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ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING OF JAIPUR

BY DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH

SAUMYA KOHLI

Sushant school of art and architecture

Source:http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/city-plan

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Jaipurlies at a distance of about 200 miles from Delhi, 150 miles from Agra and 84 miles from

Ajmer.

located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitudeof about 430 m above sea level.

Latitude26 55 ; Longitude 75 50

The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River basin and forms a part ofEastern Plain of Rajasthan.

The eastern Rajasthan, lying to the east and south east of the Aravalli divide includes the modern

administrative districts ofUdaipur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Banswara, Dungarpur, Kota, Bundi,

Baran, Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Jaipur, Tonk, Dausa, Dholpur, Karauli, Bharatpur and Alwar.

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-

studies/2011/jaipur-history.jpg


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REASONS FOR MAHARAJA SAWAI JAI

SINGH TO CHANGE HIS CAPITAL FROM

AMBER TO JAIPUR (1727)

MILITARY REASONS Defence

A site at the South of Amber ensured greater

distance from Delhi.

the out skirting hill ranges (Nahargarh hills)

shaped as a horseshoe would allow the new

city to expand only in the South.

It was an open plainbounded on the north-

west and east by hills.

GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS

The rocky terrain of Amber restricted

expansion.

Jaipur had the potentialities of developing into acity withadequate drinking water due to the

presence of a perennial stream nearby and

good drainage system.

Its rugged hills also ensured a constant supply

of building material.

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20030bca54b

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20030c3719f.jp


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TWO SIGNIFICANT FACTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE

ORIGIN OF THE CITY AND ITS SUBSEQUENT LAYOUT:

The need of a new capital for 18th century Dhoondhar

as the earlier one of Amber built on a hill was getting

congested.

Sawai Raja Jai Singhs vision of the new capital as a

strong political statement at par with Mughal cities and

as a thriving trade and commerce hub for the region.

The site with the natural east west ridge and the

surrounding forts as defense feature

SITE : a valleylocated south of Amber and the plains beyond,a terrain that was the bed of a dried lake ; dense forest cover

to the north and the east of the site.

PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS : hills on the north that housed the

fort of Jaigarh and the Amber palace beyond, and the hills on

the east, which contained the sacred spot of Galtaji.

WATER SUPPLY : the Darbhavati river in the north was

dammed to create the Jai Sagar and Man Sagar (that later

housed the Jal Mahal) lakes. Later the Jhotwara River in the

north west was diverted through the Amani Shah Nallah and

a number of canals were channelised through Brahmapuri

and Jai Niwas to supply water to the city.


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The medieval towns of Rajasthan were of military, agrarian, mercantile or religious nature.

The presence of adeity marked the reference point for the rulers abode and the rest of the city.

The name of the town was usually associated with the political or religious centre (with the

Ambikeshwar temple in the case of Amber and with Sawai Jai Singh in the case of Jaipur).

The hill town of Dausa with an organic layout guided by the

topographyAmber Town with the Fort on top of the hill and the walled

town down the slo es

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20030d392e0.pngSource:http://www.archin

omy.com/sites/default/files/ca

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Unlike Dausa and Amber, the two previous capital

cities of the Dhoondhar region established on hill-

top, whoseplanning was guided by topographical

structure of the areas, Jaipur city was revolutionaryboth in terms of its grid-iron pattern planning and its

location at the base of the hills.

There was also a significant economic shift from an

agricultural base in Dausa and Amber to tradingin

the capital of Jaipur.

The layout of the city of Jaipur wonderfully linkstheconcept of aShastric city with the practicalities of

the chosen site.

First, the straight line of the ridge suggested itself as

the route for one of the maineast-west thorough

fares and building a road along its crest makes best

possible use of the topography for the purpose of

drainage. What followed then was to regularize the Amber-

Sanganer road as a north-south route at right angles

to it.

The point of intersection would be one of the citys

main cross-roads (chaupar)

PLANNING OF THE CITY

The intersection of the axes to define the Badi Chaupar (City

Square).


