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INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL3030

EGYPT IN THE

WORLD

2010/2011UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY 2010

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UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL 3030 Egypt in the World

2010/2011

Year 3 Option (BA Egyptian Archaeology), 0.5 unit

Co-ordinator: David Jeffreys

d.jeffreys@ucl.ac.uk

Room 106 020 7679 1526

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AIMS

This course provides students with an understanding of the relations between dynastic Egypt and itsneighbours, and of how the phenomenon of pharaonic Egypt was preceived in later times.

OBJECTIVES

On successful completion of this course a student should: Have some knowledge of the societies which interacted with pharaonic Egypt Understand Egypt’s context in the geography of North-east Africa and the eastern

Mediterranean Recognize how dynastic Egypt has been viewedby later societies Be able to present these issues and discuss them critically Be familiar with issues relating to pharaonic Egypt, its neighbours and its later reputation

LEARNING OUTCOMES

On successful completion of this course should have developed: Observation and critical reflection Application of acquired knowledge Detailed knowledge of Egypt’s position in the broader geography of the pre-classical world Understanding of the evolution of interest in pharaonic Egypt

COURSE SYNOPSIS

This course presents and discusses Egypt’s past relations with contemporary cultures and examineshow it was perceived by later societies, both in the near east and throughout the world.

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COURSE INFORMATION

This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the course.Additional subject-specific reading lists and individual session handouts will be given out atappropriate points in the course. If students have queries about the objectives, structure, content,assessment or organisation of the course, they should consult the Course Co-ordinator.

TEACHING METHODS

The course is taught by a single teacher (DGJ), in ten sessions of two-hour lectures and seminarsintended to address issues raised in each quarter of the course.

PREREQUISITES

There are no formal prerequisites for this course, although 1005 Introduction to Egyptian Archaeologyand 2012 Archaeology of Ancient Egypt contain useful material. Some familiarity with pharaonic Egyptand any or all of its neighbours in antiquity is certainly an advantage.

WORKLOAD

There will be 20 hours of lectures/classes. Students will be expected to undertake around 80 hours ofreading for the course, plus 50 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up toa total workload of some 150 hours for the course.

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

This course is assessed by means of two pieces of coursework of max 2500 words, which contribute100% to the final grade for the course.

If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the CourseCo-ordinator.

The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment,provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT

The criteria for assessment used in this course are those agreed by the Board of Examiners inArchaeology, and are included in the Undergraduate Handbook (available on the Institute web-site:<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/marking>). All coursework ismarked by two internal examiners, and can be re-assessed by the Visiting Examiner. Therefore, themark given by the initial examiner (prior to return) is a provisional assessment for guidance only, andmay be modified after consultation with the second internal examiner, or by the Visiting Examiner.

SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK

Because the assessed work contributes to the final mark for the course, the submission deadline foreach piece of work is absolute. Late work will incur a penalty unless an extension has been granted inadvance. If students are ill or have serious personal or family difficulties, they must complete anExtension Request Form (ERF) (copies available from room 411A) and obtain the approval andsignature of the Course Co-ordinator AND either their Personal Tutor or the Year Tutor, ON OR

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BEFORE the submission date. ERFs should normally be accompanied by a medical certificate orother documentation justifying the circumstances (e.g. a note from their Personal Tutor). Late workwill be penalised in accordance with UCL regulations:http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submissionIf there is an unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or (preferably) e-

mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF.

All assessed work must be placed in the red box at the reception desk for the Course Co-ordinatorbefore 5:00 on the submission date specified.In addition all work must be submitted electronically to Turnitin, which will date-stamp the work.Advice as to how to do this is given herehttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/turnitinand at the end of this handbook.

The Turnitin code (Class ID) for this course is 200755 and the password is IoA1011.

Allowing for vacations, every effort will be made to return assessed work within two/three weeks of thesubmission date. Within a fortnight of its return to students, the assessed work should be returned bystudents to the Course Co-ordinator, so that it is available to the Board of Examiners. Becauseassessed work forms part of the student's permanent academic record, it needs to be retained untilwell after the completion of the degree. If work is not returned to the Course Co-ordinator, the studentwill be deemed not to have completed the course. Students are strongly advised always to keep acopy of all work, and to make a copy for retention of all work after it has been assessed andcommented upon by the first examiner, if they wish to make future reference to the comments on thework.

COURSEWORK FORMAT AND PRESENTATION

Essays must be word-processed and should be printed on one side of the paper, using double-linespacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner. Students areencouraged to use illustrations, diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be clearlyreferred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this must be clearlyacknowledged. Essays should be ca. 2500 words in length. Students should adhere to word limits onessays; they are intended to help ensure equality of workloads between courses as well as toencourage the useful transferable skills of clearly structured argumentation and succinct writing.Overlength work will be penalised in accordance with UCL regulations, which are outlined here:http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submission

It is important that students reference their sources of information as accurately and as fully aspossible. If a student summarises another person's ideas or judgements, or reproduces their figuresor diagrams, a reference must be made in the text (using the Harvard convention) and all worksreferred to must be documented in full in a bibliography. Referencing styles are outlined in theUndergraduate Handbook(<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/referencing>).

PLAGIARISM

All work submitted as part of the requirements for any examination (which includes all assessed work)of the University of London must be expressed in the student's own words and incorporate their ownideas and judgements. All students have received a copy of the College's rules on plagiarism; theInstitute's guidelines are included in the Undergraduate Handbook and can be found at:

< http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/plagiarism>The examiners for this course will scrutinise all work for evidence of plagiarism or collusion betweenstudents. Plagiarism is defined as the presentation of another person's thoughts or words as thoughthey are one's own. Plagiarism constitutes an examination offence under the University Regulationsand students found to have committed plagiarism may be excluded from all further examinations of theUniversity and/or College. ANY QUOTATION FROM THE PUBLISHED OR UNPUBLISHED WORKSOF OTHER PERSONS MUST BE IDENTIFIED AS SUCH BY PLACING THE QUOTE IN

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QUOTATION MARKS, AND THE SOURCE OF THE QUOTATION MUST BE REFERENCEDAPPROPRIATELY. The concept of plagiarism also includes self-plagiarism, which is the extensiveuse of the same sources and materials in more than one piece of assessed coursework, submitted forthe same or for other courses taken as part of the degree. To avoid charges of collusion, studentsshould always ensure that their work is their own, and not lend their essays or essay drafts to otherstudents because they are likely to be penalised if the second student copies the work and submits itas their own. If students are unclear about the definition of plagiarism, they should review the noteson plagiarism and examples of good and bad practice with respect to sources, included in theUndergraduate Handbook (<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students>), and consulttheir Personal Tutor.

You should note that UCL has now signed up to use a sophisticated detection system (Turn-It-In) toscan work for evidence of plagiarism, and the Department intends to use this for assessedcoursework. This system gives access to billions of sources worldwide, including websites andjournals, as well as work previously submitted to the Department, UCL and other universities.

COMMUNICATION

The primary channel of communication within the Institute of Archaeology is e-mail. If you wish to becontacted on your personal or work e-mail address, please arrange for e-mail sent to your UCLaddress to be forwarded to your other address, since staff and other students will expect to be able toreach you through your College e-mail - which they can find on the UCL web-site. Students mustconsult their e-mail regularly, as well as the student pigeon-holes in the Basement Common Room forwritten communications. Please also ensure that the Institute has an up-to-date telephone number foryou, in case you need to be contacted.

ATTENDANCE

It is a College regulation that attendance at lectures, seminars and practicals be monitored, and aregister will be taken. A 70% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required (excludingabsences due to illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported by medicalcertificates or other documentation, as appropriate). Attendance is reported to College and thence (ifrelevant) to the student's Local Education Authority. Students should also be aware that potentialemployers seeking references often ask about attendance and other indications of reliability.

LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES

In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings ofparticular relevance to this degree are: Ancient History (Main Library/Gower St site); Classics (MainLibrary); Hebrew (Main Library); Anthropology (DMSW Natural Sciences Library); Geography (DMSWLibrary)

Libraries outside UCL which have holdings which may also be relevant to this degree are: Universityof London Research (Senate House) Library; School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library;also the Egypt Exploration Society, 3 Doughty Mews, London WC1N 2PG (Members only; studentmembership £20/year, http://www.ees.ac.uk).

Electronic resources: There are millions of websites dealing with ancient Egypt. A useful firstdestination is Egyptology Resources on the Nigel Strudwick’s Newton site at Cambridge(http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/egypt/index.html), which has links to many others such as ABZU(Oriental Institute, Chicago) and CCER (Centre for Computer-aided Egyptological Research, Leiden).Locally the EES website (above) is useful. Be careful of using websites with no accreditation, andespecially of uncritical use of resources such as Wikipedia.

FEEDBACK

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In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during thecourse of the year. At the end of each course all students are asked to give their views on the coursein an anonymous questionnaire, which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course.These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the course.The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee,Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.

If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to theCourse Tutor or Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult their PersonalTutor, Year Tutor, the Academic Administrator, or the Chair of Teaching Committee.

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Lectures and seminars

Please note that there will be no lecture during Reading Weeks.

The suggested reading is recommended for the individual classes - refer also to Reading List below

Part One: Egypt in the past

1 Introduction; sources and background: outline of course; guidance on bibliographicalsources.

2 Egypt and her neighbours: Egypt’s position on the travel and transport routes of the ancientnear east; Levantine and Red Sea shipping and land links; trade missions and militaryinvolvement; power relationships in the eastern Mediterranean

Bass 1987; Bietak 1995; Casson 1974; Castle 1992; Cline 1995; Kemp and Merrillees 1980; Liverani1990; Phillips 1997; Säve-Söderbergh 1946; Smith W S 1965; Wachsmann 1998; Ward 1971.

3 The East: Egypt, Sinai and the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The evidence and argumentsfor Egyptian interaction with the Levant during the Bronze and Iron Ages; an Egyptian ‘empire’in the Levant?

Bietak 1991, (ed) 1995; Finkelstein 1996; Israelit-Groll 1983; Kaplan 1980; Knapp 1998; Levy 1998,1997; Oren 1989, 1997; Redford 1986, 1992; Shaheen 1998; Tufnell and Ward 1966; Ward 1961;Weinstein 1981.

4 The North: Egypt and the Aegean; Cyprus and Anatolia. Egypt’s role in the cycle of tradeto the Aegean; political and cultural effects of contact and inter-settlement

Bass 1967, 1987; Bietak 1995; Boardman 1980; Cline 1990/91; Davies and Schofield 1995;Kemp and Merrillees 1980; Knapp 1993; Negbi 1994; Rehak 1997; Wachsmann 1987; Ward1968.

