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8/8/2019 Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria
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EUBACTERIAAND
ARCHAEBACTERIA
CLASS X
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GROUPED BACTERIA INTO 2
KINGDOM
I. EUBACTERIA
II. ARCAHEBACTERIA
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EUBACTERIA
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A. CHARACTERISTIC OF EUBACTERIA
Prokaryotes: no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles
Microscopic
Surrounded by protective cell wall containing peptidoglycan
(protein-carbohydrate) Have capsid: small rings of DNA
Most are unicellular
Found in most habitat
Move by flagella, gliding over slime they secrete Some can form protective endospore around the DNA when
condition become unfavorable
Have form: basil, coccus, spirilium,
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B. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
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STRUCTURE
Cell wall: protect the cell and gives shape
Cell membrane: regulated movement of material into and out of thecell, contains enzyme important to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm: contains DNA, ribosome, and organic compound required
to carry out life processes Pilli : assist the cell in attaching to other surface, which is important
for genetic recombination
Flagellum : moves the cell
Chromosome: carries genetic information inherited from pastgenerations
Endospore: protect the cell against harsh environment conditions
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Kinds of form bacteria
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C. Many form of bacteria
A. cell bacteria only one called mono (coccus, bacill,spirilia)
ex: Chlamydia trachomatis, Echerichia coli
B. cell bacteria can occur in pairs are called diplo
(bacillior cocci)
Ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
C. Cell bacteria occurring in chains are called strepto(baccilli or cocci)
Ex: Steptococcus mutans, Bacillus antracis
D. Cell bacteria in grapelike clusters are staphylococci
Ex: Staphylococcus aurens
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Flagellum
Use bacteria to move
A. Monotric: bacteria have one flagelum
ex: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B. Lofotric: bacteria have one flagellum in one sideEx: Pseudomonas fluorescens
B. Amfitric: bacteria have two or more flagella in twoside
Ex:Spirillum serpens
B. Peritric : bacteria have many flagella in their surface
Ex: Salmonella typhi
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D. THERE ARE MANY EUBACTERIA
A. Classified base on by method of nutrition
1. Autotroph
can make their food by change organic material from an organic material
a. Photoautotroph: using light to make their food
Ex: Rhodobacter sp
b. Chemoautotrophs: obtain food by oxidizing inorganic substance like sulfur, instead ofusing sunlight
Ex: Nitrosomonas sp, Nitrobacter sp
2. Heterotroph :to fall organic material from other organism
a. Saprophyte : have their food by decomposer of dead organism so recycle nutrients
Ex: Lactobacillus bulgaricusb. Parasite : feed on a host cell.
Ex: Clostridium tetani
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Salmonella typhi
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B. Base on need some oxygen
1. B. aerobe : can live if in oxygen environment
Ex: Thiobacillus sp
2. B. anaerob:can live in oxygen environment or not
a. Anaerobe obligate: cant live in oxygen environment
Ex: Clostridium sp
b. Anaerobe facultative: can live with or without
oxygen environment
Ex: Salmonella sp
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3. Base on chemical structure of cell membrane
a. gram-positive bacteria
-cell membrane contain from most peptidoglycan and teicoatacid
- more easy to against penicillin antibiotic, but resistant with
physic damageEx: Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus
b. Gram-negative bacteria
-cell membrane contains 2 layer out layer lipopolysacaridaand protein, in layer peptidoglycan
- Resistant with penicillin antibiotic, but more easy to againstphysic damage.
Ex: Salmonella, Escherichia, Azotobacter
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chemical structure of bacteria cell membrane
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gram-positive bacteria
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Gram-negative bacteria
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E. REPRODUCTION
Most bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission
(chromosome replicates and the cell divides)
Bacteria replicate (double in numbers) every 20
minute under ideal conditions
Bacteria contain much less DNA than eukaryotes
Bacteria plasmids are used in genetic engineering
to carry new genes into other organism
Bacteria recombine genetic material in 3 ways
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a.conjugation
Sexual reproductive method
Two bacteria form a conjugation bridge or tube
between them
Pilli hold the bacteria together
DNA is transferred from one bacteria to the other
Ex: Escherichia coli
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b. Transformation
Bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from other dead
bacterial cell
New bacterium is genetically different from original
Ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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c. Transduction
A bacteriophage (virus) carries a pieces of DNA
from one bacteria to another
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1. Proteobacteria
Largest and most diverse bacterial group
Subdivided into enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophic
bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteria
Ex: Rhizobium
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3. Spirochetes
Have flagella at each end so move in a corkscrew
motion
Some are aerobic (require oxygen) others are
anaerobic
May be free-living, parasitic, or live symbiotically
with another organism
Ex: Treponema pallidum
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4. Gram positive bacteria
Most are gram positive, but some are gram
negative
Largest and most diverse bacterial group
Subdivided into enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophic
bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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CHARACTERISTIC
Found in harst environment (undersea, volcanic vents,
acidic hot springs, salty water)
Cell wall without peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane contain lipid with eter bound
Ribosome contain some RNA polymerase
Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat
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1. Methanogen
Live in anaerobic environmenets (no oxygen)
Obtain energy by changing Hidrogen and
carbodioxside gas into methane gas
Found in swamps, marshes, sewage treatment plant,
digestive tracts of animal
Break down cellulose for herbivores
Produce marsh gas or intestinal gas (methane)
Ex: Methanobacterium
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3. Thermoacidophiles (thermophiles)
Live in extremely hot and acidic water
Found in hot spring in yellowstone national park, in
volcanic vents on land, and in cracks on the ocean
floor that leak scalding acidic water
Ex: Sulfolobus, Thermoplasm