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International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 3 March, 2015
59
ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS OF NAKHCHIVAN TOMBS
Gulnara Qanbarova1 and Naci Edi
2
Two rare samples of tower tombs, which are bright and specific kinds of the architecture of Seljuk
period in Azerbaijan, remain in Nakhchivan. These are Yusif Kuseyir tomb (1162) – Atababa dome and
Atabeys dome Momina Khatun (1186),the works by Ajami Nakhchivani, the great architect of the XII
century. One of the main reasons for the high level of architectural image of both tombs is the professional
use of the symbols of that period. The architect also benefited from the structure and elements in the artistic
form of his works, as a special information system.
First of all, the symbolizm of tower tombs has been reflected in the structure of their volume space and
plan. It’s clear that in the history of memorial architecture, the tradition of resembling of ancient people’s
burial facilities to their houses has widely been spread. This tradition in the tower tombs is the resembling of
underground part to black checkers, and the surface to the tent3. This, the volume and spatial structure of
these two Nakhchivan tombs like in Oguz turks’ memorial monuments has symbolic importance for
memorial buildings.
As the ground part of tower tombs is covered with triple layer dome, their cross–section has three
layer structure-vault, tower root and dome. Such three – layer structure is compatible with the three layer
spatial cosmogonic idea in the ancient Turkic faith. According to that thought, the world model consist of
upper (sky), medium (ground) and lower (underground) part4. As is seen the type of tower tomb repeats this
model explicitly. Part of the dome of the tomb is surrounded by two layers of the main castle, This similarity
has been expressed not only in the three layer inner structure but also their architectural structure and color
solution. The domes symbolize the sky dome because of their being covered with blue tiles and cut-rounded
slabs. The body of the shrines - ground tower has close relation with nature for being covered with bricks
and represents the ground in high artistic way for “Floral” pattern on their faces. The architect, ajami
Nakhchivani has achieved the resemblance of ancient Turkic thought to the world model perfectly in his
masterpiece Momina Khatun Mausoleum.
1 Associate Professor, Doctor. Gulnara Qanbarova.Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan State University, Department of Architecture.
E-mail: [email protected] 2 Dispersants. Naci Edi. Turkey Pain Chechen University. E-mail: [email protected]
3 Jafar Giyasi. "Nizami period of architectural monuments". "Light", Baku, 1991, p.84.
4 "Myths of the measure". Enchiklopedia.Volume 1. Moscow B / P."Olympus" 2000, p. 537
International Journal of Liberal Arts and
1
The entrance gates to both underg
eastern part. Recent researches have pro
was on the western part of tomb. In an
entrance to the underground world5. As
during the restoration in the 50’s of last c
caused serious damage to its art and sche
2.
The structure of Ajami Nakhchiv
based on octagon. It should be said that,
tower tombs. The main reason may be e
Thus. the octagonal form expressed “Ər
been kept in the Islamic world. That’s w
temple by giving an octagonal structure
importance of octagon in the system of
geometric form in memorial architecture
is right decagonal. Researches proved th
5 Myths of the measure". Enchiklopedia.Volume
6 Jafar Giyasi. "Safavid tombs." //Architecture
Baku, Light,1989/3. p.45-56.
nd Social Science ISSN: 2307-924X
1. Turkish mounds and tents
rground and ground parts of Momina Khatun M
roved that before restoration the entrance gate o
ancient Turkic beliefs “east” meant rebirth, “we
As is seen, architect Ajami remained loyal to th
t century, “the restorers” grossly interfered in this
hematic value.
Momina Khatun Mausoleum
hivani’s another work known the science the tom
at, the monuments which have octagonal plan are
explained by the symbolic meaning of correct oc
rş” (Arsh) cosmogonic symbol divine throne wh
s why the architects gave them the format like th
ure to the plans of tombs where influential peop
of ancient Turkish symbols directly influenced to
re as well as the tomb of Yusif Kuseyir. The plan
that the spatial plan structure had wholly been bui
e 1. Moscow B / P."Olympus" 2000, p. 537
e and art on the genesis and the Taj Mahal mausoleum. H
www.ijlass.org
Mausoleum are in the
of underground vault
est” meant death and
this Turkish idea. But
is rare work of art and
mb of Yusif Kuseyr is
re predominant among
octagonal monuments.
where eight angels had
the model of heaven’s
ople where built6. The
to the applying of this
lan of Momina Khatun
uilt on the principle of
History and theory issues.
International Journal of Liberal Arts and
decimal division. The principle is the
proportion and harmony in architecture.
internal architecture of the tomb has not
this enriches the content by raising the v
3.
Their covering with pattern com
playing a great role in the formation of t
Mausoleum. Geometric ornament struct
forms the basis of their architectural d
reflects cosmogonic imaginations, belief
have been used in the forms of writing
consist of geometric figures (polygon,
pattern in the period of Seljuk can’t be e
The principles of general structure and la
traditions8. Most of numerous patterns o
lost their semantics.
Literature:
Jafar Giyasi. "Nizami period of architec
"Myths of the measure".Enchiklopedi
Jafar Giyasi. "Safavid tombs." //Archit
and theory issues. Baku. Light. 1989.
Rasim Efendiev, T. Efendiev."The art o
7 Rasim Efendiev, T. Efendiev."The art of decora
8 Jafar Giyasi. "Nizami period of architectural m
nd Social Science Vol. 3 No. 3
he foundation of the system of golden divisio
e. As a result of the applying of the principle of d
ot only constructive – aesthetic but also point sym
value of art of that work.
3. The tomb of Joseph Kuseyir
ompositions on the surface of prismatic trunks
f the architectural pattern of Yusif Kuseyir tomb
cture which was a dominant kind of pattern in
l decoration ornament. Geometric ornament ass
ief and confidence of that period. Some of these g
ng and explanation among people7. Elements fo
n, stars or their combination). The high develo
explained only by the ban of living beings of Isl
layout of these geometric ornaments are based on
of Nakhchivan tombs are formed by the symbol a
tectural monuments". "Light", Baku, 1991.
dia.Volume 1.Moscow B / P."Olympus" 2000.
itecture and art on the genesis and the Taj Mahal
t of decoration." Baku-2002.
oration." Baku,2002,p.12.
monuments". "Light", Baku, 1991, p.86
March, 2015
ion that creates great
f decimal division, the
ymbolic character and
s from top to bottom
b and Momina Khatun
n the period of Seljuk
assembled with bricks
e geometric ornaments
forming such patterns
lopment of geometric
slamic religious bases.
on the ancient Turkish
l and signs which have
al mausoleum. History