5 The South: the Eastern desert and Red Sea traffic; the Upper Nile

Adams 1977, 1985; Bonnet 1981, 1990, 1999; Celenko 1996; Edwards 1994; Davies 1991; Fuller 1997;Gratien 1995, 1978; Guksch 1991; O’Connor 1993, 1984; Shinnie 1996; Smith S T 1991, 1995; Trigger1976; Wegner 1995; Wildung 1997; Williams B 1980, 1987.

6 The West: the eastern Sahara; trade routes to North Africa

Darnell and Darnell 1997; Fakhry 1973–4, 1987; Giddy 1987; Hassan 1986; McDonald 1991; McHugh1974, 1988; Pantalacci 1998; Smith and Giddy 1985; Soukassian et al 1990; Vercoutter 1988; Wagner1987; Wendorf et al 1992–3.

7 Egyptians abroad: the debate over international mobility; Egyptian ‘colonies’?

Bass 1971; Belova 1998; Bietak 1995, 1996; Bradbury 1988, 1996; Castel and Soukassian1989; Kitchen 1971; Oren 1973, 1984; Smith S T 1991, 1995; el-Saady 1999; Vandersleyen1996.

8 Where Asia and Africa meet: Ethnicity and intercultural relations in pre-PtolemaicEgypt

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Bell L 1976; Davis 1951; Keenan 1985; Leahy 1995; Modrzejewski 1995; Porten 1996.

9-10 Discussion: Was ancient Egypt a xenophobic society?

READING WEEK

Part Two: Post-pharaonic Egypt; Egypt in the present

11 A multicultural society? Ptolemaic, Roman, and late Antique Egypt

Bell H I 1941; Bilde et al 1992; Bowman 1996; Goudriaan 1988; Clarysse 1998; Frend 1982;Johnson 1992; La’da 1994.

12 Christian Egypt and the transmission of ideas; monasticism and the west

Assmann 1997; Atiya 1991; Bell H I 1948; Chitty 1966; Doresse 1960; Fowden 1986; Friedman 1989;Goehring 1997; Rousseau 1985; Walters 1974; Wilfong 1998.

13 The Medieval perception of Egypt

Crawford 1949; Daly 1998; Fodor 1975; Golb 1965, 1974; Greener 1966; Haarman 1980, 1996; Iversen1961; Murray 1916; Osing and Nielsen 1992.

14 The Renaissance and after

Clayton 1982; Curl 1994; Glanville 1942; Greener 1966; Harris 1961; Iversen 1961; Maalouf1986; Singer 1989.

15 The French Expedition: Napoleon and Egypt

Anderson and Fawzi 1993; Carré 1932; Clayton 1982; Dykstra 1998; Godlewska 1995.

16 The nineteenth century: Egypt’s industrial revolution and its consequences

France 1991; Toledano 1998; Said 1987; Thomas N 1996; Trigger 1984; Wortham 1971.

17 Scientific archaeology? The Petrie ‘school’ ; egyptological isolationism

Articles in Encounters with Egypt vols 6, 7); Wortham 1971

Distribute course appraisal forms

18 Where are we now? Egyptology and world archaeology; Afrocentrism and academic politics

Lustig (ed) 1997; Assmann et al 1987; Bernal 1991; Hassan 1997; Lefkovitz and Rogers 1996;Meskell 1999 (review); Rice 1997; Roth 1995; Trigger 1979, 1990, 1993, 1997; Wenke 1995.

Course appraisal forms

19-20 Discussion / Review session: Egypt in the world: an impossible dream?

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Reading list

Most of these titles (* = essential reading) contain extensive bibliographies for further study.

Key to UCL Library shelfmarks other than Institute of Archaeology (IA) books:

EG Egyptology AH Ancient History YA Yates CL ClassicsGE Geography AN Anthropology PA Papyrology HI HistoryHE Hebrew HS History and AR Architecture NS Natural SciencesAM American History Philosophy of Science LI Phonetics and Linguistics

PERS Periodicals TC Teaching Collection ID Issue Desk

(EES: Egypt Exploration Society Library, 3 Doughty Mews London WC1N 2PG)

Key to abbreviations:

AJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages (continued as JNES)ANM Archéologie du Nil moyenAnn R Anth Annual Review of AnthropologyArch Int Archaeology InternationalASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’ÉgypteBASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchBSA Copte Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte.BSEG Bulletin de la Société d’Égyptologie de GénèveBSFE Bulletin de la Société Française d’ÉgyptologieCdE Chronique d’ÉgypteCRIPEL Cahiers de recherche de l’Institut de Papyrologie at Égyptologie de LilleDE Discussions in EgyptologyEt Pap Études PapyrologiquesGM Göttinger MiszellenJAC Journal of Ancient CivilizationsJACF Journal of the Ancient Chronology ForumJARCE Journal of the American Research Center in EgyptJEA Journal of Egyptian ArchaeologyJESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientJNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies (continues AJSL)JSSEA Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian AntiquitiesMDAIK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung KairoPSBA Proceedings of the Society for Biblical ArchaeologyRA Revue ArchéologiqueRdE Revue d’ÉgyptologieSAK Studien zur Altägyptischen KulturTAPS Transactions of the American Philosophical SocietyVA Varia AegyptiacaZAS Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Spräche

CAH Cambridge Ancient HistoryCHA Cambridge History of AfricaLÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie

General, sources and background, comparative archaeologies:

Ball J. Egypt in the classical geographers. Cairo 1942. EG A20 BALBass G. Cape Gelidonya: a Bronze Age shipwreck. TAPS 57 (1967)) 1–177 . CL PERS*—. Oldest known shipwreck reveals splendors of the Bronze Age. National Geographic 172 (1987) 693ff. DBC

10 BAS—. Evidence of trade from Bronze age shipwrecks. In: Gale N (ed 1991). DAG Qo SER STU 90

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— (GF). Prolegomena to a study of maritime traffic in raw materials to the Aegean during the fourteenth andthirteenth centuries BC. In: Laffineur R, Betancourt PP (eds). : craftsmen, craftswomen andcraftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Liège 1997)153–70. DAE Qo INT

Belova G. The Egyptians’ idea of hostile encirclement. In Eyre C J (ed), Proceedings of the seventh InternationalCongress of Egyptologists (Leuven 1998) 143–8. EG A6 INT

Bietak M (ed). Trade, power and cultural exchange: Hyksos Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean world 1800–1500 BC. Ä&L 5 (1995). IA PERS

*Bleiberg E. INW: the official gift in ancient Egypt. London 1996. EG B20 BLEBoëtsch G. Égypte noire et Berbérie blanche: la rencontre manquée de la biologie et de la culture. Cah Ét Afric

129 (1993) 73–98. AN PERSBourke SJ, Descoeudres JP (eds). Trade, contact, and the movement of peoples in the eastern Mediterranean:

studies in honour of J Basil Hennessy. Sydney 1995. DAG 100 Qo HENCarrott R G. The Egyptian revival: its sources, monuments, and meaning, 1808–1858. Berkeley 1978. AR B8:81

CARCasson L. Travel in the ancient world (London 1974). AH A58 CAS— . Egypt, Africa, Arabia, and India: patterns of seaborne trade in the first century AD. BASP 21 (1984) 39–47.

PA PERSCastle EW. Shipping and trade in Ramesside Egypt. JESHO 35 (1992) 239–77. IA PERSCelenko T (ed). Egypt in Africa . Indianapolis 1996. EG Qo B20 CEL*Cline EH. Sailing the wine-dark sea: international trade and the late Bronze Age Aegean (Oxford 1995). DAG

100 CLI—, Harris-Cline D (eds). The Aegean and the orient in the second millennium: Proceedings … . Austin 1998. IA

ID CLICohen R, Westbrook R (eds). Amarna diplomacy: the beginnings of international relations. Baltimore 2000. EG

B12 COHCornevin M. Paléoclimatologie et peuplement de l’Égypte ancienne. RdE 47 (1996) 183–203. IA PERS*Dalfes H N, Kukla G, Weiss H (eds). Third millennium climate change and Old World collapse. Berlin etc 1997.

BA 40 DALEhret C, Posnansky M. The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history. Berkeley 1982. DC 100

EHREmpereur J-Y. Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine: Actes… Athens 1998.Faulkner RO. Egyptian seagoing ships. JEA 26 (1940) 3–9. IA PERS*Feinman G M, Marcus J (eds). Archaic states: a comparative perspective (Santa Fe 1998) 199–260. BD FEIGalán J M. The Egyptian concept of frontier. In: Milano L et al (eds). Landscapes: territories, frontiers and

horizons in the ancient near east. Papers presented to the XLIV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale …II. Geography and cultural landscapes. Padua 2000: 21–8. DBA 100 Qo REN

Gale N (ed). Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: papers ..... Goteborg 1991. DAG Qo Ser STU 90Garnsey P, Hopkins K, Whittaker CR (eds). Trade in the ancient economy (London 1983) 64–75. CD 200 GAR /

AH M68 GARde Graeve M-C. The ships of the ancient near east (c. 2000–500 BC). Leuven 1981. DBA 300 DEGGrimal N (ed). Prospection et sauvegarde des antiquités de l’Égypte: actes… Cairo 1981. EG E100 PROHaldane D. Anchors of antiquity. Bibl Arch 53 (1990) 19–24. IA PERSHarley J B, Woodward D (eds). Cartography in prehistoric, ancient and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean

Chicago 1987. HP HARHassan FA, Robinson SW. High precision rediocarbon chronometry of ancient Egypt, and comparisons with

Nubia, Palestine and Mesopotamia. Antiquity 61 (1987) 119–35. IA PERS—. Population ecology and civilization in ancient Egypt. In Crumley C C (ed). Historical ecology: cultural

knowledge and changing landscapes (Santa Fe 1993) 155–81. BB6 CRUHayes JW. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman pottery. London 1997. DA 170 HAYHordern P, Purcell N. The corrupting sea: a study of Mediterranean history. Oxford 2000. DAG 200 HOR / HI 82C

HORKantor HJ. The Aegean and the orient in the second millennium BC. Bloomington 1947. EG Qo A22 KAN / YA Qo

M5 KANKaplan M. The origin and distribution of Tell el Yahudiya ware. Göteborg 1980. DAG Qo Ser STU 62*Kemp BJ, Merrillees RS. Minoan pottery in second millennium Egypt. Mainz 1980. EG Qo M20 KEM / YA Qo

P20 KEMKnapp AB. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age Mediterranean trade. WA 24 (1993) 332–47. IA PERSKohl PL, Fawcett C (eds). Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. AG KOHKrzyzaniak L, Kobusiewicz M (eds). Origins and early development of food-producing cultures in northeastern

Africa. Poznan 1984. DC 100 KRZ*—, Kroeper K, — (eds). Interregional contacts in the later prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznan 1996. DC

100 KRZvan Lerberghe K, Schoors A (eds). Immigration and emigration within the ancient near east. Leuven 1995. IA

DBA 100 LERLightfoot KG, Martinez A. Frontiers and boundaries in archaeological perspective. Ann R Anth 24 (1995) 471–92.