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A roadcutting the plain from N to S linking

Amber,the capital to Sanganer, the principal

trading town. This road had to be preserved

and controlled and therefore had to fall

within the citys boundaries

A second roadranE to W between the

Mughal cities of Agra and Ajmer and placing

the new city on this already established

communication line would help secure its

economic success. However since this was an

imperial road that could not be encroachedon, thus the city had to be contained to the

north of this line.

Also, a natural ridge runs across the plain, N

of the road and parallel to it, in a roughly EW

alignment (with a slight deviation of15 deg.

from the cardinal axes). The area to its S is

flat while that to its N slopes down gently. In

Shastric terms, this is an ideal arrangement as

declivity towards the north-east Is

considered the best site. In practical terms,

the ridge too had to be accommodated

Ends of the roads marked by Gates in the City Wall

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CONCEPTUAL PRASTARA PLAN

Vaastu purusha mandala

prastara

It is a model of town

planning the first planned

city in India. It is based onHindu systems of town

planning and followed the

principles prescribed in the

Shilpa-shastra, an ancient

Indian treatise on

architecture .according tothis shastra the site should

be divided into gridsor

mandalasranging from 2x 2

to 10 x 10.

Planned according to the

Prastara type of layout,which gives prominence to

the cardinal directions.

Thus plan of jaipur is agrid

of 3x3 with gridlinesbeing

the citys main streets.

Source:http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/int-2.jpg

Source:

http://www.archinomy.com/s

ites/default/files/case-

studies/2011/conceptual-pras

tara-plan-2.jpg

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The central axis of the town was laid from East to West between the gatesof the Sun(Suraj pol) and

the moon(Chandpol) .

This was crossed by two roads at right angles dividing the town into nine almost square, almost

equally sized blocks, which were further sub divided by lanes and alleys all at right angles.

By building the western boundary of the city right up to the hills southern apex, it provided a

continuous line of defense. Themandala could notbe completein the NWdue to the presence of the hills.

On the other hand in the SE an extra square has beenaddedthat plugged the gap between the city

and the eastern hills.


studies/2011/mandala-1.jpg Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20030fa99


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1. RAMCHANDRASI

2. GANGAPOI CHAUKRI

3. TALKATORA

4. TOPKHANA HAZURI

5. PURANI BASTI

6. TOPKHANA DESH

7. MODI KHANA

/ VISHESHWARJI

8. GHAT DARWAZA

9. PALACE

South of the main road were

four almost equal rectangles.

The rectangle opposite thepalace has been broken up into

two equal and smaller

rectangles by the Chaura

Rasta.Thus altogether there are

now five rectangles on the

south of the main road called

Chowkris.

On the North of the main road

from West to East are the Purani

Basti, the Palace and

Ramchandraji.

The principal bazaar leads from

the western gate in the city wall,The Chandpole, passing in front

of the Tripolia Gate, to the

eastern city

gate, the Surajpole.

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20031035fb

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b2003105e1be.jp


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The palacebuilding covered two

blocks, the town six and the

remaining ninth block was not

usable on account of steep hills. So

this North-West ward was

transferred to the South-East cornerof the city, making the shape of the

plan as a whole asymmetrical rather

than square.

The citys division into nine wards

was also inconformity with the

Hindu caste system, which

necessitated the segregation ofpeople belonging to different

communities and ranks.

Even thelanes were named after

the occupations of inhabitants such

as Maniharon ka Rasta,Thatheron

ka Rasta & many others. Following the directions of the

Hindu Shilpa shastra, width of the

main streets & other lanes were

fixed. Thus the main streets of the

city were 111ft. wide, secondary

streets 55 ft. wide & the smaller

ones 27ft. wide.

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URBAN FORM AND ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b200312363e0.jpg


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WHY PINK?

Jaipur is known as the Pink City, a rather idealized description of the terra-cotta-

colored lime plaster that coats the old part of the city's walls, buildings, and temples.

