Architectural Glass

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Novum Structures LLC www.novumstructures.com


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Architectural Glass

Soeren Stephan

Director of Engineering

Novum Structures LLC



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Architectural Glass

Overview

un amen a ass ac s

Base Glass Types

Tempered Glass

Laminated Glass

Glass with Ceramic Frit

Body Tinted Glass

Insulated Glass

az ng ys ems



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Architectural Glass

Glass Fundamental Facts

aw ma er a ssand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, salt cake (sodium sulfate)

Chemical structureinorganic fusion product, cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing

72.5% SiO2 13.4% Na2O 8.9% CaO 3.2% MgO 2% other

Thermal expansion coefficient 0.01 mm/m*K (steel 0.013)

Thermal conductivity 0.81 W/m*K (insulation 0.04, steel 50)

Modulus of elasticity 70 000 N/mm (steel 205 000)

Glass density 2500 kg/m (steel 7850)

Natural tensile strength 30 N/mm

Light transmission range 350 nm .. 2800 nm



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Architectural Glass

Base Glass

Base Glass Types

Float Glass Ornamental Glass

Cast Slum ed or Rolled Glass

Float Glass Production

Cast Glass Production

Max. glass dimensions

de end on float bed width



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Architectural Glass

Float Glass Facts

Breaking strength 45 N/mm

Standard thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm

T ical maximum dimensions 6.0 x 3.2 m

Typical breaking pattern



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Architectural Glass

Glass Fracture Mechanics Why is Glass breaking ?

Natural surface crack

Glass as a brittle material

cannot yield at surface

crack tips

Extreme stress

concentration at

crack tip triggers

Therefore crack is growing

Natural surface crack

crac grow

Glass

Steel as a ductile material

yields at surface crack tips

Stress concentration

at crack tip causes

growing

p as c y e

Steel



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Architectural Glass

Tempered Glass Strength Improvement

Tem ered Glass

FT Fully Toughened HS Heat Strengthened

no load

(FT)

(HS)

Tempered glass (FT & HS) has

a significant higher strength than

float lass due to the com ressionpartial load

prestress on the glass surfacewhich is closing the surface cracks

full load



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Architectural Glass

Tempered Glass Production Process

Max. glass dimensions depend

on furnace width & length



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Architectural Glass

Fully Toughened Glass FT Facts

rea ng s reng mm

Standard thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm

Typical maximum dimensions 4.0 x 2.4 m

2.5 times stronger than float glass, but

unfavourable typical breaking pattern:



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Architectural Glass

Heat Strengthened Glass HS Facts

rea ng s reng mm

Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm


Only 1.5 times stronger than float glass, but

favourable typical breaking pattern:



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Architectural Glass

Laminated Glass Safety Improvement

am na e un cons s s o wo or more g ass es oa , ,

bonded by an interlayer mostly made of polyvinyl butyral orPVB

The unit failure safety is improved by the redundancy of glass lites

Standard PVB thicknesses 0.38, 0.76, 1.52 mm




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Architectural Glass

Laminated Glass Production Process

Autoclave


on autoclave width & len th



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Architectural Glass

Glass with Ceramic Frit Visual & Shading Improvement

eram c r s an ename pa ern on e g ass sur ace

Standard colors RAL-system


Standard print pattern (different coverage factors)

dots holes stripes



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Architectural Glass

Glass with Ceramic Frit Production Process


on screen width & length

e screen s ma e o

porous polyester fabricstretched over an

aluminium frame

Areas of the screen are

blocked off with a non-

permeable material to form

a stencil, which is a

negative of the image to

be printed; that is, the

open spaces are where

the frit pattern will appear

After the frit application,the frit gets burned-in

in a furnace



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Architectural Glass

Low Iron Glass Visual Improvement

ow ron g ass s ma e o raw ma er a s c eane o ron ox e

which is causing the greenish color of normal clear glass Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm



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Architectural Glass

Body Tinted Glass Visual & Shading Improvement

o y n e g ass s ma e o spec a raw ma er a s w c are

causing the color of the glass Typical maximum dimensions 3.2 x 2.4 m

Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm

Body tint is reducing the

transmitted solar energymainly by absorption



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Architectural Glass

Insulated Glass Thermal Insulation Improvement

nsu a e g ass un s ave a ower erma

transmittance due to the enclosed gas volume Thermal transmittance is measured by U-value