AN PERS

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*Liverani M. Prestige and interest: international relations in the near east ca 1600–1100 BC. Padua 1990. AH B61LIV

—. The collapse of the near eastern regional system at the end of the Bronze Age: the case of Syria. In RowlandsM et al (eds). Centre and periphery in the ancient world (Cambridge 1987) 00–00. AB ROW

Lorton D. The juridical terminology of international relations in Egyptian texts through Dyn. XVIII. Baltimore 1974.EG B12 LOR / AH C62 LOR

*Lustig J (ed). Anthropology and egyptology: a developing dialogue. Sheffield 1997. EG Qo A9 LUS*McCaslin D. Stone anchors in antiquity: coastal settlements and maritime trade-routes in the eastern

Mediterranean ca 1600–1050 BC. Göteborg 1980. DAG Qo Ser STU 59–61McGovern PE, Harting U, Badler VR, Glusker DL, Exner LJ. The beginnings of winemaking and viniculture in the

ancient near east and Egypt. Expedition 39/1 (1997) 3–21. IA PERSMalaise M. Les conditions de pénétration et de diffusion des cultes égyptiens en Italie (Leiden 1972). EG R5 MAL

/ PA PZ 15 MALMeeks D. Navigation maritime et navires égyptiens: les éléments d’une controverse. In: Meeks D, Garcia S (eds).

Techniques et économie antiques et médiévales: le temps de l’innovation. Colloque international (CNRS)Aix … 1996. Paris 1997: 175–94.

Meiggs R. Trees and timber in the ancient Mediterranean world. Oxford 1982. DAG 4.5 MEI / AH A67 MEIMiroschedji P (ed). L’urbanisation de la Palestine à l’âge du bronze ancien (Oxford 1989) 389–405. DBE 100 Qo

MIRO’Connor D, Cline E H (eds). Amenhotep III: perspectives on his reign. Ann Arbor 1998. (esp. p223–312 (Ch 7)

The world abroad). EG B12 OCOPaton D. Egyptian records of travel in western Asia. Princeton, London 1915–22. EG Qo T6 PATPeet T E. A comparative study of the literatures of Egypt, Palestine, and Mesopotamia: Egypt’s contribution to the

literature of the ancient world. London 1931. EG V50 PEEPetry C F (ed). The Cambridge history of Egypt. v 1. Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge 1998. EG B5 CAMPhillips J (ed). Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the near east: studies … Martha Rhoads Bell. San Antonio 1997.

EG A6 BELQuirke S, Spencer J. The British Museum book of ancient Egypt (London 1992) 192–6. EG A5 QUIRaban A (ed). Harbour archaeology: proceedings of the first International Workshop on ancient Mediterranean

harbours. Oxford 1985. DAG 100 Qo RAB—. The constructive maritime role of the Sea Peoples in the Levant. In: Heltzer M, Lipinski E (eds). Society and

economy in the eastern Mediterranean. Leuven 1988: 272–84. AH B6 SOCRenfrew C. The Great Tradition versus the Great Divide: archaeology as anthropology? AJA 84 (1980) 287–98.

IA PERSRothenberg B, Ordentlich I. A comparative chronology of Sinai, Egypt and Palestine. BIoA 16 (1979) 233–. IA

PERS*Rowlands MJJ, Larsen M, Kristiansen K. Centre and periphery in the ancient world (Cambridge 1987) esp pp

36–46. AB ROW*Säve-Söderbergh T. The navy of the eighteenth Egyptian dynasty. Uppsala 1946. EG B20 SAV*Sasson JM (ed). Civilizations of the ancient near east. New York 1995. DBA 100 SASSchmidt H. Foreign affairs under Egypt’s “Dazzling Sun”. RdE 44 (1993) 153–60. IA PERSSchulman A R. Beyond the fringe: sources for Old Kingdom foreign affairs. JSSEA (1978) 100–104. IA PERS*Shaw T et al. (eds). The archaeology of Africa: food, metals and towns. London, New York 1993. DC 100 SHA*Shennan SJ (ed). Archaeological approaches to cultural identity (London, New York 1989). AH SHEShore AF. Egyptian cartography. In: Harley JB, Woodward D (eds., Chicago 1987) 117–29. HP HAR*Shortland A J (ed). The social context of technological change: Egypt and the near east, 1650–1550 BC. Oxford

2001. DBA 100 SHOSimpson WK, Davis WM (eds). Studies in ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Sudan: essays in honor of Dows

Dunham… Boston 1981. EG A6 SIMSmith W S. Interconnections in the ancient Near East: a study of the relationships between the arts of Egypt, the

Aegean and western Asia. New Haven 1965. DBA 100 SMISnodgrass AM. The New Archaeology and the classical archaeologist. AJA 89 (1985) 31–37. IA PERSStern E (ed). The new encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem 1993. DBE 100

Qo NEWTakacs G. Etymological dictionary of Egyptian. I A phonological inroduction. Leiden etc 1999: esp 35–48. EG V2

TAKTakacs SA. Isis and Serapis in the Roman world (Leiden 1995). AH R74 TAKThéodorides A. Les relations de l’Égypte pharaonique avec ses voisins. RIDA (Rév Int Droits Ant.) 22 (1975) 87–

140. LAWS PERSTrigger B G. Beyond history: the methods of prehistory. New York 1968. AH TRIUcko PJ (ed). Theory in archaeology: a world perspective (London, New York 1995). AH UCKVinson S. The Nile boatman at work. Mainz 1998. EG on order*Vita-Finzi C. The Mediterranean valleys: geological changes in historical times. Cambridge 1969. DAG 2 VIT /

GE LX22 VITWachsmann S. Seagoing ships and seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. London 1998. HG Qo WACWarburton D. Egypt and the near east: politics in the Bronze Age. Neuchâtel, Paris 2001. barcode 000059108

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Ward WA (ed). The role of the Phoenicians in the interaction of Mediterranean civilizations: papers presented …Beirut 1968. DBA 100 Qo WAR

—. Egypt and the East Mediterranean world 2200–1900 BC: studies in Egyptian foreign relations during the FirstIntermediate Period. (Beirut 1971). DCA 100 WAR / EG B12 WAR

*Wenke R J. City-states, nation-states, and territorial states: the problem of Egypt. In Nichols D, Charlton D (eds).The archaeology of city-states: cross-cultural approaches. Washington 1997: 27–49. BD NIC

Yoffee N. Political economy in early Mesopotamian states. Ann R Anth 24 (1995) 281–311. AN PERSZiskind J R. The international legal status of the sea in antiquity. Acta Or 35 (1973) 35–49. IA TC

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411–25. IA PERSScandone-Matthiae G. Un sphinx d’Amenemhat III au Musée d’Alep. RdE 40 (1989) 125–9. IA PERSSchulman A R.. The Royal Butler Ramessessami‘on. CdE 41 (1986) 187–202. IA PERS—. The Royal Butler Ramessessami’on: an addendum. CdE 45 (1990) 12–20. IA PERSSmither PC. The Semna dispatches. JEA 31 (1945) 3–10. IA PERS*Thompson DJ. Memphis under the Ptolemies. Princeton 1988. EG B15 THO / AH C15 THOVenit M S. The Stagni painted tomb: cultural interchange and gender differentiation in Roman Alexandria. AJA

103 (1999) 641–69. IA PERS*Verhoogt AMFW, Vleeming SP (eds). The two faces of Graeco-Roman Egypt. Greek and Demotic and Greek-

Demotic texts and studies presented to PW Pestman. Leiden 1998. PA Qo PA 340 LUG

Egypt in post-pharaonic times: Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine Egypt

Ashton S A.Ptolemaic royal sculpture from egypt: the ineraction between Greek and Egyptian traditions. Oxford2001. EG Qo M10 ASH

*Atiya A S (ed), The Coptic encyclopedia. New York 1991. EGPT A2 COP*Bagnall RS, Frier BW, The demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge 1994). EG B20 BAG—, Rathbone D W (eds), Egypt : from Alexander to the Copts ; an archaeological and historical guide. London

2004. EG B 5 BAGBall J. Egypt in the Classical geographers. Cairo 1942. EG A20 BALBonnel R G, Tobin VA, Christ and Osiris: a comparative study. In Israelit-Groll S (ed), Pharaonic Egypt, the Bible

and christianity. Jerusalem 1985. EG B12 ISR*Bowman A K, Egypt after the pharaohs: 332 BC – AD 642 (Berkeley 1996). EGPT B5 BOWBell HI, Egypt, from Alexander the Great to the Arab conquest: a study in the diffusion and decay of Hellenism

(Westport 1948). EG B5 BEL / AH C15 BEL*Bilde P, Engberg-Pedersen T, Hannestad L, Zahle J (eds), Ethnicity in Hellenistic Egypt (Aarhus 1992). EGPT

B15 BIL*Boardman J, The Greeks overseas. Harmondsworh 1991. EGPT B15 BOABonneau D, Le dieu-nil hors d’Égypte, in Berger C et al (eds), Hommages à Jean Leclant (Cairo 1994) v 3: 51–

62. EG Qo A6 LECBorg B, Mumienporträts: Chronologie und Kultureller Kontext. Mainz 1996. EG Qo M20 BORBurstein SM, Pharaoh Alexander: a scholarly myth. Anc Society 22 (1991) 139–45. CL PERS—, Alexander in Egypt: continuity or change. In Sancisi-Weerdenburg, A Kuhrt, Cool Root (eds), Continuity and

change (Leiden 1994). AH F14 SAN—. Images of Egypt in Greek historiography. In: Loprieno A (ed). Ancient Egyptian literature. Leiden 1996: 591–

605. EG V10 LOPCasson L, The grain trade of the Hellenistic world. TAPA 85 (1954) 168–87. CL PERS—. Rome’s trade with the east: the sea voyage to Africa and India. TAPA 110 (1980) 21–36. CL PERS*Chitty D, The desert a city: an introduction to the study of Egyptian and Palestinian monasticism under the

Christian empire. Crestwood 1966. EG R90 CHIClarysse W, Egyptian scribes writing Greek. CdE 68 (1993) 186–201. IA PERS*van’t Dack et al. (eds). Egypt and the Hellenistic world. Leuven 1983. EG B15 EGY*Foertmeyer VA, Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Ann Arbor 1989. EGPT A30 FOE

23

*Fowden G, The Egyptian Hermes: a historical approach to the late pagan mind (Cambridge 1986). CL GM 16FOW