Source:http://www.arc

hinomy.com/sites/default/files

/case-studies/2011/pink-city-3.jpg

http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/pink-city-2.jpg


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15/32

The reasons for painting the town pink are unknown,

but various theories have been tossed about:

using pink to cut down glare

Jai Singh II's apparent devotion to Lord Shiva

(whose favorite color is reputedly terra cotta).

Others believe Singh wanted to imitate the color

of the sandstone used in the forts and palaces ofhis Mughal emperor-friends.

The most popular reason (spread no doubt by

"Britishers" during the Raj era) is thatpink is the

traditional color of hospitality, and the city was

freshly painted and paved with pink gravel to

warmly welcome Edward VII for his visit here in

1876.

ROAD NETWORK


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ROAD NETWORK Jaipurs road network follows a definite hierarchy. The major east-west andnorth-south road ,form

the sectorboundaries and are called Rajmargas they lead to the city gates. These measure 33m.

wide.

Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs north-southin each sector linking the internal

areas of the sectors to the major activity spine.

An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the prastara-chessboard pattern further dividesectors intoMohallas.

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20031430b7c.png


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PUBLIC SPACES

Chaupars

Bazaars

Mohallas

Streets

Temples


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CONCEPTUAL PLAN - CHAUPAR

asquare that occurs at the intersection of east west roads with three north south roads.

100m x 100m

used for public gathering on festive occasions

Thedistance between two chaupars is about 700m which is ideal for pedestrian movement. It has controlled faade treatment enveloping it.


studies/2011/conceptual-plan-chaupar.png

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b200315345cb


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STREETSCAPES AND CHOWKS

View of a main bazaar street - the width of the main roads was kept 39 1/4 gaz - 108

feet, secondary roads are half this size - 54 feet, the tertiary roads are 27 feet and

the inner mohalla streets are 13 feet wide.

View of a chaupar today

The main markets, havelis and temples on

the main streets in Jaipur were constructed

by the state in the 18th century, thus

ensuring that a uniform street facade is

maintained. The widths of roads werepredetermined.

Junctions of the main axial streets formed

the two square civic open spaces called

chaupars (Badi chaupar and Chhoti

chaupar). The width of the square chaupars

was three times that of the main street.

Historically, the chaupars were outlets for

intense social use with water structures

connected by underground aqueducts,

supplying numerous sources of drinking

water at street level. Presently, the centre

of each chaupar has square enclosures with

ornamental fountains. The streets and chowks (central open

squares in a town) of the internal

chowkries (sectors) with numerous clusters

or mohallas were not predetermined;

hence show a mix of grid iron and organic

pattern, with the basic unit of built form

being the rectangular haveli.

Source:http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/file

s/case-studies/201

1/streetscapes-1.jpg

Source:http://w

ww.archinomy.com/sites/defa

ult/files/

case-studies/20

11/streetscapes-2.jpg


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View of the badi chaupar by raja deen dayal 1876 with the stepwell partly enclosed

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b2003168b379.jpg


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The view westwards across the city from the direction o

galtaji.

Sanganeri gate


studies/2011/streetscapes-4.jpga

BAZAARS


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BAZAARS Original markets in the city include Kishanpole bazaar, Gangauri bazaar, Johari bazaar, Sireh Deorhi

bazaar, along the main north-south and east-west axes that intersect at Chhoti and Badi Chaupars.

Typical architectural features of the bazaar streets are - use of chhajjas (sunshades) resulting in strong

horizontal lines, projecting vertical blocks on brackets, a modular system of arches filled with delicate

latticed screens to cut direct sun and glare of reflected sun in the street.

Bazaar streets have temples above shops with wide staircase starting from pavement to the temple level.Space above shops at first floor level originally functioned as galleries for watching royal processions,

religious festivals and public celebrations

On the main streets strict control was exercised on the street faade, along which were located shops

and arcades- one storey high, but beyond the frontage the buildings could be of any height or any shape,

some built with flat roofs & others with traditional chattris.

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20031790233.jpg


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Uniform planned shop

fronts on bazaar streets.

Defined street faade at a chaupar with sunshades and

latticed colonnades at upper floors and shop fronts on the

ground floor.

