Macromolecules Mr. Rosa

5 Sentence Homework

• In 5 sentences, explain which macromolecule you would be and why?

Chemistry Review

•  Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds •  Water forms 2 covalent bonds •  Hydrogen bonds are like magnets •  “Biological” elements: C,H,O,P,N,S •  These elements make up

Macromolecules*

Comparison of Terms

Macromolecules

What is a Macromolecule?

•  Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together.

•  What is a monomer? •  A monomer is a sub-unit of a

polymer. •  Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

and Nucleic acids.

Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

What are Monomers?

• Monomers: Building blocks. • Simplest form of a macromolecule • Monomers form polymers which

make macromolecules.

CARBOHYDRATES

What are Carbohydrates?

• Macromolecules composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

• Carbo= Carbon , Hydrate= Water

• Chemical Formula [CH2O] • Sugars: C6H12O6 (glucose)

What are Carbohydrates?

•  Monosaccharide: Simple Sugars EX: Glucose

•  Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides bonded together. (Sucrose/ Lactose)

•  Polysaccharide: polymers made up of many repeating monosaccharides.

What are Carbohydrates?

•  Functions: Short term energy storage and structural support.

What are Carbohydrates? •  Examples (Polysaccharides)

•  Starch: Plants use this as storage •  Cellulose: fiber-like structural material -

tough and insoluble - used in plant cell walls. •  Glycogen: highly branched chain used by

animals to store energy in muscles and the liver.

•  Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton (bugs) and fungal cell walls. (Fungi)

Carbohydrates: Food Sources •  Simple carbs (simple

sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.

•  Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

A.  Which molecule consists of two sugar units?

B.  Which choice best describes glycogen? C. Which type of molecule provides the

basic energy for your cells? D. Which type of molecule is found in

milk?

1.  1. Monosaccharide 2.  2. Polysaccharide 3. Disaccharide

What are Carbohydrates?

What are Lipids? • Non-polar**, oily, macromolecules

made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

•  Types of Lipids: •  Fats • Oils •  Wax • Steroids

What are Lipids?

•  Lipids are made up of Fatty Acids •  Fatty Acids: make up triglycerides •  Triglycerides: Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

What are Lipids?

•  Fatty acids make up Triglycerides and Phospholipids

•  Phospholipids: fatty acid with phosphorous. Structural backbone for cells.

•  **Phospholipid bilayer** •  Hydrophobic Tails (water hating) •  Hydrophilic Head (water loving)

What are Lipids?

Phospholipid bilayer

What are Lipids?

•  Unsaturated Fat (liquid at room temp): also known as “Oils”. Double bonds to carbon is present.

•  Saturated Fat (solid at room temp): also known as “Fats” only single bonds to carbon present.

What are Lipids?

• Waxes: outer covering on plants and animals.

• Why might waxes be helpful? (Hint: hydrophobic)

• Steroids: Hormones and Cholesterol

What are Lipids? •  Concentrated energy source •  Structural components of cell

membranes – Phospholipids – Cholesterol

•  Communication – Steroid Hormones

•  Protection from water – Waxes

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

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Lipids: Food Sources

•  Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avocados, eggs & nuts.

1. Fat 2. Oil 3. Wax 4. Phospholipid

•  Which of the following are used to protect against moisture or water?

•  Which of the following are considered “unsaturated”?

•  Which of the following serve as a selective membrane?

•  Which is considered a “saturated” fat?

Review

Carbohydrates

•  Monomers: sugars •  Elements: C,H,O •  functions: Short

term energy.

Lipids •  Monomers: Fatty

acids •  Elements: C, H, O •  Functions: insulation,

protection, long term energy storage

Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

What are Nucleic acids? Macromolecules made up of…

– Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides

– Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA

What are Nucleic acids?

•  Both DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotide monomers.

•  Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar (C,H,O), phosphate (P), and nitrogen base (N)

Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA

What are nucleic acids?

•  Stores and carries genetic information •  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) •  RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

DNA:

•  Double helix

•  2 polynucleotide chains wound into the double helix

•  Base pairing between chains with H bonds

•  A - T

•  C - G

What are Nucleic Acids?

What are Proteins?

•  Macromolecules made up of Amino acids •  Polypeptide chains **- peptide bonds •  Consist of peptide bonds between 20

possible amino acid monomers •  Examples: Enzymes, internal transport,

Structure.

What are proteins?

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aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

What are Proteins?

20 Amino Acids:

Some of these are polar & hydrophilic,

others are non-polar and

hydrophobic. Proteins can contain both

kinds.

What are Proteins? •  Proteins have complex

structures. The shape of a protein determines its function! – Primary structure:

polypeptide chain – Secondary structure:

polypeptides in coils or sheets

– Tertiary structure: coils or sheets form a tangle

– Quaternary structure: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein!

What are Proteins? •  Build and repair muscle

and tissues –  “No pain, no gain!”

•  Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Review*

•  Structure determines the function of a protein

•  Enzymes are proteins •  How do you denature an Enzyme? •  How do you denature a protein?

Proteins: Food Sources

•  Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.

•  There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

What are proteins? **REVIEW**

•  Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)

•  Dehydration Synthesis***

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

•  Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining two molecules (or compounds) together following the removal of water.

Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules

Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

•  What is a hydrolysis reaction? •  Polymers are broken down into

monomers. •  Hydro = water; lysis = loosening/ •  Water is added and the lysis of the

polymer occurs.

Conclusion

Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

What are Macromolecules?

•  Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks called macromolecules.

•  There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are: – Lipids – Proteins – Carbohydrates – Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Sugars: Monosaccharides (Glucose) Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Fatty acid + Glycerol Fat, Oil, Waxes and Steroids

Nucleotides DNA/RNA ATCG/AUCG

Amino acids 20 essential 9 consume 11 produce

Short term energy storage. Structural support.

Long term energy storage. Insulation and protection against moisture

Genetic info storage. Protein Coding

Rebuild muscle. Structural support Transport proteins,

Food: Bread, pasta, candy, fruits.

Butter, Olive Oil, Cheese

**Components for nucleic acids found in food**

Meat, Milk, Fish, Nuts

How are they Similar?

•  Carbon chains •  Water** •  Essential for life •  Made up of smaller units/ multiple

components •  Energy/Structure for our cells •  Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis.