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Are you what you eat?
1. The important Characteristics of Carbon Forms 4 covalent bondsForms double and triple bondsForms long chains and ringsCan bind with many other elementsEven electron distribution (nonpolar
molecules)
2. Macromolecules, Monomers and Polymers(Hint: think of the meaning of the prefixes)
What do these words mean?
Polygons
Polygamy
Polyester
2. Macromolecules, Monomers and Polymers
Polymer – Smaller organic molecules join into long chains.
Monomer – the individual unit that builds up polymers
Macromolecules – Very large molecules
3. Dehydration synthesis and HydrolysisThese two terms refer to the processes that
forms monomers and polymers:Dehydration synthesis – A reaction that
removes molecules of water to form polymers from monomers
Hydrolysis – The reaction that adds water to polymers to separate them to their individual monomers.
(http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU )
IsomersMolecules that have the same formula, but
different structures.Examples: Glucose and Fructose
4. What are the big four?
Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
4. What are the big four?Fats (we call them lipids)CarbohydratesProteins Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out…..
what they do for living things.what they generally look like.what their monomers are.and how they may help the body gain
energy to sustain life.
SO, LETS GET STARTED!
Great website for reference…http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.ht
m
5. CarbohydratesMolecules that form from atoms in 1C:2H:1O ratioMonomers: Monosaccharides (simple sugars)Monosaccharides are usually sweet, white powdery
substances (such as fructose, glucose) that form rings of carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides in general serve as direct, quick sources of energy for living organisms during cellular respiration, they are building blocks of many polymers
Important monosaccharides:GlucoseFructose
Disaccharides – two monosaccharide molecules combine by dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides
Important disaccharides: Lactose – found in milk sugarSucrose – table sugar
Polysaccharides – many (tens to hundreds) units of monosaccharides combine by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides also separate to monosaccharides by hydrolysis while taking in water.
Important polysaccharides:Starch – made up of many glucose units, it is an
important storage polysaccharide that is found in plant roots and other tissues. It stores monosaccharides that can be broken down later to release useful energy during cellular respiration – ONLY IN PLANTS
Glycogen – also made up of many glucose units, it is an important storage polysaccharide in the liver and animal muscles. It can also be broken down to monomers to release energy during cellular respiration. ONLY IN ANIMALS
Cellulose – also made up of many glucose units. However, in this case the molecule is not easily broken down to its monomers. It is important for providing a rigid structure in plant cell walls.
Chitin – made up of some nitrogen containing monosaccharides. It is an important polysaccharide that provide the solid structure of arthropods and fungi.
6. Lipids a diverse group of molecules that are nonpolar
and generally do not dissolve in waterThey mostly contain carbon, hydrogen, very few
oxygen atoms, but some also have phosphorous.There are three distinct groups of lipids:
Simple lipidsPhospholipidsSterols
6A. Simple LipidsVery large molecules that form from 2 different
kinds of monomers by dehydration synthesis:3 Fatty acids – are long chains of carbon with
oxygen at the end (can be saturated and unsaturated)
1 Glycerol – smaller 3-carbon compound.
Simple lipids are important as storage materials in all living things. They can store twice as many calories as polysaccharides can. Oils (mostly from plants) contain more unsaturated fatty acids, while fats (animals) contain more saturated fatty acids.
Simple lipids also dissolve vitamins http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
6B. PhospholipidsPhospholipids – phosphate containing lipids.Their monomers: 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids
(saturated or unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration synthesis
Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well.
They are important for living things because they form the borders of all cells (cell membranes) and also participate in forming many cell organelles.
6C. STEROLSSterols are a highly nonpolar (hydrophobic)
group of molecules. They occur naturally in plants, animals, and
fungi, with the most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol.
Cholesterol is vital to cellular function, and a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins and steroid hormones.
7. ProteinsProtein- Polymer constructed from amino
acid monomers. Only 20 amino acids, but make 1,000s of
proteinsSome are 100 a.a. in length; some are
thousands3-D Protein
7A. Protein FunctionsEach of our 1,000s of proteins has a unique 3-D
shape that corresponds to a specific function: Defensive proteins
Antibodies in your immune system Signal proteins
Hormones and other messengers Hemoglobin
Delivers 02 to working muscles Transport proteins
Move sugar molecules into cells for energy (insulin) Storage proteins
Ovalbumin (found in egg white) used as a source of amino acid for developing embryos
Most important roles is as enzymes Chemical catalysts that speed and regulate virtually all chemical
reactions in cells Example, lactase
7B. Amino Acid structureProteins diversity is based on differing
arrangements of 20 amino acids. Amino acids all have an amino group and a carboxyl
group. R group is the variable part of the amino acid;
determine the specific properties of the 20 amino acids.
Two main types: Hydrophobic
Example: Leucine R group is nonpolar and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic Polar and charged a.a.’s help proteins dissolve in aqueous
solutions inside cells. Example: Serine
R group is a hydroxl group
7C. Amino Acid DehydrationCells join amino acids together in a
dehydration reaction:Links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to
the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed.
Form a covalent linkage called a peptide bond making a polypeptide.