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84. CL PERS*Goudriaan K. Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt. Amsterdam 1988. EG B15 GOUGriffiths JG, Egypt and the rise of the synagogue. JTheolStuds 38 (1987) 1–15. HE PERSGrossmann P, Schaten S. Historical bibliography of Christian Egypt and Nubia. BSA Copte 44 (2005) 167-88.Iversen E, Egypt in classical antiquity. A résumé, in: Berger C et al (eds), Hommages à Jean Leclant (Cairo 1994)

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90). IA PERSLewis N, Life in Egypt under Roman rule (Oxford 1983). EG B16 LEW / AH C16 LEW*Lewis N. Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: case studies in the social history of the Hellenistic world. Oxford 1986. AH

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AG 10 KUKLefkowitz M. 1997. Not out of Africa: how afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history. New York

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*Lustig J (ed). Anthropology and egyptology: a developing dialogue. Sheffield 1997. EG Qo A9 LUSMaalouf A. Explorateur, humaniste et arab: l’incroyable odysée de Léon l’Africain. Historama 31 (1986) 32–40.HIST PERS*Meskell L. Archaeology under fire: nationalism, politics and heritage in the eastern Mediterranean and middle

east. London 1998. AG MES*—. An archaeology of social life: perspectives on age, sex, class etc in ancient Egypt. Oxford 1999. EG B20

MESMitchell T. Making the nation: the politics of heritage in Egypt. in: al-Sayyad N (ed), Consuming tradition,

manufacturing heritage ... London 2001. ANTH D63 ALSMontserrat D. Akhenaten: history, fantasy and ancient Egypt. London, New York 2000. IA IDMuhly J D et al. [Review edition on Black Athena]. J Med Arch 3 (1990) 53–137; 247–82; esp. 77–81. IA PERSal-Muqaddasi (ed Collins B A) Al-Muqaddasi: the man and his work. GEOG PB8 COLMurray M A. The Egyptian elements in the Grail Romance. AncEg (1916) 1–14, 54–69. IA PERSNewberry P. Egypt as a field for anthropological research. PBAdv Sci (1923) 17–00.O’Leary de L. 1938. The destruction of temples in Egypt. BSAC 4 (1938) 51–7. IA PERSOsing J, Nielsen EK (eds). The heritage of ancient Egypt: studies in honour of Erik Iversen. Copenhagen 1992.

EG A6 OSIPetrie WMF. New tools in archaeology. Syro-Egypt (1912). IA PERS— . Methods and aims in archaeology (London 1904). AL 14 PETPutnam J, Davies WV. Time machine: ancient Egypt and contemporary art. London 1974. ART M8 TIMRassart-Debergh M. De l’Égypte pharaonique à l’Égypte chrétienne: techniques et thèmes (peinture copte). In

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Reid D, Indigenous egyptology: the decolonization of a profession? JAOS 105 (1985) 236–000. SOAS PERS—. Whose pharaohs? : archaeology, museums, and Egyptian national identity from Napoleon to WorldWar I. EG A8 REISaadawi N. The Nawal el Saadawi reader. London 1997. BD SADSaid E. Orientalism. HI 6a SAI/GE H26 SAI/AN D7 SAISijpesteijn P M, New rule over old structures: Egypt afte the Muslim conquest. In: Crawford H (ed). Regime

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Singer TC, Hieroglyphs, real characters, and the idea of natural language in English seventeenth- centurythought. J Hist Ideas 50 (1989) 49–70. ARTS PERS

Stricker B H. Le naos vert de Memphis. ASAE 39 (1939) 215–20. IA PERS—. La prison de Joseph. Acta Or 19 (1943) 101–37. IA PERSThomas N (ed). The American discovery of ancient Egypt: essays. Los Angeles 1996. EG Qo A8 THOToledano E R. Social and economic change and the ‘long nineteenth century’. In Daly M W (ed) 1998: 252–84.Trigger BG. Akhenaten and Durkheim. BIFAO 81 (supplmt, 1981) 165–84. IA PERS*—. Alternative archaeologies: nationalist, colonialist, imperialist. Man 19 (1984) 355–70. AN PERS—. Archaeology at the crossroads: what’s new? Ann R Anth 13 (1984) 275–300. AN PERS—. The history of African archaeology in world perspective. In: Robertshaw P (ed). A history of African

archaeology (London, Portsmouth 1990). DC 100 ROB*Ucko P, Champion T (eds). The wisdom of ancient Egypt: changing visions through the ages. EG A8 UCKUphill E P, Dawson W R. Who was who in egyptology. [2nd ed.] ; 3rd ed (ed Bierbrier M), 1995. EG A8 DAWVandersleyen C (ed). The intellectual heritage of Egypt. Stud Aeg 14 (1992). IA PERSVercoutter J. L’image du noir en Égypte ancienne. BSFE 135 (1996) 30–8. IA PERS*Weeks K (ed.). Egyptology and the social sciences (Cairo 1979). IA ID (some chapters in TC)Wengrow D. The intellectual adventure of Henri Frankfort: a missing chapter in the history of archaeological

thought. AJA 103 (1999) 597–613. IA PERSWenke RJ. Patterns in prehistory: humankind’s first three million years. Oxford 1990. BC 100 WENWhite L. The science of culture. New York 1949. BD WHIWilliam of Tyre (ed Babcock E A, Krey A C). A history of deeds done beyond the sea. New York 1943.Walker S, Higgs P (eds). Cleopatra of Egypt from history to myth. London 2001. EG Qo B15 WALWilson JA. Signs & wonders upon pharaoh: a history of American egyptology. Chicago, London 1964. EG A8

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Essays

This course unit is assessed by two essays of c. 2500 words each. The deadline for both essays isthe end of the first week of Term II. Your first and second essays should relate to the first and

second parts of the course respectively.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Second- and third-year coursework will be second-marked by an internal examiner and also by anexternal examiner, and any mark given is provisional until this has been done.

Please note the Late Submission rule on page 2 of this handout. Note also the College and Institutestatements on plagiarism, which is a serious offence. You are expected to provide full and accurate

references, and will lose marks if you fail to do so.

Please submit your essays stapled, NOT bound into folders or tucked into sleeves. Alwaysinclude the coloured cover sheet for your year of study.

YOU MUST RETURN MARKED COURSEWORK TO THE COURSE COORDINATOR BY THEDATE INDICATED ON THE COVER SHEET

See the bibliographies above, under area /period/theme headings, as well as the recommended reading givenhere.

Part One

1 Compare the social and political development of Egypt and neighbouring regions, anddiscuss the growth of relations between them, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronzeperiods.

Andelkovic 1995; Bates 1915; *Baines and Yoffee 1998; *Ben Tor 1982, 1991; Bomann 1994; de Cree1991, 1998; Faltings 1998; Fattovich 1993; Frankfort 1941; Goedicke 1981; *Hassan 1986; *Kaplan J1959; Largacha 1993, 1995; *Levy 1995, 1997; McHugh et al. 1988; Oren 1989; Shaheen 1998; Teissier1987; Tutundzic 1997; *Ward 1991; *Weinstein 1984; Wenke 1997; *Williams B 1980, 1987.

2 How do you explain the extent of Egyptian maritime contact during the New Kingdom(1500–1000 BCE)?

Bass 1987, 1997; Bietak 1995; Bradbury 1988, 1996; Castle 1974; Gale 1991; Harrell 1992; Liverani1990; Lorton 1974; McCaslin 1980; Phillips 1997; Raban 1988; Rothenberg 1979; Säve-Söderbergh1946; Sayed 1989; Wachsmann 1998; White and White 1996.

3 Trace and compare the reciprocal cultural effects of Bronze Age contact between Egyptand one or more of its neighbours.

(a) Bates 1970; Bietak 1995; Boardman 1968; Snape 1998; Stevenson Smith 1965; Vandersleyen1994; (b) Bietak 1991; Davies and Faulkner 1947; Oren 1984; Williams 1987.

4 Do you consider pharaonic Egypt an African or an Asian culture?

28

Adams 1977; Baines and Yoffee (Feinman and Marcus) 1998; Bonnet 1976, 1990; Celenko 1996; Fagg1978; Guksch 1991; Leclant LAg; Maisels 1999; O’Connor 1993; O’Connor and Reid 2003; Rowlands etal 1987; Takacs 1999; Trigger 1993, 1997; Wenke 1995, 1997; Williams 1987.

5 Summarise and explain Egyptian behaviour towards immigrant populationsduring the second and first millennia BCE.

Bell 1976; Belova 1998; Bilde et al 1992; Goudriaan 1988; Kasher 1985; La’da 1994; Leahy1985, 1995; Lewis 1986; Lloyd 1982; Loprieno 1988; Mordrzejewski 1995; Porten 1996; Redford 1970;Vercoutter 1996.

Part Two

6 Describe and explain the transmission of Egyptian cults, cultural ideas and monumentsacross the Roman empire.

Bonneau 1994; Malaise 1972; Meyboom 1995; Roullet 1972; Foertmeyer 1989; Sarolta 1995.

7 Trace the development of social behaviour among Christian communities inEgypt and the near east during the period 100-1000 CE.

Atiya 1991; Bagnall and Frier 1994; Bowman 1996; Chitty 1966; Doresse 1960; Friedman 1989;Goehring 1997; MacMullen 1964; O’Leary 1960; Rees 1950; Rousseau 1985; Walters 1974.

8 Consider medieval attitudes towards pharaonic and Hellenistic sites and monuments.How have these affected the survival, condition and interpretation of those sites up tothe present?

Haarmann 1980, 1996; Fodor 1975; O’Leary 1935; Petry 1998; Sauneron 1983; Stricker 1939,1943.

9 Give your own assessment of the effect of the French Expedition to Egypt (1798–1800CE) on the practice of archaeology in Egypt and on perceptions of Egypt abroad.

Anderson and Fawzy 1993; Gillispie and Dewachter 1987; France 1991; Godlewska 1995;Greener 1996; Raymond 1998; Siliotti 1998; Whitehouse 1995.

10 What do you consider the pharaonic legacy to either(a) western civilisation or (b)modern Egypt?

(a) Assmann 1997; Aufrère 1997; Baines 1990; Bernal 1991, 1996; Carrott 1978; Curl 1994; Glanville1942; Harris 1971; Iversen 1961; Lichtheim 1987; Lustig 1997; Montserrat 2000; Murray 1916;Vandersleyen 1992; Weeks 1979; Wengrow 1999;(b) Gershoni 1992; Hassan 1999; Daly 1998; Reid 1985; Wood 1998.

29

C575 Egypt in the World

Session 2: Egypt and her neighbours

During three thousand years of dynastic rule Egypt was physically restricted in itscapacity to maintain regular travel and transport links with many neighbouringregions. This talk discusses the arguments over whether Egyptian riverine trafficengaged in maritme activity to east and north, and asks how Egyptian foreign policyand communications might have been influenced by detailed intelligence about othersocieties.

Further reading

Bass G. Oldest known shipwreck reveals splendors of the Bronze Age. National Geographic 172(1987) 693ff. DBC 10 BAS

*Bietak M (ed). Trade, power and cultural exchange: Hyksos Egypt and the eastern Mediterraneanworld 1800–1500 BC. Ä&L 5 (1995). IA PERS

Bourke SJ, Descoeudres JP (eds). Trade, contact, and the movement of peoples in the easternMediterranean: studies in honour of J Basil Hennessy. Sydney 1995. DAG 100 Qo HEN

Casson L. Travel in the ancient world (London 1974). AH A58 CASCastle EW. Shipping and trade in Ramesside Egypt. JESHO 35 (1992) 239–77. IA PERSFaulkner RO. Egyptian seagoing ships. JEA 26 (1940) 3–9. IA PERSGale N (ed). Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: papers ..... Goteborg 1991. DAG Qo Ser STU 90Kantor HJ. The Aegean and the orient in the second millennium BC. Bloomington 1947. EG Qo A22

KAN / YA Qo M5 KANKaplan M. The origin and distribution of Tell el Yahudiya ware. Göteborg 1980. DAG Qo Ser STU 62*Kemp BJ, Merrillees RS. Minoan pottery in second millennium Egypt. Mainz 1980. EG Qo M20 KEM

/ YA Qo P20 KEMKnapp AB. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age Mediterranean trade. WA 24 (1993) 332–47. IA PERS*Liverani M. Prestige and interest: international relations in the near east ca 1600–1100 BC. Padua

1990. AH B61 LIVMcCaslin D. Stone anchors in antiquity: coastal settlements and maritime trade-routes in the eastern

Mediterranean ca 1600–1050 BC. Göteborg 1980. DAG Qo Ser STU 59–61Phillips J (ed). Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the near east: studies … Martha Rhoads Bell. San

Antonio 1997. EG A6 BELRaban A ((ed). Harbour archaeology: proceedings of the first International Workshop on ancient

Mediterranean harbours. Oxford 1985. DAG 100 Qo RABSäve-Söderbergh T. The navy of the eighteenth Egyptian dynasty. Uppsala 1946. EG B20 SAVSmith W S. Interconnections in the ancient Near East: a study of the relationships between the arts of

Egypt, the Aegean and western Asia. New Haven 1965. DBA 100 SMIVinson S. The Nile boatman at work. Mainz 1998. EG on orderVita-Finzi C. The Mediterranean valleys: geological changes in historical times. Cambridge 1969. DAG

2 VIT / GE LX22 VITWachsmann S. Seagoing ships and seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. London 1998. HG Qo

WACWard WA. Egypt and the East Mediterranean world 2200–1900 BC: studies in Egyptian foreign

relations during the First Intermediate Period. (Beirut 1971). DCA 100 WAR / EG B12 WARZiskind J R. The international legal status of the sea in antiquity. Acta Or 35 (1973) 35–49. IA TC

30

C575 Egypt in the world

Session 3: Egypt and the East

For many years Mesopotamia and the Levant provided the main terms of referencefor Egyptian social and political behaviour. This talk follows the arguments for andagainst a Mesopotamian comparative model of e.g. urbanism, kingship, and power,and considers the Levant (including Sinai) as an arena for the transfer of goods andideas.

Further reading:

Adamson P B. The possibility of sea trade between Mesopotamia and Egypt during the late pre-dynastic period. Aula Orientalis 10.2 (1992) 175–9. HE PERS

*Baines J, Yoffee N. Order, legitimacy and wealth in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In Feinman GM, Marcus J (eds). Archaic states: a comparative perspective (Santa Fe 1998) 199–260. BD FEI

*Bietak M. Egypt and Canaan during the Middle Bronze Age. BASOR 281 (1991) 27–72. IA PERS*— (ed). An international symposium. Trade, power and cultural exchange: Hyksos Egypt and the

eastern Mediterranean world 1800–1500 BC. = Ä&L 5 (1995). IA PERSvan den Brink ECM. Tombs and burial customs at Tell el-Dab‘a and their cultural relation to Syria-

Palestine. Vienna 1982. EG E100 BRI— (ed). Archaeology of the Nile delta: problems and priorities (Amsterdam 1988). EG E100 BRIFairservis WA Jr. The development of civilization in Egypt and south Asia: a Hoffman-Fairservis

dialect. In: Adams B, Friedman R (eds). Followers of Horus: studies dedicated to Michael AllenHoffmann 1944–1990 (Oxford 1992) 57–64. EG Qo A6 FRI

Faltings D. Canaanites at Buto in the early fourth millennium BC. EA 13 (1998) 29–30. IA PERSFinkelstein I. Living on the fringe: the archaeology and history of the Negev, Sinai and neighbouring

regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Sheffield 1996. DBE Qo FINFrankfort H. The origin of monumental architecture in Egypt. AJSL 58 (1941) 329– 58. IA TCGiveon R. The impact of Egypt on Canaan: iconographic and related studies. Freiburg, Göttingen

1978. DBE 300 GIVKantor H. The early relations of Egypt with Asia. JNES 1 (1942) 174ff. CL PERSKaplan M. The origin and distribution of Tell el Yahudiya ware. Göteborg 1980. DAG Qo Ser STU 62Knapp A B. The history and culture of ancient western Asia and Egypt. DBA 200 KNA / AH B5 KNALargacha AP. Relations between Egypt and Mesopotamia at the end of the fourth millennium. In: Atti

… sesto congresso internazionale di egittologia. Turin 1993: 399ff. EG A6 CONLevy TE (ed). The archaeology of society in the Holy Land (London 1998). DBE 100 LEV—, van den Brink E, Goren Y, Alon D. New light on King Narmer and the protodynastic Egyptian

presence in Canaan. Bib Arch 58 (1995) 26–35. IA PERSOren E. The overland route between Egypt and Canaan in the Early Bronze Age. IEJ 23(1973)198–

205. IA PERS*—. “Governors’ residencies” in Canaan under the New Kingdom: a case study of Egyptian

administration. JSSEA 14 (1984) 37–56. IA PERS—. Early Bronze age settlements in Northern Sinai: a model for Egypto-Canaanite interconnections.

In: Miroschedji P (ed). L’urbanisation de la Palestine à l’âge du bronze ancien (Oxford 1989)389–405. DBE 100 Qo MIR

— (ed). The Hyksos: new historical and archaeological perspectives. Philadelphia 1997. EG Qo B12ORE

Redford D B. Egypt, Canaan and Israel in ancient times. Princeton 1992. DBA 100 RED—. Egypt and western Asia in the Old Kingdom. JARCE 23 (1986) 125–44. IA PERS—. The Hyksos invasion in history and tradition. Or 39 (1970) 1–51. IA PERSRothenberg B. Sinai: pharaohs, miners, pilgrims and scholars. Washington 1979. DBE 10 Qo ROT

31

C575 Egypt in the world

Session 4: Egypt and the North

Egyptian relations with societies across the Mediterranean show a less consistentpattern than those with the Levant. This talk considers the sporadic nature of theserelations and the two periods of closest pre-Ptolemaic contact, the mid to late BronzeAge (17th–15th centuries BCE) and the 7th–4th centuries.

Further reading:

*Bass G. Oldest known shipwreck reveals splendors of the Bronze Age. National Geographic 172(1987) 693ff. DBC 10 BAS*Cline EH. Sailing the wine-dark sea: international trade and the late Bronze Age Aegean (Oxford

1995). DAG 100 CLIBoardman J. Bronze Age Greece and Libya. BSA 63 (1968) 41–4. CL PERS*Habachi L. The military posts of Ramesses II on the coastal road and the western part of the delta.

BIFAO 80 (1980) 13–30. IA PERSLaw RCC. North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c 800 to 323 BC.

Cambridge history of Africa v2 87–147. Cambridge 1978. DC 400 Ser CAM 2*Snape S. Ramesses II’s forgotten frontier. EA 11 (1997) 23–4. IA PERS—. Walls, wells and wandering merchants: Egyptian control of Marmarica in the late Bronze Age. In

Eyre C J (ed), Proceedings of the seventh International Congress of Egyptologists (Leuven1998) 1081–4. EG A6 INT

White D, White AP. Coastal sites of Northeast Africa: the case against Bronze Age ports. JARCE 33(1996) 11–30. IA PERS

Bietak M. Minoan wall-paintings unearthed at ancient Avaris. EA 2 (1992) 26–8. IA PERS*— (ed). An international symposium. Trade, power and cultural exchange: Hyksos Egypt and the

eastern Mediterranean world 1800–1500 BC. Ä&L 5 (1995). IA PERS—. Le début de la XVIIIe dynastie et les minoens à Avaris. BSFE 135 (1996) 5–29. IA PERSBoardman J. The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade. London 1980.—. Settlement for trade and land in North Africa: problems of identity. In Tzetskhladze GR, de Angelis

F (eds). The archaeology of Greek colonisation: essays dedicated to Sir John Boardman (Oxford1994) 137–49. YA A20 TZE

Burstein S. Graeco-Africana: studies in the history of Greek relations with Egypt and Nubia. EG B20BUR

Cline EH. Contact and trade of colonization? Egypt and the Aegean in the 14–13th centuries BC.Minos 25/26 (1990/91) 7–36. CL PERS/IA TC

Goedicke H, The northeastern delta and the Mediterranean. In: van den Brink ECN (ed). Thearchaeology of the Nile delta, Egypt: problems and priorities (Amsterdam 1989) 165–75. EGE100 BRI

*Kemp BJ, Merrillees RS. Minoan pottery in second millennium Egypt. Mainz 1980. EG Qo M20 KEM/ YA Qo P20 KEM

Milne J G. Trade between Greece and Egypt before Alexandria the Great. JEA 25 (1939) 177–83. CLPERS

Parkinson R, Schofield L. Akhenaten’s army? EA 3 (1993) 34–5. IA PERSPendlebury JDS. Aegyptiaca: a catalogue of Egyptian objects in the Aegean area (Cambridge 1930).

EG E200 PENRehak P. Aegean breechcloths, kilts, and the Keftiu paintings. AJA 100 (1996) 35–52. IA PERSSchofield L, Parkinson RB. Of helmets and heretics: a possible Egyptian representation of Mycenaean

warriors on a papyrus from el-Amarna. BSA 89 (1994) 157–70. CL PERSWachsmann S. Aegeans in the Theban tombs (Leuven 1987). EG E100 WAC

32

Session 6: Egypt and the South

The Upper Nile, especially the region to the south of the first cataract (conventionallycalled Nubia), seems always to have had a special relationship with pharaonic Egypt.This talk explores the means of contact and communication between the two, thedifferent directions which Egypt and Nubia took in the development of their socialorganization and material culture, and discusses the idea of ‘lost Pharaohs of Nubia’.

Further reading:

Adams WY. Nubia: corridor to Africa. London 1977. EG B60 ADA—. Doubts about the lost pharaohs. JNES 44 (1985) 185–92.Bell L, Johnson J, Whitcomb D. Eastern desert of Upper Egypt: routes and inscriptions. JNES 43

(1984) 27–46. CL PERSBomann A. Discoveries in the eastern desert. EA 4 (1994) 29–30. IA PERSBonnet C. La deffufa occidentale à Kerma . Essai d’interprétation. BIFAO 81 (1981) suppl. 205ff. IA

PERS—. Kerma, point de rencontre entre l’Égypte et les populations africaines. Sahara 3 (1990) 83–8. IA

PERS—. Rites et édifices funéraires à Kerma Geneva 1999. IA Issue DeskBradbury L. Reflections on traveling to “God’s Land” and Punt in the Middle Kingdom. JARCE 25

(1988) 127–56. IA PERS—. Kpn-boats, Punt trade, and a lost emporium. JARCE 33 (1996) 37–60. IA PERSCasson L. Egypt, Africa, Arabia, and India: patterns of seaborne trade in the first century AD. BASP 21

(1984) 39–47. PA PERSCastel G, Soukassian G. Gebel el-Zeit I: les mines de galène (Égypte, Ière millénaire av JC) (Cairo

1989). EG Qo E22 GEBDavies WV (ed). Egypt and Africa: Nubia from prehistory to Islam. London 1991. EG Qo B60 DAVFattovich R. The Gash Group. A complex society in the lowlands to the east of the Nile. CRIPEL 17

(1995) 191–202. IA PERS—. The origins of the Kingdom of Kush: views from the African hinterland. ANM 7 (1995) 69–78. IA

PERSFuller DQ. The confluence of history and archaeology in Lower Nubia: scales of continuity and

change. ARCamb 14.1 (1997) 105–28. IA PERSGratien B. La Basse Nubie à l’ancien empire: Égyptiens et authochtones. JEA 81 (1995) 43–56. IA

PERSHarrell JA, Brown VM. The oldest surviving topographical map from ancient Egypt (Turin papyri 1879,

1899, and 1969). JARCE 29 (1992) 81–106. IA PERSKitchen K A. Punt and how to get there. Or 40 (1971) 184–208. IA PERSO’Connor D. Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s rival in Africa. Philadelphia 1993. EG Qo B60 OCO—. Kerma and Egypt: the significance of the monumental buildings, Kerma I, II and XI. JARCE 21

(1984) 65–108. IA PERSPhillips J. Punt and Aksum: Egypt and the Horn of Africa. J Afr Hist 38 (1997) 423–57. AN PERSSayed AMAH. Discovery of the site of the 12th Dynasty port at Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea shore.

RdE 29 (1977) 138–78. IA PERS— . The recently discovered port on the Red Sea shore. JEA 64 (1978) 69ff. IA PERS— . Were there direct relations between pharaonic Egypt and Arabia? Proc. Sem Arabian Studs 19

(1989) 155–66. IA PERSSmith ST. Askut in Nubia: the economics and ideology of Egyptian imperialism in the second

millennium BC (London, New York 1995). EG B20 SMITrigger B. Nubia under the pharaohs. London 1976. EG B60 TRIVandersleyen C. Les monuments de l’Ouadi Gaouasis et la possibilité d’aller au pays de Pount par la

Mer Rouge. RdE 47 (1996) 107–15. IA PERSWilliams B. The lost pharaohs of Nubia. Archaeology 33 (1980) 14–21. IA PERS—. Forebears of Menes in Nubia: myth or reality? JNES 46 (1987) 15–26. CL PERSZarins J. Ancient Egypt and the Red Sea trade: the case for obsidian in the predynastic and archaicperiods. In: Leonard A, Williams BB (eds). Essays in ancient civilization presented to Helene J Kantor(Chicago 1989) 339–68. DBA 100 KAN

33

Session 7: Egypt and the West

The vast desert region to the west of the NileValley is in some ways its mostenigmatic, and yet most important, adjacent area. Climate change in the fifth andfourth millennia may have been instrumental in the peoplng of Egypt, and thewestern Oases provided an alternative route to the Valley for travel from north tosouth and back. This talk examines the nature of pharaonic interaction with thesemarginal/external zones.

Further reading:

Basta M. Excavations in the desert road at Dahshur. ASAE 60 (1968) 57–63. IA PERSel-Baz F. Aeolian deposits and palaeo-rivers of the eastern Sahara. Significance to archaeology and

groundwater exploration. Sahara 10 (1998) 55–66. IA PERSClose AE. Living on the edge: Neolithic herders in the eastern Sahara. Antiquity 64 [242] (1990) 79–

96. IA PERSDarnell JC, Darnell D. The Theban desert road survey. NARCE 172 (1997) 1,10–15. IA PERS—, —. New inscriptions of the late First Intermediate Period from the Theban western desert and the

beginnings of the northern expansion of the eleventh dynasty. JNES 56 (1997) 241–58. CLPERS

Fakhry A. The oases of Egypt. 2v, Cairo1973–4, 1987. EG A20 FAKGiddy LL. Egyptian oases. Warminster 1987. EG A20 GIDGoedicke H. Harkhuf’s travels. JNES 40 (1981)–20. CL PERSHassan FA. Desert environment and origins of agriculture in Egypt. Norw Arch Rev 19 (1986) 63–76.

IA PERSMcDonald MMA. Origins of the Neolithic in the Nile valley as seen from Dakhleh Oasis in the Egyptian

western desert. Sahara 4 (1991) 41–52. IA PERSMcHugh WP. Cattle pastoralism in Africa - a model for interpreting archaeological evidence from the

eastern Sahara desert. Arctic Anthropology 11 (1974) suppl. 236–44. IA PERS—. Late prehistoric cultural adaptation in southwest Egypt and the problem of the nilotic origins of

Saharan cattle pastoralism. JARCE 11 (1974) 2–29. IA PERS—, McCauley J F, Haynes C V, Breed C S, Schaber G G. Paleorivers and geoarchaeology in the

southern Egyptian Sahara. Geoarchaeology 3 (1988) 1–40. IA PERSMauny R. Trans-Saharan contacts. Cambridge history of Africa v2 (Cambridge 1978) 272ff. DC 100

Ser CAM 2 / HI 58I CAMPantalacci L. Les habitants de Balat à la Vième dynastie: esquisse d’histoire sociale. In Eyre C J (ed),

Proceedings of the seventh International Congress of Egyptologists (Leuven 1998) 829–37. EGA6 INT

Peters J. The palaeoenvironment of the Gilf Kebir-Jebel Uweinat area during the first half of theHolocene: the latest evidence. Sahara 1 (1988) 73–6. IA PERS

Reddé M. À l’ouest du nil: une frontière sans soldats, des soldats sans frontière. In: MaxfieldVA,Dobson MJ (eds). Roman frontier studies 1989: proceedings … (Exeter 1991) 485–93. CDC270 Qo Ser LIM 15

Smith H S, Giddy L L. Nubia and Dakhla Oasis in the late third millennium BC: the present balance oftextual and archaeological evidence. In: Geus F, Thill F (eds). Mélanges offerts à JeanVercoutter (Paris 985): 317–30. EG Qo A6 GEU

Soukassian G, Wuttmann M, Schaad D. La ville d’‘Ayn-Asil à Dakhla: état de recherches.BIFAO 90 (1990) 348–58. IA PERS

Spalinger D. Some notes on the Libyans of the Old Kingdom and later historical reflexes. JSSEA 9(1979) 125–62. IA PERS

Vercoutter J. Le Sahara et l’Égypte pharaonique. Sahara 1 (1988) 9–20. IA PERSWainwright G A. The Meshwesh. JEA 48 (1962) 89–99. IA PERSWendorf F, Close AE, Schild R. Megaliths in the eastern Sahara. Sahara 5 (1992–3) 7–16. IA PERS

34

Session 8: Egyptians abroad

This talk will examine briefly when, where and in what circumstances Egyptianswould travel, both within and outside the Nile Valley, and what kind of effort theymade to create familiar or congenial environments.

Further reading:

Bass G. Oldest known shipwreck reveals splendors of the Bronze Age. National Geographic 172(1987) 693ff. DBC 10 BAS

Belova G. The Egyptians’ idea of hostile encirclement. In Eyre C J (ed), Proceedings of the seventhInternational Congress of Egyptologists (Leuven 1998) 143–8. EG A6 INT

Bietak M (ed). Trade, power and cultural exchange: Hyksos Egypt and the eastern Mediterraneanworld 1800–1500 BC. Ä&L 5 (1995). IA PERS

Bonnet C. Kerma, point de rencontre entre l’Égypte et les populations africaines. Sahara 3 (1990) 83–8. IA PERS

Bradbury L. Reflections on traveling to “God’s Land” and Punt in the Middle Kingdom. JARCE 25(1988) 127–56. IA PERS

Castle EW. Shipping and trade in Ramesside Egypt. JESHO 35 (1992) 239–77. IA PERSCline EH. Contact and trade or colonization? Egypt and the Aegean in the 14–13th centuries BC.

Minos 25/26 (1990/91) 7–36. CL PERS/IA TCFinkelstein I. Living on the fringe: the archaeology and history of the Negev, Sinai and neighbouring

regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Sheffield 1996. DBE Qo FINFaulkner RO. Egyptian seagoing ships. JEA 26 (1940) 3–9. IA PERSGoedicke H. The report of Wenamun. Baltimore 1975 / Michigan 1996. EG V50 GOEGratien B. La Basse Nubie à l’ancien empire: Égyptiens et authochtones. JEA 81 (1995) 43–56. IA

PERSHabachi L. The military posts of Ramesses II on the coastal road and the western part of the delta.

BIFAO 80 (1980) 13–30. IA PERSIsraelit-Groll S. The Egyptian administrative system in Syria and Palestine in the 18th Dynasty. In:

Görg M (ed) Fontes atque pontes: ein Festgabe für Helmut Brunner. (Wiesbaden 1983) 234–42.EG Qo A6 BRU

McCaslin D. Stone anchors in antiquity: coastal settlements and maritime trade-routes in the easternMediterranean ca 1600–1050 BC. Göteborg 1980. DAG Qo Ser STU 59–61

Oren E. “Governors’ residencies” in Canaan under the New Kingdom: a case study of Egyptianadministration. JSSEA 14 (1984) 37–56. IA PERS

Pantalacci L. Les habitants de Balat à la VIème dynastie: esquisse d’histoire sociale. In Eyre C J (ed),Proceedings of the seventh International Congress of Egyptologists (Leuven 1998) 829–37. EGA6 INT

Säve-Söderbergh T. The navy of the eighteenth Egyptian dynasty. Uppsala 1946. EG B20 SAVSmith ST. Askut in Nubia: the economics and ideology of Egyptian imperialism in the second

millennium BC (London, New York 1995). EG B20 SMISnape S. Walls, wells and wandering merchants: Egyptian control of Marmarica in the late Bronze

Age. In Eyre C J (ed), Proceedings of the seventh International Congress of Egyptologists(Leuven 1998) 1081–4. EG A6 INT

Wachsmann S. Seagoing ships and seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. London 1998. HG QoWAC

Weinstein J M. The Egyptian empire in Palestine: a reassessment. BASOR 241 (1981) 1–28. IA PERSWhite D, White AP. Coastal sites of Northeast Africa: the case against Bronze Age ports. JARCE 33

(1996) 11–30. IA PERSWainwright G. Zeberged: the Shipwrecked Sailor’s island. JEA 32 (1946) 34ff. IA PERS

35

Session 9: Where Asia and Africa meet

This talk will consider the most visible periods of immigration and settlement in theNile Valley before the Ptolemaic period. The possibility of a quite diverse ethnicpicture for the Nile Delta is considered, together with the increasing. The older ideasof the role of Western Asia and the Levant in forming or influencing the Nile Valleypopulation have to be balanced against more recent suggestions about an Africanmodel for this development.

Further reading

Bell L. Interpreters and egyptianized Nubians in ancient Egyptian foreign policy: aspects of the historyof Egypt and Nubia (Philadelphia 1976). EG B12 BEL

Belova G. The Egyptians’ idea of hostile encirclement. In Eyre C J (ed), Proceedings of the seventhInternational Congress of Egyptologists (Leuven 1998) 143–8. EG A6 INT

Bietak M. Minoan wall-paintings unearthed at ancient Avaris. EA 2 (1992) 26–8. IA PERS— (ed). An international symposium. Trade, power and cultural exchange: Hyksos Egypt and the

eastern Mediterranean world 1800–1500 BC. Ä&L 5 (1995). IA PERS—. Le début de la XVIIIe dynastie et les minoens à Avaris. BSFE 135 (1996) 5–29. IA PERSBoardman J. The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade. London 1980.Bonnet C. Kerma, point de rencontre entre l’Égypte et les populations africaines. Sahara 3 (1990) 83–

8. IA PERSBourke SJ, Descoeudres JP (eds). Trade, contact, and the movement of peoples in the eastern

Mediterranean: studies in honour of J Basil Hennessy. Sydney 1995. DAG 100 Qo HENBourriau JD. Nubians in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period: an interpretation based on the

Egyptian ceramic evidence. In: Arnold Do (ed.). Studien zur altägyptischen Keramik. Mainz1981: 25–42. EG Qo M20 ARN

Bresciani E. The Persian occupation of Egypt. Cambridge history of Iran v2 (Cambridge 1985) 502–28. DBG 200 CAM

Cochavi-Rainey Z. Egyptian influence in the Akkadian texts written by Egyptian scribes in thefourteenth and thirteenth centuries BCE. JNES 49 (1990) 57–65. CL PERS

Cornevin M. Paléoclimatologie et peuplement de l’Égypte ancienne. RdE 47 (1996) 183–203. IAPERS

Davis S. Race-relations in ancient Egypt: Greek, Egyptian, Hebrew, Roman. London 1951. EG B20DAV / AH C57 DAV

Haring B. Libyans in the late Twentieth Dynasty. In: Demaree RJ, Egberts A (eds). Village voices(Leiden 1992) 71–80. EG V50 DEM

Hassan FA. Population ecology and civilization in ancient Egypt. In Crumley C C (ed). Historicalecology: cultural knowledge and changing landscapes (Santa Fe 1993) 155–81. BB6 CRU

Johnson J (ed). Life in a multicultural society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and beyond.Chicago 1992. EG Qo A6 DEM

Kemp BJ, Merrillees RS. Minoan pottery in second millennium Egypt. Mainz 1980. EG Qo M20 KEM /YA Qo P20 KEM

Leahy A. Ethnic diversity in ancient Egypt. In: Sasson JM (ed). Civilizations of the ancient near east(New York 1995) 225–34. DBA 100 SAS

Loprieno A. Topos und Mimesis: zum Auslander in der ägyptischen Literatur. Wiesbaden 1988. EG V7LOP

Modrzejewski JM. The Jews of Egypt: from Ramesses II to Emperor Hadrian. Edinburgh 1995. EGB20 MOD

Oren E (ed). The Hyksos: new historical and archaeological perspectives. Philadelphia 1997. EG QoB12 ORE

Porten B. The Elephantine Papyri in English: three millennia of cross-cultural continuity and change.Leiden 1996. EG Qo X5 POR

Redford D B. The Hyksos invasion in history and tradition. Or 39 (1970) 1–51. IA PERSRedmount CA. Ethnicity, pottery and the Hyksos at Tell el-Maskhuta in the Egyptian delta. Bib Arch 58

(1995) 182–90. IA PERSRitner RK. The end of the Libyan anarchy in Egypt: P Rylands IX cols. 11–12. Enchoria 17 (1990)

101-8. IA PERS

36

Tutundzic SP. Remarks on the origin and date of subterranean constructions at Maadi. DE 38 (1997)103–7. IA PERS

Term II

Session 11: Egypt in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods

The arrival in Egypt of Alexander in the 330s BCE is widely regarded as a watershedevent, when the country ceased to be ruled by native dynasties and was controlledfrom outside. This talk considers the reliability of this view and considers how theidea of Egypt began to be disseminated through a wider world.

Further reading

Alston R. Soldiers and society in Roman Egypt: a social history. London 1995. EESAshton S A.Ptolemaic royal sculpture from egypt: the ineraction between Greek and Egyptian

traditions. Oxford 2001. EG Qo M10 ASHBagnall RS. The administration of Ptolemaic possessions outside Egypt. Leiden 1976.——, Frier BW, The demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge 1994). EG B20 BAGBell HI. Antisemitism in Alexandria. JRS 31 (1941) 1–19.Bilde P, Engberg-Pedersen T, Hannestad L, Zahle J (eds), Ethnicity in Hellenistic Egypt (Aarhus

1992). EGPT B15 BILBowman A K, Egypt after the pharaohs: 332 BC – AD 642 (Berkeley 1996). EGPT B5 BOWBurstein SM. Alexander in Egypt: continuity or change? In: Sancisi-Weerdenburg H, Kuhrt A, Root MC

(eds). Continuity and change: Proceedings of the last Achaemenid History Workshop (Leiden1994) 381–7. AH F14 SAN

Foertmeyer VA, Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Ann Arbor 1989. EGPT A30 FOEGoudriaan K. Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt. Amsterdam 1988. EG B15 GOUGriffiths JG. Egyptian nationalsim in the Edfu temple texts. In: Ruffle J, Gaballa GA, Kitchen KA (eds).

Glimpses of ancient Egypt: studies … HW Fairman (Warminster 1979) 174–9. EG Qo A6 FAIJohnson J (ed). Life in a multicultural society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and beyond.

Chicago 1992. EG Qo A6 DEMKákosy L, Egypt in ancient Greek and Roman thought. In Sasson JM (ed), Civilizations of the ancient

near east (New York 1995) v1 3–14. DBA 100 SASKasher A, The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: the struggle for equal rights. Tübingen 1985. HE

FS 11 KASLa’da CA. Ethnicity, occupation and tax-status in Ptolemaic Egypt. EVO 17 (1994) 183–90. IA PERSLewis N. Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: case studies in the social history of the Hellenistic world. Oxford

1986. AH C15 LEWLloyd AB. Nationalist propaganda in Ptolemaic Egypt. Historia 31 (1982) 33–55. CL PERSMalaise M. Les conditions de pénétration et de diffusion des cultes égyptiens en Italie (Leiden 1972).

EG R5 MALMendels D. The polemical nature of Manetho’s Aegyptiaca. In: Verdin H, Schepens G, de Kuyser E

(eds). Purposes of history: studies in Greek historiography from the 4th to the 2nd centuries BC.Louvain 1990) 91–110. AH P8 VER

Noshy I. The arts in Ptolemaic Egypt: a study of the Greek and Egyptian influences in Ptolemaicarchitecture and sculpture. Oxford, London 1937. YA A27 NOS

Roullet A. The Egyptian and egyptianizing monuments of imperial Rome. Leiden 1972. EG K7 ROU /AH C16 ROU

Rowlandson J. Beyond the polis: women and economic opportunity in early Ptolemaic Egypt. In:Powell A (ed). The Greek world (London 1995) 301–22. AH P6 POW

Samuel AE, The shifting sands of history: interpretations of Ptolemaic Egypt. Lanham 1989. AH C15SAM

van’t Dack et al. (eds). Egypt and the Hellenistic world. Leuven 1983. EG B15 EGYVenit M S. The Stagni painted tomb: cultural interchange and gender differentiation in Roman

Alexandria. AJA 103 (1999) 641–69. IA PERS

37

Verhoogt AMFW, Vleeming SP (eds). The two faces of Graeco-Roman Egypt. Greek and Demotic andGreek-Demotic texts and studies presented to PW Pestman. Leiden 1998. PA Qo PA 340 LUG

38

Session 12: Late Roman Egypt and the growth of Christianity

Roman rule in Egypt engendered a spirit of resistance and protest within Egyptiansociety, yet at the same time exported Egyptian culture to a wider audiience thanever before through its monumental features (obelisks) and its religion (cults of theNile, Isis and Serapis). This talk looks at Christianity and its pagan antecedents asthe first examples of a deeper Egyptian contribution to life in the west.

Further reading

Atiya A S (ed), The Coptic encyclopedia. New York 1991. EGPT A2 COPBell HI, Egypt, from Alexander the Great to the Arab conquest: a study in the diffusion and decay of

Hellenism (Westport 1948). EG B5 BEL / AH C15 BELBonnel R G, Tobin VA, Christ and Osiris: a comparative study. In Israelit-Groll S (ed), Pharaonic

Egypt, the Bible and christianity. Jerusalem 1985. EG B12 ISRBonneau D, Le dieu-nil hors d’Égypte, in Berger C et al (eds), Hommages à Jean Leclant (Cairo 1994)

v 3: 51–62. EG Qo A6 LECCasson L, The grain trade of the Hellenistic world. TAPA 85 (1954) 168–87. CL PERSChitty D, The desert a city: an introduction to the study of Egyptian and Palestinian monasticism under

the Christian empire. Crestwood 1966. EG R90 CHIDelia D. The population of Roman Alexandria. TAPA 118 (1988) 275–92. CL PERSFowden G, The Egyptian Hermes: a historical approach to the late pagan mind (Cambridge 1986). CL

GM 16 FOWFrend WHC. Nationalism as a factor in anti-Chalcedonian feeling in Egypt. Studies in Church History

18 (1982) 21–38. HI 83a STUFriedman F D (ed). Beyond the pharaohs: Egypt and the Copts in the 2nd to 7th centuries AD. Rhode

Island 1989. IA IN CATGoehring J E, Monastic diversity and ideological boundaries in fourth-century Christian Egypt. JECS 5

(1997) 61–84. CL PERSKaper O. Life on the fringe: living in the southern Egyptian deserts during the Roman and early-

Byzantine periods. Leiden 1998. EESKeenan JG. Village shepherds and social tension in Byzantine Egypt. In: Lewis N (ed). Papyrology

(Cambridge 1985) 245–59. CL PERSMacMullen R, Nationalism in Roman Egypt. Aegyptus 44 (1964) 179–99. IA PERSMalaise M. Les conditions de pénétration et de diffusion des cultes égyptiens en Italie (Leiden 1972).

