿sŒ]renowned anwani [anvani]repeat (to) krkn;l [k§rknel]repent (to) x[=al [z§g¿hjal]repetition krknouj\oun [k§rknutŒyun]reply patas.an [patask¿han]reply (to) patas.an;l [patask¿hanel]reporter lragro[ [l§ragrog¿h]represent (to) n;rka\azn;l [nerkayat¿sŒ§nel]reptile so[oun [sog¿hun]request .ndranq [k¿h§ntŒrankŒ]request (to) .ndr;l [k¿h§ntŒrel] rescue (to) axat;l [azatel]reside (to) bnakw;l [b§nakvel]residence bnakaran [b§nakaran]resident bnakic [b§nakic¿hŒ]resist (to) dimadr;l [dimadrel]resistance dimadrouj\oun [dimadrutŒyun]

respect farganq [hargankŒ]respect (to) farg;l [hargel]responsible patas.anatou [patask¿hanatu]rest (to) fangstanal [hang§stanal]rest (1) fangist [hangist] (relaxation)rest (2) mnazord [m§nat¿sortŒ] (what remains)restaurant ya,aran [c¿has¿haran]restrain (to) xsp;l [z§spel]restrained xousp [zusp]result ard\ounq [artŒyunkŒ]return w;radar] [veradart¿sŒ]return (to) w;rada®nal [verada¤nal]reveal (to) bazafa\t;l [bat¿sŒhaytel], ;r…an

fan;l [yerevan hanel]revelation fa\tnouj\oun [æaytnutŒyun]revolution f;[a'o.ouj\oun [æeg¿hapŒok¿hu-

tŒyun]reward war]atrouj\oun [vart¿sŒatrutŒyun]rhyme fang [hang]rib ko[ [kog¿h] rice brin] [b§¤ind¿z]rich faroust [harust]riddle fan;louk [haneluk]right (jur.) irawounq [iravunkŒ] right (side) a= [ac¿hŒ]right (adj.) yi,t [c¿his¿ht]rightly irawamb [iravamb]ring ø[ak [og¿hak], matani [matani]rise (to) bar]ranal [bart¿sŒranal], ~ ‘ag;l

[t¿sakŒel] (on sunrise)river g;t [get]robe ,r=axg;st [s¿h§rjazgest]road yam'a [c¿hampŒa]rock va\® [z¿hay¤]roll (to) (trans.) glor;l [g§lorel]roll (to) (intrans.) glorw;l [g§lorvel]roof ktour [k§tur]room s;n\ak [senyak]; t;[ [teg¿h]rooster aqlor [akŒlor]root armat [armat]rose ward [vartŒ]rough ko,t [kos¿ht]round klor [k§lor]row (1) jiawarouj\oun [tŒiavarutŒyun] (in aboat) (2) karg [karkŒ] (in line)row (to) jiawar;l [tŒiavarel]rub (to) ,';l [s¿h§pŒel]rudder [;k [g¿hek], ji(ak) [tŒi(ak)]rude ko,t [kos¿ht], kopit [kopit]ruin aw;rak [averak]rule kanon [kanon]ruler (office) qanon [kŒanon]run (to) wax;l [vazel]Russia Âousastan [‹usastan]Russian (adj.) ®ousakan [¤usakan]

520

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

Russian (person) ®ous [¤us]Russian (language) ®ous;r;n [¤useren] rust vang [z¿hang]

Ssabre jour [tŒur]sack toprak [toprak]sacred sourb [surpŒ]sacrifice xof [zoh]sacrifice (to) xof;l [zohel]sad t.our [t§k¿hur]sadden (to) (trans.) t.r;zn;l [t§k¿hret¿sŒ§nel]safe apafow [apahov]safety apafowouj\oun [apahovutŒyun]sage imastoun [imastun]sail a®agast [a¤agast]sailboat a®agastanaw [a¤agastanav]saint sourb [surpŒ]salary ®oyik [¤oc¿hik]sale waya®q [vac¿ha¤kŒ]salt a[ [ag¿h]salt shaker a[aman [ag¿haman]salty a[i [ag¿hi]salute o[=ou\@n [vog¿hc¿hŒuyn], bar…@ [barev]salute (to) bar…;l [barevel]salvage (to) 'rk;l [pŒ§rkel]salvation 'rkouj\oun [pŒ§rkutŒyun]same nou\n [nuyn]sample nmou, [n§mus¿h]sand awax [avaz]satiated (to) be ~ k,tanal [k§s¿htanal]satisfied gof [goh]Saturday ,abaj [s¿hapŒatŒ]sausage ;r,ik [yers¿hik]save (to) axat;l [azatel]; 'rk;l [pŒ§rkel] savior 'rkic [p§rkic¿hŒ] say (to) as;l [asel]scales k,i® [k§s¿hi¤]scene t;saran [tesaran]scent bou\r [buyr]scholar gitnakan [gitnakan]school dproz [d§prot¿sŒ]science gitouj\oun [gitutŒyun]scientist gitnakan [gitnakan]scientific gitakan [gitakan]scissors mkrat [m§krat]scold (to) fandiman;l [handimanel]scream (to) go®al [go¤al]screw ptoutak [p§tutak]sea ‘ow [t¿sov] seal kniq [k§nikŒ]seal (to) knq;l [k§nkŒel]search (to) 'ntr;l [pŒ§ntrel]seat nstaran [n§staran]second (1) (of an hour) wa\rk\an [vayrkyan]

second (2) (ord. numeral) ;rkrord [yerkrortŒ]secondary ;rkrordakan [yerkrortŒakan]secret (adj.) ga[tni [gag¿htni]secret (noun) ga[tniq [gag¿htnikŒ]secretary (fem.) qartou[aroufi [kŒartug¿ha-

ruhi], (male) qartou[ar [kŒartug¿har]see (to) t;sn;l [tesnel]seed s;rm [serm]seem (to) jwal [t§val], ;r…al [yereval]selfish an]nas;r [and¿znaser]sell (to) ‘a.;l [t¿sak¿hel] send (to) ou[ark;l [ug¿harkel]sense imast [imast]sensitive xga\oun [zgayun]separate (to) (intrans.) bavanw;l [baz¿hanvel]separate (to) (trans.) bavan;l [baz¿hanel]separated, (to) get ~ bavanw;l [baz¿hanvel]separation bavanoum [baz¿hanum]serious lour= [lurj]sermon qarox [kŒaroz]servant ‘a®a [t¿sa¤a]serve (to) ‘a®a\;l [t¿sa¤ayel]service ‘a®a\ouj\oun [t¿sa¤ayutŒyun]seven \oj [yotŒ]seventeen tasn\oj [tasn§yotŒ]seventy \ojanasoun [yotŒanasun] sew (to) kar;l [karel] sex s;® [se¤] shadow stw;r [stver]shake (to) (intrans.) do[al [dog¿hal]shake (to) (trans.) znz;l [t¿sŒ§nt¿sŒel]shame amoj [amotŒ]shameless anamoj [anamot], an;r;s [aneres]shape ]… [d¿zev], k;rparanq [kerparankŒ]share bavin [baz¿hin]sharp sour [sur]shave (to) (trans.) sa'r;l [sapŒrel]shave (to) (intrans.) sa'rw;l [sapŒr§vel]she na [na]sheep oc.ar [voc¿hŒk¿har]sheet sawan [savan]shell .;zi [k¿het¿sŒi], k;[… [keg¿hev]shine 'a\l [pŒayl]shine (to) 'a\l;l [pŒaylel]ship naw [nav]shirt ,apik [s¿hapik], w;rna,apik [verna-

s¿hapik]shiver do[ [dog¿h]shock znzoum [t¿sŒ§nt¿sŒum]shoe ko,ik [kos¿hik]shoot (to) krak;l [krakel]shop .anouj [k¿hanutŒ] shop window zouza';[k [t¿sŒut¿sŒapŒeg¿hk]shore ‘ow;x;rq [t¿sovezerkŒ]short kary [karc¿h]

521

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

shoulder ous [us]shout (to) goc;l [goc¿hŒel], go®al [go¤al]show (to) zou\z tal [t¿sŒuyt¿sŒ tal]shut (adj.) 'ak [pŒak]shut (to) 'ak;l [pŒakel]shy amackot [amac¿hŒkot] sick fiwand [hivand]side ko[m [kog¿hm]sidewalk ma\j [maytŒ]sieve ma[ [mag¿h]sign (to) storagr;l [storagrel]sign n,an [n§s¿han]signal axdan,an [azdan§s¿han]signature storagrouj\oun [storagrutŒyun]silence l®ouj\oun [l§¤utŒyun]silent lou® [lu¤] (to) remain ~ l®;l [l§¤el]silk m;taqs [metakŒs]silver ar‘aj [art¿satŒ]similar nman [n§man]similarly nmanap;s [n§manapes]simple parx [parz]simply parxap;s [parzapes]sin m;[q [meg¿hkŒ]sing (to) ;rg;l [yerkŒel]singer (fem.) ;rgcoufi [yerkŒc¿hŒuhi] singer (male) ;rgic [yerkŒic¿hŒ] singular ;xaki [yezaki]sister qou\r [kŒuyr]sister-in-law: tal [tal] (husband’s sister),

fars [hars] (brother’s wife)sit (to) nst;l [n§stel]six w;z [vet¿sŒ]sixteen tasnw;z [tasn§vet¿sŒ] sixth w;z;rord [vet¿sŒerortŒ]sixtieth wajsoun;rord [vatŒsunerortŒ]sixty wajsoun [vatŒsun]size ca' [c¿hŒapŒ]skill fmtouj\oun [h§mtutŒyun]skillful yarpik [c¿ha¤pik], fmout [h§mut]skin morj [mortŒ], ka,i [kas¿hi]skinny nifar [nihar]skirt ';, [pŒes¿h]skull gang [gang]sky ;rkinq [yerkinkŒ]sky-blue ;rknagou\n [yerknaguyn]slander xrpartouj\oun [z§rpartutŒyun]slap aptak [aptak]sled safnak [sahnak]sleigh dafouk [dahuk]sleep qoun [kŒun]sleep (to) qn;l [kŒ§nel]slide (to) saf;l [sahel] slipper fo[aja' [hog¿hatŒapŒ]slow danda[ [dandag¿h]small 'oqr(ik) [pŒokŒr(ik)]

smell fot [hot]smell (to) fot gal [hot gal], bour;l [burel]smile vpit [z¿h§pit]smile (to) vptal [z¿h§ptal]smith darbin [darpŒin]smoke ‘ou. [t¿suk¿h] smoke (to) ‘.;l [t¿s§k¿hel] snake ø] [ot¿sŒ]snow ]\oun [d¿zyun]so a\sp;s [ayspes]so much a\sca' [aysc¿hŒapŒ]soap øya® [oc¿ha¤]social fasarakakan [hasarakakan]society fasarakouj\oun [hasarakutŒyun],

enk;rouj\oun [§nkerutŒyun],sock goulpa [gulpa]sofa baxmoz [bazmot¿sŒ]soft 'a'ouk [pŒapŒuk]soldier xinwor [zinvor]solid fastatoun [hastatun]solution lou‘oum [lut¿sum]solve (to) lou‘;l [lut¿sel]some oro, [voros¿h], mi qic [mi kŒic¿hŒ]son ordi [vortŒi]son-in-law ';sa [pŒesa]song ;rg [yerkŒ]sorrow wi,t [vis¿ht]sort t;sak [tesak]soul fogi [hokŒi]sound ]a\n [d¿zayn]soup apour [apur]source a[b\our [ag¿hbyur]south faraw [harav]southern farawa\in [haravayin]sow zan;l [t¿sŒanel]space t;[ [teg¿h] (place, room), tara‘ou-

j\oun [tarat¿sutŒyun] (expanse)spacious endar]ak [§ndart¿sŒak]spade baf [bah]Spain Ispania [Ispania]span jix [tŒiz]Spanish (male) ispanazi [ispanat¿sŒi] Spanish (fem.) ispanoufi [ispanuhi] Spanish (lang.) ispan;r;n [ispaneren] Spanish (adj.) ispanakan [ispanakan] spark ka\‘ [kayt¿s]speak (to) .os;l [k¿hosel] special fatouk [hatuk], masnawor [masnavor]specialist masnag;t [masnaget]specialty masnagitouj\oun [masnagitutŒyun]speech .osq [k¿hoskŒ], ya® [c¿ha¤]spend (to) (time) anz kazn;l [ant¿sŒ kat¿sŒ§-

nel], (money) ‘a.s;l [t¿sak¿hsel]spice fam;mounq [hamemunkŒ] spider sard [sard]

522

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

spirit ogi [vokŒi] spit jouq [tŒukŒ]spit (to) jq;l [tŒ§kŒel]splendid ,q;[ [s¿h§kŒeg¿h]sponge spoung [spung]sponsor fowanawor [hovanavor]sponsor (to) ;ra,.awor;l [yeras¿hk¿havorel]spoon gdal [g§tŒal]spotless anarat [anarat]spring garoun [garun]; akounq [akunkŒ];

xspanak [z§spanak]square qa®akousi [kŒa¤akusi], fraparak

[hraparak]stage b;m [bem]stain bi‘ [bit¿s], arat [arat]stammer (to) kakax;l [kakazel]stamp dro,mani, [dros¿hmanis¿h], dro,ma-

jou[j [dros¿hmatŒug¿ht]star ast[ [astg¿h]start skixb [skizb]start (to) sks;l [sk§sel]statue ar]an [ard¿zan]stay (to) mnal [m§nal]steal (to) go[anal [gog¿hanal]steam ,ogi [s¿hokŒi]steamboat ,og;naw [s¿hokŒenav]steel po[pat [pog¿hpat]stem zo[oun [t¿sŒog¿hun], boun [bun], koy[

[koc¿hg¿h]stepfather .orj fa\r [k¿hortŒ hayr] stepmother .orj ma\r [k¿hortŒ mayr]stick gawaxan [gavazan]still d;® [de¤]; still an,arv [ans¿harz¿h]sting (to) .a\j;l [k¿haytŒel] stingy vlat [z¿h§lat], k‘‘i [k§t¿st¿si]stink (to) fot;l [hotel]stipend jo,ak [tŒos¿hak]stomach stamoqs [stamokŒs]stone qar [kŒar]stop (to) (intrans.) dadar;l [datŒarel]stop (to) (trans.) kangn;zn;l [kangnet¿sŒ§nel],

dadar;zn;l [datŒaret¿sŒ§nel]store .anouj [k¿hanutŒ] store (to) ambar;l [ambarel]stork aragil [aragil]story patmouj\oun [patmutŒyun]straight ,itak [s¿hitak], ou[i[ [ug¿hig¿h]strange tarørinak [tarorinak]stranger øtar [otar]strawberry ;lak [yelak]street 'o[oz [pŒog¿hot¿sŒ]strength ouv [uz¿h]strict .ist [k¿hist] strike (to) farwa‘;l [harvat¿sel] strike gor‘adoul [gort¿sadul]

strong ouv;[ [uz¿heg¿h]stronghold amroz [amrot¿sŒ]structure ka®ou\z [ka¤uyt¿sŒ]stubborn fama® [hama¤]student (male), (university) ousano[ [usanog¿h],

(element. school) a,ak;rt [as¿hakert]student (female) (university) ousano[oufi

[usanog¿huhi], ~ (element. school)a,ak;rtoufi [as¿hakertuhi]

studious =anas;r [janaser]study (to) ousan;l [usanel], parap;l [para-

pel] study room a,.atas;n\ak [as¿hk¿hatasenyak]

stupid apou, [apus¿h], fimar [himar]stutter (to) kakax;l [kakazel]style oy [voc¿hŒ]subject ;njaka [yentŒaka]subject (to) ;njark;l [yentŒarkel]substantial hakan [eyakan] substantive go\akan [goyakan]subtle nrbin [n§rpŒin]subtraction fanoum [hanum]succeed (to) fa=o[ouj\oun oun;nal [hajo-

g¿hutŒyun unenal]success fa=o[ouj\oun [hajog¿hutŒyun]successful fa=o[ [hajog¿h]successive fa=ordakan [hajortŒakan]such a\spisi [ayspisi], a\dpisi [aytpisi],

a\npisi [aynpisi]sudden(ly) fankar‘ [hankart¿s]suffer (to) ta®ap;l [ta¤apel]suffering ta®apanq [ta¤apankŒ]suffice (to) bawarar;l [bavararel]sugar ,aqar [s¿hakŒar] suggest a®a=ark;l [a¤ajarkel] suggestion a®a=ark [a¤ajark] suicide inqnaspanouj\oun [inkŒnaspanu-

tŒyun]suitable farmar [harmar]sum goumar [gumar]summer ama® [ama¤]summit gagaj [gagatŒ]sun ar… [arev], ar;gak [aregak]Sunday kiraki [kiraki]superfluous aw;lord [avelortŒ]supper enjriq [§ntŒrikŒ], to have ~ enjr;l