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b2003183716d.jpg

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b2003187


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Section through ramganj bazaar

Chandra mahal in 1876

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b200318ec2d9.jpg

Source: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0613/5b200309674fc/5b20031928880.jpg


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JAIPUR : PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERFACES

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/publicprivate-interfaces-1.png


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Architecture

Hawa Mahal, designed as a beehive castle with small windows, has a

height of 50 feet from its base.

This structure, erected on a thin shield or podium approximately fifty feet

high, has walls less than a foot thick.

Constructed of red and pink sandstones by Lal Chand Ustad,

Hawa Mahal is famous for its windows or 'Jharokhas' which enable free

circulation of air within the structure.

Jharokas

Source: http://selectrajasthan.com/wp-

content/uploads/2011/08/hawamahal1-600x250.jpg

Source:http://indiaheritagesites.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/

hawa-mahal-3.gif?w=645&h=483a


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Its entrance is a door which leads to a spacious courtyard surrounded by

two-storey buildings on three sides. Of the five storeys of the Mahal, the top

three storeys have the thickness of a single room while the bottom storeys have

courtyards.

The interior of the Hawa Mahal is stark and plain with passages and pillars

reaching to the top storey. The building does not have stairs to reach the upper

floors; the storeys are connected by slopes. From Hawa Mahal, you have an

excellent view of the city.

Source: http://www.justnuances.com/wp_blog/wp-uploads/2011-india07-

jaipur-hawamahal/2011/03/1113r11-450x299.jpg

Source: http://www.justnuances.com/wp_blog/wp-

uploads/2011-india07-jaipur-hawamahal/2011/03/1113r11-

450x299.jpg

View Of the City From Hawa Mahal

Courtyard


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Amer fort

Architectural Layout

The structure has four different parts, each with a separate entrance. The main entry tothe fort is through the 'Suraj Pol' or Sun Gate which opens up into the main courtyard.

This east-facing gate is also the main entrance to the palace and its position with

respect to the rising sun is the source of its name. The 'Jaleb Chowk' is one of the four

courtyards of the Amer Palace. The 'Sila Devi' Temple is right at the entrance to the

main palace grounds. The second courtyard is famous for its 'Diwan-i-Aam'(Public

Audience Hall), the 'Sheesh Mahal' and the 'Sukh Mahal'. A very famous attraction hereis the 'Magic Flower', a fresco carved out of marble.

Source:

http://www.onthegotours.com/repository/TheAmberFortJaipur-

183641342772783_crop_538_259_f2f2f2_center-center.jpg

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amber_fort_jaipur.jpg/1000px-

Amber fort ai ur.

Courtyard


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'Diwan-i-Aam'(Public Audience Hall)

It has forty pillars and is a best example of intricate craftsmanship.

The wide assembly hall measures 201 by 67 and has flat roof with two gateways ofarched red sandstone to the north and south. The hall is divided in three parts and

has nine bold arches. This is built in red sandstone and is plastered with white shell

plaster which looks like white marble. There is also a raised rectangular stage from

where the emperor used to address the audience.

Source: http://amberfort.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/amer-fort-jaipur-L-EsE57o.jpeg


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REFERENCES

1. Jaipur,Evolution of an Indian City. archinomy, bridging the gap. [Online] :

www.archinomy.com/case studies/1906/jaipur-evolution-of an- indian -city.

2. Profile Of Jaipur. Indian Heritage Cities Network. [Online]

http://www.ihcn.in/jaipur/jaipur/282-planning-and-architecture.html.

3. Hawa Mahal.Jaipur. The Pink City. [Online] http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-

monuments/hawa-mahal.html.

4. Amer Fort.Jaipur, The Pink City. [Online] http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-

monuments/amber.html.

5. Diwan-E-Aam or The Hall of Public Audience.Amber Fort- Pink City Jaipur.

[Online] http://amberfort.org/amber-fort/diwan-e-am-or-the-hall-of-public-

audience.
http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.htmlhttp://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.htmlhttp://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.htmlhttp://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.htmlhttp://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.htmlhttp://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.htmlhttp://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.html

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