EG R5 MALMeyboom PGP. The Nile mosaic of Palestrina: early evidence of Egyptian religion in Italy. Leiden

1995. YA P145 MEYO’Leary de L, The destruction of the temples in Egypt, BSACopte 15 (1960) 125 ff. IA PERSPomerantseva N, Spread of the traditions of ancient Egyptian art on the iconography of Coptic ritual

sculpture. In Godlewski W (ed), Coptic studies: Acts of the third International Congress of Copticstudies (Warsaw 1990) 335–42. EG Qo E65 GOD

Rees BR, Popular religion in Graeco-Roman Egypt II: the transition to christianity. JEA 36 (1950) 86–100. IA PERS

Roullet A. The Egyptian and egyptianizing monuments of imperial Rome. Leiden 1972. EG K7 ROU /AH C16 ROU

Rousseau P, Pachomius: the making of a community in fourth-century Egypt (Berkeley etc. 1985). AHX98 ROU

Sarolta AT, Isis and Serapis in the Roman world. Leiden 1995. AH R74 TAKTran Tam Tinh V. Isis lactans: corpus des monuments gréco-romains d’Isis allaitant Harpocrate.

Leiden 1973.Venit M S. The Stagni painted tomb: cultural interchange and gender differentiation in Roman

Alexandria. AJA 103 (1999) 641–69. IA PERSWalker S, Bierbrier M, Ancient faces: mummy portraits from Roman Egypt. London 1997. EG Qo M20

WALWalters C C, Monastic archaeology in Egypt (Warminster 1974). EG K5 WALWilfong T G. The non-Muslim communities: Christian communities. In: Petry C F (ed). The Cambridge

history of Egypt. v 1. Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge 1998: 175–97. EG B5 CAM.Wood S, Isis, eggheads, and Roman portraiture. JARCE 24 (1987) 123–41. IA PERS

39

Session 13: The medieval perception of Egypt

Following the Islamic conquest of Egypt in the 640s CE the Nile Valley became partof a vast empire united by religion and (to a lesser extent) by culture and a commonlanguage. This session considers the survival of pharaonic culture into this period,and the major sources for a reconstruction of events and attitudes before Egyptbecame accessible from the west.

Further reading

Abu Salih (ed Evetts B T A, Butler A J). The churches and monasteries of Egypt … attributed to AbuSalih the Armenian. EG R90 ABU

Benjamin of Tudela (ed Adler M N). The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. London 1907. MOCATTAA70 BEN; (New York 1972. HEB A70 BEN:ADL; Malibu 1983. HEB A70 BEN)

Broadhurst R J C. The travels of Ibn Jubayr. London 1952.Butler A J. The Arab conquest of Egypt. Oxford 1902; (ed. Fraser P M) 1978.Cambridge history of Egypt. see Petry C F, Daly M W.Crawford O G S. Some medieval theories about the Nile. GJ 114 (1949) 6–29. GEOG PERSDaly M W (ed). Cambridfge history of Egypt. v2. Modern Egypt from 1517 to the end of the twentieth

century. Cambridge 1998. EG B5 CAMFodor A. The role of firªawn in popular Islam. JEA 61 (1975) 238–40. IA PERSGlanville SRK (ed). The legacy of Egypt. Oxford 1942. EG A5 GLA/AH C6 GLAGolb N. The topography of the Jews in medieval Egypt. JNES 24 (1965) 251-70; 33 (1974) 116-49.

AH PERSGregory of Tours (ed Dalton O M). The history of the Franks. Oxford 1967. HIST 45f GREHaarman U. Regional sentiment in medieval Islamic Egypt. BSOAS 43 (1980) 55-66. IA TC-—. Medieval Muslim perceptions of pharaonic Egypt. In Loprieno A (ed). Ancient Egyptian literature:

history and forms. Leiden 1996: 605–27. EG V10 LOPHarris JR (ed). The legacy of Egypt. 2nd ed Oxford 1971. EG A5 HARIbn Battuta (ed Gibb H A R). Travels 1325–54. London 1963. GEOG A6 BAT/HIST 53e WILMaalouf A. Explorateur, humaniste et arab: l’incroyable odysée de Léon l’Africain. Historama 31

(1986) 32–40. HIST PERSal-Muqaddasi (ed Collins B A) Al-Muqaddasi: the man and his work. GEOG PB8 COLPetry C F (ed). The Cambridge history of Egypt. v 1. Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge 1998. EG

B5 CAM.Stricker B H. Le naos vert de Memphis. ASAE 39 (1939) 215–20. IA PERS—. La prison de Joseph. Acta Or 19 (1943) 101–37. IA PERSWilliam of Tyre (ed Babcock E A, Krey A C). A history of deeds done beyond the sea. New York 1943.

40

Session 14: The Renascence and after

From approximately 1500 CE the Nile Valley became increasingly open to the West,although travel was rarely easy or comfortable. A substantial travel literature built up,and the beginnings of a more informed and serious discussion formed the core oforientalist enquiry into many aspects of Egyptian culture and history. Thisdevelopment cemented the mental separation of past and present Egypt, and of aEurope opposed to Africa and the East.

Further reading

Assmann J. Moses the Egyptian: the memory of Egypt in western monotheism. Harvard 1997. HE QM7 ASS

Aufrère S H. Égyptomanisme et Égyptomanie. CdE 72 (1997) 25–40. IA PERSCambridge history of Egypt. see Petry C F, Daly M W.Carré J-M. Voyageurs et écrivains français en Égypte (Cairo 1932). EG A30 CARClayton P. The rediscovery of ancient Egypt (London 1982). EG A30 CLADaly M W (ed). Cambridfge history of Egypt. v2. Modern Egypt from 1517 to the end of the twentieth

century. Cambridge 1998. EG B5 CAMFrance P. The rape of Egypt: how the Europeans stripped Egypt of its heritage (London 1991). EG A8

FRAFreeman C. The legacy of ancient Egypt. Oxford 1997. EG Qo B5 FREGlanville SRK (ed). The legacy of Egypt. Oxford 1942. EG A5 GLA/AH C6 GLAGreener L. The discovery of Egypt (London 1966). EG A8 GREHarris JR (ed). The legacy of Egypt. 2nd ed Oxford 1971. EG A5 HARIversen E. The myth of Egypt and its hieroglyphs in European tradition. Copenhagen 1961. EG A8 IVELichtheim M. Views of Egypt in English Romantic poetry. In Osing J, Dreyer G (eds). Form und Mass:

Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten. Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht(Wiesbaden 1987) 274–85. EG Qo A6 OSI

Murray M A. The Egyptian elements in the Grail Romance. AncEg (1916) 1–14, 54–69. IA PERSOsing J, Nielsen EK (eds). The heritage of ancient Egypt: studies in honour of Erik Iversen.

Copenhagen 1992. EG A6 OSIPetry C F (ed). The Cambridge history of Egypt. v 1. Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge 1998. EG

B5 CAM.Said E. Orientalism. HI 6a SAI/GE H26 SAI/AN D7 SAISiliotti A. Egypt lost and found: explorers and travellers on the Nile. London 1998. EES 27E SILUphill E P, Dawson W R. Who was who in egyptology. [2nd ed.] ; 3rd ed (ed Bierbrier M), 1995. EG

A8 DAWVandersleyen C (ed). The intellectual heritage of Egypt. Stud Aeg 14 (1992). IA PERSWortham J D. British egyptology 1549–1906 (Newton Abbot 1971). AG WOR / EG A8 WOR

41

Session 16: The French Expedition

The arrival of Bonaparte’s military and scientific force in Egypt in 1799, and theevents of the next three years, mark a turning point in the history of Egyptology andof Egypt’s relations with the outside world. Within a decade the Mamluks werefinished as a political force; Muhammad Ali became the quasi-autonomous ruler, andlaunched Egypt on an industrial revolution that saw increasing destruction ofmonuments and an influx of European technical experts - at the very moment whenwestern scholars were beginning to understand pharaonic society through a broaderacademic approach and the imminent decipherment of hieroglyphs.

Further reading

Anderson R, Fawzi I. Egypt in 1800: scenes from Napoleon’s Description de l’Égypte. London 1987.EES

Aufrère S H. Égyptomanisme et Égyptomanie. CdE 72 (1997) 25–40. IA PERSBall J. The “Description de l’Égypte” and the course of the Nile between Isna and Girga. BIE 14 (1932)

127-39. IA PERSCarré J-M. Voyageurs et écrivains français en Égypte (Cairo 1932). EG A30 CARCarrott R G. The Egyptian revival: its sources, monuments, and meaning, 1808–1858. Berkeley 1978.

AR B8:81 CARClayton P. The rediscovery of ancient Egypt (London 1982). EG A30 CLACurl J S. Egyptomania. The Egyptian revival: a recurring theme in the history of taste (Manchester

1994). ART P7 CURDaly M W (ed). Cambridfge history of Egypt. v2. Modern Egypt from 1517 to the end of the twentieth

century. Cambridge 1998. EG B5 CAMDykstra DI. Egypt in the nineteenth century: the impact of Europe upon a non-western society (Ann

Arbor 1979). SOAS—. The French occupation of Egypt, 1798–1801. In Daly M W (ed) 1998: 113–38.France P. The rape of Egypt: how the Europeans stripped Egypt of its heritage (London 1991). EG A8

FRAGodlewska A. Map, text and image. The mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the

Description de l’Égypte. Trans Inst Brit Geographers n.s. 20 (1995) 5–28. NS PERSGreener L. The discovery of Egypt (London 1966). EG A8 GRESaid E. Orientalism. HI 6a SAI/GE H26 SAI/AN D7 SAIUphill E P, Dawson W R. Who was who in egyptology. [2nd ed.] ; 3rd ed (ed Bierbrier M), 1995. EG

A8 DAWVandersleyen C (ed). The intellectual heritage of Egypt. Stud Aeg 14 (1992). IA PERSWortham J D. British egyptology 1549–1906 (Newton Abbot 1971). AG WOR / EG A8 WOR

42

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