[§ntŒrel]supply (to) fa\ja\j;l [haytŒaytŒel]support (to) øgn;l [okŒnel]suppose (to) ;njadr;l [yentŒadrel]sure an,ou,t [ans¿hus¿ht]surface mak;r;s [makeres]surprise anaknkal [anak§nkal]suspect (to) kaska‘;l [kaskat¿sel] swallow (to) koul tal [kul tal]

523

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

swan karap [karap]swear (to) ;rdw;l [yertŒvel]sweet anou, [anus¿h]sweetheart sir;li [sireli]swim (to) lo[al [log¿hal]sword sour [sur], jour [tŒur], sous;r [suser]syllable wank [vank]system drouj\oun [d§rutŒyun]

Ttable s;[an [seg¿han] tablecloth s'®oz [s§pŒrot¿sŒ]tail poc [poc¿h]tailor d;r]ak [dert¿sŒak]take (to) a®n;l [a¤nel]talent ta[and [tag¿hand]tale patmwa‘q [patm§vat¿skŒ], a®asp;l

[a¤aspel]talk .os;l [k¿hosel]talkative ,ata.os [s¿hatak¿hos]tall bar]rafasak [bart¿sŒrahasak]taste fam [ham] (sense); taste ya,ak [c¿has¿hak]

(display of aesthetic values)taste (to) famt;s;l [hamtesel]tasteful ya,akawor [c¿has¿hakavor]tasteless anya,ak [anc¿has¿hak] (people),

anfam [anham] (food)tasty fam;[ [hameg¿h]tax tourq [turkŒ]tea j;\ [tŒey]teach (to) sowor;zn;l [sovoret¿sŒ§nel]teacher (male) ousouzic [usut¿sŒic¿hŒ]teacher (fem.) ousouzcoufi [usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhi]teapot j;\aman [tŒeyaman]tear arzounq [art¿sŒunkŒ]tear (to) pat®;l [pat¤el]telegram f;®agir [he¤agir]telephone f;®a.os [he¤ak¿hos]telephone (to) xangafar;l [zangaharel]televise (to) ;j;row s'®;l [yetŒerov s§pŒ¤el]television f;®oustat;souj\oun [he¤ustate-

sutŒyun]temporary vamanakawor [z¿hamanakavor]ten tase [tas§]tent wran [v§ran]tenth tasn;rord [tasnerortŒ] terrace pat,gamb [pat§s¿hgamb] terrestrial ;rkra\in [yerkrayin] test grawor qnnouj\oun [g§ravor kŒ§nnutŒyun]test (to) 'or];l [pŒort¿sŒel] thankful ,norfakal [s¿h§norhakal]thanks ,norfakalouj\oun [s¿h§norhakalutŒyun]that a\d [ayt], a\n [ayn]that much a\dca' [aytc¿hŒapŒ], a\nca'

[aync¿hŒapŒ]

theatre jatron [tŒatron]theft go[ouj\oun [gog¿hutŒyun]]their ir;nz [irent¿sŒ], nranz [n§rant¿sŒ] theirs ir;nze [irent¿sŒ§], nranze [n§rant¿sŒ§]them nranz [n§rant¿sŒ]then a\n vamanak [ayn z¿hamanak]theory t;souj\oun [tesutŒyun]there a\nt;[ [aynteg¿h]therefore dra famar [d§ra hamar]they ir;nq [irenkŒ], nranq [n§rankŒ]thick fast [hast]thick jan]r [tŒand¿z§r] (about liquids); .it

[k¿hit] (about solids) thief go[ [gog¿h]thin barak [barak], nifar [nihar] to get ~

barak;l [barakel], nifar;l [niharel]thing ban [ban], ir [ir]think (to) mta‘;l [m§tat¿sel], kar‘;l [kart¿sel]third ;rrord [yerrortŒ]thirsty ‘araw [t¿sarav] thirty ;r;soun [yeresun]this a\s [ays], sa [sa] this much a\sqan [ayskŒan]thought mitq [mitkŒ]thorn 'ou, [pŒus¿h]thousand faxar [hazar]thread j;l [tŒel]three ;r;q [yerekŒ]throat kokord [kokord]throne gaf [gah]through mi=ow [mic¿hŒov]throw (to) n;t;l [netel]thumb bjamat [b§tŒamat]thunder orot [vorot]thunder (to) orotal [vorotal]ticket toms(ak) [toms(ak)]tie 'o[kap [pŒog¿hkap]tie (to) kap;l [kapel] tiger wagr [vag§r]till minc… [minc¿hŒev]time vamanak [z¿hamanak]timid ;rkcot [yerkc¿hŒot]tin jij;[ [tŒitŒeg¿h]tired fogna‘ [hokŒnat¿s], (to) get ~ fogn;l

[hokŒnel]tobacco ‘.a.ot [t¿s§k¿hak¿hot]today a\sør [aysor]toe otqi mat [votkŒi mat]together miasin [miasin]tolerate (to) fandourv;l [handurz¿hel]tolerance fandourvo[ouj\oun [handurz¿ho-

g¿hutŒyun]tomato lolik [lolik] tomorrow wa[e [vag¿h§]tongue l;xou [lezu]

524

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

too …s [yev§s], hl [el]tooth atam [atam]top gagaj [gagatŒ]touch (to) dipc;l [dipc¿hŒel], ,o,a';l [s¿hos¿ha-

pŒel]tourist xbosa,r=ik [zbosas¿h§rjik]towards fand;p [handep]tower a,tarak [as¿htarak]town awan [avan]trade a®…tour [a¤evtur], arf;st [arhest]traffic ;rj…;k [yertŒevek], ;rj…;kouj\oun

[yertŒevekutŒyun]tragedy o[b;rgouj\oun [vog¿hbergutŒyun]train gnazq [g§natrain (to) warv;zn;l [varz¿het¿sŒ§nel]train station ka\aran [kayaran]traitor dawayan [davac¿han] tramway fanraka®q [hanraka¤kŒ]transfer (to) 'o.adr;l [pŒok¿hadrel]transfer 'o.adrouj\oun [pŒok¿hadrutŒyun]transitive n;rgor‘akan [nergort¿sakan]translate (to) jargman;l [tŒargmanel]translation jargmanouj\oun [tŒargmanutŒyun]translator jargman(ic) [tŒargman(ic¿hŒ)]transparent ja'anzik [tŒapŒant¿sŒik]transport 'o.adrouj\oun [pŒok¿hadrutŒyun]transport (to) 'o.adr;l [pŒok¿hadrel]travel yam'ordouj\oun [c¿hampŒortŒutŒyun]travel (to) yam'ord;l [c¿hŒampŒortŒel]tray skout;[ [skutegh], a's; [apŒse]treasure gan] [gand¿z]treat (to) warw;l [varvel], to ~ a guest

f\ourasir;l [hyurasirel]tree ‘a® [t¿sa¤] trial 'or] [pŒort¿sŒ], dat [dat]triangle ;®ank\oun [ye¤ankyun]tribunal dataran [dataran]trip yam'ordouj\oun [c¿hamportŒutŒyun]troops xorq [zorkŒ]trouble n;[ouj\oun [neg¿hutŒyun]trousers tabat [tabat]true y,marit [ch§s¿hmarit], iraw [irav]truly firawi [hiravi], iroq [irokŒ]truth y,martouj\oun [c¿h§s¿hmartutŒyun]truthful y,marit [c¿h§s¿hmarit]try (to) =anal [janal]; 'or];l [pŒort¿sŒel]tuberculosis joqa.t [tŒokŒak¿ht], f\ou‘a.t

[hyut¿sak¿ht]tulip wardakakac [vartŒakakac¿hŒ]Turk (fem.) jrqoufi [tŒ§rkŒuhi] Turk jourq [tŒurkŒ]Turkey Jourqia [TŒurkŒia]Turkish (language) jourq;r;n [tŒurkŒeren]Turkish (adj.) jourqakan [tŒurkŒakan] turn karg [karkŒ]

turn (to) da®nal [da¤nal]turtle kria [kria]twelve tasn;rkou [tasnerku]twentieth qsan;rord [kŒsanerortŒ]twenty qsan [kŒsan]twenty-two qsan;rkou [kŒsanerku]twist (to) olor;l [volorel], dar]n;l [dart¿sŒ§nel]two ;rkou [yerku]

Uugly tg;[ [tŒ§geg¿h]umbrella fowanoz [hovanot¿sŒ]unceasing andadar [andatŒar]uncle (maternal) q;®i [kŒe¤i], ~(paternal)

for;[ba\r [horeg¿hpŒayr]under tak [tak] (postp.) underpants wartiq [vartikŒ]undershirt n;rqna,apik [nerkŒnas¿hapik]understand (to) faskanal [haskanal]undertake (to) ];®nark;l [d¿ze¤narkel]unfortunate dvba.t [d§z¿hbak¿ht], anba.t

[anbak¿ht]union miouj\oun [miutŒyun]unique ;xaki [yezaki]universe ti;x;rq [tiezerkŒ]university famalsaran [hamalsaran]unjust aniraw [anirav]unlucky anba.t [anbak¿ht]until minc… [minc¿hŒev]unusual ansowor [ansovor]up w;r [ver]upbringing dastiarakouj\oun [dastiaraku-

tŒyun]us m;x [mez]use øgout [okŒut]use (to) gor‘a‘;l [gort¿sat¿sel]usual soworakan [sovorakan]usually soworabar [sovorabar]

Vvacation ar]akourd [art¿sŒakurtŒ]vain sin [sin], snapar‘ [s§napart¿s]; parap

[parap], in ~ ixour [izur]valley fowit [hovit], ]or [d¿zor]valuable arv;qawor [arz¿hekŒavor]value arv;q [arz¿hekŒ]value (to) gnafat;l [g§nahatel]various tarb;r [tarber]vary (to) tarb;rw;l [tarbervel]vegetables ban=ar;[;n [banjareg¿hen]veil qo[ [kŒog¿h]vein ;rak [yerak]verb ba\ [bay]verse qa®\ak [kŒa¤yak]; otanawor

[votanavor]

525

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

victim xof [zoh]victory fa[janak [hag¿htŒanak]view t;saran [tesaran], fa\azq [hayat¿sŒkŒ]village g\ou[ [gyug¿h]vineyard a\gi [aygi]violate (to) b®nabar;l [b§¤nabarel]violation b®nabarouj\oun [b§¤nabarutŒyun]violence b®nouj\oun [b§¤nutŒyun]violent bou®n [bu¤n]violet (flower) manou,ak [manis¿hak]violet (color) manou,akagou\n [manis¿hakaguyn]violin =oujak [jutŒak]violinist =oujakafar [jutŒakahar]virtue a®aqinouj\oun [a¤akŒinutŒyun]vision t;silq [tesilkŒ], patk;razoum [pat-kerat¿sŒum] visit a\z [ayt¿sŒ], a\z;louj\oun [ayt¿sŒelutŒyun]visit (to) a\z;l;l [ayt¿sŒelel]vivacious a,.ou\v [as¿hk¿huyz¿h]vodka ø[i [og¿hi]vocabulary ba®apa,ar [ba¤apas¿har]vocal ]a\nawor [d¿zaynavor], ]a\na\in

[d¿zaynayin]voice ]a\n [d¿zayn]volume fator [hator]vow ou.t [uk¿ht]vowel ]a\nawor [d¿zaynavor]vulgar g®;fik [g¤ehik]

Wwage ørawar] [oravart¿sŒ]waist m;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ]waistcoat baykon [bac¿hkon]wait (to) spas;l [spasel]waiting room spasasraf [spasas§rah]wake up (to) xarjn;l [zartŒnel], arjnanal

[artŒnanal], walk (to) qa\l;l [kŒaylel]wall pat [pat]walnut enkou\x [§nkuyz]wander (to) ja'a®;l [tŒapŒa¤el]war pat;raxm [paterazm] warm taq [takŒ], =;rm [jerm]wash (to) lwanal [l§vanal]waste watnoum [vatnum]waste (to) watn;l [vatnel], ms.;l [m§sk¿hel],

,®a\l;l [s¿h§¤aylelwasteful ,®a\l [s¿h§¤ayl]watch vamazou\z [z¿hamat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ]watch (to) dit;l [ditel]watchmaker vamagor‘ [z¿hamagort¿s]water =our [jur] water (to) =r;l [j§rel]waterfall =rw;v [j§rvez¿h]water glass =ri bavak [j§ri baz¿hak]

watermelon ]m;rouk [d¿z§meruk]wave aliq [alikŒ]wax m;[ramom [meg¿hramom]way yam'a [c¿hampŒa], ]… [d¿zev]we m;nq [menkŒ]weak jou\l [tŒuyl], tkar [t§kar]wealth farstouj\oun [har§stutŒyun]wealthy faroust [harust], bar;k;zik [bare-

ket¿sŒik]weapon x;nq [zenkŒ]wear (to) fagn;l [hakŒnel] weather ;[anak [yeg¿hanak]wedding farsaniq [harsanikŒ]week ,abaj [s¿habatŒ]weekly newspapaper ,abajaj;rj [s¿hapŒa-

tŒatŒertŒ]weekend ,abajaw;r= [s¿hapŒatŒaverc¿hŒ]weigh (to) k,®;l [k§s¿h¤el]weight qa, [kŒas¿h], ‘anrouj\oun [t¿sanru-

tŒyun], welfare barørouj\oun [barorut¿Œyun]well 1. (adv.) law [lav]; 2. (noun) a[b\our

[ag¿hpŒyur]well-behaved bar;kirj [barekirtŒ]well-to-do bar;k;zik [bareket¿sŒik]west ar…moutq [arevmutkŒ]western ar…mt\an [arevm§tyan]wet jaz [tŒat¿s], to get ~ jr=w;l [tŒ§¤c¿hŒvel]wet (to) jr=;l [tŒ§¤c¿hŒel]what kind of? incpisi# [inc¿hŒpisi?], i#nc

t;sak [inc¿hŒ tesak?], what? i#nc [inc¿hŒ?] whatever inc or [inc¿hŒ vor] wheel aniw [aniv]when? ;#rb [yerpŒ?]whenever ;rb or [yerpŒ vor] where? ou#r [ur?], ort;#[ [vorteg¿h?]wherever our or [ur vor)], ort;[ or

[vorteg¿h vor] which? o#r [vor?] which ever ore or [vor§ vor] while minc(d;®) [minc¿hŒ(de¤)]whistle soulic [sulic¿hŒ]whistle (to) soul;l [sulel]white spitak [spitak], y;rmak [c¿hermak]who? o#w [ov?] whole ambo[= [ambog¿hc¿hŒ]why? inco#u [inc¿hŒu?] wide la\n [layn]widow a\ri [ayri]width la\nq [laynkŒ]wife kin [kin]wild wa\r;ni [vayreni]will (power) kamq [kamkŒ]willow ou®i [u¤i]

526

ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY

win (to) fa[j;l [hag¿htŒel]wind qami [kŒami]window lousamout [lusamut], patoufan

[patuhan]wine gini [gini]wing j… [tŒev]winter ]m;® [d¿z§me¤]wire f;®agir [he¤agir]wire (to) f;®agr;l [he¤agrel]wisdom imastouj\oun [imastutŒyun]wise imastoun [imastun]wish (to) zankanal [t¿sŒankanal], ma[j;l

[mag¿htŒel]with f;t [het] (postp.)without a®anz [a¤ant¿sŒ] (prepos.)witness wka [v§ka]witness (to) wka\;l [v§kayel]witty sramit [s§ramit]wolf ga\l [gayl]woman kin [kin]wonder xarmanq [zarmankŒ]wonder (to) xarmanal [zarmanal]; ir;n farz

tal [iren hart¿sŒ tal];wonderful fianali [hianali]wood 'a\t [pŒayt], anta® [anta¤]wool bourd [burtŒ]word ba® [ba¤]work gor‘ [gort¿s], a,.atanq [as¿hk¿hatankŒ]work (to) a,.at;l [as¿hk¿hatel]worker (male) banwor [banvor], a,.atawor