Typical U-value forair-filled and uncoated

IGU = 2.4..3.0 W/m*K

Glass Glass

Secondary Seal (Silicone)

Primary Seal (Butyl)

SpacerDessicant

Gas Volume

(Air, Argon)



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Architectural Glass

Insulated Glass Production Process

rs s ep s e spacer rame a r ca on an assem y

Then the primary seal (butyl) is applied and the glass lites connected to both sides ofthe spacer frame. Afterwards the secondary seal (silicone) is applied.



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Architectural Glass

Insulated Glass with Low-E Coatings

e erma ransm ance o nsu a e g ass un s can e ur er

reduced using low-emittance (low-E) surface coatings Low-E coatings consist of microscopically thin, virtually invisible,

me a or me a c ox e ayers

Low-E coatings act like a one-way mirror

to the interior side reflecting a significantamoun o ra an ea , u ransm ng

the radiant heat from the exterior side

Typical U-value forairfilled IGU with

ow- coa ng = . .. . m Typical U-value forargon filled IGU with

low-E coating = 1.1 .. 1.4 W/m*K



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Architectural Glass

Glass The Solar Heat Trap

e g ransm ss on range o g ass s

350 nm .. 2800 nm wavelength Visible light range 350 nm .. 760 nm

Glass is transmitting only shortwave infrared light

(radiant heat) < 2800 nm, longwave infrared light

is totally reflected Incoming shortwave infrared light from the

sun is reflected by interior surfaces as

longwave infrared light

This longwave radiant heat is now trappedand the interior space is heating up

Greenhouse Effect



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Architectural Glass

Insulated Glass with Solar Control Low-E Coatings

e green ouse e ec o nsu a e g ass un s

can be reduced using special solar controllow-E surface coatings

o ar con ro ow- coa ngs ac e one-way

mirrors for the infrared light 760 nm.. 2800 nm

to the exterior side in addition to their normal

The solar heat gain is measured by g-factor

For airconditioning system design shading

coe c en s use = g . Typical g-value for IGU with solar control

low-E coating g = 0.3 .. 0.45



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Architectural Glass

Glazing Systems

Glazing Support

Point Contact Linear Contact

Point Support System

PSG ECG CCG ASG LSG

Edge Clamp System Corner Clamp System Aluminum Support System Linear Support System

both

4 side support 2 side support



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Architectural Glass

Point Support System PSG

Lagerung einer

Fassadenscheibe

Schnitt durch

Punktlager

Schnitt durch

Punktlager

Schnitt durch

PunktlagerPoint Support Scheme Vertical Sections through Point Supports

unc ona sc eme o

notw.

Freiheits-

grad

notw.

Freiheits-grade

notw.

Freiheits-grade

Lager-

reaktion

Lager-

reaktion

Lager-

reaktion

Lager-

reaktion

SupportReaction

Support

Reaction

Support

Reaction

Support

Reaction

RequiredSupport

Movement

Support

Movement

Eigengewicht

Eigengewicht

Temperatur-

einwirkung,

Bautoleranz

Windlast

notw.

Freiheits-

rade

notw.

Freiheits-

rade

Required

Support

Dead Load

Dead Load Dead LoadTemperatureEffects,Tolerances

notw.

Freiheits-

grade

notw.

Freiheits-

grad

notw.

Freiheits-

grad

Lager-

reaktion

Required

Support

Movement

Support

Reaction

Movement

Required

Support

Movement

Required

Support

Movement



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Architectural Glass


yp ca sp er yp ca ro u e



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Architectural Glass


o u e o e r ng n oa g ass

(tempering to be done afterwards) Rotule hole

o erances

Offset:

Thickness:



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Architectural Glass

Edge Clamp System ECG



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Architectural Glass

Corner Clamp System CCG



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Architectural Glass

Aluminum Support System

ASG



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Architectural Glass

Linear Support System LSG



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Documents

Architectural Glass