[as¿hk¿hatavor]worker (fem.) banworoufi [banvoruhi], a,-

.ataworoufi [as¿hk¿hatavoruhi]world a,.arf [as¿hk¿harh]worm ord [vortŒ]worship pa,tamounq [pas¿htamunkŒworthy arvani [arz¿hani]

‘‘

wound w;rq [verkŒ]worship (to) ;rkrpag;l [yerk§rpakŒel],

pa,t;l [pas¿htel]wound (to) wirawor;l [viravorel]write (to) gr;l [g§rel]writer gro[ [g§rog¿h]writing grouj\oun [g§rutŒyun]wrong s.al [s§k¿hal]

Yyear tari [tari]yearly tar;kan [tarekan]yellow d;[in [deg¿hin] yes a\o [ayo]yesterday ;r;k [yerek]yet d;® [de¤], d;®…s [de¤ev§s], takawin

[takavin]yogurt ma‘oun [mat¿sun]yoke lou‘ [lut¿s]yoke (to) l‘;l [l§t¿sel]you (formal) douq [dukŒ], from ~ ];xaniz

[d¿zezanit¿sŒ], to ~ ];x [d¿zez] you (informal) dou [du], from ~ q;xaniz

[kŒezanit¿sŒ], to ~ q;x [kŒez]young (adj.) ;ritasard [yeritasartŒ] young

(of an animal) ]ag [d¿zakŒ]your (formal) ];r [d¿zer]your (informal) qo [kŒo]yours (informal) qone [kŒon§]yours (formal) ];re [d¿zer§]youth ;ritasardouj\oun [yeritasar‡ŒutŒyun]

Zzero x;ro [zero], xro [z§ro]zest wa\;lq [vayelkŒ], ;®and [ye¤and]zucchini ddmik [d§tŒmik]

527

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ab;[\an M& >&% Fa\oz l;xwi t;souj\oun% :r…an% 1965!Abrafam\an A& A&% Ba\e vamanakakiz fa\;r;noum% :r…an% 1962!Abrafam\an A& A&% Fa\;r;ni d;rba\n;re … nranz ]…abanakan n,ana-kouj\oune% :r…an% 1953!Abrafam\an S& G&% Vamanakakiz fa\;r;ni q;rakanouj\oun% :r…an%1981! Abrafam\an S& G&% Vamanakakiz grakan fa\;r;n% :r…an% 1981!Abrafam\an S& G&% Fa\oz l;xou& <araf\ousouj\oun& dasagirq fanraker-jakan dprozi 7-8-rd dasarann;ri famar% :r…an% 1993!Abrafam\an S& G&% Fa\;r;ni k;tadrouj\oun% :r…an% 1993!Abrafam\an S& G& … a\lq% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou% ft& 2% }…abanou-j\oun% :r…an% 1974!Abrafam\an S& G&% … a\lq% Fa\oz l;xou% ft& 2% <araf\ousouj\oun% :r…an%1975! Al;qsan\an X& F&% … a\lq% J;ladrouj\an n\ouj;ri vo[owa‘ou% :r…an%1991! A[a\an Hd& B&% L;xwabanouj\an fimounqn;re% :r…an% 1987!A[a\an Hd& B&% Vamanakakiz fa\;r;ni folowoume … .onarfoume% :r…an%1967! A[a\an Hd& B&% Ardi fa\;r;ni bazatrakan ba®aran% ft& 1 … 2% :r…an%

1976!A[a\an Hd& B&% Endfanour … fa\kakan ba®agitouj\oun% :r…an% 1984!A®aq;l\an W& D&% Fa\;r;ni ,araf\ousouj\oun% ft& 1-2% :r…an% 1959-1964!A®aq;l\an W& D& … a\lq% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou (Fnc\ounabanou-j\oun … ba®agitouj\oun)% :r…an% 1979!Asatr\an M& :&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou (}…abanouj\oun)% :r…an%1985! Asatr\an M& :&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou (<araf\ousouj\oun)% :r…an%1987!Bagdassarian Louisa and R. David Zorc. Armenian (Eastern)- English Dictionary /

Fa\;r;n-Angl;r;n ba®aran% Dunwoody Press. Kensington Maryland USA - 1995Badik\an >& G&% Vamanakiz fa\;r;ni ,aradasouj\oune … nra ousouzoume(parx … bard na.adasouj\ounn;r)% :r…an% 1984!Bars;[\an F& >&% Fa\;r;n ou[[agrakan-ou[[a.osakan% t;rminabanakanba®aran% :r…an% 1973!Bars;[\an F& >&% Fa\;r;ni .osqi mas;ri ousmounqe% :r…an% 1980!

528

Bars;[\an F& >&% T;rminabanakan … ou[[agrakan t;[;katou% :r…an%2006! Galst\an S& A&% Fa\oz l;xou% :r…an% 1968!Galst\an S& A&% A‘anzoume … a‘anzn;re vamanakakiz fa\;r;noum% :r…an%1978! Galst\an S& A&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xwi gor‘nakan a,.atanqn;ri];®nark% :r…an% 2003!Gar;gin\an G& L&% <a[kapn;re vamanakakiz fa\;r;noum% :r…an% 1963!Gar;gin\an G& L&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou (<araf\ousouj\oun)% :r…an%1983! G\oulbouda[\an S& W&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou (<araf\ousouj\oun)% :r…an%1988! G\our=in\an D& S&% Fa\;r;n ba®aran - t;[;katou& miasin% an=at kam g‘ikowgrwo[ ba®;r% :r…an% 2001!:x;k\an L& K&% Oyagitouj\oun% :r…an% 2003!:x;k\an L& K&% Fa\oz l;xou% :r…an% 2005!Jo.man\an Â& M&% Vamanakakiz fa\;r;ni ,;,tabanouj\oune% :r…an%1983! >l[aj\an ~& F&% Go\akan anoun% :r…an% 1968!Margar\an A& S&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou% :r…an% 1997!Margar\an A& S&% Fa\oz l;xwi q;rakanouj\oun% :r…an% 2004!Maqsoud\an L& S&% Ba\anoun go\akane vamanakakiz fa\;r;noum% :r…an%1984! Papo\an A& … Badik\an >& G&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xwi ,araf\ousou-j\oun% :r…an% 2003!Pa®nas\an N& A&% <araf\ousakan famani,n;re vamanakakiz fa\;r;-noum% :r…an% 1970!P;tros\an F& X&% Fa\;r;nagitakan ba®aran% :r…an% 1987!+afouk\an G& B&% Fa\oz l;xwi xargazoume … ka®ouzwa‘qe% :r…an% 1969!+afouk\an G& B&% Vamanakakiz fa\;r;ni t;souj\an fimounqn;re% :r…an%1974! +afouk\an G& B& … a\lq% Fa\oz l;xou& I mas% A prak% :r…an% 1980!+afouk\an G& B&% Fa\oz l;xwi t;souj\an … patmouj\an fimnafarz;re%Monr;al% 2003!Souqias\an A& M&% Fa\oz l;xwi fomani,n;ri ba®aran% :r…an% 1969!Souqias\an A& M& Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xou% :r…an% 2004!S…ak G& G&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xwi dasenjaz% :r…an% 1955!Wirab\an N&% Fa\oz l;xoun g‘akarg;roum% prak 1& :r…an% 2005!Ou®out\an Â& L&% Vamanakakiz fa\;r;ni ba\akan ba®akapakzouj\oun-n;ri ]…a\in nkaragrouj\oun% :r…an% 1984!Qos\an W& A&% Vamanakakiz fa\;r;ni ba®akapakzouj\ounn;re% :r…an%1975! Øfan\an F& A&% Vamanakakiz fa\oz l;xwi ba®apa,are … nra farstazmanmi=ozn;re% :r…an% 1982!

Aaccentuation

word ~ 17addressing

~ a person 15adjectives 176

comparative degrees of ~ 184-185functions of ~ 184government of ~ 160-165nominalization of ~ 283possessive ~ 54-55prefixes of ~ 188suffixes of ~ 4, 16, 189

adverbs~ derived from adjectives 212~ derived from infinitives 212~ derived from nouns 212formation of ~ 212-213local ~ 361measure and quantity ~ 361modal ~ 361radical ~ 212temporal ~ 361

alphabetthe Armenian ~ xix-xx, xxii-xxiii

alteration~ of vowels 107-108

antonyms 176aorist (simple past tense)

formation of the ~, affirmative 74-76formation of the ~, negative 74-76negative forms of the ~ 74-75uses of the ~ 76

Armenia 4article

definite ~ 13-14

demonstrative ~ 360indefinite ~ 14personal ~ 360possessive ~ 55pronominal ~ 55

auxiliary ~ verb “;m” 52, 331-333, 336

Ccalligraphy, see writing Armenian letterscapitalizing words 268-269, 350, 351cases (declension)

ablative ~ 128-130accusative ~ 78-79dative ~ 104genitive ~ 100-103instrumental ~ 156-157locative ~ 209nominative ~ 78

clausesconditional ~ 150, 152, 153, 227coordinating ~ 255, 256independent ~ 230main ~ 227, 241, 257relative ~ 210, 211, 237 simple ~ 232, 233subordinating ~ 241, 257, 258, 259

comparisoncomparative degrees of adjectives 184-185

complex ~ sentences 255-257

compound ~ nouns 36~ sentences 255two-word ~s 266

529

INDEX

conjunctionscoordinating ~ 255-256stressed ~ 256subordinating ~ 257

conjugation tables 325-336correlative coordinators 256

Ddeclension

~ cases 348, 349~ of indefinite pronouns 230~ of nominalized infinitives 182, 189~ of nominalized pronouns 285~ of non-persons 77~ of nouns 77, 100, 341-343~ of personal pronouns 186~ of persons 77~ paradigm 77, 230, 341-343~ types 100-103

deictic system 187derivation(s)

~ from country names 16~ of abstract nouns 58, 352-353~ of adjectives 4, 16, 188, 189, 352~ of adverbs 212-213, 352-353~ of diminutives 82~ of nouns indicating locations 60~ of nouns indicating persons 135~ of participles 236~ of verbs 160, 352-353

diphtongs 190

EEastern Armenian vs. Western Armenian xiv,

xix, xxEnglish words

rendition of ~ into Armenian 291exclamation marks, see orthographyexpressions

~ for congratulations 319-321~ of gratitude 323~ of likes and dislikes 106-107

~ of politeness 80-82~ of regret 323~ of surprise 316~ used on the telephone 322~ used on various sad occasions 321

Ffuture tense

formation of ~ 124negative forms of ~ 125uses of ~ 125-126

future imperfectformation of ~ 125negative forms ~ 125uses of ~ 126

Ggambits 301gender in Armenian 57government

~ of adjectives 260-266~ of verbs 260, 261-266~ of postpositions, see postpositions ~ of prepositions, see prepositions

Hhyphenation 215hypothetical future I

formation of ~ 224uses of ~ 227

hypothetical future II formation of ~ 226uses of ~ 229

hypothetical past I formation of ~ 225uses of ~ 228

hypothetical past II formation of ~ 226use of ~ 229

Iimperative, see mood

530

imperfect tenseformation of ~ 53negative forms os ~ 55uses of ~ 55-56~ of irregular verbs 54

impersonal sentences, see sentenceindicative mood, see moodinfinitive 10, 339

nominalized ~ 182declension of the ~ 182, 189

interjections 267interrogative sentences, see sentenceindexical words 187interjections 267introductory unit xxv-xxviiiinversion 34-35irregular verbs 12, 30

Llanguages of the world, see vocabularyliaison 2, 213-214

Mmandative future I

formation of ~ 177uses of ~ 180

mandative future II formation of ~ 179uses of ~ 181

mandative past I formation of ~ 177-178uses of ~ 180

mandative past II formation of ~ 179uses of ~ 181

moodhypothetical ~ 224

~ future I 224~ future II 227~ past I 225~ past II 226

imperative ~ 126-128

assertive ~ 126-127prohibitive ~ 126-127

indicative ~ 10~ future 124-126~ imperfect 52-54~ perfect 96~ pluperfect 97, 100~ present 10-13~ aorist (simple past) 74-76

mandative ~ 224~ future I 177, 180~ future II 179, 181~ past I 177-178~ past II 179, 181

subjunctive ~150~ future 151~ past 151, 153

mutations 107-108

Nnames

~ of countries 6-7, 16~ of nationalities 6-7, 16

negationforms of ~ 30-31, 234-235

nominal phrase 259nominalization(s)

~ of adjectives 285~ of adverbs 285~ of infinitives 182, 287~ of participles 285~ of postpositions 286~ of pronouns 285-286

numberscomplex ~ 356simple ~ 356

numeralscardinal ~ 8-9, 131, 355, 356distributive ~ 132-133, 355fractional ~ 133, 355ordinal ~ 131-132, 355, 357

531

Oorthography

capitalizing words 268-269, 350, 351exclamation marks 38hyphenation 215; or h ? 60® or r ? 164o or ø ? 84punctuation marks 18, 241spelling of diphtongs 191syllabification 137transitory e [§] 220022

Pparticiple(s)

formation of ~ 236, 339future ~ 237, 339negative ~ 236, 339nominalization of ~ 236past ~ 236, 339present ~ 236synchronical ~ 237, 339types of ~ 236

passive voice, see voiceperfect tense

formation of ~ 96negative forms of ~ 97uses of ~ 98-99

personal pronouns2nd-person ~ 153rd-person ~ 57

pluperfect formation of ~ 97negative forms of ~ 98uses of ~ 100

pluralformation of ~ 32-33, 345, 346

possession 54-55possessive adjectives 54possessive articles 55possessive forms of nouns 231possessive pronouns 56

postpositionsgovernment of ~ 158-159nominalization of ~ 184

prefixes~ of adjectives 188, see table(s)

prepositions government of ~ 158-159

present tenseformation of ~ 10-11negative forms of ~ 30uses of ~ 13

prohibitive, see mood, imperativepronouns

definite ~ 231demonstrative ~ 187, 358, 359indefinite ~ 358interrogative ~ 77, 210, 358, 359personal ~ 15, 186, 359possessive ~ 53, 230reciprocal ~ 230reflexive ~ 197, 359relative ~ 210-211

pronunciation ~ of diphtongs 190~ of double consonants 291~ of B b% P p% and " ' 37~ of G g% K k% and Q q 59~ of D d% T t and J j 83~ of { [ and > . 109~ of } ]% ’ ‘ and Z z 136~ of + =% Y y and C c 163~ of the vowel e [§] 240interjections 266stress in words 17

proverbs Armenian ~ 22, 43, 66, 88, 114, 141,

168, 195, 218, 245, 272, 296punctuation marks, see orthography

Qquestion

general ~ 235

532

specific ~ 235reported ~ 236~ mark 16

Rreduplication 288-290

~ of adjectives 288, 289~ of adverbs 288~ of nouns 288, 289, 290~ of numerals 288~ of pronouns 288~ in verbs 290

relative clauses 237resultative constructions 205-206romanization xvii, xxii-xxiii

Ssentence

~ structure 33, 232, 255simple ~ 232complex ~ 255-256interrogative ~ 134impersonal ~ 105

simple past tense, see aoristspeech

direct ~ 282-284indirect ~ 282-284

speech actsaccepting invitations 220-221affirming states and actions 25, 303asking about time 116asking for advice 317-318asking for a favor 304asking for forgiveness 321asking for opinion 90, 305asking for an item 304asking for advice 317assessing goods 324comparing people and things 170, 310contacting somebody on the phone 322denying states and actions 24-26describing people and things 170-171,

310

discussing health 144, 308-309discussing news 276-277discussing weather 198-199, 311-312expressing an opinion 90-91, 305expressing preferences 106-107, 310expressing regret 321expressing surprise, doubt 316-317extending invitations 220-221greeting 301hosting 313-314identifying things and persons xxv, 24,

25, 26, 303inquiring about one’s well-being 308inquiring about news 315inquiring about prices 324introducing oneself, friends and family

68, 306inviting and responding to invitations

220-220, 312-313offering advice 318offering information 308pardoning 321planning leisure time and vacations

248-249, 314-315reacting to news 316reporting about one’s well-being 308request for information 302, 307requesting and offering personal infor-mation 2-4, 302requesting something (an item or a favor) 46, 304reporting news 315responding to a request 46, 304, 308taking advice 318-319telling secrets 316telling time 116

spelling ~ of English words and names 293

stress in words, see accentuationsubjunctive future

formation of ~ 150negative forms ~ 150uses of ~ 151

533

subjunctive past formation of ~ 151uses of ~ 153

suffixes, see derivationssyllabification

number of syllables in words 137syntax

clauses linked by coordination 187clauses linked by subordination 255complex sentences 257direct/indirect speech 280-282structure of sentences 255

Ttable(s)

~ of adjectives 354~ of adverbs 361~ of all types of nominal declensions

340-343~ of all types of pronouns 358~ of capitalizing names 350~ of capitalizing compound names 351~ of cardinal numerals 355, 356~ of cases of declension 348~ of defective verbs 336~ of complex numbers 356~ of demonstrative pronouns 359~ of interrogative-relative pronouns 359~ of irregular (archaic) genitive forms

344~ of irregular verbs 334-335~ of nominal declensions 347~ of nouns and subclasses 349~ of numerals 355~ of the pronominal article -s% -d and -e% -n 360 ~ of plural forms for compound nouns

346~ of prefixes 352~ of regular plural forms 345~ of simple and derivative verbs 337~ of spelling cardinal numerals 357

~ of suffixes 352-353~ of the infinitive and participles 339

transcription, see romanization

Vverbs

auxiliary ~ 52, 331-333, 336conjugation of regular ~ 12, 30, 50, 52conjugation of irregular ~ 12, 30, 50, 51copular ~ 78defective ~ 12, 30, 336derivative ~ 161, 337first-conjugation ~ 10, 96government of ~ 260-265intransitive ~ 160irregular ~ 30, 334-335monosyllabic ~ 12, 31negative forms of ~ 199-200passive ~ 154, 155, 201, 213-215, 338phrasal ~ 207-209reciprocal ~ 162reflexive ~ 162regular ~ 30second-conjugation ~ 10, 96two-part ~, see phrasal verbs

vocabularyadjectives 176animals

domestic ~ 203wild ~ 204

birds domestic ~ 203-204wild ~ 204

body parts 148cardinal numbers 8city 252classroom items 28-29clothing 94-95colors 95country names 6-7country 254drinks 50

534

family and friends 72-73festivities 191flowers 202food 50-51fruits 51furniture 28-29holidays 223languages 6-7media and news 280nationalities 6-7nature 202professions 174qualities 175recreation 223rooms 28

the clock 122-123time expressions 120-123trees 202-203vegetables 51weather 202

voice of verbsactive ~ 154passive ~ 154-155

vowel alterations and mutations 107-108

Wword formation, see derivationsword order 34, 122writing

~ of Armenian letters 19, 39, 61, 85

535

DORA SAQA|AN (fama®ot k;nsagrouj\oun)

Dora G…orgi Saqa\ane ‘nw;l h Founastani S;lanik qa[aqoum! Tarrakankrjouj\oune staz;l h nou\n qa[aqi K\oulp;nk\an fa\kakan warvaranoum% iskmi=nakarg krjouj\oune na. S;laniki% apa^ Wi;nna\i (Awstria) g;rmanakangimnaxian;roum! 1946-in ‘no[n;ri f;t n;rga[j;l h >orfrda\in Fa\astan% ort;[ambo[=azr;l h mi=nakarg krjouj\oune! 1952-in awart;l h :r…ani W& Br\ousowianwan ®ousaz … øtar l;xoun;ri mankawarvakan institoute … sks;l ir man-kawarvakan gor‘oun;ouj\ane orp;s g;rman;r;ni dasa.os na. a\d nou\ninstitoutoum% apa 1957-iz :r…ani p;takan famalsaranoum (:PF)! 1958-1961-insowor;l h Moskwa\i Lomonosowi anwan famalsarani aspirantoura\oum% ort;[ …1965-in pa,tpan;l h at;na.osouj\oun stanalow banasirakan gitouj\ounn;rij;kna‘oui astiyan! 1966-1974jj& ;[;l h :PF-i øtar l;xoun;ri famafamalsara-nakan ambioni waric … ®omanag;rmanakan banasirouj\an ambioni dasa.os!

1975-in D& Saqa\ane t;[a'o.w;l h Monr;al (Kanada) … nou\n tarwaniza,.at;l orp;s MakGil (McGill) famalsarani g;rmanakan ousoumnasirouj\oun-n;ri ambioni dasa.os% isk 1981-iz na… øtar l;xoun;ri bavanmounqi waric!1987-in nran ,norfw;l h pro`;sori kocoum … nou\n famalsaranoum zmaf pa,to-nawar;lou irawounq (tenure)!

W;r=in ;r;q tasnam\akoum pro`& D& Saqa\ane g;rmanagitouj\ane xou-genjaz gitakan ‘anrak,i® f;taxotouj\ounn;r h kataroum fa\agitouj\anbnagawa®oum^ st;[‘;low mi ,arq kar…or m;nagrouj\ounn;r! Nra grcin ;n pat-kanoum fa\;r;ni anwanakanazoumn;ri masin ousoumnasirouj\oune (cf. Formender Textkohärenz. Nominalisierung als sententiale Anapher im Ostarmenischen,Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986)% baxmajiw fodwa‘n;r% jargmanouj\ounn;r ou .em-bagrouj\ounn;r (cf. A Universal Theory of Language. Gevork B. Jahukian, in collabo-ration with Dora Sakayan. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 2003), boufakan … dproza-kan dasagrq;r ou ousoumnakan ];®narkn;r (cf. Modern Western Armenian for theEnglish-speaking world. A Contrastive Approach. Montreal: Arod Books, 2000)!

D& Saqa\ane MakGil famalsaranoum st;[‘;l h fa\;r;ni dasenjazn;r!Kaxmak;rp;l h mi=axga\in gitavo[own;r% a\d jwoum^ fa\agitouj\ane nwirwa‘5-rd mi=axga\in gitavo[owe 1995-in% ori n\ouj;re fratarak;l h 1996-in! Nafimn;l h ir s;'akan 'oqr fratarakcouj\oune (Arod Books)% ort;[ fratara-koum h fa\agitouj\ane nwirwa‘ ir gor‘;re! Na irawamb famarwoum h Kana-da\oum fa\agitouj\an fimnadire! D& Saqa\ane ir gor‘;re n;rka\aznoum htarb;r l;xoun;row^ fa\;r;n% g;rman;r;n% angl;r;n% ®ous;r;n ou founar;n!

D& Saqa\ani ;rkaram\a b;[mnawor gitamankawarvakan gor‘oun;ouj\ou-ne la\n yanacoum h staz;l fa\r;niqoum … art;rkroum! Na arvanaz;l h fa\r;-nakan … mi=axga\in mrzanakn;ri ou patwogr;ri% a\d jwoum^ g;rmanakan ka®a-warouj\an ªArvan\az kargi .acº (Bundesverdienstkreuz) qa[aqaziakan bar]ra-gou\n patwo n,anin 2001-in … Gar;gin B Am;na\n Fa\oz Kajo[ikosi ko[miz ªS&Safak … S& M;sropº patwo bar]r ,qan,anin 2005-in!

DORA SAKAYAN (A Short Biography)

DORA SAKAYAN was born in Salonica (Greece). She receivedher elementary education at the local Armenian Gulbenkianschool and subsequently went to a German language secondaryschool, first in Salonica and then in Vienna (Austria). In 1946 sherepatriated with her parents to Soviet Armenia, where she com-pleted her secondary education. In 1952, she graduated from theYerevan State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages andstarted her teaching career as an instructor of German, first at thesame institute, thereafter at the Yerevan State University (YSU).In the years 1958-1961, she was a graduate student at the Mos-cow Lomonosov State University, where she received her Ph.D.in 1965. From 1966 to 1974, she was Chair of the Department of

Foreign Languages at YSU, with concomitant teaching duties in the department ofRomance and Germanic philology.

In 1975, Sakayan moved to Canada and continued her career in the department ofGerman Studies at McGill University in Montreal. In 1981 she became head of the ModernLanguage Program. In 1987 she was given tenure and appointed Associate Professor, andin 1991 she was promoted to full Professor.

Without neglecting her main field of research, which is Germanic linguistics, Sakayanhas also been highly productive during the last three decades in the field of Armenian lin-guistics. She is the author and co-author of several monographs, including the one aboutArmenian nominalizations (cf. Formen der Textkohärenz. Nominalisierung als sententialeAnapher im Ostarmenischen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986). She has written numerousarticles, has made many translations and prepared many editions (cf. A Universal Theoryof Language. Gevork B. Jahukian, in collaboration with Dora Sakayan. Ann Arbor:Caravan Books, 2003). She has also written textbooks and pedagogical guides for Germanand Armenian (cf. Modern Western Armenian for the English-speaking world. AContrastive Approach. Montreal: Arod Books, 2000).

In 1981 Sakayan set up a program of Armenian courses at McGill University. She hasbeen the organizer of several international conferences, including the Fifth InternationalConference on Armenian Linguistics in 1995 at McGill University, the proceedings ofwhich she edited in 1996. She is the owner of a small press (Arod Books in Montreal)where she publishes her Armenological works. Sakayan is rightly considered a pioneer ofArmenian Studies in Canada. She writes in a number of languages: German, Armenian,Russian, English, and Modern Greek.

A recognized and respected scholar and educator, Sakayan has received many honorsand awards, including in 2001 Germany’s coveted Cross of the Order of Merit(Bundesverdienstkreuz) and in 2005 the St. Sahag and St. Mesrob medal, along with a pon-tifical citation by His Holiness Garegin II, Catholicos of All Armenians.

DORA SAQA|AN (fama®ot k;nsagrouj\oun)

Dora G…orgi Saqa\ane ‘nw;l h Founastani S;lanik qa[aqoum! Tarrakankrjouj\oune staz;l h nou\n qa[aqi K\oulp;nk\an fa\kakan warvaranoum% iskmi=nakarg krjouj\oune na. S;laniki% apa^ Wi;nna\i (Awstria) g;rmanakangimnaxian;roum! 1946-in ‘no[n;ri f;t n;rga[j;l h >orfrda\in Fa\astan% ort;[ambo[=azr;l h mi=nakarg krjouj\oune! 1952-in awart;l h :r…ani W& Br\ousowianwan ®ousaz … øtar l;xoun;ri mankawarvakan institoute … sks;l ir man-kawarvakan gor‘oun;ouj\ane orp;s g;rman;r;ni dasa.os na. a\d nou\ninstitoutoum% apa 1957-iz :r…ani p;takan famalsaranoum (:PF)! 1958-1961-insowor;l h Moskwa\i Lomonosowi anwan famalsarani aspirantoura\oum% ort;[ …1965-in pa,tpan;l h at;na.osouj\oun stanalow banasirakan gitouj\ounn;rij;kna‘oui astiyan! 1966-1974jj& ;[;l h :PF-i øtar l;xoun;ri famafamalsara-nakan ambioni waric … ®omanag;rmanakan banasirouj\an ambioni dasa.os!

1975-in D& Saqa\ane t;[a'o.w;l h Monr;al (Kanada) … nou\n tarwaniza,.at;l orp;s MakGil (McGill) famalsarani g;rmanakan ousoumnasirouj\oun-n;ri ambioni dasa.os% isk 1981-iz na… øtar l;xoun;ri bavanmounqi waric!1987-in nran ,norfw;l h pro`;sori kocoum … nou\n famalsaranoum zmaf pa,to-nawar;lou irawounq (tenure)!

W;r=in ;r;q tasnam\akoum pro`& D& Saqa\ane g;rmanagitouj\ane xou-genjaz gitakan ‘anrak,i® f;taxotouj\ounn;r h kataroum fa\agitouj\anbnagawa®oum^ st;[‘;low mi ,arq kar…or m;nagrouj\ounn;r! Nra grcin ;n pat-kanoum fa\;r;ni anwanakanazoumn;ri masin ousoumnasirouj\oune (cf. Formender Textkohärenz. Nominalisierung als sententiale Anapher im Ostarmenischen,Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986)% baxmajiw fodwa‘n;r% jargmanouj\ounn;r ou .em-bagrouj\ounn;r (cf. A Universal Theory of Language. Gevork B. Jahukian, in collabo-ration with Dora Sakayan. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 2003), boufakan … dproza-kan dasagrq;r ou ousoumnakan ];®narkn;r (cf. Modern Western Armenian for theEnglish-speaking world. A Contrastive Approach. Montreal: Arod Books, 2000)!

D& Saqa\ane MakGil famalsaranoum st;[‘;l h fa\;r;ni dasenjazn;r!Kaxmak;rp;l h mi=axga\in gitavo[own;r% a\d jwoum^ fa\agitouj\ane nwirwa‘5-rd mi=axga\in gitavo[owe 1995-in% ori n\ouj;re fratarak;l h 1996-in! Nafimn;l h ir s;'akan 'oqr fratarakcouj\oune (Arod Books)% ort;[ fratara-koum h fa\agitouj\ane nwirwa‘ ir gor‘;re! Na irawamb famarwoum h Kana-da\oum fa\agitouj\an fimnadire! D& Saqa\ane ir gor‘;re n;rka\aznoum htarb;r l;xoun;row^ fa\;r;n% g;rman;r;n% angl;r;n% ®ous;r;n ou founar;n!

D& Saqa\ani ;rkaram\a b;[mnawor gitamankawarvakan gor‘oun;ouj\ou-ne la\n yanacoum h staz;l fa\r;niqoum … art;rkroum! Na arvanaz;l h fa\r;-nakan … mi=axga\in mrzanakn;ri ou patwogr;ri% a\d jwoum^ g;rmanakan ka®a-warouj\an ªArvan\az kargi .acº (Bundesverdienstkreuz) qa[aqaziakan bar]ra-gou\n patwo n,anin 2001-in … Gar;gin B Am;na\n Fa\oz Kajo[ikosi ko[miz ªS&Safak … S& M;sropº patwo bar]r ,qan,anin 2005-in!

DORA SAKAYAN (A Short Biography)

DORA SAKAYAN was born in Salonica (Greece). She receivedher elementary education at the local Armenian Gulbenkianschool and subsequently went to a German language secondaryschool, first in Salonica and then in Vienna (Austria). In 1946 sherepatriated with her parents to Soviet Armenia, where she com-pleted her secondary education. In 1952, she graduated from theYerevan State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages andstarted her teaching career as an instructor of German, first at thesame institute, thereafter at the Yerevan State University (YSU).In the years 1958-1961, she was a graduate student at the Mos-cow Lomonosov State University, where she received her Ph.D.in 1965. From 1966 to 1974, she was Chair of the Department of

Foreign Languages at YSU, with concomitant teaching duties in the department ofRomance and Germanic philology.

In 1975, Sakayan moved to Canada and continued her career in the department ofGerman Studies at McGill University in Montreal. In 1981 she became head of the ModernLanguage Program. In 1987 she was given tenure and appointed Associate Professor, andin 1991 she was promoted to full Professor.

Without neglecting her main field of research, which is Germanic linguistics, Sakayanhas also been highly productive during the last three decades in the field of Armenian lin-guistics. She is the author and co-author of several monographs, including the one aboutArmenian nominalizations (cf. Formen der Textkohärenz. Nominalisierung als sententialeAnapher im Ostarmenischen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986). She has written numerousarticles, has made many translations and prepared many editions (cf. A Universal Theoryof Language. Gevork B. Jahukian, in collaboration with Dora Sakayan. Ann Arbor:Caravan Books, 2003). She has also written textbooks and pedagogical guides for Germanand Armenian (cf. Modern Western Armenian for the English-speaking world. AContrastive Approach. Montreal: Arod Books, 2000).

In 1981 Sakayan set up a program of Armenian courses at McGill University. She hasbeen the organizer of several international conferences, including the Fifth InternationalConference on Armenian Linguistics in 1995 at McGill University, the proceedings ofwhich she edited in 1996. She is the owner of a small press (Arod Books in Montreal)where she publishes her Armenological works. Sakayan is rightly considered a pioneer ofArmenian Studies in Canada. She writes in a number of languages: German, Armenian,Russian, English, and Modern Greek.

A recognized and respected scholar and educator, Sakayan has received many honorsand awards, including in 2001 Germany’s coveted Cross of the Order of Merit(Bundesverdienstkreuz) and in 2005 the St. Sahag and St. Mesrob medal, along with a pon-tifical citation by His Holiness Garegin II, Catholicos of All Armenians.